CA2595854C - Redox stable anode - Google Patents

Redox stable anode Download PDF

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CA2595854C
CA2595854C CA 2595854 CA2595854A CA2595854C CA 2595854 C CA2595854 C CA 2595854C CA 2595854 CA2595854 CA 2595854 CA 2595854 A CA2595854 A CA 2595854A CA 2595854 C CA2595854 C CA 2595854C
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anode
layer
support layer
oxide
anode support
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CA 2595854
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CA2595854A1 (en
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Peter Halvor Larsen
Charissa Chung
Mogens Mogensen
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Danmarks Tekniskie Universitet
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Danmarks Tekniskie Universitet
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/8605—Porous electrodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/8647—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites
    • H01M4/8652—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites as mixture
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
    • H01M4/8878—Treatment steps after deposition of the catalytic active composition or after shaping of the electrode being free-standing body
    • H01M4/8882—Heat treatment, e.g. drying, baking
    • H01M4/8885—Sintering or firing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
    • H01M4/9016—Oxides, hydroxides or oxygenated metallic salts
    • H01M4/9025—Oxides specially used in fuel cell operating at high temperature, e.g. SOFC
    • H01M4/9033—Complex oxides, optionally doped, of the type M1MeO3, M1 being an alkaline earth metal or a rare earth, Me being a metal, e.g. perovskites
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M8/12—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte
    • H01M8/1213—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte characterised by the electrode/electrolyte combination or the supporting material
    • H01M8/1226—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte characterised by the electrode/electrolyte combination or the supporting material characterised by the supporting layer
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M8/12—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte
    • H01M8/124—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte characterised by the process of manufacturing or by the material of the electrolyte
    • H01M8/1246—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte characterised by the process of manufacturing or by the material of the electrolyte the electrolyte consisting of oxides
    • H01M8/1253—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte characterised by the process of manufacturing or by the material of the electrolyte the electrolyte consisting of oxides the electrolyte containing zirconium oxide
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
    • H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
    • Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product

Abstract

The present invention provides a method of producing a solid oxide fuel cell, comprising the steps of: forming an anode support layer; applying an anode layer on the anode support layer; applying an electrolyte layer on the anode layer; and sintering the obtained structure; wherein the anode support layer and/or the anode layer comprises a composition comprising doped zirconia, doped ceria and/or a metal oxide with an oxygen ion or proton conductivity, NiO and at least one oxide selected from the group consisting of AI2O3, TiO2, Cr2O3, Sc2O3, VOx, TaOx, MnOx, NbOx, CaO, Bi2O3, LnOx, MgCr2O4, MgTiO3, CaAI2O4, LaAIO3, YbCrO3, ErCrO4, NiTiO3, NiCr2O4, and mixtures thereof.
According to the invention, a combination of nickel coarsening prevention due to specific Ni-particle growth inhibitors, and, at the same time, a strengthening of the ceramic structure of the anode support layer and/or the anode layer is achieved.

Description

REDOX STABLE ANODE
Field of the invention The present invention relates to a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) comprising an anode that is able to withstand redox cycling, and to a method to produce said solid oxide fuel cell.
Background art Generally, solid oxide fuel cells operate at high temperatures in the range of about 750 C to 1000 C. These high temperatures are challenging to the materials em-ployed, and are of particular concern with regard to the stability of the anode struc-tures. For fuel oxidation, the so far preferred anode material comprises metallic nickel.
Nickel is also preferred for hydrocarbon fuel since it is a good catalyst for hydrocarbon reformation.
Nickel oxide cermet structures have been suggested as anode materials for SOFCs for a number of years. Ni-cermet anodes usually have a 3-phase structure formed by nickel particles, ceramic particles (typically yttria stabilised zirconia, YSZ) and pores which are formed during the manufacturing process. The ceramic component of the cermet provides the necessary mechanical strength of the structure. Each of the com-ponents of the 3-phase structure furthermore forms a continuous path throughout the entire anode structure so as to provide transportation of electrons, oxide ions and gas, respectively.
However, the suggested anodes do not withstand repeated redox cycling during op-eration for a longer time without mechanical failure, resulting in the degradation of the electrical cell performance. The degradation is initiated by a coarsening of the nickel particles that takes place by grain growth during operation. If the fuel gas flow is lost during operation, the nickel particles will be oxidised to NiO
electrochemically or by air that may penetrate into the anode compartment. The volume increase that is associ-ated with the Ni oxidation causes disruption and crack formation in the ceramic back-SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) bone and the electrolyte because there are always volumes in which the porosity is too small to accommodate the resulting volume expansion.
T. Klemmensoe, Charissa Chung, Peter HaIvor Larsen and Mogens Mogensen dem-onstrated in the article "The mechanism behind redox instability of SOFC
anodes" that the redox stability of the anode in small and medium scale SOFCs is considered im-portant for safety reasons. The technological aim has been reported to be 5-20 cycles per year during the life time of the cell. The commercial life of 5 years thus equals to a total of 25-100 cycles. However, in the prevalent anode supported design, oxidation of the anode is known to be detrimental for the cell performance. The degradation of re-dox cycling is believed to be related to bulk expansion of the anode, yet the mecha-nism behind the process has not previously been investigated. It was further demon-strated that a high strength, as achieved by using zirconia with 3 mole yttria instead of 8 mole, decreased the expansion during oxidation of a Ni-YSZ cermet structure.
The article was published in SOFC /X, S.C. Singhal and J. Mitzusaki, eds. PV 2005-07, The Elecrtrochemical Society Proceedings Series, Pennington, NJ, 2005.
US-A-6099985 discloses an SOFC comprising an anode which is fabricated from ceria mixed with a nickel oxide/magnesium oxide material to stabilize the nickel against coarsening during high temperature SOFC operation. MgO advantageously forms a single phase with NiO, while showing limited solubility in zirconia and ceria.
However, while the addition of MgO reduces the coarsening of nickel particles to a certain extend, at the same time the difference of the thermal expansion coefficient of the anode layer and electrolyte layer is increased, thereby weakening the overall me-chanical stability of the SOFC, especially during heating/cooling cycles.
US-A1-2003/0165726 relates to a structured body for an anode suitable for fuel cells, comprising a structure formed by macro-pores and an electrode material having two reticular systems which intergage. The first system is made of a ceramic material, such as zirconium oxide stabilized with yttrium (YSZ), aluminium oxide, titanium oxide, doped cerium oxide, magnesium oxide, and/or a spinet compound. The second sys-tem contains metals, for example Ni derived from NiO, to bring about electrical con-ductivity, and may further contain MgO as an inhibitor of grain growth. In order to ob-
2 tam n an anode structure, the particles of a ceramic material (e.g. YSZ) and of a metal oxide are put into sufficiently fine form for the formation of the reticular systems by grinding and classification. A homogeneous mixture in the form of a slurry is formed from the particles, the pore forming materials and a liquid. The slurry is cast to form a layer. The slurry is cast in an absorbent mould so that some of the liquid is removed from it. At the same time, a marginal zone arises in which a lack of pore forming mate-rials is present, resulting in an inhomogeneous structure.
However, in US-A1-2003/0165726 an inhomogeneous structure is obtained in which two reticular systems intergage. Thus, the first reticular system comprises a ceramic material and other oxides, and the second reticular system comprises nickel oxide and MgO as a grain growth inhibitor. The oxides comprised in the first system do not inter-act with the nickel oxide of the second system during the sintering, contrary to the composition forming the anode support layer and/or anode layer of the present inven-tion.
US-A1-2003/0235752 relates to a fuel cell assembly comprising nickel-based anodes.
To prevent repeated anode oxidation, oxygen getter devices containing oxygen-gettering materials such as nickel foam, a nickel wire or a nickel mesh, are provided in the fuel passageways leading to and from the anodes. Oxidation of the oxygen-gettering materials is readily reversed through reduction by fuel when the assembly is restarted.
US-A-6048636 discloses an electrode for a fuel cell which has a porous self-supporting layer and another layer with catalytic properties disposed on the self-supporting layer. Said self-supporting layer consists of a cermet comprising A1203 or T102, to which nickel is admixed (This relates only to a cell support and does not con-tain any ionic conducting material (Zirconia or Ceria).
WO-A1-2004/013925 relates to a material suitable for use in a solid oxide fuel cell, especially an anode thereof, comprising an optionally doped double perovskite oxide material, and further discloses a SOFC comprising said material.
3 US-A1-2003/0035989 relates to a SOFC which comprises a solid electrolyte com-prised of an electronic insulator which allows transfer of anions, a ceramic metal com-posite anode and a cathode. In order to overcome the problems associated with the presence of complex organic sulphur compounds in a hydrocarbon fuel stream for use in a fuel cell without increasing fuel-processing complexity, a porous copper cermet or copper-nickel-alloy cermet is provided by obtaining a sintered nickel cermet, leaching at least a part of the nickel, thereby increasing the porosity of the cermet, and adding Cu back into the pore structure.
WO-A2-2004/030130 relates to a high temperature fuel cell system comprising an anode channel, an anode inlet and an anode outlet, a first anode channel portion proximal to the anode inlet, a second anode channel portion proximal to the anode outlet, and a gas separation means operable to enrich a first gas component of an anode exhaust gas exiting the anode outlet to produce a first product gas enriched in the first gas component. The first anode channel portion comprises an anode material that is resistant to carbon deposition and active for direct oxidation of hydrogen, and at least one hydrocarbon fuel or mixtures thereof. The second anode channel portion comprises an anode material that is catalytically active for steam reforming of at least one hydrocarbon.
However, while most of the suggested anode structures for a SOFC do not prevent coarsening of nickel particles at all, the proposed addition of MgO for coarsening pre-vention disadvantageously destabilizes the SOFC due to an increase of the thermal expansion coefficient differential between the anode and electrolyte layer.
Object of the present invention In view of the prior art, it is the object of the present invention to provide a solid oxide fuel cell comprising an anode with improved tolerance towards redox cycling, and a method of producing said solid oxide fuel cell.
Brief description of the invention Said object is achieved by a method of producing a solid oxide fuel cell, comprising
4 the steps of:
- forming an anode support layer;
- applying an anode layer on the anode support layer;
- applying an electrolyte layer on the anode layer; and - sintering the obtained structure;
wherein the anode support layer and/or the anode layer comprises a composition comprising doped zirconia, doped ceria and/or a metal oxide with an oxygen ion or proton conductivity, NiO and at least one oxide selected from the group consisting of A1203, Ti02, Cr203, Sc203, VON, Ta0x, MnO, NbOx, CaO, Bi203, Ln0x, MgCr204, MgTiO3, CaA1204, LaA103, YbCr03, ErCr04, NiTiO3, NiCr204, and mixtures thereof.
Said object is further achieved by a solid oxide fuel cell comprising:
- an anode support layer;
- an anode layer;
- an electrolyte layer; and - a cathode layer, wherein at least the anode support layer and/or anode layer comprises a composi-tion comprising doped zirconia, doped ceria and/or a metal oxide with an oxygen ion or proton conductivity, NiO and at least one oxide which is selected from the group consisting of A1203, Ti02, Cr203, Sc203, V0x, Ta0x, MnO, NbOx, CaO, Bi203, Ln0x, MgCr204, MgT103, CaA1204, LaA103, YbCr03, ErCr04, NiCr204, and mixtures thereof.
Said object is also achieved by a method of producing a SOFC cell comprising a re-dox stable SOFC anode and an anode support, characterised by the following proc-essing steps:
- tape-casting of an anode support layer;
- spray painting of an anode layer on the anode support layer;
- spray painting of an electrolyte layer on the anode layer;
- sintering of the three-layered structure;
- spray painting of an active cathode on the sintered three-layered structure;

- sintering the cathode.
5 Said object is finally achieved by a method of producing a solid oxide fuel cell, com-prising the steps of:
- forming an anode support layer;
- applying an anode layer on the anode support layer;
- applying an electrolyte layer on the anode layer; and - sintering the obtained structure;
- impregnating at least the anode support layer with a composition comprising a at least one oxide or precursor thereof which is selected from the group consisting of A1203, Ti02, Cr203, Sc203, V0,, Ta0x, MnO, NbOx, CaO, Bi203, Ln0x, MgCr204, MgTiO3, CaA1204, LaA103, YbCr03, ErCr04, NiTiO3, NiCr204, and mixtures thereof;
wherein the anode support layer and/or the anode layer comprises a composition comprising doped zirconia, doped ceria and/or a metal oxide with an oxygen ion or proton conductivity.
Detailed description of the invention The method according to the present invention comprising the steps of:
- forming an anode support layer;
- applying an anode layer on the anode support layer;
- applying an electrolyte layer on the anode layer; and - sintering the obtained structure;
wherein the anode support layer and/or the anode layer comprises a composition comprising doped zirconia, doped ceria and/or a metal oxide with an oxygen ion or proton conductivity, NiO and at least one oxide selected from the group consisting of A1203, T102, Cr203, Sc203, VON, Ta0x, MnO, NbOx, CaO, Bi203, Ln0x, MgCr204, MgTiO3, CaA1204, LaA103, YbCr03, ErCrat, N1TiO3, NiCr204, and mixtures thereof.
Advantageously, the ceramic electrolyte based anode microstructures, i.e. Ni-zirconia, Ni-ceria, or any other metal oxide with oxygen ion or proton conductivity, for example.
La(Sr)Ga(Mg)03_8, SrCe(Yb)03_8, BaZr(Y)03_8 or the like, which have the property of being able to withstand redox cycling better than hitherto known anodes, are obtained
6 by a combination of a stabilisation of nickel-surfaces to prevent coarsening and an enhanced mechanical strength of the ceramic backbone.
The present invention primarily concerns a combination of: a) a modification of the Ni-cermet structure that impedes the surface diffusion of Ni on Ni surfaces and prevents the movement of Ni grain boundaries, and b) an enhancement of the mechanical strength by controlling the sintering process by the use of sintering additives and a reduction of the TEC mismatch between the anode and electrolyte by the addition of low TEC oxides.
The surface passivation of Ni-surfaces is achieved by the composition comprising at least one additional oxide that is stable both under SOFC anode and cathode condi-tions, e.g. T102, Cr203, Sc203, VON, Ta0x, MnO, NbOR, CaO, Bi203, Ln0õ, MgCr204, MgTiO3, CaA1204, LaA103, YbCr03, ErCrab NiT103, NiCr204, and mixtures thereof.
Preferably, the at least one oxide of the composition is selected from the group con-sisting of T102, Cr203, Sc203, VON, Ta0x, MnO, NbOx, CaO, 131203, Ln0x, MgCr204, MgTiO3, CaA1204, LaA103, YbCr03, ErCr04, NiT103, NiCr204, and mixtures thereof, more preferable from the group consisting of Cr203, Sc203, V0x, Ta0x, MnO, NbOx, CaO, B1203, Ln0x, MgCriat, MgTiO3, CaA1204, LaA103, YbCr03, ErCr04, NM03, NiCr204, and mixtures thereof. Most preferred are TiO2 and Cr2O3 If, for example, TiO2 or Cr203 is used, NiTi204 and NiCr204 are formed in the anode respectively anode support layer during the sintering step. A redox stable microstruc-ture is created during the initial reduction of the anode composition, leaving a percolat-ing Ni structure with randomly distributed fine TiO2 particles (on average about 1 mi-crometer). The TiO2 particles will further decrease the Ni grain growth during operation od the cell. Similarly, the reduction of NiCr204 in the anode support will result in a partly surface coverage of the Ni particles and thereby stabilize the structure.
The addition of the oxides furthermore preferably results in a decrease of the thermal extension coefficient of the anode respectively anode support layer, which in turn
7 =
8 strengthens the overall mechanical stability of the layers and the resulting cell. Pre-ferred oxides therefore are Cr203, 1102, A1203, and Sc203.
The amount of NiO in the composition is preferably in the range of about 45 to weight %, based on the total weight of the composition, and more preferred in the range of from about 50 to 65 wt%.
The amount of doped zirconia, doped ceria and/or a metal oxide with an oxygen ion or proton conductivity in the composition is preferably in the range of about 25 to 55 weight A), based on the total weight of the composition, and more preferred in the range of from 40 to 45 wt%.
As a preferred material, Zr1_xMx02_6, may be used, which M = Sc, Ce, Ga or combina-tions thereof. Y may also be included. X is in the range of about 0.05 to about 0.3.
Also preferred Ce1,Mx02_6, M = Ca, Sm, Gd, Y and/or any Ln element, or combina-tions thereof. X is in the range of about 0.05 to about 0.3.
The amount of the at least one oxide in the composition is preferably in the range of about 1 to 25 weight %, based on the total weight of the composition, and more pre-ferred in the range of from about 2 to 10 wt%.
In a further preferred embodiment, the composition additionally comprises an oxide selected from the group consisting of A1203, C0304, Mn304, B203, CuO, ZnO, Fe304, Mo03, W03, Ga203, and mixtures thereof. The amount thereof the composition is preferably in the range of about 0.1 to 5 weight %, based on the total weight of the composition, and more preferred in the range of from 0.2 to 2 wt%. The additional ox-ides are used as sintering aids to facilitate the reaction during the sintering step.
Pore formers may be added to the composition in order to obtain a porous anode sup-port and/or anode layer. The porosity of the layer can be designed by the respective amount of pore formers, depending on the desired application.

In the method of the present invention, the anode support layer formed in the first step may be preferably formed by tape-casting. However, other methods well known to the skilled person may be used as well.
After the formation of the anode support layer, the anode layer is applied thereon, preferably by spray painting. Next, the electrolyte layer is applied on the anode layer, also preferably by spray painting.
The so formed multi-layer structure, comprising the anode support layer, the anode layer and the electrolyte layer, is dried and then sintered. Preferred sintering tempera-tures are form about 900 to about 1500 C, more preferred form about 1000 to about 1400 C.
In a further preferred embodiment of the invention, the method comprises the addi-tional step of applying a cathode layer on the above-described sintered structure, for example by spray-painting. In a final step, the multi-layer structure, including the cath-ode layer, is then sintered to obtain a solid oxide fuel cell.
The thickness of the anode support layer is preferably in the range of from about 300 to 700 pm. The thickness of the anode layer is preferably in the range of from about 10 to 40 pm. Furthermore, the thickness of the electrolyte layer is preferably in the range of from about 10 to 40 pm. Moreover, the thickness of the cathode layer is pref-erably in the range of from about 10 to 30 pm.
The present invention also provides a method of producing a SOFC cell comprising a redox stable SOFC anode and an anode support, characterised by the following proc-essing steps:
- tape-casting of an anode support layer;
- spray painting of an anode layer on the anode support layer;
- spray painting of an electrolyte layer on the anode layer;
- sintering of the three-layered structure;
- spray painting of an active cathode on the sintered three-layered structure;

- sintering the cathode.
9 The preferred embodiments described further above with regard to the specific layers and composition thereof of course also apply to this method of the present invention.
The present invention furthermore provides a method of producing a solid oxide fuel cell, comprising the steps of:
- forming an anode support layer;
- applying an anode layer on the anode support layer;
- applying an electrolyte layer on the anode layer; and - sintering the obtained structure;
- impregnating at least the anode support layer with a composition comprising a at least one oxide or precursor thereof which is selected from the group consisting of A1203, Ti02, Cr203, Sc203, VON, Ta0x, MnO, NbOx, CaO, Bi203, Ln0x, MgCr204, MgTiO3, CaA1204, LaA103, YbCr03, ErCr04, NiT103, NiCr204, and mixtures thereof;
wherein the anode support layer and/or the anode layer comprises a composition comprising doped zirconia and/or doped ceria.
Preferably, the at least one oxide or precursor thereof is selected from the group con-sisting of Ti02, Cr203, Sc203, VON, Ta0x, MnO, NbOx, CaO, Bi203, Ln0x, MgCr204, MgTiO3, CaA1204, LaA103, YbCr03, ErCr04, NiT103, NiCr204, and mixtures thereof.
More preferred, the at least one oxide or precursor thereof is selected from the group consisting of Cr203, Sc203, VON, Ta0x, MnO, NbOx, CaO, B1203, Ln0x, MgCr204, MgTiO3, CaA1204, LaA103, YbCr03, ErCr04, NiTiO3, NiCr204, and mixtures thereof.
The oxide precursor may preferably be a metal salt which is soluble in aqueous or organic solvents, such as metal sulfates, nitrates or the like. Metal salts comprising organic anions may be used as well.
After sintering, the multi-structure may preferably be impregnated with (Sr,La)Zr03 or another Sr0 and La203 source, such as (La,Sr)(Cr,V)03. In this case, the following reaction takes place during the reduction of the anode: H2 + NiTiO3 +
(SrLa)Zr03 = Ni + (SrLa)TiO3 + Zr02 H20(g). The so provided (SrLa)TiO3 provides catalytic activity as well as electronic conductivity.

In a further preferred embodiment of the invention, the method comprises the addi-tional step of applying a cathode layer on the above-described sintered structure after impregnation, for example by spray-painting. In a final step, the multi-layer structure, including the cathode layer, is then sintered to obtain a solid oxide fuel cell.
The present invention moreover provides a solid oxide fuel cell comprising:
- an anode support layer;
- an anode layer;
- an electrolyte layer; and - a cathode layer, wherein at least the anode support layer and/or anode layer comprises a composition as described above.
Prior to operation the anode is activated by reduction of NiO particles.
During said reduction, the additional oxides will either partly cover the Ni surfaces (e.g. Cr203), or will be present as discrete particles in close contact with the nickel structure (e.g.
h02). In both cases Ni grain growth is impeded and the Ni structure is thus stabilized.
The transformation of NiO to Ni upon reduction implies a volume reduction of about 25% of the nickel phase. For spherical particles this corresponds to a radius reduction of 9%. The YSZ-phase however remains unaffected by the reduction process. The stability of the YSZ network is believed to cause the stable dimensions during the first reduction.
According to the invention, a combination of nickel coarsening prevention due to spe-cific Ni-particle growth inhibitors, and, at the same time, a strengthening of the ceramic structure of the anode support layer and/or the anode layer is achieved.
Coarsening of the Nickel structure will thus be limited, resulting in improved redox stability of the mi-crostructures, which in return improves the robustness of the SOFC system as a whole. Further, the degradation of the electrical performance is limited, also contribut-ing to a prolonged lifetime of the solid oxide fuel cell.

The invention will now be illustrated by means of the following examples.
Alternative embodiments and examples exist without departing from the scope of the present in-vention.
Examples Example 1 A SOFC cell comprising a redox stable SOFC anode and anode support structure was obtained via the following processing steps:
1. tape-casting an anode support layer;
2. spray painting an active anode layer on the anode support layer;
3. spray painting an electrolyte layer on the anode layer;
4. sintering of the 3-layered structure;
5. spray painting an active cathode on the sintered 3-layered structure; and 6. sintering of the cathode.
A slurry for the anode support was made by dispersing powders of NiO and 3-mole yttria stabilized zirconia in a weight ratio within the range of 55 weight %Ni0 and with an addition of 5 weight % Cr203. A binder was added after dispersion and the slurry tape-cast. The dried thickness of the tape was about 500 pm.
The slurry for the active anode comprised NiO and 8-mole yttria stabilized zirconia in a weight ratio within the range of 53 weight % NiO and with an addition of 7 weight %
Ti02. This slurry was manufactured similarly to the anode support slurry.
After spray painting of an about 15 pm thick layer and drying, an 8-mole yttria stabilized zirconia electrolyte with a thickness of around 10 pm was deposited onto the anode layer. The package was sintered in air at 1300 C. The cathode layer was subsequently depos-ited by spray painting and the cell was sintered according to the composition.
During sintering of the anode and electrolyte, NiTi204 and NiCr204 were formed in the anode structure and anode support, respectively. The redox stable microstructure was created during the initial reduction of the anode leaving a percolating Ni structure with randomly distributed fine TiO2 particles (- 1 pm). The TiO2 particles decreased the Ni grain growth during operation. Similarly the reduction of NiCr204 in the anode support resulted in a partly surface coverage of the Ni particles and thereby stabilized the structure.
The obtained SOFC comprised an anode with an improved redox stability. Further-more, the cell exhibited a higher mechanical strengthdue to a better match of TEC of the respective layers.
Example 2:
Same method as in Example 1, but with the slurry comprising pre-reacted NiTiO3 be-fore processing.
Example 3:
Same method as in Example 1, but with the slurry comprising pre-reacted NiCr204 before processing.
Example 4:
Same method as Example 1, but with the slurry comprising a mixture of TiO2 and Cr203 to control the coverage of the nickel surfaces.
Example 5:
Same method as Example 1, but with the slurry comprising Sc203 as the added oxide.
Examples 6:
Same method as Example 1, but without the addition of surface passivating oxides.
After the sintering of the multi-layer structure comprising the anode support , the an-ode and the electrolyte, the nickel surface passivation is achieved by impregnation with a slurry comprising Cr203 into the anode structure.

Example 7:
Same method as Example 1, but without the addition of surface passivating oxides.
After the sintering of the multi-layer structure comprising the anode support, the anode and the electrolyte, the nickel surface passivation is achieved by impregnation with a slurry comprising TiO2 into the anode structure.
Example 8:
Same method as Example 1, but without the addition of surface passivating oxides.
After the sintering of the multi-layer structure comprising the anode support, the anode and the electrolyte, the nickel surface passivation is achieved by impregnation with (Sr,La)Zr03.
Example 9:
Same method as Example 1, but with the addition of NiT1O3 along with an equal molar amount of SrZr03. During sintering, the following reaction took place. NiTiO3 +
(SrLa)Zr03 = NiO + (SrLa)TiO3+ ZrO2.
Example 10:
Same method as Example 1, but with the addition of A1203 as a sintering additive.
Example 11:
Same method as Example 1, but with doped ceria instead of zirconia.
The present invention further provides in embodiments:
(1) a method of producing a SOFC cell comprising a redox stable SOFC
anode and an anode support structure, characterised by the following processing steps:

- tape-casting of an anode support;
- spray painting of an anode structure on the anode support;
- spray painting of an electrolyte on the anode structure;
- sintering of the three-layered structure;
- spray painting of an active cathode on the sintered three-layered structure;
- sintering the cathode.
(2) a method according to (1), wherein a redox stable SOFC anode and anode support structure is provided in which passivation of the Ni structure is combined with a high strength of the ceramic backbone.
(3) a method according to (1), wherein a slurry for the anode support is made by dis-persing powders NiO and 3-mole yttria stabilized zirconia, preferably in a weight ratio within the range of 45-75 weight % NiO and with an addition of oxides which are sta-ble under SOFC anode conditions, e.g. Cr203, Ti02, A1203, Sc203, VO, Ta0,, MnO., NbOx, CaO, B1203, Ln0,, (or mixtures or compounds thereof).
(4) a method according to (1) wherein sintering additives are added, such as A1203, Co304, Mn304, B203, CuO, ZnO, V206, Cr203, Fe304, M003, W03, Ga203 or combine-tions thereof.
(5) a method according to at least one of (1) to (4) wherein NiO is reduced prior to ac-tivation of the anode.

Claims (10)

CLAIMS:
1. A method of producing a solid oxide fuel cell, comprising the steps of:
forming a structure by a method comprising applying an anode layer on an anode support layer;
applying an electrolyte layer on the anode layer; and sintering the structure;
wherein the anode support layer or the anode layer comprises a composition comprising 1) doped zirconia, doped ceria or a metal oxide with an oxygen ion or proton conductivity;
2) NiO; and 3) at least one oxide selected from the group consisting of VO x, TaO x, MnO
x, NbO x, Bi2O3, LnO x, MgCr2O4, MgTiO3, CaAl2O4, LaAlO3, YbCrO3, ErCrO4, NiTiO3, NiCr2O4, and mixtures thereof.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of applying a cathode layer on the sintered structure.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the amount of NiO in the composition is in the range of about 45 to 75 wt%, based on the total weight of the composition.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition additionally comprises an oxide selected from the group consisting of Al2O3, Co3O4, Mn3O4, B2O3, CuO, ZnO, Fe3O4, MoO3, WO3, Ga2O3, and mixtures thereof.
5. A solid oxide fuel cell comprising: an anode support layer; an anode layer; an electrolyte layer; and a cathode layer; wherein the anode support layer or anode layer comprises a composition comprising 1) doped zirconia, doped ceria or a metal oxide with an oxygen ion or proton conductivity;
2) NiO; and 3) at least one oxide which is selected from the group consisting of VO x, TaO
x, MnO x, NbO x, Bi2O3, LnO x, MgCr2O4, MgTiO3, CaAl2O4, LaAlO3, YbCrO3, ErCrO4, NiTiO3, NiCr2O4, and mixtures thereof.
6. The method of claim 1 further comprising the following processing steps:
forming a three-layered structure by a method comprising tape-casting of the anode support layer;
spray painting of the anode layer on the anode support layer; and spray painting of the electrolyte layer on the anode layer; sintering of the three-layered structure; spray painting of an active cathode on the sintered three-layered structure; and sintering the cathode.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the composition further comprises an oxide selected from the group consisting of Al2O3, Co3O4, Mn3O4, B2O3, CuO, ZnO, Fe3O4, MoO3, WO3, Ga2O3, and mixtures thereof.
8. A method of producing a solid oxide fuel cell, comprising the steps of:
forming a structure by a method comprising applying an anode layer on an anode support layer;
applying an electrolyte layer on the anode layer; and sintering the obtained structure;
impregnating the anode support layer or the anode layer with an oxide or precursor thereof which is selected from the group consisting of VO x, TaO x, MnO x, NbO x, Bi2O3, LnO x, MgCr2O4, MgTiO3, CaAl2O4, LaAlO3, YbCrO3, ErCrO4, NiTiO3, NiCr2O4, and mixtures thereof;
wherein the anode support layer or the anode layer comprises a composition comprising 1) doped zirconia, doped ceria or a metal oxide with an oxygen ion or proton conductivity, and 2) NiO.
9. The method of claim 8, further comprising the step of applying a cathode layer on the sintered structure.
10. The method of claim 8, wherein the oxide precursor is a metal salt which is soluble in aqueous or organic solvents.
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