CA2582957A1 - Periodic impulse noise mitigation in a dsl system - Google Patents

Periodic impulse noise mitigation in a dsl system Download PDF

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Publication number
CA2582957A1
CA2582957A1 CA002582957A CA2582957A CA2582957A1 CA 2582957 A1 CA2582957 A1 CA 2582957A1 CA 002582957 A CA002582957 A CA 002582957A CA 2582957 A CA2582957 A CA 2582957A CA 2582957 A1 CA2582957 A1 CA 2582957A1
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impulse noise
frames
noise
data
impulse
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French (fr)
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CA2582957C (en
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Andrew L. Norrell
Hossein Sedarat
Kevin D. Fisher
Douglas J. Artman
James T. Schley-May
Brian Wiese
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2Wire Inc
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
    • H04L5/003—Arrangements for allocating sub-channels of the transmission path
    • H04L5/0058—Allocation criteria
    • H04L5/006—Quality of the received signal, e.g. BER, SNR, water filling
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
    • H04L5/003—Arrangements for allocating sub-channels of the transmission path
    • H04L5/0044—Arrangements for allocating sub-channels of the transmission path allocation of payload
    • H04L5/0046—Determination of how many bits are transmitted on different sub-channels
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
    • H04L5/14—Two-way operation using the same type of signal, i.e. duplex
    • H04L5/1438—Negotiation of transmission parameters prior to communication
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
    • H04L5/0001—Arrangements for dividing the transmission path
    • H04L5/0003—Two-dimensional division
    • H04L5/0005—Time-frequency
    • H04L5/0007—Time-frequency the frequencies being orthogonal, e.g. OFDM(A), DMT

Abstract

Methods and apparatuses for reducing effects of impulse noise in a DSL
transmitter receiver device are described. According to certain embodiment, the method includes using a periodicity associated with the impulse noise affecting a DSL transmitter receiver device to determine data frames that are affected by the impulse noise, and sending a reduced data rate during those frames. In certain embodiments, no data is sent during those frames. The method further includes using a high margin bits and gain table, instead of a normal bits and gain table.

Description

PERIODIC IMPULSE NOISE MITIGATION IN A DSL SYSTEM
RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is related to and claims the benefit of and priority to U.S.
Provisional Patent application serial number 60/618,001 filed Oct. 11, 2004 titled "Various Methods and Apparatuses for Impulse Noise Mitagation", with Attorney Docket 06491.P080Z, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
TECHNICAL FIELD

[001] Embodiments of the present invention pertain to the field of communication systems and, more particularly, to impulse noise mitigation in multi-carrier communication systems.

BACKGROUND
[002] A multi-carrier communication system, such as a Discrete Multiple-Tone (DMT) system in the various types of Digital Subscriber Line (e.g., ADSL and VDSL) systems, carries information from a transmitter to a receiver over a number of sub-channels or tones. DMT is a two line-modulation technique used for VDSL.
A DMT communication system divides signals into multiple separate channels or tones. Each tone acts as a separate communication channel to carry information between a local transmitter-receiver device and a remote transmitter-receiver device. Each tone is a group of one or more frequencies defined by a center frequency and a set bandwidth.
[003] DMT communication systems use a modulation method in which the available bandwidth of a communication channel, such as twisted-pair copper media, is divided into these numerous tones. The term communication channel is understood to refer generally to a physical transmission medium, including copper, optical fiber, and so forth, as well as other transmission mediums, including radio frequency (RF) and other physical or non-physical communication signal paths.
[004] There are various types of interference and noise sources in a multi-carrier communication system, such as the DMT system. Interference and noise may corrupt the data-bearing signal on a tone as the signal travels through the communication channel and is decoded at the receiver. The transmitted data-bearing signal may further be decoded erroneously by the receiver because of this signal corruption. The number of data bits or the amount of information that a tone carries may vary from tone to tone and depends on the relative power of the data-bearing signal compared to the power of the corrupting signal on that particular tone. Thus, a measure of the quality of signal carried by a tone is the ratio of the received signal strength (power) over the noise strength in the frequency range of operation, or the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR). High SNR results in high signal quality being carried by a tone. Another measure of signal quality is bit error rate (BER) for a given tone.
[005] In order to account for potential interference on the transmission line and to guarantee a reliable communication between the transmitter and receiver, each tone is typically designed to carry a limited number of data bits per unit time based on the tone's SNR using a bit-loading algorithm. The number of bits that a specific tone k?iay carry decreases as the relative strength of the corrupting signal increases, that is when the SNR is low or the BER is high. Thus, the SNR of a tone may be used to determine how much data should be transmitted by the tone.
[006] It is often assumed that the corrupting signal is an additive random source with Gaussian distribution and white spectrum. With this assumption, the number of data bits that each tone can carry relates directly to the SNR. However, this assumption may not be true in many practical cases and there are various sources of interference that do not have a white, Gaussian distribution. Impulse noise is one such noise source. Bit-loading algorithms, which are methods to determine the number of bits per tone, are usually designed based on the assumption of additive, white, Gaussian noise. With such algorithms, the effects of impulse noise are underestimated resulting in an excessive rate of error.
[007] Further, channel estimation procedures can be designed to optimize performance in the presence of stationary impairments such as additive, white, Gaussian noise, but are often poor at estimating non-stationary or cyclo-stationary impairments, such as impulse noise. Consequently, DSL modem training procedures are typically well suited to optimizing performance in the presence of additive, white, Gaussian noise, but leave the modem receivers relatively defenseless to impulse noise.
[008] Impulse Noise can be a difficult impairment for DSL modems. Impulse noise with duration of tens of microseconds can cause errors in all the used sub-channels at the receiver. Further, because a DMT system programs the impulse noise protection for entire DMT frames, not just for the length of impulse found in the network, latency is introduced in the system.
[009] Typically, impulse noise is mitigated by a combination of two methods:
forward error correction (FEC) with interleaving and reducing data rate for increased noise margin. One mitigation strategy compatible with current ADSL2 and VDSLI procedures is to operate the receiver with sufficient noise margin (including Reed-Solomon coding and interleaving) to maintain the error rate within acceptable limits. Unfortunately, this means that 90-98% of frames are typically running with excess margin to ensure the integrity of data in 2-10% of the frames directly impacted by impulse noise. Further, this method generally does not work for low-latency applications, and it requires a very large interleaver depth, which increases system memory requirements.

SUMMARY
[0010] Methods and apparatuses for reducing effects of impulse noise in a DSL
transmitter receiver device are described. According to certain embodiment, the method includes using a periodicity associated with the impulse noise affecting a DSL transmitter receiver device to determine data frames that are affected by the impulse noise, and sending a reduced data rate during those frames. In certain embodiments, no data is sent during those frames.
[0011] In another embodiment, the method includes using a periodicity associated with the impulse noise affecting a DSL transmitter receiver device to determine data frames that are affected by the impulse noise, and using a high margin bits and gain table, instead of a normal bits and gain table.
[0012] Other aspects of the invention will be apparent from the accompanying figures and from the detailed description that follows.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0013] One or more embodiments of the present invention are illustrated by way of example and not limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings, in which like references indicate similar elements and in which:
[0014] Figure 1 illustrates a schematic diagram of a DSL environment in which the invention can be implemented;
[0015] Figure 2 illustrates a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a DSL
modem system having impulse noise mitigation according to certain embodiments of this invention;
[0016] Figure 3 is a flowchart illustrating an embodiment of a method for impulse noise mitigation, according to certain embodiments of the invention;
[0017] Figure 4 illustrates a sample repetitive electrical impulse noise; and [0018] Figure 5 illustrates a schematic diagram showing the affects of impulse noise on data frames;

DETAILED DISCUSSION
[0019] A process and apparatus to provide impulse noise mitigation and therefore, to improve robustness and performance of telecommunication devices, such as DSL modems, are described. The process involves selectively increasing noise margin on just the frames that are determined to be likely to be harmed by repetitive electric impulse noise (REIN).
Accordingly, methods and apparatuses for improving robustness of DSL
modems to impulse noise that appears at time intervals that can be predicted reasonably accurately are described.
[0020] According to certain embodiments, the impulse noise mitigation scheme involves identifying the periodicity and severity of periodic impulses, and sending low speed data on selective frames that are determined to be likely to be harmed by the impulse noise. A transmitter-receiver device may either lower its data transfer rate or transmit blank frames when the impulse noise is likely to be present.
[0021] The data rate may be reduced and operating noise margin increased on a subset of data frames that are predicted as being likely to be impacted by impulse noise. If so, the data rate of the remaining data frames is allowed to operate at the rate determined merely by the average background noise and interference level. Therefore, DSL modems can operate with a low error rate in the presence of impulse noise while operating at a higher data rate relative to a DSL system without impulse noise mitigation, even without an interleaver.
[0022] Accordingly, a local/near-end transmitter-receiver device, such as a DSL modem, measures some parameters of the impulse noise, such as the impulse noise frequency and impulse duration, and estimates an expected time in the future when the impulse will corrupt the communication channel.
These parameters are communicated to the far-end modem through a reliable logical channel such as the on-line reconfiguration (OLR) channel.
The remote/far-end modem uses these parameters to identify the DMT
frames that are expected to be corrupted by the impulse noise and uses a secondary low-rate bits and gains table to transmit the data on those frames.
This secondary bits and gains table provides adequate margin to prevent errors in the presence of impulse noise. This table is stored at the modems on both ends.
[0023] The methods and apparatuses discussed herein takes advantage of the often periodic nature of impulse noise. Figure 4 illustrates an example 400 of an impulse noise duration/length and period P. Some impulse noise, known as "repetitive electrical impulse noise" (REIN) herein, can be considered periodic with a relatively low duty cycle. REIN can be absent during training but appear hours later. A common example of REIN is the impulse noise introduced to a DSL modem when a dimmer switch is used to turn on a light at the CPE location. In this scenario, the dimmer switch generates AC current spikes at 100 or 120 Hz, depending on the national power distribution frequency. These impulses may last for 200-300 ps. For this example, the impulses may occur about every 32-41 DMT frames (when the DMT frame rate is 4000 Hz.), and may generate large bursts of errors in groups of 1-3 frames for each impulse. This means that approximately 2-10% of frames suffer from excessive errors due to periodic impulse noise.
As illustrated in Figure 5, using previous methods a 250ps long DMT frame dictates impulse noise protection of three DMT frames, or 750 ps, to meet VDSL standards requirement. This introduces extra delay (about 10 ms) and requires extra interleaver memory. Thus, even a short burst of impulse noise may erase all of the information in two DMT frames.
[0024] The systems and/or logic described herein may take advantage of the often periodic nature of impulse noise, which is frequently generated at a multiple of the power line frequency by electrical equipment. It has been discovered that the nominal frequency for the impulse noise is around 120 Hz, which corresponds to a REIN period of about 33.8 DMT frames.
Measurements further show that consecutive impulses are occasionally detected farther apart. Some examples of sample values for REIN periods with their relative rates are shown below.

(DMT FRAMES) RATE 15.00% 80.22% 4.74% 0.04% 0.01 %
[0025] Figure 1 illustrates a block diagram of an embodiment of a DMT
system that mitigates REIN present on the transmission medium. The DMT
system 100, such as a Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) based network, may have two or more transmitter-receiver devices 102, 104, such as a DSL
modem in a set top box. The first transmitter-receiver device 102, such as a DMT transmitter, transmits and receives communication signals from the second transmitter-receiver device 104 over a transmission medium 106, such as a telephone line. Other devices such as telephones 108 may also connect to this transmission medium 106. An isolating filter 110 generally exists between the telephone and the transmission medium 106. A training period occurs when initially establishing communications between the first transmitter-receiver device 102 and a second transmitter-receiver device 104.
[0026] Also shown in Figure 1 is the online reconfiguration channel (OLR) 107. The OLR is a reliable channel that is used to autonomously maintain operation within limits set by control parameters and is useful when line or environment conditions are changing. The DMT system 100 may include a central office, multiple distribution points, and multiple end users. The central office may contain the first transmitter-receiver device 102 that communicates with the second transmitter-receiver device 104 at an end user's location.
[0027] According to certain embodiments of the invention, the transmitter-receiver device (102 and 104) operates in the presence of severe impulse noise with minimal loss of data as compared to other known schemes for managing and mitigating impulse noise. Each transmitter-receiver device (or in certain embodiments, only one of the transmitter-receiver devices) includes a receiver portion that contains an impulse noise detector 116, 118.
Each noise detector 116, 118 contains software and/or logic programmed to detect for the presence of impulse noise present in the system. In certain embodiments, the noise detector detects a duration and frequency of impulse noise. These parameters can be used to determine a time T relative to the beginning of the first frame when the impulse affects the channel (micro seconds), an impulse duration/length L (micro seconds and/or number of frames), and a REIN period P (microseconds).
[0028] Rather then reducing performance on all of the modem data frames because periodic impulses are detected, the systems and/or logic described herein merely changes a small percentage (5 to 10 percent) of the data frames to be transmitted at a reduced performance rate. The transmitter-receiver device may reduce the data rate and increase the operating margin on the subset of data frames that are likely to be impacted by impulse noise while allowing the data rate of the remaining data frames to operate at the rate determined by the average background noise and interference level.
[0029] Figure 2 illustrates a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a DSL
modem system having impulse noise mitigation according to certain embodiments of this invention. The DSL modem system has a transmitter 402 and a receiver 422. For instance, the transmitter 402 may be a VDSL2 central office transmitter, and the receiver 422 may be a VDSL2 receiver at a customer premises. The transmitter uses a modulator 404 to modulate data frames based on either the primary bits and gain table 406 or one or more alternate bits and gain tables 408. The modulator 404 uses one of the bits and gain tables based on control information received from the receiver 422.
The receiver 422 uses a demodulator 424 to demodulate received data frames based on either the primary bits and gain table 426 or one or more alternate bits and gain tables 428. The demodulator 424 uses one of the bits and gain tables based on control information received from an impulse noise predictor 432.
[0030] The impulse noise predictor 432 predicts which DMT frames are likely to be corrupted by REIN based on parameters detected by the impulse noise detector 430. The impulse noise detector 430 detects the periodicity and severity of the REIN on data frames demodulated by the demodulator 422. The impulse noise predictor 432 uses the periodicity and severity information to determine when the next impulse noise may affect the DSL
system. The impulse noise predictor 432 may calculate such control parameters as a time relative to the beginning of the first frame predicted to be affected by impulse noise, an impulse length, an impulse period and a future frame number to start using the higher margin bits and gain table.

The control parameters can be communicated to the transmitter 402 via OLR
107. The OLR 107 also provides a reliable method to synchronize alternate bits and gain tables 408 and 428.
[0031] In certain embodiments, to detect the severity and frequency of impulse noise, the impulse noise detector 430 detects an error difference between an amplitude of each transmitted data point in the QAM
constellation and an expected amplitude for each data point in the QAM
constellation. The impulse noise detector 430 may detect for the presence of impulse noise based on the error difference detected between the received data point and expected data point. The error difference for each transmitted data point may be known as an error sample. The noise detector 430 may determine if the frequency of error samples with the magnitude greater than the threshold is higher than a set point. If the frequency of error samples is higher than the set point then an impulse noise is determined to be present on that particular tone. The designer or user may establish the set point.
[0032] The irripulse noise detector 430 may count the number of error samples with a magnitude greater than a threshold value that is based upon the standard deviation derived from the Gaussian distribution of impulse noise. Thus, each error sample with either a positive or a negative amplitude having an absoiute value greater than the magnitude threshold value is counted. The threshold may be set by the designer or user to be a factor of one or more times the calculated value of the standard deviation.
[0033] Figure 3 illustrates an embodiment of a method 300 to mitigate impulse noise. At block 301, the periodicity and severity of the periodic impulses is detected. A detector 116 and 118 in both the downstream and upstream receivers can be used to detect the periodicity and severity.
According to certain embodiments, the frequency of the impulse noise is detected. A duration that the impulse noise may last may be estimated using previous measurements of impulse noise having the same frequency.
Based on this information, the following parameters are calculated from detected information: a time T relative to the beginning of the first frame when the impulse hit the channel (micro seconds), an impulse duration/length L (micro seconds and/or number of frames), and a REIN
period P (microseconds).
[0034] These parameters are used to predict which frames are likely to be affected by REIN. A future frame number N to start using a high-margin bits and gain table is also calculated. The receiver that suffers the impulse noise learns to predict the timing of the impulses and requests high margin frames from the far transmitter as appropriate to maintain an acceptable error rate.
In certain embodiments, the impulse noise mitigation scheme 300 is implemented the same way in both directions of transmission. At block 311, the method 300 predicts a subset of DMT data frames from a set of data transmissions that are affected by the impulse noise.
[0035] At block 321, an alternate high margin bits and gain table and control information is sent from the receiver (e.g. receiver of device 104) to the far transmitter (e.g., transmitter of device 102) by extending the capability of the on-line reconfiguration (OLR) mechanism in VDSL2. The following control information could be transmitted at any time: a future frame number N, a duration/length L (number of frames), and a period P (microseconds). N, L, and P can be updated at any time.
[0036] At block 331, the other end uses an alternate bits-and-gains table starting from the specified frame number (N) for L frames periodically using the specified period P. The alternate high margin bits and gains table enables data transfer at various levels of noise margin. The use of this table is synchronized between the transmitter and receiver at DMT frame boundaries. A primary bits and gains table, which is typically optimized for maximum bit rate in a stationary noise environment, is used to provide data when there is no impulse noise on the line. 'P = 0' indicates a period of infinity; therefore the alternate frame is used just once. 'L = 0' and 'P = 0' indicates to the far end to discontinue use of the alternate bits-and-gains table. At block 341, a first data rate is used to send the subset of frames predicted to be affected by REIN, the first data rate being lower than a second data rate used to send data during DMT data frames outside of the subset of frames.
[0037] The multi-rate impulse mitigation method 300 takes advantage of the repetitive nature of REIN to predict the DMT frames that are corrupted by impulse noise. Thus, on those frames predicted as being corrupted by REIN, data is transmitted using alternate bits and gains tables with lower data rates and higher noise margins to protect against impulse noise and provide error-free data transmission. If no corruption due to REIN is predicted, then the primary bits and gains table is used.

[0033] This type of multi-rate impulse protection, however, uses additional memory to store alternate bits and gain tables. In situations, where memory requirements for the alternate bits and gain table prove excessive, frame blanking can be used. Frame blanking eliminates the need for more memory by requiring infinite noise margin in alternate tables, resulting in identical tables with no loaded bits. The corresponding DMT frames are blank frames that carry no information. To maintain stationary transmit power, the gains in alternate tables can be conveniently set to the gains of the primary table.
Because all bits in the alternate tables are set to zero and the gains are already stored in the primary gain table, frame blanking does not require additional memory to store alternate tables.

[0039] Frame blanking also comes with some overhead cost to system performance. This overhead is due to sending blank frames when impulse noise is on the line. Assuming that the duration of each impulse noise is INP
DMT frames, the overhead (OFB) of frame blanking can be expressed as:

OFB - 4 Ti where T=rr,p is the period of impulse noise, and where INP is the minimum impulse protection capability in terms of number of DMT frames. However, this overhead is still very low compared to the overhead (ORS) of Reed-Solomon coding, which can be expressed as:

= INP
~RS 4 = DLY
where INP is the minimum impulse protection capability in terms of number of DMT frames and DLY is the maximum latency associated with interleaving. ORS can match OFB merely when erasure detection and correction is used in the Reed-Solomon decoder, there is no other bound on latency other than the impulse period, and the granularity of codeword size and number of check bytes and other restrictions on the framing parameter do not prevent the minimum of ORS to be achieved.

[0040] Further, compared to Reed-Solomon decoding, frame blanking comes with a very small implementation cost. The main requirement on a transmitter that supports frame blanking is the capability of inserting blank DMT frames in to the data stream. The main requirement on the receiver is the capability of discarding the blank frames. Both these capabilities are very similar to the current requirement on VDSL modems. The transmitter and receiver have to insert and discard the blank frames synchronously.
However, the transmitter and the receiver can be synchronized using a small set of parameters discussed above (e.g. future frame number N to start using the high margin bits and gain table, time T relative to the beginning of the first frame when the impulse hit the channel, REIN period P, and impulse length L) to reduce the possibility of mismatch. These parameters have to be updated fairly infrequently, indicating a very small increase in the rate of the overhead channel.

[0041] Frame blanking requires the detection of impulse noise at the receiver. The complexity of the impulse detector in frame blanking is no higher than the complexity of an erasure detector in Reed-Solomon decoder.
Frame blanking also relies on proper estimation of impulse parameters, such as impulse frequency and duration. The processing power needed for this estimation is very low because it can be spread over a long period of time, on the order of several hundreds of DMT frames.

[0042] Because there is no interleaver in the frame blanking method, there is no need for extra interleaving memory. Additionally, there is no need to store alternate bits and gains tables, because the blanked-out frames carry no information. Therefore, the memory requirement for frame bianking is virtually zero. Also, because frame blanking does not require an interleaver, there is no latency in the data path.

[0043] Frame blanking relieves the Reed-Solomon decoding from having to correct errors caused by periodic impulse noise. The full coding gain of the forward error correction code is then available to protect against Gaussian noise, thus resulting in a higher bit rate. Frame blanking is easily scalable to support possible future requirements for higher INP values. With Reed-Solomon coding, higher INP values can be supported only if extra memory and processing power are available on the system and additional latency is tolerated by the network applications.

[0044] In certain embodiments, frame blanking to protect against periodic impulse noise is used in conjunction with Reed-Solomon coding to protect against non-repetitive impulses. In this case, the Reed-Solomon decoder and the interleaver need lower complexity because frame blanking already provides protection against a class of impulse noise that, based on recent service provider inputs to the ITU, is a significant impairment.

[0045] Frame blanking relies on accurate prediction of impulse noise. By frequently updating control parameters, the rate of mismatch between predicted frames and real impulsive frames can be very small. However, to further protect against false prediction, a slightly higher INP value can be used. Additionally, or in the alternative, Reed-Solomon coding can be used.
[0046] Frame blanking is an effective method to protect DSL modems against periodic impulse noise. It provides impulse protection without additional requirements on memory and latency. Its implementation is much easier than Reed-Solomon coding. It relieves Reed-Solomon from correcting for periodic impulse noise, allowing a larger coding gain with smaller interleaving memory and latency.

[0047] As described herein, a DSL modem device has a receiver including an impulse noise predictor to predict if data frames will be affected by impulse noise based upon a periodicity of impulse noise. The DSL modem device also has a demodulator to use a first bits and gain table to provide data when data frames are predicted to be affected by the impulse noise by the impulse noise predictor and a second bits and gain table to provide data if the data frames are not predicted as being affected by the impulse noise by the impulse noise predictor. The impulse noise predictor determines a frame number to start using the first noise margin and a number of frames to continue to use the first noise margin. The impulse noise detector may detect the impulse noise periodicity as well as a duration of the impulse noise to predict when a next occurrence of impulse noise will occur.
[0048] An impulse noise mitigation method uses a periodicity associated with impulse noise to predict a subset of DMT data frames from a set of data transmissions that are affected by the impulse noise, and sends a first data rate during the subset of frames lower than a second data rate during DMT
data frames outside of the subset of frames.

[0049] The embodiments described require a robust communication and control scheme that each receiver uses to request high margin frames when needed. The capability of the OLR mechanism in VDSL2 must be extended to communicate certain information reliably. Other new features must also be added to the VDSL2 standard. For instance, in certain embodiments, two frame counters are used to keep track of frames. Both transmitter-receiver devices (near-end and far-end) must keep track of both frame counters.
These counters are initialized to 0 at the start of showtime, and incremented for each frame. The counters may be reduced Modulo 2k to confine the counter to k bits. Also, an alternate high margin bits and gain table must reside in both receivers and transmitters in addition to the normal bits and gain table. Further, an impulse noise detector must be added to at least one receiver.

[0050] A periodic impulse noise mitigation scheme may be implemented.
Since impulse noise tends to have a fairly small duty cycle, this impulse noise mitigation scheme enables the modem receiver at either end to operate at AWGN bounds when impulses are absent, while operating with sufficient margin to withstand impulses only when they are likely to be present. This method will work with or without interleaving. This impulse noise mitigation scheme uses an impulse detector in the receiver, an alternate bit/gain table for both directions of transmission, and a robust communication/control scheme to control the use of the alternate bit/gain tables.

[0051] The detailed description above includes several modules. These modules may be implemented by hardware components, such as logic, or may be embodied in machine-executable instructions, which may be used to cause a general-purpose or special-purpose processor programmed with the instructions to perform the operations described herein. Alternatively, the operations may be performed by a combination of hardware and software.

In one embodiment, the software used to facilitate the impulse noise mitigation can be embodied onto a machine-readable storage medium. A
machine-readable storage medium includes any mechanism that provides (e.g., stores and/or transmits) information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer). For example, a machine-readable medium includes read only memory (ROM); random access memory (RAM); magnetic disk storage media; optical storage media; flash memory devices; DVD's, electrical, optical, acoustical or other form of propagated signals (e.g., carrier waves, infrared signals, digital signals, EPROMs, EEPROMs, FLASH, magnetic or optical cards, or any type of media suitable for storing electronic instructions.
The information representing the apparatuses and/or methods stored on the machine-readable medium may be used in the process of creating the apparatuses and/or methods described herein.

[0052] Thus, a method and apparatus for mitigating impulse noise have been described. The detection and mitigation of the impulse noise may use various features of the ADSL, ADSL2, and VDSL specifications. Note that references throughout this specification to "one embodiment" or "an embodiment" means that a particular feature, structure or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Therefore, it is emphasized and should be appreciated that two or more references to "an embodiment" or "one embodiment" or "an alternative embodiment" in various portions of this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment.
Furthermore, the particular features, structures or characteristics being referred to may be combined as suitable in one or more embodiments of the invention, as will be recognized by those of ordinary skill in the art.

[0053] Although the present invention has been described with reference to specific exemplary embodiments, it will be recognized that the invention is not limited to the embodiments described, but can be practiced with modification and aiteration within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative sense rather than a restrictive sense.

Claims (21)

1. A digital subscriber line (DSL) modem, having a receiver comprising:

an impulse noise predictor to predict if data frames will be affected by impulse noise based upon a periodicity of impulse noise; and a demodulator to use a first table to provide data when data frames are predicted to be affected by the impulse noise by the impulse noise predictor and a second table to provide data if the data frames are not predicted as being affected by the impulse noise by the impulse noise predictor.
2. The DSL modem recited in claim 1, wherein the first table is a bits and gain table that has a first noise margin high enough to protect against impulse noise.
3. The DSL modem recited in claim 2, wherein the second table is also a bitts and gain table has a second noise margin lower than the first noise margin.
4. The DSL modem of claim 3, wherein the first bits and gain table has a lower data rate than the second bits and gain table.
5. The DSL modem of claim 1, wherein the impulse noise detector detects the impulse noise periodicity as well as a duration of the impulse noise to predict when a next occurrence of impulse noise will occur.
6. The DSL modem of claim 2, wherein the impulse noise predictor determines a frame number to start using the first noise margin and a number of frames to continue to use the first noise margin.
7. The DSL modem of claim 4, wherein the first bits and gain table has a data rate of zero.
8. A machine readable storage medium to store instructions representing the impulse noise predictor of claim 1.
9. A method for impulse noise mitigation, comprising:

using a periodicity associated with impulse noise to predict a subset of DMT data frames from a set of data transmissions that are affected by the impulse noise; and sending a first data rate during the subset of frames lower than a second data rate during DMT data frames outside of the subset of frames.
10. The method recited in claim 9, further comprising:

increasing an operating noise margin on the subset of data frames as compared to the DMT data frames outside of the subset of frames.
11. The method recited in claim 10, further comprising:

using a first bits and gain table having a first noise margin high enough to protect against impulse noise to provide data during the subset of frames.
12. The method recited in claim 11, further comprising:

switching to a second bits and gain table having a lower noise margin than the first noise margin when the effects of the impulse noise is predicted to subside.
13. The method recited in claim 9, further comprising:
sending blank data frames during the subset of frames.
14. The method recited in claim 9, further comprising:

using Reed-Solomon coding when a repeatable periodicity cannot be established for with the impulse noise.
15. A DSL system comprising:

a first transmitter-receiver device having a receiver, the receiver having an impulse noise predictor to determine if data frames will be affected by impulse noise using an impulse noise periodicity, wherein the first transmitter-receiver device has a detector to detect control parameters associated with the impulse noise; and a second transmitter-receiver device having a transmitter to reduce its transmission data rate upon receiving the control parameters from the first transmitter-receiver device.
16. The DSL system recited in claim 15, wherein the second transmitter receiver device reduces the data rate using a bits and gain table to carry data, the bits and gain table having a noise margin set to protect data to be carried against impulse noise.
17. The DSL system recited in claim 16, wherein the first transmitter-receiver device to communicate control parameters and the bits and gain table over an enhanced online reconfiguration (OLR) channel to the second transmitter-receiver device.
18. The DSL system recited in claim 15, wherein the receiver of the first transmitter receiver device comprises an impulse noise detector to detect presence of impulse noise in the DSL system.
19. The DSL system recited in claim 16, wherein the control parameters comprise at least one of a (1) time relative to a beginning of a first frame predicted to be affected by impulse noise, (2) an impulse duration, (3) an impulse frequency, and (4) a future frame number to start using the bits and gain table.
20. The DSL system recited in claim 17, wherein the enhanced OLR
channel is used to synchronize the bits and gain table between the first and second transmitter receiver devices.
21. An apparatus, comprising:

means for using a periodicity associated with impulse noise to predict a subset of DMT data frames from a set of data transmissions that are affected by the impulse noise; and means for sending a first data rate during the subset of frames lower than a second data rate during DMT data frames outside of the subset of frames.
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