CA2557930A1 - Peak flow measurement device - Google Patents
Peak flow measurement device Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2557930A1 CA2557930A1 CA002557930A CA2557930A CA2557930A1 CA 2557930 A1 CA2557930 A1 CA 2557930A1 CA 002557930 A CA002557930 A CA 002557930A CA 2557930 A CA2557930 A CA 2557930A CA 2557930 A1 CA2557930 A1 CA 2557930A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- fluid
- hollow body
- peak
- outlet
- inlet
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/20—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons for measuring urological functions restricted to the evaluation of the urinary system
- A61B5/207—Sensing devices adapted to collect urine
- A61B5/208—Sensing devices adapted to collect urine adapted to determine urine quantity, e.g. flow, volume
Abstract
A peak flow measurement device comprises a hollow body (1) having an inlet (8) for receiving fluid and an outlet (3) , wherein the inlet (8) and outlet (3) are spaced apart from each other, the cross-sectional area of the body being greater than the cross-sectional area of the outlet and wherein in use the device is oriented such that the inlet is above the outlet and the measured peak flow is proportional to the maximum height (11) of fluid within the body.
Description
Peak Flow Measntement Device The invention relates to a device to be used fox the measurement of the maximum, or peak, rate of urine flow from human subjects, for clinical analytical purposes. Such a measurement is useful as a standard clinical indicator of urodynamic obstruction. The invention could also be adapted as a low cost tool for the gauging of peak fluid flow in other medical and industrial applications.
A constriction or obstruction of the urethra reduces the flow rate of urine.
Pxostatic hyperplasia is one example of a condition common in males. Urethra damage resulting from trauma is also common, particularly in the case of road accident victims. In general, a peak urine flow rate in excess of 15 millilitres per second is considered normal for a man. A peak flow rate of less than 10 millilitres per second, has a high probability of being associated with an urodynamic obstruction. A measure of peak flow rate therefore provides a useful diagnostic indicator to a physician. Furthermore, the efficacy of treatments for the condition, through surgery, or pharmacological means, may be objectively assessed by measuring urine peak flow rate.
It is desirable to offer a means of peak urine flow measurement that is low cost, does not require the presence of expert staff, and that can preferably be used, unaided, by the patient.
There is a considerable body of prior art in the field. Current use is made of bulky and expensive electronic equipment that measures the peak flow with considerable accuracy, and is often combined with apparatus for retaining the urine sample to allow for laboratory analysis of the urine. Such apparatus requires specially trained staff to operate it, who are required to be present while the urine sample is being provided by die patient. This encroachment on the patient's privacy can interfere with the accuracy of the test result obtained. Other prior art, such as that described in US 4,753,249 represents a variation of a multi-orifice design based on the urinometer of Willard Drake, and as described in his 1953 patent US 2,64-8,981. By its use of a simple measurement vessel and orifice, the current invention offers a design of significantly reduced complexity and ease of manufacture, appropriate to the rapid screening of patients suffering urodynamic conditions and without recourse to expert assistance.
The current invention utilises a novel approach to provide a low cost device for the measurement of urine flow in a clinical or home environment. The device may also be adapted for the measurement of liquid flow in oilier medical or industrial applications where a low cost solution, optionally including that of a disposable one time use device, is appropriate.
One aspect of the invention provides a peak flow measurement device as specified in Claim 1.
Another aspect of the invention relates to a method of determining the peak flow rate of a fluid as specified in Claim 21.
Preferred aspects of the invention are specified in the claims dependent on Claim 1.
The device comprises a vessel formed as a hollow cylinder, solid at one end and open at the other. In use, the cylinder is held vertically, with its solid end downward, and its open end uppermost. A small orifice in the solid end allows liquid within the cylinder to exit at a constricted rate. The open end of the cylinder is available for the introduction of fluid under conditions of non-constricted free flow.
The behaviour of fluid progressing through an orifice such as that in the closed end of the cylinder is such that the square of the velocity of the exit stream of Fluid is proportional to the height of the fluid in the cylinder. The relationship of the height of the fluid and the orifice radius is determined by the formula, well known in the art of hydrodynamics:
Flow Rate = K~tr2 x '~(2gh) Where: K is a constant relating to the configuration of the aperture.
err'- is the area of the aperture.
g is the acceleration due to gravity.
h is the height of fluid in the tube.
A constriction or obstruction of the urethra reduces the flow rate of urine.
Pxostatic hyperplasia is one example of a condition common in males. Urethra damage resulting from trauma is also common, particularly in the case of road accident victims. In general, a peak urine flow rate in excess of 15 millilitres per second is considered normal for a man. A peak flow rate of less than 10 millilitres per second, has a high probability of being associated with an urodynamic obstruction. A measure of peak flow rate therefore provides a useful diagnostic indicator to a physician. Furthermore, the efficacy of treatments for the condition, through surgery, or pharmacological means, may be objectively assessed by measuring urine peak flow rate.
It is desirable to offer a means of peak urine flow measurement that is low cost, does not require the presence of expert staff, and that can preferably be used, unaided, by the patient.
There is a considerable body of prior art in the field. Current use is made of bulky and expensive electronic equipment that measures the peak flow with considerable accuracy, and is often combined with apparatus for retaining the urine sample to allow for laboratory analysis of the urine. Such apparatus requires specially trained staff to operate it, who are required to be present while the urine sample is being provided by die patient. This encroachment on the patient's privacy can interfere with the accuracy of the test result obtained. Other prior art, such as that described in US 4,753,249 represents a variation of a multi-orifice design based on the urinometer of Willard Drake, and as described in his 1953 patent US 2,64-8,981. By its use of a simple measurement vessel and orifice, the current invention offers a design of significantly reduced complexity and ease of manufacture, appropriate to the rapid screening of patients suffering urodynamic conditions and without recourse to expert assistance.
The current invention utilises a novel approach to provide a low cost device for the measurement of urine flow in a clinical or home environment. The device may also be adapted for the measurement of liquid flow in oilier medical or industrial applications where a low cost solution, optionally including that of a disposable one time use device, is appropriate.
One aspect of the invention provides a peak flow measurement device as specified in Claim 1.
Another aspect of the invention relates to a method of determining the peak flow rate of a fluid as specified in Claim 21.
Preferred aspects of the invention are specified in the claims dependent on Claim 1.
The device comprises a vessel formed as a hollow cylinder, solid at one end and open at the other. In use, the cylinder is held vertically, with its solid end downward, and its open end uppermost. A small orifice in the solid end allows liquid within the cylinder to exit at a constricted rate. The open end of the cylinder is available for the introduction of fluid under conditions of non-constricted free flow.
The behaviour of fluid progressing through an orifice such as that in the closed end of the cylinder is such that the square of the velocity of the exit stream of Fluid is proportional to the height of the fluid in the cylinder. The relationship of the height of the fluid and the orifice radius is determined by the formula, well known in the art of hydrodynamics:
Flow Rate = K~tr2 x '~(2gh) Where: K is a constant relating to the configuration of the aperture.
err'- is the area of the aperture.
g is the acceleration due to gravity.
h is the height of fluid in the tube.
Consequently, as fluid is introduced into the cylinder, the height of the fluid will rise initially, and then stabilise at a height at which the efflux through the orifice matches the influx. Provided that die dimensions of the cylinder, and of the orifice, are chosen to be appropriate for the expected total volumetric flow contributing to die measurement, together with the expected flow rates, the maximum height achieved by the fluid in the cylinder will be indicative of the peak influx rate.
The cylinder is preferentially constructed from a transparent material so that either an independent clinician, or the subject him or herself may make note of the height achieved by the fluid during a flow measurement. To assist such measurement, the outer surface of the cylinder may include an engraved or printed scale of a complexity appropriate to the application. In one embodiment of the invention, a simple scale consisting of three coloured bars is used. For the measurement of urine flow in men, a coloured bar would extend from the closed end of the cylinder to the height at which a flow of 10 millilitres per second was appropriate. A differently coloured bar would extend from the height at which a flow of 10 millilitres per second was appropriate to the height at which a flow of 15 millilitres per second was appropriate. A third bar of a third colour would extend beyond this. An optional addition to the scale would be the inclusion of a strip of a suitable heat sensitive material, extending the full length of the cylinder, such that the height gained by a warm fluid in the cylinder could be rendered more apparent to the observer.
The open end of the cylinder may preferentially be connected to a flared receptacle or funnel, to assist the introduction of the fluid into the rylinder.
One embodiment of the invention will now be described by way of example, with reference to the attached diagrams. Figure 1 shows a schematic cross section through the device, which, in this embodiment, is manufactured using vacuum formed plastics, or similar techniques. The cylinder (1) is of 30mm internal diameter, and 200 mm in length. The closed end of the cylinder (2) is perforated by an orifice (3), of 4mm diameter. The upper end of the cylinder is flared to form a catchment funnel (8).
The cylinder is preferentially constructed from a transparent material so that either an independent clinician, or the subject him or herself may make note of the height achieved by the fluid during a flow measurement. To assist such measurement, the outer surface of the cylinder may include an engraved or printed scale of a complexity appropriate to the application. In one embodiment of the invention, a simple scale consisting of three coloured bars is used. For the measurement of urine flow in men, a coloured bar would extend from the closed end of the cylinder to the height at which a flow of 10 millilitres per second was appropriate. A differently coloured bar would extend from the height at which a flow of 10 millilitres per second was appropriate to the height at which a flow of 15 millilitres per second was appropriate. A third bar of a third colour would extend beyond this. An optional addition to the scale would be the inclusion of a strip of a suitable heat sensitive material, extending the full length of the cylinder, such that the height gained by a warm fluid in the cylinder could be rendered more apparent to the observer.
The open end of the cylinder may preferentially be connected to a flared receptacle or funnel, to assist the introduction of the fluid into the rylinder.
One embodiment of the invention will now be described by way of example, with reference to the attached diagrams. Figure 1 shows a schematic cross section through the device, which, in this embodiment, is manufactured using vacuum formed plastics, or similar techniques. The cylinder (1) is of 30mm internal diameter, and 200 mm in length. The closed end of the cylinder (2) is perforated by an orifice (3), of 4mm diameter. The upper end of the cylinder is flared to form a catchment funnel (8).
Figure 2 shows an external view of the cylinder. The external surface of the cylinder has affixed a printed label (4), extending die length of the tube, and approximately l0mm wide. The label is coloured red in its lower section (5), yellow in its mid section (6), and green in the upper section ('~.
The boundary between die red (5) and yellow (6) sections corresponds with a fluid height in the cylinder appropriate to that achieve with a sustained flow of 10m1 per second of fluid introduced to the cylinder. The boundary between the yellow (6), and green (7), sections corresponds with a fluid height in the cylindex appropriate to that achieve with a sustained flow of 15m1 per second of fluid introduced to the cylinder.
Figure 3 shows the device in use. In order to measure a patient's peak urine flow, the cylinder is held vertically ovex a lavatory bowl so that the fluid (9) emerging from the orifice (3) may conveniently be disposed of. Alternatively, a receptacle can be provided if an analysis of the fluid is subsequently required. The patient then directs his urine (10) into the open end of the cylinder through the catchment funnel (8). As the stream of urine enters tile cylinder (1), the level of the urine in it rises until the efflux balances tie influx of urine, at which point the level (11) remains constant.
Ultimately, as the patient's urine flow is exhausted, the level drops, until the device is once again empty. An attendant, or the patient himself, observes the highest level (11) achieved in the cylinder, and notes whether this corresponds with the red (5), yellow (6), or green (7), section of the label (4).
Other colours, and a greater or lesser number of sections may be used where it is considered appropriate. In another similar embodiment, the label's coloured sections are replaced with numbered sections. In- a further embodiment for use in paediatrics, smaller dimensions may be adopted for the cylinder and the orifice, and the coloured label is replaced with one which has cartoon characters, or the like, to identify the three sections.
In another embodiment, a strip of liquid crystal or similar heat sensitive indicating film is applied, either independenty, or alongside the label. As urine is expelled from the body at an elevated temperature, the cylinder wall will heat up where immersed. By choosing a suitable transition temperature, and a non-reversible type of indicator, a permanent indication of the achieved urine flow may be presented. In a further refinement, the strip is placed on an area of the cylinder whose wall thickness has been reduced in order to maximise the heat transfer .
In yet another embodiment, the internal diameter of the cylinder may be varied along its length in order to provide a greater accuracy of measurement at certain specific measured flow rates of interest.
A further embodiment is shown in Figure 4 which shows the diameter of the cylinder increasing step-wise, at specific measurement heights that relate to significant flow rates. When a subject looks vertically downwards into the cylinder, as might a test subject when urinating into it, concentric rings will thus be observed at the shoulder of each step. As each step shoulder is immersed in urine, the subject may easily assess whether the height achieved by the urine surpasses the step. In the diagram of Figure 4, an orifice (3) of diameter 4.6 mm perforates the solid end of the hollow cylindrical vessel (2), having an internal diameter of l6mm. The orifice is bevelled, such that its diameter increases through the thickness of the solid end of the vessel resulting in a hydro-dynamically thin orifice being presented to the fluid efflux. At a height of 36mm above the orifice (12) the diameter of the vessel expands to 20mm, arid at a fixrther height of 4Gmm, (13) it expands again to 24mm. These heights are chosen such that they correspond to efflux flow rates at the orifice of 10m1 per second and 15m1 per second respectively. Above the second step the vessel extends further, to a catchment funnel (8).
Figure 5a shows die view into the vessel from above, as seen by the subject when the level in the vessel is below the first shoulder step. Figure 5b shows the same view but with urine filling the tube to a level between the two steps, and Figure 5c shows the same view with a level surpassing both shoulder steps. To further enhance the visibility of the step, a series of pyramidal teeth (14) map optionally be incorporated into the rim of the step, which, under lateral illumination, renders even better visibility of their state of immersion in urine, to the observer.
The boundary between die red (5) and yellow (6) sections corresponds with a fluid height in the cylinder appropriate to that achieve with a sustained flow of 10m1 per second of fluid introduced to the cylinder. The boundary between the yellow (6), and green (7), sections corresponds with a fluid height in the cylindex appropriate to that achieve with a sustained flow of 15m1 per second of fluid introduced to the cylinder.
Figure 3 shows the device in use. In order to measure a patient's peak urine flow, the cylinder is held vertically ovex a lavatory bowl so that the fluid (9) emerging from the orifice (3) may conveniently be disposed of. Alternatively, a receptacle can be provided if an analysis of the fluid is subsequently required. The patient then directs his urine (10) into the open end of the cylinder through the catchment funnel (8). As the stream of urine enters tile cylinder (1), the level of the urine in it rises until the efflux balances tie influx of urine, at which point the level (11) remains constant.
Ultimately, as the patient's urine flow is exhausted, the level drops, until the device is once again empty. An attendant, or the patient himself, observes the highest level (11) achieved in the cylinder, and notes whether this corresponds with the red (5), yellow (6), or green (7), section of the label (4).
Other colours, and a greater or lesser number of sections may be used where it is considered appropriate. In another similar embodiment, the label's coloured sections are replaced with numbered sections. In- a further embodiment for use in paediatrics, smaller dimensions may be adopted for the cylinder and the orifice, and the coloured label is replaced with one which has cartoon characters, or the like, to identify the three sections.
In another embodiment, a strip of liquid crystal or similar heat sensitive indicating film is applied, either independenty, or alongside the label. As urine is expelled from the body at an elevated temperature, the cylinder wall will heat up where immersed. By choosing a suitable transition temperature, and a non-reversible type of indicator, a permanent indication of the achieved urine flow may be presented. In a further refinement, the strip is placed on an area of the cylinder whose wall thickness has been reduced in order to maximise the heat transfer .
In yet another embodiment, the internal diameter of the cylinder may be varied along its length in order to provide a greater accuracy of measurement at certain specific measured flow rates of interest.
A further embodiment is shown in Figure 4 which shows the diameter of the cylinder increasing step-wise, at specific measurement heights that relate to significant flow rates. When a subject looks vertically downwards into the cylinder, as might a test subject when urinating into it, concentric rings will thus be observed at the shoulder of each step. As each step shoulder is immersed in urine, the subject may easily assess whether the height achieved by the urine surpasses the step. In the diagram of Figure 4, an orifice (3) of diameter 4.6 mm perforates the solid end of the hollow cylindrical vessel (2), having an internal diameter of l6mm. The orifice is bevelled, such that its diameter increases through the thickness of the solid end of the vessel resulting in a hydro-dynamically thin orifice being presented to the fluid efflux. At a height of 36mm above the orifice (12) the diameter of the vessel expands to 20mm, arid at a fixrther height of 4Gmm, (13) it expands again to 24mm. These heights are chosen such that they correspond to efflux flow rates at the orifice of 10m1 per second and 15m1 per second respectively. Above the second step the vessel extends further, to a catchment funnel (8).
Figure 5a shows die view into the vessel from above, as seen by the subject when the level in the vessel is below the first shoulder step. Figure 5b shows the same view but with urine filling the tube to a level between the two steps, and Figure 5c shows the same view with a level surpassing both shoulder steps. To further enhance the visibility of the step, a series of pyramidal teeth (14) map optionally be incorporated into the rim of the step, which, under lateral illumination, renders even better visibility of their state of immersion in urine, to the observer.
Claims (21)
1. A peak flow measurement device comprising a hollow body having an inlet for receiving fluid and an outlet, wherein the inlet and outlet are spaced apart from each other, the cross-sectional area of the body being greater than the cross-sectional area of the outlet and wherein in use the device is oriented such that the inlet is above the outlet and the measured peak flow is proportional to the maximum height of fluid within the body.
2. A device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the outlet is circular in cross-section.
3. A device as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein the outlet is so shaped and dimensioned as to present a hydro-dynamically thin orifice to fluid efflux.
4. A device as claimed in any preceding claim, further comprising scale means for determining the peak height of fluid in the hollow body.
5. A device as claimed in claim 4, wherein the scale means comprises at least one indicia.
6. A device as claimed in claim 4 or 5, wherein the scale means comprises at least two different coloured bars each representing a different peak flow rate or range of peak flow rates.
7. A device as claimed in any of claims 4 to 6, wherein the scale means comprises heat sensitive material providing a semi-permanent or permanent indication of fluid height.
8. A device as claimed in claim 7, wherein the heat sensitive material is applied to the wall of the hollow body.
9. A device as claimed in claim 8, wherein the heat sensitive material is applied to a portion of the wall of the hollow body with reduced wall thickness.
10. A device as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the hollow body is constructed from a transparent material.
11. A device as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the inlet is connectable to a funnel.
12. A device as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the hollow body is cylindrical in shape.
13. A device as claimed in claim 12, wherein the hollow body has a diameter of 30mm and the outlet orifice has a diameter of 4mm.
14. A device as claimed in any of claims 1 to 11, wherein the hollow body comprises at least two portions each having different cross sectional areas.
15. A device as claimed in claim 14, wherein the cross sectional area of the hollow body increases step-wise.
16. A device as claimed in claim 15, wherein scale means for determining the peak height of fluid passing through the hollow body comprises the step-wise changes in the cross-sectional area of said hollow body.
17. A device as claimed in any of claims 15 to 16, wherein at least one pyramidal tooth is incorporated into the rim of each step.
18. A device as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the fluid is urine.
19. A device as claimed in any preceding claim further comprising a receptacle for catching effluxed fluid.
20. A device for measuring the peak rate of fluid flow substantially as shown in and described with reference to the drawings.
21. A method for determining the peak flow rate of a fluid using the device as claimed in any of claims 1 to 20, comprising the steps of (a) introducing fluid to the inlet of the device; and (b) determining the peak fluid level within the hollow body;
wherein the peak fluid flow rate is proportional to the maximum height of fluid in the body.
wherein the peak fluid flow rate is proportional to the maximum height of fluid in the body.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB0405362.5 | 2004-03-10 | ||
| GB0405362A GB2411838B (en) | 2004-03-10 | 2004-03-10 | Peak flow measurement device |
| PCT/GB2005/000921 WO2005087104A1 (en) | 2004-03-10 | 2005-03-10 | Peak flow measurement device |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2557930A1 true CA2557930A1 (en) | 2005-09-22 |
Family
ID=32117384
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002557930A Abandoned CA2557930A1 (en) | 2004-03-10 | 2005-03-10 | Peak flow measurement device |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US7727165B2 (en) |
| EP (1) | EP1725170A1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP2007528493A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU2005221382B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2557930A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2411838B (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2005087104A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US8043230B2 (en) * | 2007-01-20 | 2011-10-25 | Glynis Deadwyler | Urine specimen collection device |
| JP2013152089A (en) * | 2012-01-24 | 2013-08-08 | Toto Ltd | Biological information measuring apparatus |
| DE102014008760B4 (en) | 2013-07-16 | 2019-03-21 | Simone Beck-Gschaidmeier | Harnflussmessgerät |
| ES1241839Y (en) * | 2019-11-13 | 2020-08-03 | Univ Miguel Hernandez De Elche Umh | A peak voiding flow meter |
| US20230181076A1 (en) * | 2020-05-07 | 2023-06-15 | Docsheen Pty Ltd | Urinary flow rate measurement device and method |
Family Cites Families (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2648981A (en) | 1951-07-19 | 1953-08-18 | Jr Willard M Drake | Flowmeter |
| GB929181A (en) | 1959-11-24 | 1963-06-19 | Wall & Leigh Thermoplastics | Improvements in or relating to hypodermic syringes |
| US3345980A (en) * | 1964-04-20 | 1967-10-10 | Pharmaseal Lab | Urometer |
| US3871231A (en) * | 1973-05-14 | 1975-03-18 | Kendall & Co | Flow measuring device |
| US3871230A (en) * | 1973-05-14 | 1975-03-18 | Kendall & Co | Flow measuring apparatus |
| US4131016A (en) * | 1977-11-09 | 1978-12-26 | The Kendall Company | Peak flow measuring device |
| US4200112A (en) * | 1978-07-12 | 1980-04-29 | The Kendall Company | Device for measuring the force of a urine discharge |
| US4753249A (en) * | 1984-07-19 | 1988-06-28 | Davstar Industries, Inc. | Urinometer and patient record combination |
| US4776485A (en) * | 1987-04-27 | 1988-10-11 | Ptc Aerospace Inc. | Food service tray adapted to heat food through the tray having means for mounting an insulating cover in an inverted position under the tray |
| US5495854A (en) * | 1994-08-05 | 1996-03-05 | Currie; Richard J. | Self-testing device for measuring urinary flow rates |
-
2004
- 2004-03-10 GB GB0405362A patent/GB2411838B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2005
- 2005-03-10 JP JP2007502399A patent/JP2007528493A/en active Pending
- 2005-03-10 AU AU2005221382A patent/AU2005221382B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-03-10 EP EP05717983A patent/EP1725170A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2005-03-10 US US10/591,312 patent/US7727165B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-03-10 CA CA002557930A patent/CA2557930A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2005-03-10 WO PCT/GB2005/000921 patent/WO2005087104A1/en active Application Filing
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP1725170A1 (en) | 2006-11-29 |
| US20070180928A1 (en) | 2007-08-09 |
| AU2005221382B2 (en) | 2011-03-17 |
| AU2005221382A1 (en) | 2005-09-22 |
| GB0405362D0 (en) | 2004-04-21 |
| US7727165B2 (en) | 2010-06-01 |
| WO2005087104A1 (en) | 2005-09-22 |
| JP2007528493A (en) | 2007-10-11 |
| GB2411838A (en) | 2005-09-14 |
| GB2411838B (en) | 2008-10-15 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request | ||
| FZDE | Discontinued |
Effective date: 20131028 |