CA2622457A1 - Ion exchange resin treated to control swelling - Google Patents
Ion exchange resin treated to control swelling Download PDFInfo
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- CA2622457A1 CA2622457A1 CA002622457A CA2622457A CA2622457A1 CA 2622457 A1 CA2622457 A1 CA 2622457A1 CA 002622457 A CA002622457 A CA 002622457A CA 2622457 A CA2622457 A CA 2622457A CA 2622457 A1 CA2622457 A1 CA 2622457A1
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- exchange resin
- ion exchange
- drug
- composition
- resin
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
- A61K9/141—Intimate drug-carrier mixtures characterised by the carrier, e.g. ordered mixtures, adsorbates, solid solutions, eutectica, co-dried, co-solubilised, co-kneaded, co-milled, co-ground products, co-precipitates, co-evaporates, co-extrudates, co-melts; Drug nanoparticles with adsorbed surface modifiers
- A61K9/146—Intimate drug-carrier mixtures characterised by the carrier, e.g. ordered mixtures, adsorbates, solid solutions, eutectica, co-dried, co-solubilised, co-kneaded, co-milled, co-ground products, co-precipitates, co-evaporates, co-extrudates, co-melts; Drug nanoparticles with adsorbed surface modifiers with organic macromolecular compounds
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/13—Amines
- A61K31/135—Amines having aromatic rings, e.g. ketamine, nortriptyline
- A61K31/137—Arylalkylamines, e.g. amphetamine, epinephrine, salbutamol, ephedrine or methadone
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
- A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
- A61K47/56—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic macromolecular compound, e.g. an oligomeric, polymeric or dendrimeric molecule
- A61K47/58—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic macromolecular compound, e.g. an oligomeric, polymeric or dendrimeric molecule obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. poly[meth]acrylate, polyacrylamide, polystyrene, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylalcohol or polystyrene sulfonic acid resin
- A61K47/585—Ion exchange resins, e.g. polystyrene sulfonic acid resin
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/0087—Galenical forms not covered by A61K9/02 - A61K9/7023
- A61K9/0095—Drinks; Beverages; Syrups; Compositions for reconstitution thereof, e.g. powders or tablets to be dispersed in a glass of water; Veterinary drenches
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
- A61P11/02—Nasal agents, e.g. decongestants
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K2300/00—Mixtures or combinations of active ingredients, wherein at least one active ingredient is fully defined in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
- A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
- A61K31/192—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having aromatic groups, e.g. sulindac, 2-aryl-propionic acids, ethacrynic acid
Abstract
The present invention provides a method and composition are provided that includes an ion exchange resin treated with from between about 0.01 to about 10 percent by weight of one or more sugar alcohols in contact with one or more ionic pharmaceutically active drug.
Description
ION EXCHANGE RESIN TREATED TO CONTROL SVWELLING
Technical Field of the Invention The present invention relates general to the controlled release of active agents, and in particular, to pharmacologically active drugs adsorbed to ion exchange resin.
Background Art Without limiting the scope of the invention, its background is described in connection with ion exchange resins, as an example. Currently, ion exchange resins used in pharmaceutical applications serve a variety of functions, e.g.,, providing sustained release, masking tastes, eliminating polymorphism, improving the dissolution of poorly soluble drugs, eliminating deliquescence, reducing water uptake, improving stability, reducing abuse liability and improving physical characteristics of pharmacologically active drugs. For example, ion exchange resins are used to prolonged the continuous release of pharmacologically active drugs by absorbing the drug to the ionic exchange resin to form a drug-resin complex. In certain instances, a rate controlling coating is applied to the drug-resin complex.
The sustained release drug-resin complex provides a controlled release of the pharmacologically active drug over a given period of time. Thus, these complexes allow a continuous or intermittent supply of the active drag to a subject. The sustained release drug-resin complex provides a convenient dosage form that provides a therapeutic level of the drug throughout a an extended period.
The release of the drug maintains a therapeutically effective plasma level significantly longer than that given by a typical drug dosage form.
In a general sense, an ion exchange resin can be described as an assembly of polymers that contain ionizable groups distributed along the polymer backbone. The polymer has ions that associate with the ionizable groups of the backbone. When the polymer is combined with a solution of counter ions, the counter ions in the solution exchange with the ions of the polymer and the counter ions are physically removed from the solution. Therefore, drug ions (e.g., counter ion) in solution can exchange with the ions of the ion exchange resin (e.g., polymer) through an ionic interaction, as opposed to a covalent interaction. The pharmacologically active drag ions can then be eluted from the ion exchange resin to treat the subject.
A substantial portion of the active drug is ionically bound within the polymer matrix of the ion 30, exchange resin. The active drug elutes from the polymer matrix over time to provide a specific release profile. The size of the adsorbed-drug molecule and/or the size of the polymer resin particle (e.g., the cross linkage of the cationic exchange resin) may be altered to control the elution rate. The process of adsorption of a pharmacologically active drug to ion exchange resin is a well-known technique to the skilled artisan and the subject of many United States and foreign patents. Generally,
Technical Field of the Invention The present invention relates general to the controlled release of active agents, and in particular, to pharmacologically active drugs adsorbed to ion exchange resin.
Background Art Without limiting the scope of the invention, its background is described in connection with ion exchange resins, as an example. Currently, ion exchange resins used in pharmaceutical applications serve a variety of functions, e.g.,, providing sustained release, masking tastes, eliminating polymorphism, improving the dissolution of poorly soluble drugs, eliminating deliquescence, reducing water uptake, improving stability, reducing abuse liability and improving physical characteristics of pharmacologically active drugs. For example, ion exchange resins are used to prolonged the continuous release of pharmacologically active drugs by absorbing the drug to the ionic exchange resin to form a drug-resin complex. In certain instances, a rate controlling coating is applied to the drug-resin complex.
The sustained release drug-resin complex provides a controlled release of the pharmacologically active drug over a given period of time. Thus, these complexes allow a continuous or intermittent supply of the active drag to a subject. The sustained release drug-resin complex provides a convenient dosage form that provides a therapeutic level of the drug throughout a an extended period.
The release of the drug maintains a therapeutically effective plasma level significantly longer than that given by a typical drug dosage form.
In a general sense, an ion exchange resin can be described as an assembly of polymers that contain ionizable groups distributed along the polymer backbone. The polymer has ions that associate with the ionizable groups of the backbone. When the polymer is combined with a solution of counter ions, the counter ions in the solution exchange with the ions of the polymer and the counter ions are physically removed from the solution. Therefore, drug ions (e.g., counter ion) in solution can exchange with the ions of the ion exchange resin (e.g., polymer) through an ionic interaction, as opposed to a covalent interaction. The pharmacologically active drag ions can then be eluted from the ion exchange resin to treat the subject.
A substantial portion of the active drug is ionically bound within the polymer matrix of the ion 30, exchange resin. The active drug elutes from the polymer matrix over time to provide a specific release profile. The size of the adsorbed-drug molecule and/or the size of the polymer resin particle (e.g., the cross linkage of the cationic exchange resin) may be altered to control the elution rate. The process of adsorption of a pharmacologically active drug to ion exchange resin is a well-known technique to the skilled artisan and the subject of many United States and foreign patents. Generally,
2 adsorption is accomplished by mixing a pharmacologically active drug and an ion exchange resin an aqueous solution, filtering, drying and optionally coating with a water-permeable diffusion barrier.
United States Patent No. 4,996,047 discloses oral pharmaceutical preparations, which include a pharmacologically active drug bound to an ion-exchange resin to provide a drug-resin complex having a drug content above a specified value. The drug-resin complex is subsequently coated with a water-permeable diffusion barrier coating that is insoluble in gastrointestinal fluids. Thus, the release of drug is controlled under conditions encountered in the gastrointestinal tract.
One of the major disadvantages with the use of an ion exchange resin as a pharmaceutical delivery agent is that ion exchange resin particles are susceptible to swelling. For example, ion exchange resins drug complexes can undergo significant swelling when the dry, non-hydrated drug complex contacts fluids, e.g., water, biological fluids, gastrointestinal fluids. The swelling of the ion exchange resin often iuptures the diffusion barrier coating, which causes a loss of control of the diffusion rate of the drug.
United States Patent No. 4,847,077 discloses sulfonic and cationic exchange resins treated with a critical amount of glycerin to enhance their coatability. The specification discloses methods to achieve prolonged continuous release of a pharmacologically active monobasic dt-ug absorbed on a sulfonic acid cationic exchange resin treated with a critical amount of glycerin. Specifically, the controlled release pharmaceutical preparations containing coated sulfonic acid cationic exchange resin drug complex particles is taught, that are treated prior to coating, with about 15 to 25%, by weight of glycerin.
Finally, United States Patent No. 4,221,778 teaches a pharmaceutical preparation containing a diffusion barrier coated ion exchange resin drug complex treated with a solvating agent. The solvating agent retards the rate of swelling in water but does not reduce the overall amount of swelling, only the rate at which swelling occurs.
Disclosure of the Invention The present inventors recognized a need for a pharmacologically active drug-resin complex that does not swell or alter the release rate wlien contacted with fluids, while reducing the concentration of swelling agent used in the fonnulations and increasuig the compatibility of the swelling reducing agent with pharmacologically active diugs.
The foregoing problems have been recognized for many years and while numerous solutions have been proposed, none of theni adequately address all of the problems in a single composition, e.g., controlling the swelling, reducing the concentration of swelling agent, increasing the effectiveness of
United States Patent No. 4,996,047 discloses oral pharmaceutical preparations, which include a pharmacologically active drug bound to an ion-exchange resin to provide a drug-resin complex having a drug content above a specified value. The drug-resin complex is subsequently coated with a water-permeable diffusion barrier coating that is insoluble in gastrointestinal fluids. Thus, the release of drug is controlled under conditions encountered in the gastrointestinal tract.
One of the major disadvantages with the use of an ion exchange resin as a pharmaceutical delivery agent is that ion exchange resin particles are susceptible to swelling. For example, ion exchange resins drug complexes can undergo significant swelling when the dry, non-hydrated drug complex contacts fluids, e.g., water, biological fluids, gastrointestinal fluids. The swelling of the ion exchange resin often iuptures the diffusion barrier coating, which causes a loss of control of the diffusion rate of the drug.
United States Patent No. 4,847,077 discloses sulfonic and cationic exchange resins treated with a critical amount of glycerin to enhance their coatability. The specification discloses methods to achieve prolonged continuous release of a pharmacologically active monobasic dt-ug absorbed on a sulfonic acid cationic exchange resin treated with a critical amount of glycerin. Specifically, the controlled release pharmaceutical preparations containing coated sulfonic acid cationic exchange resin drug complex particles is taught, that are treated prior to coating, with about 15 to 25%, by weight of glycerin.
Finally, United States Patent No. 4,221,778 teaches a pharmaceutical preparation containing a diffusion barrier coated ion exchange resin drug complex treated with a solvating agent. The solvating agent retards the rate of swelling in water but does not reduce the overall amount of swelling, only the rate at which swelling occurs.
Disclosure of the Invention The present inventors recognized a need for a pharmacologically active drug-resin complex that does not swell or alter the release rate wlien contacted with fluids, while reducing the concentration of swelling agent used in the fonnulations and increasuig the compatibility of the swelling reducing agent with pharmacologically active diugs.
The foregoing problems have been recognized for many years and while numerous solutions have been proposed, none of theni adequately address all of the problems in a single composition, e.g., controlling the swelling, reducing the concentration of swelling agent, increasing the effectiveness of
3 the swelling controlling agent and increasing the compatibility of the swelling reducing agent with pharmacologically active drugs.
The present inventors have recognized that the nature of the material used as pharmaceutically acceptable ion exchange resins result iri the resin undergoing significant swelling (e.g., up to about a 60% increase in voluine) when the non-hydrated resin-dnig complex is placed in contact with fluids, e.g., water, biological fluid, gastrointestinal fluids. When an ion exchange resin-drug complex is coated with a water-permeable diffusion barrier the swelling of the ion exchange resui often ruptures the diffusion barrier coating. The damage to the water-permeable diffusion barrier coating results in a loss of control of the rate of diffusion of the drug froni the resin-drug complex. In addition, the swelling of the ion exchange resin affects the dimensions and shape of the ion exchange resin-diug complex. Additionally, the coating can peel from the resin-drug conlplex.
In an effort to reduce the swelling of ion exchange resins, the prior art methods teach treating the ion exchange resin-drug complexes with an impregnating agent, e.g., polyetliylene glycol, propylene glycol, mamiitol, lactose, niethylcellulose or propylene glycol. However, the amount of impregnating agents used to control the swelling is dependent on a variety of factors (e.g., the polymer, the solvent composition, the salt concentration, the polarity of the solvent, the degree of cross-linking, the exchange capacity, the strong or weak solvation tendency of the ion groups, the size and extent of the solvation of counter ions, the concentration of the extenial solution, the extent of the ionic dissociation of functional groups and so forth) and ranges from 15 to 40 percent by weight. For example, one formulation currently used includes AMBERLITEC> IR-phenylpropanolamine complex with a 35 percent drug loading treated with polyethylene glycol 4000 at about 30 parts by weight of the solvating agent to 100 parts by weight of the resin to reduce swelling.
Specifically, the use of glycols to control the swelling of ion exchange resin drug complexes offers many disadvantages. For instance, the concentration of glycol niust be between 15 percerit to 40 percent by weight to control the swelling of the ion exchange resin drug complexes; however, even with such concentrations of glycol there remains swelling of the ion exchange resins drug complex.
In addition, many compounds are not compatible with glycols, e.g., penicillin, bicitracine, iodine, potassium iodide, tannic acid, and bismuth salts.
In accordance with the present invention, a method and composition are provided that includes an ion exchange resin treated with from about 0.1 percent to about 10 percent by weight of one or inore sugar alcohols in contact with one or more ioiiic pharniaceutically active compounds. Specifically, the ion exchange resin is a cationic exchange resin treated with less than five percent sorbitol to
The present inventors have recognized that the nature of the material used as pharmaceutically acceptable ion exchange resins result iri the resin undergoing significant swelling (e.g., up to about a 60% increase in voluine) when the non-hydrated resin-dnig complex is placed in contact with fluids, e.g., water, biological fluid, gastrointestinal fluids. When an ion exchange resin-drug complex is coated with a water-permeable diffusion barrier the swelling of the ion exchange resui often ruptures the diffusion barrier coating. The damage to the water-permeable diffusion barrier coating results in a loss of control of the rate of diffusion of the drug froni the resin-drug complex. In addition, the swelling of the ion exchange resin affects the dimensions and shape of the ion exchange resin-diug complex. Additionally, the coating can peel from the resin-drug conlplex.
In an effort to reduce the swelling of ion exchange resins, the prior art methods teach treating the ion exchange resin-drug complexes with an impregnating agent, e.g., polyetliylene glycol, propylene glycol, mamiitol, lactose, niethylcellulose or propylene glycol. However, the amount of impregnating agents used to control the swelling is dependent on a variety of factors (e.g., the polymer, the solvent composition, the salt concentration, the polarity of the solvent, the degree of cross-linking, the exchange capacity, the strong or weak solvation tendency of the ion groups, the size and extent of the solvation of counter ions, the concentration of the extenial solution, the extent of the ionic dissociation of functional groups and so forth) and ranges from 15 to 40 percent by weight. For example, one formulation currently used includes AMBERLITEC> IR-phenylpropanolamine complex with a 35 percent drug loading treated with polyethylene glycol 4000 at about 30 parts by weight of the solvating agent to 100 parts by weight of the resin to reduce swelling.
Specifically, the use of glycols to control the swelling of ion exchange resin drug complexes offers many disadvantages. For instance, the concentration of glycol niust be between 15 percerit to 40 percent by weight to control the swelling of the ion exchange resin drug complexes; however, even with such concentrations of glycol there remains swelling of the ion exchange resins drug complex.
In addition, many compounds are not compatible with glycols, e.g., penicillin, bicitracine, iodine, potassium iodide, tannic acid, and bismuth salts.
In accordance with the present invention, a method and composition are provided that includes an ion exchange resin treated with from about 0.1 percent to about 10 percent by weight of one or inore sugar alcohols in contact with one or more ioiiic pharniaceutically active compounds. Specifically, the ion exchange resin is a cationic exchange resin treated with less than five percent sorbitol to
4 control the subsequent swelling of the drug resin complex, while maintaining a low concentrations of impregnating agents.
For example, the present invention includes a pharmaceutical composition having a pharmaceutically active substance in coinmunication with an ion exchange resin, wherein the ion exchange resin is treated with from about 0.01 percent to about 10 percent by weight of one or more sugar alcohols.
In accordance with the present invention, a method is provided that reduces the swelling of a phai-maceutical composition by contacting one or more cationic exchange resin particles with a solution containing from about 0.01 percent to about 10 percent by weight of sugar alcohol, based on the combined weight of the sugar alcohol and the one or more ionic exchange resin particles.
In addition, the present invention includes a method for preparing a pharmaceutical ion exchange resin drug complex that does not require wasliing. The method includes contacting one or more grossly wetted cationic exchange resin particles with a drug and adding about 0.1 percent to about 10 percent by weight of one or more sugar alcohols, based on the combined weight of the sugar alcohol, the diug and the one or more grossly wetted ionic exchange resin particles.
Description of the Invention While the making and using of vari.ous einbodiments of the present invention are discussed in detail below, it should be appreciated that the present invention provides many applicable inventive concepts that can be embodied in a wide variety of specific contexts. The terminology used and specific embodiments discussed herein are nlerely illustrative of specific ways to make and use the invention and do not delimit the scope of the invention. The present invention may also be used for waste treatment, corrosion control, pesticide release and many other areas using ion-exchange precepts, in both consumer and industrial applications.
A number of definitions are provided herein to facilitate an understanding of the present invention.
As used hereui, the term "pliarmaceutical coniposition" also means a solution, suspension, cream, ointment, lotion, capsule, caplet, softgel, gelcap, suppository, enema, elixir, syrup, eniulsion, film, granule, gum, insert, jelly, foam, paste, pastille, pellet, spray, troche, lozenge, disk, magma, poultice, or wafer and the like.
As used hereui, the term "sugar alcohol," "organic polyol," "polyhydric alcohol," "polyalcohol" or "polyol" are used interchangeably to mean non-toxic C2 to C12 linear or branched hydrocarbon having at least 2 hydroxy groups, non-toxic C5 to C12 cyclic or heterocyclic hydrocarbon having at least 2 hydroxy groups, e.g., sorbitol, mannitol, polyglycitol, maltitol, lactitol, isomalt, erythritol, glycerin, polydextrose, fructose, maltose xylitol, 1,3-dihydroxypropane inositol and the carbohydrates such as glucose, sucrose.
The terni "iminediate release" is used herein to describe a release profile to effect the delivery of an active as soon as possible, that is, as soon as practically made available to a subject, whether in active form, as a precursor and/or as a metabolite. Imniediate release may also be defined functionally as the release of over 80 to 90 percent (%) of the active ingredient within about 60, 90, 100 or 120
For example, the present invention includes a pharmaceutical composition having a pharmaceutically active substance in coinmunication with an ion exchange resin, wherein the ion exchange resin is treated with from about 0.01 percent to about 10 percent by weight of one or more sugar alcohols.
In accordance with the present invention, a method is provided that reduces the swelling of a phai-maceutical composition by contacting one or more cationic exchange resin particles with a solution containing from about 0.01 percent to about 10 percent by weight of sugar alcohol, based on the combined weight of the sugar alcohol and the one or more ionic exchange resin particles.
In addition, the present invention includes a method for preparing a pharmaceutical ion exchange resin drug complex that does not require wasliing. The method includes contacting one or more grossly wetted cationic exchange resin particles with a drug and adding about 0.1 percent to about 10 percent by weight of one or more sugar alcohols, based on the combined weight of the sugar alcohol, the diug and the one or more grossly wetted ionic exchange resin particles.
Description of the Invention While the making and using of vari.ous einbodiments of the present invention are discussed in detail below, it should be appreciated that the present invention provides many applicable inventive concepts that can be embodied in a wide variety of specific contexts. The terminology used and specific embodiments discussed herein are nlerely illustrative of specific ways to make and use the invention and do not delimit the scope of the invention. The present invention may also be used for waste treatment, corrosion control, pesticide release and many other areas using ion-exchange precepts, in both consumer and industrial applications.
A number of definitions are provided herein to facilitate an understanding of the present invention.
As used hereui, the term "pliarmaceutical coniposition" also means a solution, suspension, cream, ointment, lotion, capsule, caplet, softgel, gelcap, suppository, enema, elixir, syrup, eniulsion, film, granule, gum, insert, jelly, foam, paste, pastille, pellet, spray, troche, lozenge, disk, magma, poultice, or wafer and the like.
As used hereui, the term "sugar alcohol," "organic polyol," "polyhydric alcohol," "polyalcohol" or "polyol" are used interchangeably to mean non-toxic C2 to C12 linear or branched hydrocarbon having at least 2 hydroxy groups, non-toxic C5 to C12 cyclic or heterocyclic hydrocarbon having at least 2 hydroxy groups, e.g., sorbitol, mannitol, polyglycitol, maltitol, lactitol, isomalt, erythritol, glycerin, polydextrose, fructose, maltose xylitol, 1,3-dihydroxypropane inositol and the carbohydrates such as glucose, sucrose.
The terni "iminediate release" is used herein to describe a release profile to effect the delivery of an active as soon as possible, that is, as soon as practically made available to a subject, whether in active form, as a precursor and/or as a metabolite. Imniediate release may also be defined functionally as the release of over 80 to 90 percent (%) of the active ingredient within about 60, 90, 100 or 120
5 minutes or less. Imniediate release as used herein may also be defined as making the active ingredient available to the subject regardless of uptake, as some drugs may never be absorbed by the animal. Iinmediate release formulations of the active on a carrier, such as rolled or compressed beads, may be fonnulated such that the surface area is maxiinized on beads and the active is exposed iirnnediately. Various iminediate release dosage forms may be designed readily by one of skill in art to achieve drug delivery to the stomach and small intestine, depending upon the clioice of compression, adhesive materials and/or beading.
The temis "extended release," "controlled release" and "delayed release" as used herein is used to define a release profile to effect delivery of an active over an extended period of tinie, defined hereiui as being between about 60 niinutes and about 2, 4, 6 or even 24 hours.
Extended release inay also be defined functionally as the release of over 80 to 90 percent (%) of the active ingredient after about 60 ininutes and about 2, 4, 6 or even 8 hours. Extended release as used herein may also be defined as making the active ingredient available to the subject regardless of uptake, as some drugs may never be absorbed by the subject. Various extended and delayed release dosage forms may be designed readily by one of skill in art as disclosed herein to achieve deliveiy to both the small and large intestines, to only the small intestine, or to only the large intestine, depending upon the choice of coating materials and/or coating thickness. As used herein, "a subject" is a patient, animal, insect, maminal or human, who will benefit from the method of this invention.
Pharmaceutical compositions designed for sustained release of active drugs and taste masking Conllnonly use ion exchange resins particles. The present invention provides controlled-release pharmaceutical compositions obtained by complexing a drug with a pharmaceutically acceptable ion-exchange resin, treating with a sugar alcohol and in some cases coating the complex with a substance that will act as a barrier to control the diffusion of the drug from its core complex into the gastrointestinal fluids.
For example, the present invention provide a method and composition that control the swelling of an ion exchange resin particle with one or more ionic pharmaceutically active drug that includes treating with from about 0.01 to about 10 percent by weight of one or more sugar alcohols.
The ion exchange resin particles and pharmacological drug are mixed in an aqueous solution, dried and coated with a water-permeable diffusion barrier. Sorbitol is added to the ion exchange resin-drug
The temis "extended release," "controlled release" and "delayed release" as used herein is used to define a release profile to effect delivery of an active over an extended period of tinie, defined hereiui as being between about 60 niinutes and about 2, 4, 6 or even 24 hours.
Extended release inay also be defined functionally as the release of over 80 to 90 percent (%) of the active ingredient after about 60 ininutes and about 2, 4, 6 or even 8 hours. Extended release as used herein may also be defined as making the active ingredient available to the subject regardless of uptake, as some drugs may never be absorbed by the subject. Various extended and delayed release dosage forms may be designed readily by one of skill in art as disclosed herein to achieve deliveiy to both the small and large intestines, to only the small intestine, or to only the large intestine, depending upon the choice of coating materials and/or coating thickness. As used herein, "a subject" is a patient, animal, insect, maminal or human, who will benefit from the method of this invention.
Pharmaceutical compositions designed for sustained release of active drugs and taste masking Conllnonly use ion exchange resins particles. The present invention provides controlled-release pharmaceutical compositions obtained by complexing a drug with a pharmaceutically acceptable ion-exchange resin, treating with a sugar alcohol and in some cases coating the complex with a substance that will act as a barrier to control the diffusion of the drug from its core complex into the gastrointestinal fluids.
For example, the present invention provide a method and composition that control the swelling of an ion exchange resin particle with one or more ionic pharmaceutically active drug that includes treating with from about 0.01 to about 10 percent by weight of one or more sugar alcohols.
The ion exchange resin particles and pharmacological drug are mixed in an aqueous solution, dried and coated with a water-permeable diffusion barrier. Sorbitol is added to the ion exchange resin-drug
6 complex to control the swelling of the ion excliange resins drug coniplex upon contact with bodily fluids and in-turn reducing the rupturing and peeling of the coating.
For example, a pharmaceutical composition may have an ionic pharmaceutically active drug that is in communication with an ion exchange resin, wherein the ionic exchange resin has been treated with from about 0.01 to about 10 percent by weight of one or more sugar alcohols, based on the combined weight of the one or more sugar alcohols and the complex particles.
Optionally, the pharmaceutical composition may be coated with a water-permeable diffusion barrier coating, whereby a selective, prolonged continuous release of the drug is obtainable under conditions encountered in the gastrointestinal tract.
The present invention includes a phai-niaceutical grade cationic ion-exchange resin to bind anionic molecules. Ion exchange resins can be described simply as insoluble polymers that contain ionizable groups distributed regularly along the polymer backbone. As a consequence, any counter ion associated (e.g., drug) with the ion exchange resin is ionically bound to the ion exchange resin and physically separated from the surrounding fluid.
The cationic exchange resin of the present may be strongly or weekly acidic and have a variety of functional groups, e.g., weakly acidic type of resin containuig carboxylic acid group, or strongly acidic type of resins containing sulfonic functional groups. Generally, the carboxylic functional groups are derived from polymers or copolymers of methacrylic acid or polyrnethacrylic acid and the sulfonic functional groups are generally derived from polymers or copolymers of styrene and divinylbenzene. Other polymeric matrices, organic ion exchange matrices or inorganic ion exchange matrices niay be used as suitable ion exchange resins, e.g., methacrylic, acrylic and phenol formaldehyde.
In addition, ion exchange agents may be used 'ui conjunction with polyiner matrices (e.g., cellulosic or dextran) to fonn a suitable ion exchange resin. In one embodiment of the present invention, the ionic exchange resin is a sulfonic acid cationic exchange resin. The present invention also uses a sulphonic acid cation exchange resin, which includes phenol-sulphonic acid cation exchange resins and carboxylic-sulphonic acid cation exchange resins. Generally, the resin salt is obtained from the reaction of a sulplionic acid witli an alkali, e.g., amine. The basic sulphonic acid cation exchange resin has a cation of an amphetamine adsorbed thereon. The skilled artisan will recognize that other cationic exchange resins may be used.
Similarly, a wide range of cationic (for the basic drugs) or anionic (for the acidic drugs) exchange resins can be used to fonn ion exchange resin drug complexes. In general, ion-exchangers suitable for use in ion-exchange chromatography and for such applications as deionization of water are suitable for use as controlled release drug preparations. For examples, a model large ion exchange
For example, a pharmaceutical composition may have an ionic pharmaceutically active drug that is in communication with an ion exchange resin, wherein the ionic exchange resin has been treated with from about 0.01 to about 10 percent by weight of one or more sugar alcohols, based on the combined weight of the one or more sugar alcohols and the complex particles.
Optionally, the pharmaceutical composition may be coated with a water-permeable diffusion barrier coating, whereby a selective, prolonged continuous release of the drug is obtainable under conditions encountered in the gastrointestinal tract.
The present invention includes a phai-niaceutical grade cationic ion-exchange resin to bind anionic molecules. Ion exchange resins can be described simply as insoluble polymers that contain ionizable groups distributed regularly along the polymer backbone. As a consequence, any counter ion associated (e.g., drug) with the ion exchange resin is ionically bound to the ion exchange resin and physically separated from the surrounding fluid.
The cationic exchange resin of the present may be strongly or weekly acidic and have a variety of functional groups, e.g., weakly acidic type of resin containuig carboxylic acid group, or strongly acidic type of resins containing sulfonic functional groups. Generally, the carboxylic functional groups are derived from polymers or copolymers of methacrylic acid or polyrnethacrylic acid and the sulfonic functional groups are generally derived from polymers or copolymers of styrene and divinylbenzene. Other polymeric matrices, organic ion exchange matrices or inorganic ion exchange matrices niay be used as suitable ion exchange resins, e.g., methacrylic, acrylic and phenol formaldehyde.
In addition, ion exchange agents may be used 'ui conjunction with polyiner matrices (e.g., cellulosic or dextran) to fonn a suitable ion exchange resin. In one embodiment of the present invention, the ionic exchange resin is a sulfonic acid cationic exchange resin. The present invention also uses a sulphonic acid cation exchange resin, which includes phenol-sulphonic acid cation exchange resins and carboxylic-sulphonic acid cation exchange resins. Generally, the resin salt is obtained from the reaction of a sulplionic acid witli an alkali, e.g., amine. The basic sulphonic acid cation exchange resin has a cation of an amphetamine adsorbed thereon. The skilled artisan will recognize that other cationic exchange resins may be used.
Similarly, a wide range of cationic (for the basic drugs) or anionic (for the acidic drugs) exchange resins can be used to fonn ion exchange resin drug complexes. In general, ion-exchangers suitable for use in ion-exchange chromatography and for such applications as deionization of water are suitable for use as controlled release drug preparations. For examples, a model large ion exchange
7 particle includes the catiotuc exchange resin AMBERLITE~' IR-120 having a 20-30 mesh spherical particles and a model small ion exchange particle resin includes AMBERLITE'~' XE-69 with a 100-200 mesh fractured resin particles of AMBERLITE~ IR-120. The parent resin of AMBERLITE'~ IR-120 and AMBERLITE i' XE-69 is described by the manufacturer as gel-type divinylbenzene sulfonic acid cation exchange resin that swells in water. Otlier suitable ion exchange resui candidates include synthetic ion exchange resins with different polyineric matrices (e.g., methacrylic, acrylic, phenol fonnaldelryde), ion exchange agents with cellulosic or dextran polymer matrices and inorganic ion exchange inatrices.
The ionic exchange resin uicludes sulfonic acid cationic exchange resin and may be made from a polyester polymer containing sulphonic groups, additionally containing units derived from ctliylene glycol, units derived from tri- and tetraethylene glycol and units derived from terephthalate, neutralized polyesters having a tei-minal amine functional group, polyester block copolymers, block copolymers of phthalic and sulphonphthalic acid/etliylene glycol/polymethyl siloxane a, y-hydroxypropyl and vinyl acetate/vinyl butylbenzoate/crotonic acid. In addition, the polyiner resin may be crosslinked. The crosslinkers include poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulphonic acid) pol}nner with one monomer containing at least two olefinic double bonds, e.g., dipropylene glycol diallyl ether, polyglycol diallyl ether, triethylene glycol divinyl etlier, hydroquinone diallyl ether, tetraallyloxyethanoyl, allyl ether, vinyl ether, a polyfunctional alcoliol, tetraethylene glycol diacrylate, triallylamine, triniethylolpropane diallyl ether, methylenebisaciylamide or divinylbenzene.
Representative pharmaceutical grade ion exchange resins for use in accordance with the present invention are known to those skilled in the art. For example, pharmaceutical grade ion exchange resins are commercially available, e.g., the Rohm and Haas company and Dow Corning, e.g., AMBERLITE IR-20, AMBERLITEO IRP-69, AMBERLITEO IRP-64, AMBERLITE IRP-58, AMBERLITE IRC-50, AMBERLITEO IRP-69 and DowO XYS-40010.00, DowO XYS-40013.00, etc. The pharmaceutical grade cationic ion-exchange resins may include particles of varying size ranges, and as either a monodisperse or a polydisperse mixture. The ion exchange resin particles may range in size from 40 to 1500. In one example, the gel-type divinylbenzene sulfonic acid cation exchange resin AMBERLITE IRP-69 consisting of 100-200 mesh was used.
In general, all acidic and basic drugs, especially those having short biological half-lives in the order of up to about 12 hours, are potential candidates for inclusion in the present invention. Many drugs exist in the free acid, free base, and a salt form. For example, a base drug may exist as either a fi=ee base fonn or a salt form, e.g., a base drug, lidocaine has an amine free base form and a hydrochloride acid addition salt foi7n. Conversely, an acid drug may exist in either a free acid form or in the form of a salt made by reacting the free acid with a base, e.g., salicylic acid exists as a salt, typically as S
sodium salicylate. For example, a cationic resin interacts with the basic nitrogen group of an organic molecule. Generally, the functional groups on the drug dictate the interaction with the ion exchange resin, and tlius, influence the adsorption and the elution characteristics of the drug. A substantial portion of the active dnig is adsorbed witliin the polynier matrix and elutes therefrom. To control the elution rate the size of the particle and the size of the adsorbed drug may be altered by modifying the cross linkage of the ion exchange resin.
Suitable phannaceutically active drugs include narcotic analgesics, (e.g., codeine, dihydrocodeine, hydromorphone, morphine, pentazocine and propoxyphene), synipathomimetics, (e.g., norephedrine and pseudoephedrine), antitussives, (e.g., dextromethorphan, gauifenesin), analgesics, (e.g., aspirin and tramadol), antiemetics, (e.g., metocloprainide), anticholinergics, (e.g., atropine, ipratropiuni bromide and scopolamine), muscle relaxants, (e.g., cyclobenzaprine and papaverine), bronchodilators, (e.g., salbutaniol, terbutaline and tlieophylline), antibiotics, (e.g., amoxycillin, ampicill'ui, azlocillin, bacampicillin, cefamandole, cefonicid, cefotaxime, cefotetan, cefoxitin, ceftriaxone, mezlocillin and piperacillin), antidepressants, (e.g., bupropion, nomifensine, and nortriptyline), antiasthmatics, (e.g., cromolyn), antineoplastics, (e.g., tamoxifen), antiepileptics, (e.g., valproic acid and phenvtoin), cardiovascular agents, (e.g., propranolol) phenylephrine, and gauifenesin. Acid addition salts or if appropriate, alkali or alkaluie earth metal salts of the above dtugs would be particularly suitable for use in the present invention.
Specific examples of suitable pharmaceutically active dnigs include but not limited to dehydrocholic acid, diflunisal, ethacrynic acid, fenoprofen, furosemide, geinfibrozil, ibuprofen, naproxen, phenytoin, probenecid, sulindac, theophylline, salicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, acetophenazine, amitriptyline, amphetamine, benztropine, biperiden, bromodiphenhydramine, brompheniramine, carbuioxamine, chlorcyclizine, chlorpheniraniine, chlorphenoxamine, chloipromazine, clemastine, clomiphene, clonidine, codeine, cyclizine, cyclobenzaprine, cyproheptadine, desipramine, desloratadine, dexbrompheniramine, dexchlorpheniramine, dextroamphetamine, dextromethorphan, dicyclomine, diphemanil, diphenhydramin.e, doxepin, doxylamine, ergotamine, fluphenazine, haloperidol, hydrocodone, hydroxychloroquine, hydroxyzine, hyoscyamine, imipramine, levopropoxyphene, loratadine, maprotiline, meclizine, mepenzolate, nieperidine, nlephentermine, mesoridazine, methadone, methdilazine, znethscopolamine, methysergide, nietoprolol, nortriptylene, noscapine, nylindrin, oiphenadrine, papaverine, pentazocine, phendimetrazine, phentermine, phenylephrine, phenylpropanolamine, pyrilainine, tripelennamine, triprolidine, promazine, propoxyphene, propanolol, pseudoephedrine, pyrilamine, quinidine, scopolaniine, dextromethoiphan, chlorpheniramine, codeine, aminocaproic acid, aminosalicylic acid, hydromorphone, isoxsuprine, levorphanol, melphalan, morphine, nalidixic acid, paraaminosalicylic acid and mixtures and combinations thereof.
Examples of acidic and basic drugs that may be used with the present invention include phenylpropanolamine (PPA), dextromethorphan, ephedrin, pseudoephedrine, paraamino salicyclic acid, acetyl salicylic acid, phentermine (phenyl-tertiary-butyl-amine) and acetaminophen. The skilled artisan will recognize the variety of drugs and resins that may be used and the modifications to alter the polymer, copolynier, cross linking agent that may be used to alter the characteristics of the drug-resin complex. The pharmaceutically active compounds useful in the practice of the present invention include antihistamines, decongestants, antitussives and/or expectorants. Other drugs for use with the present invention include, but are not limited to non-steroidal anti-inflainmatory drugs (NSAIDs) and other analgesic drugs, e.g., acetaminophen and phenacetin. These materials are incoiporated into the immediate or controlled release foi-mulations of the invention in amounts governed by the desired release characteristics of the material in such excipient base and such that conventional dosages comply with applicable FDA or other regulations. The drug may be loaded 'ui a specific concentration to allow the specific release of the drug over a given time range. In general, the maximum concentration of bound drug niay be in excess of about 60%;
however, ranges between about 1% and about 50% are conteniplated with the present invention.
The present invention may be used to deliver bioactive agents including pharmaceuticals and drugs, bioactive s5mthetic organic molecules, genetic materials, proteins, peptides, polypeptides, vitamins, steroids, polyanionic agents, genetic material, and diagnostic agents.
Bioactive vitamins, steroids, proteins, peptides and polypeptides can be of natural origin or synthetic.
Exemplary polyanionic agents include but are not limited to sulphated polysaccharides, negatively charged serum albumin and milk proteins, synthetic sulphated polymers, polymerized anionic surfactants, and polyphosphates. Suitable diagnostic agents include but are not limited to dyes and contrast agents for use in comiection with magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound or computed tomography of a patient. In addition, the pharmaceutically active drug may be any pesticide known to the sl:illed artisan for use in the extended release pesticide control of insects, rodents and other pests.
Suitable genetic mater-ial includes nucleic acids, nucleosides, nucleotides, and polynucleotides that can be either isolated genomic, synthetic or recombinant material; either single or double stranded;
and either in the sense or antisense direction, with or without modifications to bases, carbohydrate residues or phosphodiester linkages. Exemplary sources for the genetic material include but are not limited to deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA), ribonucleic acids (RNA), complementaiy DNA (eDNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), short interfering RNA (siRNA), ribozymes, and mixed duplexes and triplexes of RNA and DNA.
Genetic materials are genes carried on expression vectors including but not limited to helper viruses, plasmids, phagemids, cosmids, and yeast artificial chromosomes. The genetic material suitable for the present invention is capable of coding for at least a portion of a therapeutic, regulatory, and/or diagnostic protein. Moreover, genetic materials can preferably code for more than one type of protein. For example, a bioactive agent may include plasmid DNA having genetic material encoding therapeutic protein and a selectable or diagnostic marker to monitor the delivery of the plasmid DNA, e.g., pDsRed-human insulin promoter. Such proteins include but are not limited to histoconipatibility 5 antigens, cell adhesion molecules, growth factors, coagulation factors, hormones, insulin, cytokines, chemokines, antibodies, antibody fragments, cell receptors, intracellular enzynies, transcriptional factors, toxic peptides capable of eliminating diseased or malignant cells.
Other genetic materials that could be delivered by this teclinique included adenovii-us, adeno-associated virus, retrovirus, lentivirus, RNA, siRNA, or chemicals that selectively turn on or off specific genes, such as 10 polyamides or peptide fragments. Modifications to wild-type proteins resulting in agonists or antagoiiists of the wild type variant fall in the scope of this invention. The genetic material may also include a tissue-specific promoter or expression control sequences such as a transcriptional promoter, an enhancer, a transcriptional terminator, an operator or other control sequences.
Examples of active agents for use with the present invention include, but are not limited to, hormone products sucli as, vasopressin and oxytocin and their derivatives, glucagon and thyroid agents as iodine products and anti-thyroid agents; cardiovascular products as chelating agents and mercurial diuretics and cardiac glycosides; respiratory products as xanthine derivatives (theophylline and aminophylline); anti-infectives as aminoglycosides, antifungals (e.g., amphotericin), penicillin and cephalosporin antibiotics, antiviral agents (e.g., zidovudine, ribavirin, amantadine, vidarabine and acyclovir), antihelmintics, antimalarials, and antituberculous drugs;
biologicals such as antibodies (e.g., antitoxins and antivenins), vaccine antigens (e.g., bacterial vaccuies, viral vaccines, toxoids);
antineoplastics (e.g., nitrosoureas, iiitrogen mustards, antimetabolites (fluorouracil, hormones, progestins and estrogens agonists and/or antagonists); mitotic inhibitors (e.g., etoposide and/or vinca alkaloids), radiophai-inaceuticals (e.g., radioactive iodine and phosphorus products); and interferon, hydroxyurea, procarbazine, dacarbazine, mitotane, asparaginase and cyclosporins, including mixtures and combinations tliereof.
Other suitable therapeutics include, but are not limited to: throtnbolytic agents such as urokinase;
coagulants such as thrombin; antineoplastic agents, such as platinum compounds (e.g., spiroplatin, cisplatin, and carboplatin), methotrexate, adriamycin, taxol, mitoniycin, ansamitocin, bleomycin, cytosine arabinoside, arabinosyl adsnine, inercaptopolylysine, vincristine, busulfan, chlorainbucil, melphalan (e.g., PAM, L-PAM or phenylalanine mustard), mercaptopurine, mitotane, procarbazine hydrochloride dactinoinycin (actinoinycin D); daunorubicinhydrocl-doride;
doxorubicin hydrochloride, mitomycin, plicamycin (mithramycin), aminoglutethimide, estramustine phosphate sodium, flutamide, leuprolide acetate, megestrol acetate, tamoxifen citrate, testolactone, trilostane, amsacrine (m-AMSA), asparaginase (L-asparaginase), erwinaasparaginase, etoposide (VP-16), interferon alpha-2a, interferon alpha-2b, teniposide (VM-26), vinblastine sulfate (VLB), vincristine sulfate, bleomycin, bleomycin sulfate, inethotrexate, adriamycin, and arabinosyl; blood products such as parenteral iron, hemin; biological response modifiers such as niuramyldipeptide, muramyltripeptide, microbial cell wall components, lymphokines (e.g., bacterial endotoxin such as lipopolysaccharide, macrophage activation factor), sub-units of bacteria (such as Mycobacteria, Corynebacteria), the synthetic dipeptide N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isog-lutamine; anti-fungalagents such as ketoconazole, nystatin, griseofulvin, flucytosine (5-fc), miconazole, amphotericin B, ricin, and beta-lactam antibiotics (e.g., penicillin, ampicillin, sulfazecin); hormones such as growth hornione, PDGF, EGF, CSF, GM-CSF, melanocyte stimulating hormone, estradiol, beclomethasone dipropionate, betamethasone, betamethasone acetate and betamethasone sodium phosphate, vetamethasonedisodiumphosphate, vetamethasone sodium phosphate, cortisone acetate, dexamethasone, dexaniethasone acetate, dexamethasone sodium pliosphate, flunsolide, hydrocortisone, hydrocortisone acetate, hydrocortisone cypionate, hydrocortisone sodium phosphate, hydrocortisone sodium succinate, methylprednisolone, methylprednisolone acetate, methylprednisolone sodium succinate, paramethasone acetate, prednisolone, prednisoloneacetate, prednisolone sodium phosphate, prednisolone rebutate, prednisone, triamcinolone, triamcinolone acetonide, triamcinolone diacetate, triamcinolone liexacetonide and fludrocortisone acetate; vitaniuis such vitamin C, E, A, K, ascyanocobalamin, neinoic acid, retinoids and derivatives such as retinolpalmitate, and alpha-tocopherol(s); peptides (e.g., T cell epitopes such as MAGE, GAGE, DAGE, etc.); proteins, such as manganese super oxide dimutase, alcohol dehydrogenase, nitric oxide synthase; enzymes such as alkaline phosphatase; anti-allergic agents such as amelexanox; anti-coagulation agents such as phenprocoumon and heparin; circulatory drugs such as propranolol;
metabolic potentiators such asglutatliione; antituberculars such as para-aminosalicylic acid, isoiiiazid, capreomycin sulfate cycloserine, ethambutol hydrochloride ethionainide, p}n=azinamide, rifampin, and streptomycin sulfate; antivirals such as acyclovir, amantadine azidothymidine (AZT or Zidovudine), Ribavirin andvidarabine monohydrate (adenine arabinoside, ara-A);
antianginals such asdiltiazem, nifedipine, verapamil, erytlu-ityl tetranitrate, isosorbidedinitrate, nitroglycerin (glyceiyl trinitrate) and pentaerythritoltetranitrate; anticoagulants such as phenprocoumoxi, heparin; antibiotics such as dapsone, chloraniphenicol, neomycin, cefaclor, cefadroxil, cephalexin,' cephradine eiytluomycin, clindamycin, lincomycin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, bacampicillin, carbenicillin, dicloxacillin, cyclacillin, picloxacillin, hetacillin, methicillin, nafcillin, oxacillin, penicillin G, penicillin V, ticarcillin rifampin and tetracycline; antiinflammatories such as difunisal, ibuprofen, indomethacin, meclofenamate, mefenamic acid, naproxen, oxyphenbutazone, phenylbutazone, piroxicam, sulindac, tolnietin, aspirin and salicylates; antiprotozoans , such as chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, metronidazole, quinine and meglumine antimonate;
antirheumatics such as penicillamine; narcotics such as paregoric; opiates such as codeine, heroin, niethadone, morphuie and opium; cardiac glycosides such as deslanoside, digitoxin, digoxin, digitalin and digitalis;
neuromuscular blockers such as atracurium besylate, gallamine triethiodide, hexafluorenium bromide, metocurine iodide, pancuronium bromide, succinylcholine chloride (suxamethonium chloride), tubocurarine chloride and vecuronium bromide; sedatives (hypnotics) such as amobarbital, amobarbital sodium, aprobarbital, butabarbital sodium, chloral hydrate, ethchlorvynol, ethinamate, flurazepam hydrocliloride, glutetliimide, methotrimeprazine hydrocliloride, methyprylon, midazolam hydrochloride, paraldehyde, pentobarbital, pentobarbital sodium, phenobarbital sodium, secobarbital sodium, talbutal, temazepam and triazolam; local aiiesthetics such as bupivacaine hydrochloride, chloroprocaine hydrochloride, etidocainehydrochloride, lidocaine hydrochloride, mepivacaine hydrochloride, procai.nehydrochloride and tetracauie hydrochloride; general anesthetics such asdroperidol, etomidate, fentanyl citrate with droperidol, ketaminehydrochloride, methohexital sodium and thiopental sodium; and radioactive particles or ions such as strontium, iodide rhenium and yttriuni, and combinations and mixtures thereof.
The ion exchange resin is treated with one or more sugar alcohols. The ion exchange resin may be treated before, during or after the addition of the pharmaceutical di-ug and formation of the drug-resin complex. Additionally, the drug-resin complex may be treated before, during or after the addition of a coating to the diug-ion exchange resin complex. The sugar alcohol may be added as a solid, liquid or gel. The sugar alcohols may be in an aqueous solution or mixtures containing varying amounts of organic compounds known to those skilled in the art. Furthermore, when niore than one sugar alcohol is used the sugar alcohols may be similar or different depending on the particular application and conditions. In sonie embodiments, the ionic exchange resin may be treated with between about 1 to 10 percent by weight of sorbitol, based on the combined weight of the sorbitol and the drug-resin particles. Other concentrations of sorbitol may be used including about 0.1 %
to about 5% by weight.
The sugar alcohols may be of many types known to persons of skill in the art to control the swell'uig of the pharmaceutical grade ion exchange drug-resins complex. The sugar alcohol is generally sorbitol; however, polyhydric alcohols such as mannitol; sorbitol; xylitol;
maltitol; lactitol, 1,3-dihydroxypropane, or other non-toxic C2 to C 12 linear or branched hydrocarbon having at least 2 hydroxy groups known to the skilled artisan niay be used. Additionally, non-toxic C5 to C12 cyclic or heterocyclic hydrocarbon having at least 2 hydroxy groups (e.g., inositol and the carbohydrates such as glucose, sucrose) may be used as well. The sugar or the sugar alcohol present in the solution has a molecular weight of froni 90 to 550, and especially from molecular weights of between,150 and 370. The sugars are monosaccharides or disaccharides and reduced monosaccharides or disaccharides and substituted inonosaccharides or disaccharides. Suitable sugars/sugar alcohols are sucrose, dextrose, maltose, fructose, lactose, mannitol, sorbitol or xylitol.
The general method for preparing controlled release cationic exchange resin drug complex using the present invention involves: (i) preparation of an ion exchange resin drug coniplex; (ii) treating the ion exchange resiii drug complex with a suitable sugar alcohol; and (iii) drying the treated ion exchange resin drug coniplex. The ion exchange resin drug complex may be optionally coated with a water-permeable diffusion barrier.
Preparing the ion exchange resin drug complex from the ion exchange resin is generally includes mixing the ion exchange resin with a solution in the presence of a polyalcohol and allowing sufficient time for loading. The resin/fluid slurry is filtered. Unlike methods currently used in the art it is not necessary to wash the ionic exchange resin-complex after the additions.
Furthennore, the present invention provides for equilibrium redistribution by allowing the unbound drug, the free drug or any water soluble swelling agent to redistribute themselves in equilibrium. The equilibrium distribution allows the free drug to be further taken up by the resin.
For example, the present invention includes a method of making a pharniaceutieal composition by contacting one or more ion exchange resin particles and one or nlore pharmaceutically active drugs to form a cationic exchange resin pliannaceutically active drugs complex. The ionic exchange resin diug complex is treated to control the swelling of the resin by adding one or more sugar alcohols.
The one or more sugar alcohols make up between about 0.01% and about 10% by weight of one or more sugar alcohols, based on the combined weight of the sugar alcohol, the drug(s) and the one or more ionic exchange resin particles. The composition may then be formulated into the desired pharmaceutical composition delivery foi7ns.
Generally, the present invention is formulated into a liquid, gel, tablet, caplet, or capsule; however, other pharmaceutical composition delivery foims may be use, while taking advantage of the present invention. Other agents may be added including binders, lubricants, diluents, disintegrating agents, coloring agents, sweeteners, flavoring agents, preservatives and flow-inducing agents. The tablets can be compressed, multiple compressed, tablet triturates or coated, e.g., enteric coating, sugar coating, or film coating. Wlien in the form of a liquid, the liquid oral dosage may be in the form of aqueous and nonaqueous solutions, emulsions, suspensions, and solutions granules, containing suitable, emulsifying agents, solvents, preservatives, suspending agents, diluents, sweeteners, coloring agents, and flavoring agents.
The present uivention provides a method of preparing a resin drug complex without washing.
Preparing the ion exchange resin drug complex from the ion exchange resin includes mixing the ion exchange resiti with a solution and allowing sufficient time for loading. The resin/fluid slurry is filtered. Unlike methods currently used in the art, it is not necessary to wash the ionic exchange resin-complex.
The present invention also provides a method of controlling the swelling of a pharmaceutical composition by contacting one or inore cationic exchange resin particles with about 0.01% to about 10% by weight of sugar alcohol, based on the combined weight of the sugar alcohol, the drug(s) and the one or more ionic exchange resin particles.
In accordance with the present invention, it is necessary to combine the sugar alcohol with the ion exchange resin to form a mixture (e.g., slurry). Generally, the mixture is an aqueous solution;
however, other solutions, compositions or mixtures are acceptable. The ratio of ion exchange resin to sugar alcohol is from about 1:1 to about 50:1, i.e., from about 1 gram of resin per gram of the sugar alcohol to about 1 gram of resin per 20 mg. of polyol. Other ratios may be used depend'u1g on the method of incorporation and the particular sugar alcohol and resin, e.g., about 1:0.01 to about 5:0.01, about 0.01:1 to about 0.01:5, and combinations thereof. In Exainple I, the ratio of the aniount of ion exchange resin in suspension to the amount of sugar alcohol is about 1.7:1 (e.g., 300 gram of resin per 175 gram of molecule) with most of the sugar alcohol not remaining in the product. In another example, the concentration of the sugar alcohol is between about 1 and 10% by weight, i.e., about 10 mg to about 100 mg of molecule.
Example I
Resin 300 g Drug 300 g 70% Sorbitol 250 mL
Purified Water 750 inL
In Example I, the water, sorbitol, drug and resin are slui-ried together and sufficient time is allowed for the diug to load onto the resin. When the loading operation is completed the components of the slui-iy are separated (e.g., filtered or centrifuged) into liquid and solid fractions. Because the sugar alcohol is highly water soluble most of the sugar alcohol remains in the aqueous phase, leaving about 4% sorbitol in the solids. The solids are not washed, but are dried to yield material suitable for coating.
Example II
Resin 300 g Drug 300 g Sorbitol 7.5 g Purified Water 992.5 mL
In Example II, the water, diug and resui are slurried together and sufficient time is allowed for the drug to load onto the resin. When the loading operation is completed the slurry is separated (e.g., filtered or centrif-uged) into liquid and solid fractions. The liquid fraction is discarded. The solid fraction is not washed and is dried. Sorbitol is dissolved in 100 grams water, added to the dried diug resin complex and the drug resin complex is allowed to absorb the sorbitol solution. The treated resin may then be dried and coated.
To form the cationic exchange resin drug complex it is necessary to combine an ion exchange resin with one or more molecules, e.g., one or inore ionic drug compounds. The adsorption of molecules to the surface of a resin is well known to persons of skill in the art. In addition, the ionic drug molecule may be attached to a liiiker that allows attaclunent of the drug to the ion exchange resin via 5 the linker. The combination of ion exchange resins and drug niay be in the form of a slurry or other mixture, depending on the particular application. In addition, a coating may be applied to the drug-resin complex. The mixture (e.g., an admixture of a slurry of the ion exchange resin, the drug and the sugar alcohol) may be dried to reinove the water. The drying may be carried out using methods know to the skilled artisan including conventional means, i.e., filtered, dried over a purge of nitrogen, 10 under vacuum, in a fluid bed, in an oven, etc.
The present invention optionally includes a pharmacologically active drug-resin complex coated to prolong the continuous release of drugs, under harsh biological conditions, e.g., such as those encountered in the gastrointestinal tract. Conventional coating solvents (e.g., ethanol, a niethylene chloride/acetone mixture or other component known to the skilled artisan) or aqueous based coatings 15 and procedures can be employed to coat the ion exchange resin drug complex.
In one illustrative example, air suspension spray coating teclmiques may be carried out using a Wurster coating apparatus. However, other techniques may be used to coat the particle including other types of fluid bed spray, coacervation, solvent evaporation or other methods known to persons of skill in the art.
Generally, the coating is applied to the drug-resin complex. Alternatively, the coating can be applied to the resin before complexing with the drug.
Particle coating. Another example of a coated particle of the present invention provides a selective, prolonged continuous release of pliarmacologically active drugs, under conditions such as those encountered in the gastrointestinal tract by the application of a diffusion barrier coatiiig to an ion exchange drug-resin complex treated with a solvating agent. Another prolonged release formulation of the present invention includes the addition of a second ionic substance (e.g., a combination drug, a dye, a dispersing agent or the like) having the same ionic charge as the di-ug on the drug-resin complex by employing the second ionic substance in the ion form of an exchange resin coniplex.
The manufacture of a fonnulation of any drug for liquid dosage usage requires that the final formulation have the drug dissolved or suspended in a liquid that possess extended shelf-life stability and exhibit no change in active drug dosage level over a period of time and has acceptable taste.
Thus, to prepare a liquid formulation of any type drug it may be necessary to employ extenders such as water or syrup and to add flavors, sweeteners, thickening agents, dyes and the like. To control the dissolution profile of the formulation versus the dissolution profile of the same diug in water, the coated particles may also be included in the presence of ionic substances bearing the same ionic charge as the sustained release drug present in the formulation as a coated drug-resin complex. The second ionic material need not be coated with the water-permeable diffusion barrier coating.
The water-permeable, diffusion barrier coating materials can be any of the conventional synthetic or natural film-forniing materials with diffusion bai-rier properties and with no inherent pharmacological or toxic properties. For example, ethylcellulose, a water insoluble film-forming agent, may be used as a diffusion barrier membrane material. A plasticizer, (e.g., Durkex 500 vegetable oil) may be used to improve the filin forming characteristics of ethylcellulose and/or to alter the permeability characteristics of the fihu. The amount of coating used depends on the degree of drug release prolongation desired and is a function of particle size, drug solubility, film permeability and other factors. By varying the amount of coating, and/or by blending coated drug-resin complex with uncoated drug-resin complex, and/or blending different coatings it is possible to selectively modify the preparation's di-ug dissolution profile as desired.
In general, the major components of the coating should be insoluble in, and penneable to, water.
Alternatively, a water-soluble substance, such as methyl cellulose may be incorporated, to alter the permeability of the coating, or an acid-insoluble, base-soluble substance to act as an enteric coating may be used. The water-permeable diffusion barrier will generally include a water insoluble material such as a wax, a fatty alcohol, shellac, zein, shellac, polyvinylpyrrolidone, a water insoluble cellulose derivative, ethyl cellulose, a polymethacrylate, or methyl cellulose. The coating materials may be applied as a solution or suspension in an aqueous fluid or as a solution in organic solvents. In some instances, the present invention may include a water-permeable diffusion barrier in contact with at least a portion of the ionic pharmaceutically active diug in communication with an ionic exchange resin. Example M. The water-pernieable diffusion barrier coated drug resin complex includes:
Drug Resin Complex 2000 g Ethylcellulose 300 g Ethyl acetate 5700 g The drug resin complex was placed in a fluid-bed coating apparatus and fluidized with intake air.
The ethylcellulose was dissolved in the ethyl acetate and applied at a rate of about 20-25 grams per minute until 6000 g had been applied. Fluidization was continued with the heated air for an additional ten minutes after tei-cnination of the application of the coating solution.
Exaniple IVV. Another water-permeable diffusion barrier coated diug resin coniplex includes:
Drug Resin Complex 2000 g Ethylcellulose 119 g Myvacet 11 g Ethanol 2470 g The drug resin complex was placed in a fluid-bed coating apparatus and fluidized with intake air.
The myvacet was dissolved in the ethanol and the ethylcellulose was dissolved in the myvacet solution and applied at a rate of 20-25 g/minute until 2600 g of coating solution had been applied.
The present invention may be incorporated into a phannaceutical coinposition and include immediate release, extended release or delayed release conipositions. The present invention relates to oral administration of cationic exchange resin drug complex, although other delivery methods are also contemplated, e.g., topical, rectal, injectable, subcutaneous, vaginal or nasal administration. The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can take the form of tablets, powders, capsules, gels, hydro-gels, solids, lyophilized suspensions, liquid suspensions or other conventional dosage forms. The present pharmaceutical composition may also be provided in a variety of dosage forms, e.g., solution, suspension, cream, ointment, lotion, capsule, caplet, softgel, gelcap, suppository, enema, elixir, syrup, emulsion, film, granule, gum, insert, jelly, foam, paste, pastille, pellet, spray, troche, lozenge, disk, magma, poultice, or wafer and the like. In addition the resin-drug complex of the present invention is suitable for dosages varying over a wide range, e.g., from about 0.01 to about 2000 mg, depending on the nature of the drug, resin and its intended usage.
In addition the present invention may include otlier additives conventionally used in pharmaceutical compositions and known to those of skill in the art., e.g., anti-adherents, anti-sticking agents, glidants, flow promoters, lubricants, talc, magnesium stearate, fumed silica), micronized silica, surfactants, waxes, stearic acid, stearic acid salts, stearic acid derivatives, starch, hydrogenated vegetable oils, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, leucine and magnesium lauryl sulfate.
In accordance with the present invention is a method of reducuig the handling of a pharmaceutical composition during preparation by contacting one or more grossly wetted cationic exchange resin particles with an active drug and adding about 0.1 % to about 5% by weight of sugar alcohol, based on the combined weight of the sugar alcohol, drug substance and the one or more grossly wetted ionic excliange resin particles. Additionally, the pharmaceutical composition can be coated with a water-permeable diffusion barrier.
Exatnple V
Purified Water USP 45.26 Kg Sorbitol USP 9.59 Kg AMBERLITEV IRP69 16.50 Kg Dextromethorphan HBr USP 16.50 Kg In Exanlple V, the water, sorbitol, drug and resin are slurried together and sufficient time is allowed for the drug to load onto the resin. When the loading operation is conipleted the slurry is separated (e.g., filtered or centrifuged) into liquid and solid fractions. Because the sugar alcohol is higlily water soluble most of the sugar alcohol remains in the aqueous phase leaving with about 4% sorbitol in the solids. The solids are not washed, but are dried to yield material suitable for coating.
Example VI
Purified Water USP 41.15 Kg Sorbitol USP (70%) 13.70 Kg AMBERLITE IRP69 16.50 Kg Pseudoephedrine HCl 16.50 Kg In Example VI, the Water, sorbitol, drug and resin are slurried together and time allowed for the drug to load onto the resin. When the loading operation is coinpleted the slurry is separated (e.g., filtered or centrifuged) into liquid and solid fractions. Because the sugar alcohol is highly water soluble most of the sugar alcohol remains in the aqueous phase leaving with about 4%
sorbitol in the solids. The solids are not washed, but are dried to yield material suitable for coating.
Product from examples V
and VI were coated in fluidized bed processing unit using ethylcellulose plasticized with dibutyl sebacate from acetone/alcohol solution. It is recognized that the release profile may be modified by varying the coating level.
Release profiles for Examples V and VI are shown:
Example V Example VI
30 min 43% 50%
60 inin 47 55 180 min 53 63 360 min 57 68 Table I is a Exemplary table of possible pharmaceutical compounds that may be used in conjunction with available resins. The skilled art will recognize that other compounds may be used with the present invention and that compounds may be modified or the particular chemical group modified in a compound to allow the use of that compound with the present invention.
Table I Pharmaceutical compounds and drug resins:
Pharmaceutical Compounds Resins Codeine, Dihydrocodeine, Hydromorphone, AMBERLITE R IR-20 Morphine, Pentazocine and Pro oxyphene Nore hedrine and Pseudoephedrine Dextromethorphan, gauifenesin, phenylephrine Aspirin and Tramadol, naprisin Metoclopramide Atropine, Ipratropiuni Bromide and AMBERLITEL') IRC-50 Scopolamine Cyclobenzaprine and Papaverine Salbutamol, Terbutaline and Theophylline Amoxycillin, Anipicillin, Azlocillin, Bacampicillin, Cefamandole, Cefonicid, Cefotaxime, Cefotetan, Cefoxitin, Ceftriaxone, Mezlocillin and Piperacillin Bupropion, Nomifensine, and Nortriptyline AMBERLITE IRP-58 Cromolyn Valproic Acid and Phenvtoin Propranolol Tamoxifen Phai-niaceutical Compounds Resins Dehydrocholic Acid, Diflunisal, Etliacrynic AMBERLITEC~ IRP-64 Acid, Fenoprofen, Furosemide, Gemfibrozil, Ibuprofen, Naproxen, Phenytoin, Probenecid, Sulindac, Theophylline, Salicylic Acid, Acetylsalicylic Acid, Acetophenazine, Amitriptyline, Amphetamine, Benztropine, Biperiden, Bromodiphenhydramine, Brompheniramine, Carbuioxamine, Chlorcyclizine, Chlorpheniramine, Chlorphenoxamine, Chlorpromazine, AMBERLITED IRP-69 Clemastine, Clomiphene, Clonidine, Codeine, Cyclizine, Cyclobenzaprine, Cyproheptadine, Desipramine, Dexbrompheniramine, Dexchlorpheniramine, Dextroamphetamine, Dicyclomine, Diphemanil, Diphenhydramine, Doxepin, Doxylamine, Ergotainine, Fluphenazine, Haloperidol, Hydrocodone, AMBERLITEG" XE-69 Hydroxychloroquine, Hydroxyzine, Hyoscyamine, Inlipramine, Levopropoxyphene, Maprotiline, Meclizine, Mepenzolate, Meperidine, Mephentei-mine, Mesoridazine, Methadone, Methdilazine, Methscapolaniine, Methysergide, Metoprolol, Nortriptylene, Noscapine, Nylindrin, AMBERLITE" IR-120 Oiphenadrine, Papaverine, Pentazocine, Phendimetrazine, Phentermine, Phenylpropanolamine, Pyrilamine, Tripelemiamine, Triprolidine, Promazine, Propoxyphene, Propanolol, Pseudoephedrine, Pyrilamine, Quiiiidine, Scopolamine, Chlorpheniramine, Codeine, Aminocaproic Acid, Aminosalicylic Acid, Hydromorphone, Dow@ XYS-40013.00 Isoxsuprine, Levorphanol, Melphalan, Morphine, Nalidixic Acid, Paraaminosalicylic Acid Phenylpropanolamine (PPA), Dextromethorphan, Ephedrin, Pseudoephedrine, Paraamino Salicyclic Acid, Acetyl Salicylic Acid, Phenteiynine (Phenyl-Tertiary-Butyl-Amine) and Acetaminophen Acetominophen and Phenacetin Dow@ XYS-40010.00 The sainples were evaluated under conditions that simulate those encountered in the gastrointestinal tract. The samples were evaluated using USP Dissolution Apparatus 2 and Siinulated Gastric Fluid USP. Additional tests are applied as deemed suitable, i.e. USP Apparatus 4 using Simulated Gastric Fluid or selected buffer solutions. The changes in absorption at the selected wavelength as a function of time was recorded as the drug was released from a drug-resin complex sample.
Table II is a comparison of the release curves in simulated gastric conditions for the present invention and resin complexes made by methods used in the art. In Table I the percent release is charted as a function of tirne for the present invention (A), a saniple niade using the post treatment protocol under United States Patent 4,847,077 (B) and a sample made using no treatment under the protocol of United States Patent 4,996,047 (C). The data represented in Table II
demonstrates that while high drug loading can be used to prepare coated, slow release drug resin complex, the use of higher levels 5 of treatment under the 4077 patent result in a slower, better controlled release profile. It also shows that much lower levels of treating agent as prepared by the present invention result in coniparable, lower release rates.
Time (hours) % Released A B C
0.1 14.3 18.3 19.3 0.5 29.3 29.1 32.5 1 33.9 33.1 37.5 2 37.9 36.9 41.6 3 40.3 39.1 44.1 4 42.1 41.0 45.6 5 43.6 42.3 47.2 6 44.8 43.7 48.8 7 45.9 44.3 49.7
The ionic exchange resin uicludes sulfonic acid cationic exchange resin and may be made from a polyester polymer containing sulphonic groups, additionally containing units derived from ctliylene glycol, units derived from tri- and tetraethylene glycol and units derived from terephthalate, neutralized polyesters having a tei-minal amine functional group, polyester block copolymers, block copolymers of phthalic and sulphonphthalic acid/etliylene glycol/polymethyl siloxane a, y-hydroxypropyl and vinyl acetate/vinyl butylbenzoate/crotonic acid. In addition, the polyiner resin may be crosslinked. The crosslinkers include poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulphonic acid) pol}nner with one monomer containing at least two olefinic double bonds, e.g., dipropylene glycol diallyl ether, polyglycol diallyl ether, triethylene glycol divinyl etlier, hydroquinone diallyl ether, tetraallyloxyethanoyl, allyl ether, vinyl ether, a polyfunctional alcoliol, tetraethylene glycol diacrylate, triallylamine, triniethylolpropane diallyl ether, methylenebisaciylamide or divinylbenzene.
Representative pharmaceutical grade ion exchange resins for use in accordance with the present invention are known to those skilled in the art. For example, pharmaceutical grade ion exchange resins are commercially available, e.g., the Rohm and Haas company and Dow Corning, e.g., AMBERLITE IR-20, AMBERLITEO IRP-69, AMBERLITEO IRP-64, AMBERLITE IRP-58, AMBERLITE IRC-50, AMBERLITEO IRP-69 and DowO XYS-40010.00, DowO XYS-40013.00, etc. The pharmaceutical grade cationic ion-exchange resins may include particles of varying size ranges, and as either a monodisperse or a polydisperse mixture. The ion exchange resin particles may range in size from 40 to 1500. In one example, the gel-type divinylbenzene sulfonic acid cation exchange resin AMBERLITE IRP-69 consisting of 100-200 mesh was used.
In general, all acidic and basic drugs, especially those having short biological half-lives in the order of up to about 12 hours, are potential candidates for inclusion in the present invention. Many drugs exist in the free acid, free base, and a salt form. For example, a base drug may exist as either a fi=ee base fonn or a salt form, e.g., a base drug, lidocaine has an amine free base form and a hydrochloride acid addition salt foi7n. Conversely, an acid drug may exist in either a free acid form or in the form of a salt made by reacting the free acid with a base, e.g., salicylic acid exists as a salt, typically as S
sodium salicylate. For example, a cationic resin interacts with the basic nitrogen group of an organic molecule. Generally, the functional groups on the drug dictate the interaction with the ion exchange resin, and tlius, influence the adsorption and the elution characteristics of the drug. A substantial portion of the active dnig is adsorbed witliin the polynier matrix and elutes therefrom. To control the elution rate the size of the particle and the size of the adsorbed drug may be altered by modifying the cross linkage of the ion exchange resin.
Suitable phannaceutically active drugs include narcotic analgesics, (e.g., codeine, dihydrocodeine, hydromorphone, morphine, pentazocine and propoxyphene), synipathomimetics, (e.g., norephedrine and pseudoephedrine), antitussives, (e.g., dextromethorphan, gauifenesin), analgesics, (e.g., aspirin and tramadol), antiemetics, (e.g., metocloprainide), anticholinergics, (e.g., atropine, ipratropiuni bromide and scopolamine), muscle relaxants, (e.g., cyclobenzaprine and papaverine), bronchodilators, (e.g., salbutaniol, terbutaline and tlieophylline), antibiotics, (e.g., amoxycillin, ampicill'ui, azlocillin, bacampicillin, cefamandole, cefonicid, cefotaxime, cefotetan, cefoxitin, ceftriaxone, mezlocillin and piperacillin), antidepressants, (e.g., bupropion, nomifensine, and nortriptyline), antiasthmatics, (e.g., cromolyn), antineoplastics, (e.g., tamoxifen), antiepileptics, (e.g., valproic acid and phenvtoin), cardiovascular agents, (e.g., propranolol) phenylephrine, and gauifenesin. Acid addition salts or if appropriate, alkali or alkaluie earth metal salts of the above dtugs would be particularly suitable for use in the present invention.
Specific examples of suitable pharmaceutically active dnigs include but not limited to dehydrocholic acid, diflunisal, ethacrynic acid, fenoprofen, furosemide, geinfibrozil, ibuprofen, naproxen, phenytoin, probenecid, sulindac, theophylline, salicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, acetophenazine, amitriptyline, amphetamine, benztropine, biperiden, bromodiphenhydramine, brompheniramine, carbuioxamine, chlorcyclizine, chlorpheniraniine, chlorphenoxamine, chloipromazine, clemastine, clomiphene, clonidine, codeine, cyclizine, cyclobenzaprine, cyproheptadine, desipramine, desloratadine, dexbrompheniramine, dexchlorpheniramine, dextroamphetamine, dextromethorphan, dicyclomine, diphemanil, diphenhydramin.e, doxepin, doxylamine, ergotamine, fluphenazine, haloperidol, hydrocodone, hydroxychloroquine, hydroxyzine, hyoscyamine, imipramine, levopropoxyphene, loratadine, maprotiline, meclizine, mepenzolate, nieperidine, nlephentermine, mesoridazine, methadone, methdilazine, znethscopolamine, methysergide, nietoprolol, nortriptylene, noscapine, nylindrin, oiphenadrine, papaverine, pentazocine, phendimetrazine, phentermine, phenylephrine, phenylpropanolamine, pyrilainine, tripelennamine, triprolidine, promazine, propoxyphene, propanolol, pseudoephedrine, pyrilamine, quinidine, scopolaniine, dextromethoiphan, chlorpheniramine, codeine, aminocaproic acid, aminosalicylic acid, hydromorphone, isoxsuprine, levorphanol, melphalan, morphine, nalidixic acid, paraaminosalicylic acid and mixtures and combinations thereof.
Examples of acidic and basic drugs that may be used with the present invention include phenylpropanolamine (PPA), dextromethorphan, ephedrin, pseudoephedrine, paraamino salicyclic acid, acetyl salicylic acid, phentermine (phenyl-tertiary-butyl-amine) and acetaminophen. The skilled artisan will recognize the variety of drugs and resins that may be used and the modifications to alter the polymer, copolynier, cross linking agent that may be used to alter the characteristics of the drug-resin complex. The pharmaceutically active compounds useful in the practice of the present invention include antihistamines, decongestants, antitussives and/or expectorants. Other drugs for use with the present invention include, but are not limited to non-steroidal anti-inflainmatory drugs (NSAIDs) and other analgesic drugs, e.g., acetaminophen and phenacetin. These materials are incoiporated into the immediate or controlled release foi-mulations of the invention in amounts governed by the desired release characteristics of the material in such excipient base and such that conventional dosages comply with applicable FDA or other regulations. The drug may be loaded 'ui a specific concentration to allow the specific release of the drug over a given time range. In general, the maximum concentration of bound drug niay be in excess of about 60%;
however, ranges between about 1% and about 50% are conteniplated with the present invention.
The present invention may be used to deliver bioactive agents including pharmaceuticals and drugs, bioactive s5mthetic organic molecules, genetic materials, proteins, peptides, polypeptides, vitamins, steroids, polyanionic agents, genetic material, and diagnostic agents.
Bioactive vitamins, steroids, proteins, peptides and polypeptides can be of natural origin or synthetic.
Exemplary polyanionic agents include but are not limited to sulphated polysaccharides, negatively charged serum albumin and milk proteins, synthetic sulphated polymers, polymerized anionic surfactants, and polyphosphates. Suitable diagnostic agents include but are not limited to dyes and contrast agents for use in comiection with magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound or computed tomography of a patient. In addition, the pharmaceutically active drug may be any pesticide known to the sl:illed artisan for use in the extended release pesticide control of insects, rodents and other pests.
Suitable genetic mater-ial includes nucleic acids, nucleosides, nucleotides, and polynucleotides that can be either isolated genomic, synthetic or recombinant material; either single or double stranded;
and either in the sense or antisense direction, with or without modifications to bases, carbohydrate residues or phosphodiester linkages. Exemplary sources for the genetic material include but are not limited to deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA), ribonucleic acids (RNA), complementaiy DNA (eDNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), short interfering RNA (siRNA), ribozymes, and mixed duplexes and triplexes of RNA and DNA.
Genetic materials are genes carried on expression vectors including but not limited to helper viruses, plasmids, phagemids, cosmids, and yeast artificial chromosomes. The genetic material suitable for the present invention is capable of coding for at least a portion of a therapeutic, regulatory, and/or diagnostic protein. Moreover, genetic materials can preferably code for more than one type of protein. For example, a bioactive agent may include plasmid DNA having genetic material encoding therapeutic protein and a selectable or diagnostic marker to monitor the delivery of the plasmid DNA, e.g., pDsRed-human insulin promoter. Such proteins include but are not limited to histoconipatibility 5 antigens, cell adhesion molecules, growth factors, coagulation factors, hormones, insulin, cytokines, chemokines, antibodies, antibody fragments, cell receptors, intracellular enzynies, transcriptional factors, toxic peptides capable of eliminating diseased or malignant cells.
Other genetic materials that could be delivered by this teclinique included adenovii-us, adeno-associated virus, retrovirus, lentivirus, RNA, siRNA, or chemicals that selectively turn on or off specific genes, such as 10 polyamides or peptide fragments. Modifications to wild-type proteins resulting in agonists or antagoiiists of the wild type variant fall in the scope of this invention. The genetic material may also include a tissue-specific promoter or expression control sequences such as a transcriptional promoter, an enhancer, a transcriptional terminator, an operator or other control sequences.
Examples of active agents for use with the present invention include, but are not limited to, hormone products sucli as, vasopressin and oxytocin and their derivatives, glucagon and thyroid agents as iodine products and anti-thyroid agents; cardiovascular products as chelating agents and mercurial diuretics and cardiac glycosides; respiratory products as xanthine derivatives (theophylline and aminophylline); anti-infectives as aminoglycosides, antifungals (e.g., amphotericin), penicillin and cephalosporin antibiotics, antiviral agents (e.g., zidovudine, ribavirin, amantadine, vidarabine and acyclovir), antihelmintics, antimalarials, and antituberculous drugs;
biologicals such as antibodies (e.g., antitoxins and antivenins), vaccine antigens (e.g., bacterial vaccuies, viral vaccines, toxoids);
antineoplastics (e.g., nitrosoureas, iiitrogen mustards, antimetabolites (fluorouracil, hormones, progestins and estrogens agonists and/or antagonists); mitotic inhibitors (e.g., etoposide and/or vinca alkaloids), radiophai-inaceuticals (e.g., radioactive iodine and phosphorus products); and interferon, hydroxyurea, procarbazine, dacarbazine, mitotane, asparaginase and cyclosporins, including mixtures and combinations tliereof.
Other suitable therapeutics include, but are not limited to: throtnbolytic agents such as urokinase;
coagulants such as thrombin; antineoplastic agents, such as platinum compounds (e.g., spiroplatin, cisplatin, and carboplatin), methotrexate, adriamycin, taxol, mitoniycin, ansamitocin, bleomycin, cytosine arabinoside, arabinosyl adsnine, inercaptopolylysine, vincristine, busulfan, chlorainbucil, melphalan (e.g., PAM, L-PAM or phenylalanine mustard), mercaptopurine, mitotane, procarbazine hydrochloride dactinoinycin (actinoinycin D); daunorubicinhydrocl-doride;
doxorubicin hydrochloride, mitomycin, plicamycin (mithramycin), aminoglutethimide, estramustine phosphate sodium, flutamide, leuprolide acetate, megestrol acetate, tamoxifen citrate, testolactone, trilostane, amsacrine (m-AMSA), asparaginase (L-asparaginase), erwinaasparaginase, etoposide (VP-16), interferon alpha-2a, interferon alpha-2b, teniposide (VM-26), vinblastine sulfate (VLB), vincristine sulfate, bleomycin, bleomycin sulfate, inethotrexate, adriamycin, and arabinosyl; blood products such as parenteral iron, hemin; biological response modifiers such as niuramyldipeptide, muramyltripeptide, microbial cell wall components, lymphokines (e.g., bacterial endotoxin such as lipopolysaccharide, macrophage activation factor), sub-units of bacteria (such as Mycobacteria, Corynebacteria), the synthetic dipeptide N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isog-lutamine; anti-fungalagents such as ketoconazole, nystatin, griseofulvin, flucytosine (5-fc), miconazole, amphotericin B, ricin, and beta-lactam antibiotics (e.g., penicillin, ampicillin, sulfazecin); hormones such as growth hornione, PDGF, EGF, CSF, GM-CSF, melanocyte stimulating hormone, estradiol, beclomethasone dipropionate, betamethasone, betamethasone acetate and betamethasone sodium phosphate, vetamethasonedisodiumphosphate, vetamethasone sodium phosphate, cortisone acetate, dexamethasone, dexaniethasone acetate, dexamethasone sodium pliosphate, flunsolide, hydrocortisone, hydrocortisone acetate, hydrocortisone cypionate, hydrocortisone sodium phosphate, hydrocortisone sodium succinate, methylprednisolone, methylprednisolone acetate, methylprednisolone sodium succinate, paramethasone acetate, prednisolone, prednisoloneacetate, prednisolone sodium phosphate, prednisolone rebutate, prednisone, triamcinolone, triamcinolone acetonide, triamcinolone diacetate, triamcinolone liexacetonide and fludrocortisone acetate; vitaniuis such vitamin C, E, A, K, ascyanocobalamin, neinoic acid, retinoids and derivatives such as retinolpalmitate, and alpha-tocopherol(s); peptides (e.g., T cell epitopes such as MAGE, GAGE, DAGE, etc.); proteins, such as manganese super oxide dimutase, alcohol dehydrogenase, nitric oxide synthase; enzymes such as alkaline phosphatase; anti-allergic agents such as amelexanox; anti-coagulation agents such as phenprocoumon and heparin; circulatory drugs such as propranolol;
metabolic potentiators such asglutatliione; antituberculars such as para-aminosalicylic acid, isoiiiazid, capreomycin sulfate cycloserine, ethambutol hydrochloride ethionainide, p}n=azinamide, rifampin, and streptomycin sulfate; antivirals such as acyclovir, amantadine azidothymidine (AZT or Zidovudine), Ribavirin andvidarabine monohydrate (adenine arabinoside, ara-A);
antianginals such asdiltiazem, nifedipine, verapamil, erytlu-ityl tetranitrate, isosorbidedinitrate, nitroglycerin (glyceiyl trinitrate) and pentaerythritoltetranitrate; anticoagulants such as phenprocoumoxi, heparin; antibiotics such as dapsone, chloraniphenicol, neomycin, cefaclor, cefadroxil, cephalexin,' cephradine eiytluomycin, clindamycin, lincomycin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, bacampicillin, carbenicillin, dicloxacillin, cyclacillin, picloxacillin, hetacillin, methicillin, nafcillin, oxacillin, penicillin G, penicillin V, ticarcillin rifampin and tetracycline; antiinflammatories such as difunisal, ibuprofen, indomethacin, meclofenamate, mefenamic acid, naproxen, oxyphenbutazone, phenylbutazone, piroxicam, sulindac, tolnietin, aspirin and salicylates; antiprotozoans , such as chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, metronidazole, quinine and meglumine antimonate;
antirheumatics such as penicillamine; narcotics such as paregoric; opiates such as codeine, heroin, niethadone, morphuie and opium; cardiac glycosides such as deslanoside, digitoxin, digoxin, digitalin and digitalis;
neuromuscular blockers such as atracurium besylate, gallamine triethiodide, hexafluorenium bromide, metocurine iodide, pancuronium bromide, succinylcholine chloride (suxamethonium chloride), tubocurarine chloride and vecuronium bromide; sedatives (hypnotics) such as amobarbital, amobarbital sodium, aprobarbital, butabarbital sodium, chloral hydrate, ethchlorvynol, ethinamate, flurazepam hydrocliloride, glutetliimide, methotrimeprazine hydrocliloride, methyprylon, midazolam hydrochloride, paraldehyde, pentobarbital, pentobarbital sodium, phenobarbital sodium, secobarbital sodium, talbutal, temazepam and triazolam; local aiiesthetics such as bupivacaine hydrochloride, chloroprocaine hydrochloride, etidocainehydrochloride, lidocaine hydrochloride, mepivacaine hydrochloride, procai.nehydrochloride and tetracauie hydrochloride; general anesthetics such asdroperidol, etomidate, fentanyl citrate with droperidol, ketaminehydrochloride, methohexital sodium and thiopental sodium; and radioactive particles or ions such as strontium, iodide rhenium and yttriuni, and combinations and mixtures thereof.
The ion exchange resin is treated with one or more sugar alcohols. The ion exchange resin may be treated before, during or after the addition of the pharmaceutical di-ug and formation of the drug-resin complex. Additionally, the drug-resin complex may be treated before, during or after the addition of a coating to the diug-ion exchange resin complex. The sugar alcohol may be added as a solid, liquid or gel. The sugar alcohols may be in an aqueous solution or mixtures containing varying amounts of organic compounds known to those skilled in the art. Furthermore, when niore than one sugar alcohol is used the sugar alcohols may be similar or different depending on the particular application and conditions. In sonie embodiments, the ionic exchange resin may be treated with between about 1 to 10 percent by weight of sorbitol, based on the combined weight of the sorbitol and the drug-resin particles. Other concentrations of sorbitol may be used including about 0.1 %
to about 5% by weight.
The sugar alcohols may be of many types known to persons of skill in the art to control the swell'uig of the pharmaceutical grade ion exchange drug-resins complex. The sugar alcohol is generally sorbitol; however, polyhydric alcohols such as mannitol; sorbitol; xylitol;
maltitol; lactitol, 1,3-dihydroxypropane, or other non-toxic C2 to C 12 linear or branched hydrocarbon having at least 2 hydroxy groups known to the skilled artisan niay be used. Additionally, non-toxic C5 to C12 cyclic or heterocyclic hydrocarbon having at least 2 hydroxy groups (e.g., inositol and the carbohydrates such as glucose, sucrose) may be used as well. The sugar or the sugar alcohol present in the solution has a molecular weight of froni 90 to 550, and especially from molecular weights of between,150 and 370. The sugars are monosaccharides or disaccharides and reduced monosaccharides or disaccharides and substituted inonosaccharides or disaccharides. Suitable sugars/sugar alcohols are sucrose, dextrose, maltose, fructose, lactose, mannitol, sorbitol or xylitol.
The general method for preparing controlled release cationic exchange resin drug complex using the present invention involves: (i) preparation of an ion exchange resin drug coniplex; (ii) treating the ion exchange resiii drug complex with a suitable sugar alcohol; and (iii) drying the treated ion exchange resin drug coniplex. The ion exchange resin drug complex may be optionally coated with a water-permeable diffusion barrier.
Preparing the ion exchange resin drug complex from the ion exchange resin is generally includes mixing the ion exchange resin with a solution in the presence of a polyalcohol and allowing sufficient time for loading. The resin/fluid slurry is filtered. Unlike methods currently used in the art it is not necessary to wash the ionic exchange resin-complex after the additions.
Furthennore, the present invention provides for equilibrium redistribution by allowing the unbound drug, the free drug or any water soluble swelling agent to redistribute themselves in equilibrium. The equilibrium distribution allows the free drug to be further taken up by the resin.
For example, the present invention includes a method of making a pharniaceutieal composition by contacting one or more ion exchange resin particles and one or nlore pharmaceutically active drugs to form a cationic exchange resin pliannaceutically active drugs complex. The ionic exchange resin diug complex is treated to control the swelling of the resin by adding one or more sugar alcohols.
The one or more sugar alcohols make up between about 0.01% and about 10% by weight of one or more sugar alcohols, based on the combined weight of the sugar alcohol, the drug(s) and the one or more ionic exchange resin particles. The composition may then be formulated into the desired pharmaceutical composition delivery foi7ns.
Generally, the present invention is formulated into a liquid, gel, tablet, caplet, or capsule; however, other pharmaceutical composition delivery foims may be use, while taking advantage of the present invention. Other agents may be added including binders, lubricants, diluents, disintegrating agents, coloring agents, sweeteners, flavoring agents, preservatives and flow-inducing agents. The tablets can be compressed, multiple compressed, tablet triturates or coated, e.g., enteric coating, sugar coating, or film coating. Wlien in the form of a liquid, the liquid oral dosage may be in the form of aqueous and nonaqueous solutions, emulsions, suspensions, and solutions granules, containing suitable, emulsifying agents, solvents, preservatives, suspending agents, diluents, sweeteners, coloring agents, and flavoring agents.
The present uivention provides a method of preparing a resin drug complex without washing.
Preparing the ion exchange resin drug complex from the ion exchange resin includes mixing the ion exchange resiti with a solution and allowing sufficient time for loading. The resin/fluid slurry is filtered. Unlike methods currently used in the art, it is not necessary to wash the ionic exchange resin-complex.
The present invention also provides a method of controlling the swelling of a pharmaceutical composition by contacting one or inore cationic exchange resin particles with about 0.01% to about 10% by weight of sugar alcohol, based on the combined weight of the sugar alcohol, the drug(s) and the one or more ionic exchange resin particles.
In accordance with the present invention, it is necessary to combine the sugar alcohol with the ion exchange resin to form a mixture (e.g., slurry). Generally, the mixture is an aqueous solution;
however, other solutions, compositions or mixtures are acceptable. The ratio of ion exchange resin to sugar alcohol is from about 1:1 to about 50:1, i.e., from about 1 gram of resin per gram of the sugar alcohol to about 1 gram of resin per 20 mg. of polyol. Other ratios may be used depend'u1g on the method of incorporation and the particular sugar alcohol and resin, e.g., about 1:0.01 to about 5:0.01, about 0.01:1 to about 0.01:5, and combinations thereof. In Exainple I, the ratio of the aniount of ion exchange resin in suspension to the amount of sugar alcohol is about 1.7:1 (e.g., 300 gram of resin per 175 gram of molecule) with most of the sugar alcohol not remaining in the product. In another example, the concentration of the sugar alcohol is between about 1 and 10% by weight, i.e., about 10 mg to about 100 mg of molecule.
Example I
Resin 300 g Drug 300 g 70% Sorbitol 250 mL
Purified Water 750 inL
In Example I, the water, sorbitol, drug and resin are slui-ried together and sufficient time is allowed for the diug to load onto the resin. When the loading operation is completed the components of the slui-iy are separated (e.g., filtered or centrifuged) into liquid and solid fractions. Because the sugar alcohol is highly water soluble most of the sugar alcohol remains in the aqueous phase, leaving about 4% sorbitol in the solids. The solids are not washed, but are dried to yield material suitable for coating.
Example II
Resin 300 g Drug 300 g Sorbitol 7.5 g Purified Water 992.5 mL
In Example II, the water, diug and resui are slurried together and sufficient time is allowed for the drug to load onto the resin. When the loading operation is completed the slurry is separated (e.g., filtered or centrif-uged) into liquid and solid fractions. The liquid fraction is discarded. The solid fraction is not washed and is dried. Sorbitol is dissolved in 100 grams water, added to the dried diug resin complex and the drug resin complex is allowed to absorb the sorbitol solution. The treated resin may then be dried and coated.
To form the cationic exchange resin drug complex it is necessary to combine an ion exchange resin with one or more molecules, e.g., one or inore ionic drug compounds. The adsorption of molecules to the surface of a resin is well known to persons of skill in the art. In addition, the ionic drug molecule may be attached to a liiiker that allows attaclunent of the drug to the ion exchange resin via 5 the linker. The combination of ion exchange resins and drug niay be in the form of a slurry or other mixture, depending on the particular application. In addition, a coating may be applied to the drug-resin complex. The mixture (e.g., an admixture of a slurry of the ion exchange resin, the drug and the sugar alcohol) may be dried to reinove the water. The drying may be carried out using methods know to the skilled artisan including conventional means, i.e., filtered, dried over a purge of nitrogen, 10 under vacuum, in a fluid bed, in an oven, etc.
The present invention optionally includes a pharmacologically active drug-resin complex coated to prolong the continuous release of drugs, under harsh biological conditions, e.g., such as those encountered in the gastrointestinal tract. Conventional coating solvents (e.g., ethanol, a niethylene chloride/acetone mixture or other component known to the skilled artisan) or aqueous based coatings 15 and procedures can be employed to coat the ion exchange resin drug complex.
In one illustrative example, air suspension spray coating teclmiques may be carried out using a Wurster coating apparatus. However, other techniques may be used to coat the particle including other types of fluid bed spray, coacervation, solvent evaporation or other methods known to persons of skill in the art.
Generally, the coating is applied to the drug-resin complex. Alternatively, the coating can be applied to the resin before complexing with the drug.
Particle coating. Another example of a coated particle of the present invention provides a selective, prolonged continuous release of pliarmacologically active drugs, under conditions such as those encountered in the gastrointestinal tract by the application of a diffusion barrier coatiiig to an ion exchange drug-resin complex treated with a solvating agent. Another prolonged release formulation of the present invention includes the addition of a second ionic substance (e.g., a combination drug, a dye, a dispersing agent or the like) having the same ionic charge as the di-ug on the drug-resin complex by employing the second ionic substance in the ion form of an exchange resin coniplex.
The manufacture of a fonnulation of any drug for liquid dosage usage requires that the final formulation have the drug dissolved or suspended in a liquid that possess extended shelf-life stability and exhibit no change in active drug dosage level over a period of time and has acceptable taste.
Thus, to prepare a liquid formulation of any type drug it may be necessary to employ extenders such as water or syrup and to add flavors, sweeteners, thickening agents, dyes and the like. To control the dissolution profile of the formulation versus the dissolution profile of the same diug in water, the coated particles may also be included in the presence of ionic substances bearing the same ionic charge as the sustained release drug present in the formulation as a coated drug-resin complex. The second ionic material need not be coated with the water-permeable diffusion barrier coating.
The water-permeable, diffusion barrier coating materials can be any of the conventional synthetic or natural film-forniing materials with diffusion bai-rier properties and with no inherent pharmacological or toxic properties. For example, ethylcellulose, a water insoluble film-forming agent, may be used as a diffusion barrier membrane material. A plasticizer, (e.g., Durkex 500 vegetable oil) may be used to improve the filin forming characteristics of ethylcellulose and/or to alter the permeability characteristics of the fihu. The amount of coating used depends on the degree of drug release prolongation desired and is a function of particle size, drug solubility, film permeability and other factors. By varying the amount of coating, and/or by blending coated drug-resin complex with uncoated drug-resin complex, and/or blending different coatings it is possible to selectively modify the preparation's di-ug dissolution profile as desired.
In general, the major components of the coating should be insoluble in, and penneable to, water.
Alternatively, a water-soluble substance, such as methyl cellulose may be incorporated, to alter the permeability of the coating, or an acid-insoluble, base-soluble substance to act as an enteric coating may be used. The water-permeable diffusion barrier will generally include a water insoluble material such as a wax, a fatty alcohol, shellac, zein, shellac, polyvinylpyrrolidone, a water insoluble cellulose derivative, ethyl cellulose, a polymethacrylate, or methyl cellulose. The coating materials may be applied as a solution or suspension in an aqueous fluid or as a solution in organic solvents. In some instances, the present invention may include a water-permeable diffusion barrier in contact with at least a portion of the ionic pharmaceutically active diug in communication with an ionic exchange resin. Example M. The water-pernieable diffusion barrier coated drug resin complex includes:
Drug Resin Complex 2000 g Ethylcellulose 300 g Ethyl acetate 5700 g The drug resin complex was placed in a fluid-bed coating apparatus and fluidized with intake air.
The ethylcellulose was dissolved in the ethyl acetate and applied at a rate of about 20-25 grams per minute until 6000 g had been applied. Fluidization was continued with the heated air for an additional ten minutes after tei-cnination of the application of the coating solution.
Exaniple IVV. Another water-permeable diffusion barrier coated diug resin coniplex includes:
Drug Resin Complex 2000 g Ethylcellulose 119 g Myvacet 11 g Ethanol 2470 g The drug resin complex was placed in a fluid-bed coating apparatus and fluidized with intake air.
The myvacet was dissolved in the ethanol and the ethylcellulose was dissolved in the myvacet solution and applied at a rate of 20-25 g/minute until 2600 g of coating solution had been applied.
The present invention may be incorporated into a phannaceutical coinposition and include immediate release, extended release or delayed release conipositions. The present invention relates to oral administration of cationic exchange resin drug complex, although other delivery methods are also contemplated, e.g., topical, rectal, injectable, subcutaneous, vaginal or nasal administration. The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can take the form of tablets, powders, capsules, gels, hydro-gels, solids, lyophilized suspensions, liquid suspensions or other conventional dosage forms. The present pharmaceutical composition may also be provided in a variety of dosage forms, e.g., solution, suspension, cream, ointment, lotion, capsule, caplet, softgel, gelcap, suppository, enema, elixir, syrup, emulsion, film, granule, gum, insert, jelly, foam, paste, pastille, pellet, spray, troche, lozenge, disk, magma, poultice, or wafer and the like. In addition the resin-drug complex of the present invention is suitable for dosages varying over a wide range, e.g., from about 0.01 to about 2000 mg, depending on the nature of the drug, resin and its intended usage.
In addition the present invention may include otlier additives conventionally used in pharmaceutical compositions and known to those of skill in the art., e.g., anti-adherents, anti-sticking agents, glidants, flow promoters, lubricants, talc, magnesium stearate, fumed silica), micronized silica, surfactants, waxes, stearic acid, stearic acid salts, stearic acid derivatives, starch, hydrogenated vegetable oils, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, leucine and magnesium lauryl sulfate.
In accordance with the present invention is a method of reducuig the handling of a pharmaceutical composition during preparation by contacting one or more grossly wetted cationic exchange resin particles with an active drug and adding about 0.1 % to about 5% by weight of sugar alcohol, based on the combined weight of the sugar alcohol, drug substance and the one or more grossly wetted ionic excliange resin particles. Additionally, the pharmaceutical composition can be coated with a water-permeable diffusion barrier.
Exatnple V
Purified Water USP 45.26 Kg Sorbitol USP 9.59 Kg AMBERLITEV IRP69 16.50 Kg Dextromethorphan HBr USP 16.50 Kg In Exanlple V, the water, sorbitol, drug and resin are slurried together and sufficient time is allowed for the drug to load onto the resin. When the loading operation is conipleted the slurry is separated (e.g., filtered or centrifuged) into liquid and solid fractions. Because the sugar alcohol is higlily water soluble most of the sugar alcohol remains in the aqueous phase leaving with about 4% sorbitol in the solids. The solids are not washed, but are dried to yield material suitable for coating.
Example VI
Purified Water USP 41.15 Kg Sorbitol USP (70%) 13.70 Kg AMBERLITE IRP69 16.50 Kg Pseudoephedrine HCl 16.50 Kg In Example VI, the Water, sorbitol, drug and resin are slurried together and time allowed for the drug to load onto the resin. When the loading operation is coinpleted the slurry is separated (e.g., filtered or centrifuged) into liquid and solid fractions. Because the sugar alcohol is highly water soluble most of the sugar alcohol remains in the aqueous phase leaving with about 4%
sorbitol in the solids. The solids are not washed, but are dried to yield material suitable for coating.
Product from examples V
and VI were coated in fluidized bed processing unit using ethylcellulose plasticized with dibutyl sebacate from acetone/alcohol solution. It is recognized that the release profile may be modified by varying the coating level.
Release profiles for Examples V and VI are shown:
Example V Example VI
30 min 43% 50%
60 inin 47 55 180 min 53 63 360 min 57 68 Table I is a Exemplary table of possible pharmaceutical compounds that may be used in conjunction with available resins. The skilled art will recognize that other compounds may be used with the present invention and that compounds may be modified or the particular chemical group modified in a compound to allow the use of that compound with the present invention.
Table I Pharmaceutical compounds and drug resins:
Pharmaceutical Compounds Resins Codeine, Dihydrocodeine, Hydromorphone, AMBERLITE R IR-20 Morphine, Pentazocine and Pro oxyphene Nore hedrine and Pseudoephedrine Dextromethorphan, gauifenesin, phenylephrine Aspirin and Tramadol, naprisin Metoclopramide Atropine, Ipratropiuni Bromide and AMBERLITEL') IRC-50 Scopolamine Cyclobenzaprine and Papaverine Salbutamol, Terbutaline and Theophylline Amoxycillin, Anipicillin, Azlocillin, Bacampicillin, Cefamandole, Cefonicid, Cefotaxime, Cefotetan, Cefoxitin, Ceftriaxone, Mezlocillin and Piperacillin Bupropion, Nomifensine, and Nortriptyline AMBERLITE IRP-58 Cromolyn Valproic Acid and Phenvtoin Propranolol Tamoxifen Phai-niaceutical Compounds Resins Dehydrocholic Acid, Diflunisal, Etliacrynic AMBERLITEC~ IRP-64 Acid, Fenoprofen, Furosemide, Gemfibrozil, Ibuprofen, Naproxen, Phenytoin, Probenecid, Sulindac, Theophylline, Salicylic Acid, Acetylsalicylic Acid, Acetophenazine, Amitriptyline, Amphetamine, Benztropine, Biperiden, Bromodiphenhydramine, Brompheniramine, Carbuioxamine, Chlorcyclizine, Chlorpheniramine, Chlorphenoxamine, Chlorpromazine, AMBERLITED IRP-69 Clemastine, Clomiphene, Clonidine, Codeine, Cyclizine, Cyclobenzaprine, Cyproheptadine, Desipramine, Dexbrompheniramine, Dexchlorpheniramine, Dextroamphetamine, Dicyclomine, Diphemanil, Diphenhydramine, Doxepin, Doxylamine, Ergotainine, Fluphenazine, Haloperidol, Hydrocodone, AMBERLITEG" XE-69 Hydroxychloroquine, Hydroxyzine, Hyoscyamine, Inlipramine, Levopropoxyphene, Maprotiline, Meclizine, Mepenzolate, Meperidine, Mephentei-mine, Mesoridazine, Methadone, Methdilazine, Methscapolaniine, Methysergide, Metoprolol, Nortriptylene, Noscapine, Nylindrin, AMBERLITE" IR-120 Oiphenadrine, Papaverine, Pentazocine, Phendimetrazine, Phentermine, Phenylpropanolamine, Pyrilamine, Tripelemiamine, Triprolidine, Promazine, Propoxyphene, Propanolol, Pseudoephedrine, Pyrilamine, Quiiiidine, Scopolamine, Chlorpheniramine, Codeine, Aminocaproic Acid, Aminosalicylic Acid, Hydromorphone, Dow@ XYS-40013.00 Isoxsuprine, Levorphanol, Melphalan, Morphine, Nalidixic Acid, Paraaminosalicylic Acid Phenylpropanolamine (PPA), Dextromethorphan, Ephedrin, Pseudoephedrine, Paraamino Salicyclic Acid, Acetyl Salicylic Acid, Phenteiynine (Phenyl-Tertiary-Butyl-Amine) and Acetaminophen Acetominophen and Phenacetin Dow@ XYS-40010.00 The sainples were evaluated under conditions that simulate those encountered in the gastrointestinal tract. The samples were evaluated using USP Dissolution Apparatus 2 and Siinulated Gastric Fluid USP. Additional tests are applied as deemed suitable, i.e. USP Apparatus 4 using Simulated Gastric Fluid or selected buffer solutions. The changes in absorption at the selected wavelength as a function of time was recorded as the drug was released from a drug-resin complex sample.
Table II is a comparison of the release curves in simulated gastric conditions for the present invention and resin complexes made by methods used in the art. In Table I the percent release is charted as a function of tirne for the present invention (A), a saniple niade using the post treatment protocol under United States Patent 4,847,077 (B) and a sample made using no treatment under the protocol of United States Patent 4,996,047 (C). The data represented in Table II
demonstrates that while high drug loading can be used to prepare coated, slow release drug resin complex, the use of higher levels 5 of treatment under the 4077 patent result in a slower, better controlled release profile. It also shows that much lower levels of treating agent as prepared by the present invention result in coniparable, lower release rates.
Time (hours) % Released A B C
0.1 14.3 18.3 19.3 0.5 29.3 29.1 32.5 1 33.9 33.1 37.5 2 37.9 36.9 41.6 3 40.3 39.1 44.1 4 42.1 41.0 45.6 5 43.6 42.3 47.2 6 44.8 43.7 48.8 7 45.9 44.3 49.7
8 46.9 45.3 50.4
9 47. S 46.2 51.1
10 48.6 47.1 52.1 Table II.I is a comparison of the relative amounts and combinations of drug and resin complexes of the present invention. Table III is only an exeniplar table and the skilled artisan will recognize the 10 numerous combinations of drug and resin complexes.
mgs Propoxy- Aspirin/ Dextro- Carbinoxa Pseudoe-Di-ug Phene/ Naproxeii/ Methorphan/ mine Phedrine/
Codeine acetaminoph Gauifenesin Phenylephrine en Resin mgs Propoxy- Aspirin/ Dextro- Carbinoxa Pseudoe-Drug Phene/ Naproxen/ Methorphan/ mine Pliedrine/
Codeine acetaminoph Gauifenesin Phenylephrine en Resin 40013.00 40010.00 In addition to phannaceutical compounds used in conjunction with available resins the inventors have conteniplated the use of other known active conipounds with the present invention, e.g., herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, acaricides, nematicides, bird repellants, plant nutrients and agents that improve soil structure.
Examples of the insecticide, acaricide and nematocide that may be used with the present invention include pyrethroid compounds (e.g., permetlu-in, cypermethrin, fenvarelate, esfenvarelate, fenpropatlu-in, biphentlu-in, deltamethrin, fluvalinate, flucytlu-inate, alletlu-in, d-allethrin, pralletlu-in, cyphenothrin, phenotlirin, resmethrin, tefluthrin, empenthrin, acrinathrin, cyhalothrin, cyfluthrin, etofenprox, halfenprox, silafluofen, tralomethrin, cycloprothrin, esbiothrin, transfluthrin, terallethrin, imiprothrin and 1-ethynyl-2-fluoro-2-pentenyl 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate); organophosphonis compounds (e.g., cyanophos, fentliion, fenitrothion, parathion, methylparathion, pirimiphos-methyl, diazinon, isoxathion, pyridaphenthion, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, oxydeprofos, vamidothion, malathion, phenthoate, dimethoate, thiometon, disulfoton, phosalone, phosmet, methidathion, protliiofos, sulprofos, profenofos, azinphosmethyl, pyraclofos, salithion, tetrachlorvinphos, dicliloivos, monocrotophos, naled, dimethylvinphos, propaphos, acephate, metaniidofos and ethion; carbamate coinpounds such as carbaryl, nietolcarb, isoprocarb, fenobcarb, propoxur, XMC, ethiofencarb, bendiocarb, pyrimicarb, carbosulfan, carbofuran, benfiiracarb, furatliiocarb, methomyl, thiodicarb, oxainyl, alanycarb, metoxadiazone and fenotliiocarb); neonicotinoids (e.g., nitroiminoimidazolidine derivatives, nitrovinylidenediamine derivatives [e.g. N-[(6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl)-N-ethyl-N'-methyl-2-nitrovinylidenediamine (common name: nitenpyram)], nitroguanidine derivatives, cyanoacetamidine derivatives, N1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridyl)methyl]-N2-cyano-Nl-inethylacetamidine, cyanoiminothiazolidine derivatives, 1-(2-chloro-5-pyridylmethyl)-2-cyanoiminothiazolidine, nitroiminotetrahydro-1,3,5-oxadiazine derivatives, 3-[(2-cWoro-5-thiazolyl)methyl]-5-methyl-4-nitroiminotetrahydro-1,3,5-oxadiazine (conunon name: thiamethoxam), nitroiminohexahydro-1,3,5-triazine derivatives, 3,5-dimethyl-l-[(2-chloro-5-thiazolyl)methyl]-2-nitroiminohexahydro-1,3,5-triazine; nereistoxin derivatives (e.g., cartap, bensultap and thiocyclam);
chlorinated hydrocarbon conipounds (e.g., benzoepin, dicofol and tetradifon; formamidine derivatives (e.g., amitraz and chlordimeform); phenylpyrazole derivatives (e.g., etluprole);
benzoylphenylurea cotnpounds (e.g., difluben.zuron, teflubenzuron, chlorfluazuron, flufenoxuron, triflumuron, hexaflumuron, lufenuron and novaluron); triazine derivatives (e.g., cyromazine); thiadiazine derivatives (e.g., buprofezine);
juvenoid compounds (e.g., methoprene, hydroprene, fenoxycarb and diofenolan);
tebufenozide;
methoxyfenozide; halofenozide; chromafenozide; chlorofenapir;
plienisobroniolate;
quuiomethionate; propargit; fenbutatin oxide; hexythiazox; etoxazole;
clofentezine; fenpyroximate;
tebufenpyrad; pyrimidifen; polynactin complex; milbemectin; avermectin;
ivermectin and azadirachtin.
Specific exaniples of a insecticides include: 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzyl-chrysanthemate; 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzyl-2,2-dimethyl-3-(1-propenyl)cyclopropane carboxylate; 4-methyl-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzyl-chrysanthemate; 4-niethyl-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzyl-2,2-diinethyl-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)cyclopropane carboxylate; 4-methyl-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzyl-2,2-diniethyl-3-(2,2-difluorovinyl)cyclopropane carboxylate; 4-methoxymethyl-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzyl-clu-ysanthemate; 4-methoxymethyl-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzyl-2,2-dimethyl-3-(1-propenyl)cyclopropane carboxylate; 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-chloro-2-trifluoromethylvinyl)cyclopropane carboxylate; and 4-propargyl-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzyl-3-(1-propenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylate. Further, as examples of compounds other than those expressed by formula (1), the following chemicals may be given: 4-methoxymethyl-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzyl-2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropane carboxylate; and 4-propargyl-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzyl-2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropane carboxylate.
Suitable herbicides include: anilides (e.g., diflufenican and propanil), arylcarboxylic acids (e.g., dichloropicolinic acid, dicaniba and picloram), aryloxyalkanoic acids (e.g., 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, 2,4-DP, fluroxypyr, MCPA, MCPP and triclopyr), aryloxy-phenoxy-alkanoic esters (e.g., diclofop-methyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl, fluazifop-butyl, haloxyfop-methyl and quizalofop-ethyl), azinones (e.g., chloridazon and noi-flurazon), carbainates (e.g., chlolpropharn, desmedipham, pheiunedipham and propham), chloroacetanilides (e.g., alachlor, acetochlor, butacl-dor, metazachlor, metolachlor, pretilachlor and propachlor), dinitroanilines (e.g., oryzalin, pendimethalin and trifluralin), diphenyl ethers (e.g., acifluorfen, bifenox, fluoroglycofen, fomesafen, halosafen, lactofen and oxyfluorfen), ureas (e.g., chlortoluron, diuron, fluometuron, isoproturon, linuron and methabenzthiazuron), hydroxylam.ines (e.g., alloxydim, clethodim, cycloxydim, sethoxydim and tralkoxydim), imidazolinones (e.g., iniazethapyr, imazamethabenz, imazapyr and imazaquin), nitriles (e.g., broinoxynil, dichlobenil and ioxynil), oxyacetamides (e.g., mefenacet), sulphonylureas (e.g., ainidosulfuron, bensulfuron-methyl, chlorimuron-ethyl, chlorsulfuron, cinosulfuron, metsulfuron-methyl, nicosulfuron, primisulfuron, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, thifensulfuron-methyl, triasulfuron and tribenuron-methyl), thiocarbamates (e.g., butylate, cycloate, di-allate, EPTC, esprocarb, molinate, prosulfocarb, thiobencarb and tri-allate), triazines (e.g., atrazine, cyanazine, simazine, sinietryne, terbutryne and terbutylazine), triazinones (e.g., hexazinone, metamitron and metribuzin), others (e.g., aminotriazole, benfuresate, bentazone, cinmethylin, clomazone, clopyralid, difenzoquat, dithiopyr, ethofumesate, fluorochloridone, glufosinate, glyphosate, isoxaben, pyridate, quinchlorac, quimnerac, sulphosate and tridiphane).
The use of the word "a" or "an" when used in conjunction with the term "comprising" in the claiins and/or the specification may mean "one," but it is also consistent with the meaning of "one or inore,"
"at least one," and "one or more than one." The use of the term "or" in the claims is used to nlean "and/or" unless explicitly indicated to refer to alternatives only or the alternatives are mutually exclusive, although the disclosure supports a definition that refers to only alternatives and "and/or."
Throughout this application, the tet-in "about" is used to indicate that a value includes the inherent variation of error for the device, the method being employed to determine the value, or the variation that exists among the study subjects.
As used in this specification and claim(s), the words "comprising" (and any form of comprising, such as "comprise" and "comprises"), "having" (and any form of having, such as "have" and "has"), "including" (and any form of including, such as "includes" and "include") or "containing" (and any fonn of containing, such as "contains" and "contain") are inclusive or open-ended and do not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps.
The term "or combinations thereof' as used herein refers to all permutations and coinbinations of the listed items preceding the term. For exainple, "A, B, C, or combinations thereof' is intended to include at least one of: A, B, C, AB, AC, BC, or ABC, and if order is important in a particular context, also BA, CA, CB, CBA, BCA, ACB, BAC, or CAB. Continuing with this example, expressly included are combinations that contain repeats of one or niore item or term, such as BB, AAA, MB, BBC, AAABCCCC, CBBAAA, CABABB, and so forth. The skilled artisan will understand that typically there is no limit on the number of items or terms in any combination, unless otherwise apparent from the context.
All of the compositions and/or methods disclosed and claimed herein can be made and executed without undue experimentation in light of the present disclosure. 'While the compositions and methods of this invention have been described in terms of prefeired embodiments, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that variations may be applied to the compositions and/or methods and in the steps or in the sequence of steps of the method described herein without depai-ting from the concept, spirit and scope of the invention. All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope and concept of the invention as defmed by the appended claims.
mgs Propoxy- Aspirin/ Dextro- Carbinoxa Pseudoe-Di-ug Phene/ Naproxeii/ Methorphan/ mine Phedrine/
Codeine acetaminoph Gauifenesin Phenylephrine en Resin mgs Propoxy- Aspirin/ Dextro- Carbinoxa Pseudoe-Drug Phene/ Naproxen/ Methorphan/ mine Pliedrine/
Codeine acetaminoph Gauifenesin Phenylephrine en Resin 40013.00 40010.00 In addition to phannaceutical compounds used in conjunction with available resins the inventors have conteniplated the use of other known active conipounds with the present invention, e.g., herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, acaricides, nematicides, bird repellants, plant nutrients and agents that improve soil structure.
Examples of the insecticide, acaricide and nematocide that may be used with the present invention include pyrethroid compounds (e.g., permetlu-in, cypermethrin, fenvarelate, esfenvarelate, fenpropatlu-in, biphentlu-in, deltamethrin, fluvalinate, flucytlu-inate, alletlu-in, d-allethrin, pralletlu-in, cyphenothrin, phenotlirin, resmethrin, tefluthrin, empenthrin, acrinathrin, cyhalothrin, cyfluthrin, etofenprox, halfenprox, silafluofen, tralomethrin, cycloprothrin, esbiothrin, transfluthrin, terallethrin, imiprothrin and 1-ethynyl-2-fluoro-2-pentenyl 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate); organophosphonis compounds (e.g., cyanophos, fentliion, fenitrothion, parathion, methylparathion, pirimiphos-methyl, diazinon, isoxathion, pyridaphenthion, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, oxydeprofos, vamidothion, malathion, phenthoate, dimethoate, thiometon, disulfoton, phosalone, phosmet, methidathion, protliiofos, sulprofos, profenofos, azinphosmethyl, pyraclofos, salithion, tetrachlorvinphos, dicliloivos, monocrotophos, naled, dimethylvinphos, propaphos, acephate, metaniidofos and ethion; carbamate coinpounds such as carbaryl, nietolcarb, isoprocarb, fenobcarb, propoxur, XMC, ethiofencarb, bendiocarb, pyrimicarb, carbosulfan, carbofuran, benfiiracarb, furatliiocarb, methomyl, thiodicarb, oxainyl, alanycarb, metoxadiazone and fenotliiocarb); neonicotinoids (e.g., nitroiminoimidazolidine derivatives, nitrovinylidenediamine derivatives [e.g. N-[(6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl)-N-ethyl-N'-methyl-2-nitrovinylidenediamine (common name: nitenpyram)], nitroguanidine derivatives, cyanoacetamidine derivatives, N1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridyl)methyl]-N2-cyano-Nl-inethylacetamidine, cyanoiminothiazolidine derivatives, 1-(2-chloro-5-pyridylmethyl)-2-cyanoiminothiazolidine, nitroiminotetrahydro-1,3,5-oxadiazine derivatives, 3-[(2-cWoro-5-thiazolyl)methyl]-5-methyl-4-nitroiminotetrahydro-1,3,5-oxadiazine (conunon name: thiamethoxam), nitroiminohexahydro-1,3,5-triazine derivatives, 3,5-dimethyl-l-[(2-chloro-5-thiazolyl)methyl]-2-nitroiminohexahydro-1,3,5-triazine; nereistoxin derivatives (e.g., cartap, bensultap and thiocyclam);
chlorinated hydrocarbon conipounds (e.g., benzoepin, dicofol and tetradifon; formamidine derivatives (e.g., amitraz and chlordimeform); phenylpyrazole derivatives (e.g., etluprole);
benzoylphenylurea cotnpounds (e.g., difluben.zuron, teflubenzuron, chlorfluazuron, flufenoxuron, triflumuron, hexaflumuron, lufenuron and novaluron); triazine derivatives (e.g., cyromazine); thiadiazine derivatives (e.g., buprofezine);
juvenoid compounds (e.g., methoprene, hydroprene, fenoxycarb and diofenolan);
tebufenozide;
methoxyfenozide; halofenozide; chromafenozide; chlorofenapir;
plienisobroniolate;
quuiomethionate; propargit; fenbutatin oxide; hexythiazox; etoxazole;
clofentezine; fenpyroximate;
tebufenpyrad; pyrimidifen; polynactin complex; milbemectin; avermectin;
ivermectin and azadirachtin.
Specific exaniples of a insecticides include: 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzyl-chrysanthemate; 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzyl-2,2-dimethyl-3-(1-propenyl)cyclopropane carboxylate; 4-methyl-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzyl-chrysanthemate; 4-niethyl-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzyl-2,2-diinethyl-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)cyclopropane carboxylate; 4-methyl-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzyl-2,2-diniethyl-3-(2,2-difluorovinyl)cyclopropane carboxylate; 4-methoxymethyl-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzyl-clu-ysanthemate; 4-methoxymethyl-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzyl-2,2-dimethyl-3-(1-propenyl)cyclopropane carboxylate; 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-chloro-2-trifluoromethylvinyl)cyclopropane carboxylate; and 4-propargyl-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzyl-3-(1-propenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylate. Further, as examples of compounds other than those expressed by formula (1), the following chemicals may be given: 4-methoxymethyl-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzyl-2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropane carboxylate; and 4-propargyl-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzyl-2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropane carboxylate.
Suitable herbicides include: anilides (e.g., diflufenican and propanil), arylcarboxylic acids (e.g., dichloropicolinic acid, dicaniba and picloram), aryloxyalkanoic acids (e.g., 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, 2,4-DP, fluroxypyr, MCPA, MCPP and triclopyr), aryloxy-phenoxy-alkanoic esters (e.g., diclofop-methyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl, fluazifop-butyl, haloxyfop-methyl and quizalofop-ethyl), azinones (e.g., chloridazon and noi-flurazon), carbainates (e.g., chlolpropharn, desmedipham, pheiunedipham and propham), chloroacetanilides (e.g., alachlor, acetochlor, butacl-dor, metazachlor, metolachlor, pretilachlor and propachlor), dinitroanilines (e.g., oryzalin, pendimethalin and trifluralin), diphenyl ethers (e.g., acifluorfen, bifenox, fluoroglycofen, fomesafen, halosafen, lactofen and oxyfluorfen), ureas (e.g., chlortoluron, diuron, fluometuron, isoproturon, linuron and methabenzthiazuron), hydroxylam.ines (e.g., alloxydim, clethodim, cycloxydim, sethoxydim and tralkoxydim), imidazolinones (e.g., iniazethapyr, imazamethabenz, imazapyr and imazaquin), nitriles (e.g., broinoxynil, dichlobenil and ioxynil), oxyacetamides (e.g., mefenacet), sulphonylureas (e.g., ainidosulfuron, bensulfuron-methyl, chlorimuron-ethyl, chlorsulfuron, cinosulfuron, metsulfuron-methyl, nicosulfuron, primisulfuron, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, thifensulfuron-methyl, triasulfuron and tribenuron-methyl), thiocarbamates (e.g., butylate, cycloate, di-allate, EPTC, esprocarb, molinate, prosulfocarb, thiobencarb and tri-allate), triazines (e.g., atrazine, cyanazine, simazine, sinietryne, terbutryne and terbutylazine), triazinones (e.g., hexazinone, metamitron and metribuzin), others (e.g., aminotriazole, benfuresate, bentazone, cinmethylin, clomazone, clopyralid, difenzoquat, dithiopyr, ethofumesate, fluorochloridone, glufosinate, glyphosate, isoxaben, pyridate, quinchlorac, quimnerac, sulphosate and tridiphane).
The use of the word "a" or "an" when used in conjunction with the term "comprising" in the claiins and/or the specification may mean "one," but it is also consistent with the meaning of "one or inore,"
"at least one," and "one or more than one." The use of the term "or" in the claims is used to nlean "and/or" unless explicitly indicated to refer to alternatives only or the alternatives are mutually exclusive, although the disclosure supports a definition that refers to only alternatives and "and/or."
Throughout this application, the tet-in "about" is used to indicate that a value includes the inherent variation of error for the device, the method being employed to determine the value, or the variation that exists among the study subjects.
As used in this specification and claim(s), the words "comprising" (and any form of comprising, such as "comprise" and "comprises"), "having" (and any form of having, such as "have" and "has"), "including" (and any form of including, such as "includes" and "include") or "containing" (and any fonn of containing, such as "contains" and "contain") are inclusive or open-ended and do not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps.
The term "or combinations thereof' as used herein refers to all permutations and coinbinations of the listed items preceding the term. For exainple, "A, B, C, or combinations thereof' is intended to include at least one of: A, B, C, AB, AC, BC, or ABC, and if order is important in a particular context, also BA, CA, CB, CBA, BCA, ACB, BAC, or CAB. Continuing with this example, expressly included are combinations that contain repeats of one or niore item or term, such as BB, AAA, MB, BBC, AAABCCCC, CBBAAA, CABABB, and so forth. The skilled artisan will understand that typically there is no limit on the number of items or terms in any combination, unless otherwise apparent from the context.
All of the compositions and/or methods disclosed and claimed herein can be made and executed without undue experimentation in light of the present disclosure. 'While the compositions and methods of this invention have been described in terms of prefeired embodiments, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that variations may be applied to the compositions and/or methods and in the steps or in the sequence of steps of the method described herein without depai-ting from the concept, spirit and scope of the invention. All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope and concept of the invention as defmed by the appended claims.
Claims (20)
1. A pharmaceutical ion exchange resin composition treated to control resin swelling comprising:
a pharmaceutically active drug in contact with an ion exchange resin coated with a barrier film, wherein the ion exchange resin has been treated with from about 0.01 to about 10 percent by weight of one or more sugar alcohols and barrier film integrity is maintained.
a pharmaceutically active drug in contact with an ion exchange resin coated with a barrier film, wherein the ion exchange resin has been treated with from about 0.01 to about 10 percent by weight of one or more sugar alcohols and barrier film integrity is maintained.
2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the ion exchange resin is a sulfonic acid cation exchange resin.
3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more sugar alcohols comprise mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol, maltitol, lactitol, 1,3-dihydroxypropane, inositol glucose, sucrose or combinations and mixtures thereof.
4. The composition of claim 1, further comprising a water-permeable diffusion barrier in contact with at least a portion of the pharmaceutically active drug in contact with an ion exchange resin.
5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more sugar alcohol comprises between about 0.01% and about 10% sorbitol by weight.
6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical ion exchange resin composition comprises a solution, a suspension, a cream, an ointment, a lotion, a capsule, a caplet, a softgel, a gelcap, a tablet, a suppository, an enema, an elixir, a syrup, an emulsion, a film, a granule, a gum, an insert, a jelly, a foam, a paste, a pastille, a pellet, a spray, a troche, a lozenge, a disk, a magma, a poultice, a wafer or combinations thereof.
7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the ion exchange resin comprises dipropylene glycol diallyl ether, polyglycol diallyl ether, triethylene glycol divinyl ether, hydroquinone diallyl ether, tetraallyloxyethanoyl, vinyl ether, vinyl acetate, vinyl butylbenzoate, crotonic acid, polyfunctional alcohol, tetraethylene glycol diacrylate, triallylamine, trimethylolpropane diallyl ether, methylenebisacrylamide, divinylbenzene, phthalic, sulphonphthalic acid, ethylene glycol, polymethyl siloxane .alpha., .gamma.-hydroxypropyl or combinations thereof.
8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutically active drug comprises narcotic analgesics, sympathomimetics, antitussives, analgesics antiemetics, anticholinergics, muscle relaxants, bronchodilators, antibiotics, antidepressants, antiasthmatics, antineoplastics, antiepileptics, cardiovascular agents, mixtures and combinations thereof.
9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutically active drug comprises codeine, dihydrocodeine, hydromorphone, morphine, pentazocine, propoxyphene, norephedrine, pseudoephedrine, dextromethorphan, aspirin, tramadol, metoclopramide, atropine, ipratropium bromide, scopolamine, cyclobenzaprine, papaverine, salbutamol, terbutaline and theophylline, amoxycillin, ampicillin, azlocillin, bacampicillin, cefamandole, cefonicid, cefotaxime, cefotetan, cefoxitin, ceftriaxone, mezlocillin, piperacillin, bupropion, nomifensine, nortriptyline, cromolyn, tamoxifen, valproic acid and phenvtoin, propranolol mixtures and combinations thereof.
10. A method of controlling the swelling of a pharmaceutical ion exchange resin composition comprising the step of:
contacting one or more ion exchange resin particles with-between about 0.01%
and 10% by weight of one or more sugar alcohols, based on the combined weight of the sugar alcohol and the one or more ionic exchange resin particles.
contacting one or more ion exchange resin particles with-between about 0.01%
and 10% by weight of one or more sugar alcohols, based on the combined weight of the sugar alcohol and the one or more ionic exchange resin particles.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein the one or more sugar alcohols comprise an aqueous solution.
12. The method of claim 10, wherein the one or more sugar alcohols comprise mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol, maltitol, lactitol, 1, 3-dihydroxypropane, inositol glucose, sucrose, mixtures and combinations thereof.
13. The method of claim 10, wherein the ion exchange resin particles comprise sulfonic acid cationic exchange resin particles.
14. The method of claim 10, wherein the ionic exchange resin comprises dipropylene glycol diallyl ether, polyglycol diallyl ether, triethylene glycol divinyl ether, hydroquinone diallyl ether, tetraallyloxyethanoyl, vinyl ether, vinyl acetate, vinyl butylbenzoate, crotonic acid, polyfunctional alcohol, tetraethylene glycol diacrylate, triallylamine, trimethylolpropane diallyl ether, methylenebisacrylamide, divinylbenzene, phthalic, sulphonphthalic acid, ethylene glycol, polymethyl siloxane .alpha., .gamma.-hydroxypropyl or combination thereof.
15. The method of claim 10, further comprising the step of adding one or more pharmaceutically active drug comprises narcotic analgesics, sympathomimetics, antitussives, analgesics antiemetics, anticholinergics, muscle relaxants, bronchodilators, antibiotics, antidepressants, antiasthmatics, antineoplastics, antiepileptics, cardiovascular agents, mixtures and combinations thereof.
16. The method of claim 15, further comprising the step of coating the ion exchange resin particles with a water-permeable diffusion barrier.
17. A pharmaceutical composition made according to the method of claim 16.
18. A method of preparing a single wash preparation of an ion exchange resin active substance complex comprising the steps of:
contacting one or more grossly wetted cationic exchange resin particles with an active drug;
and loading one or more active substances; and adding about 0.01% to about 10% by weight of one or more sugar alcohols, based on the combined weight of the one or more sugar alcohols and the one or more grossly wetted ionic exchange resin particles, wherein the loading of the one or more active substances and the swelling of the cationic exchange resin particles are accomplished without the need for subsequent washing operation.
contacting one or more grossly wetted cationic exchange resin particles with an active drug;
and loading one or more active substances; and adding about 0.01% to about 10% by weight of one or more sugar alcohols, based on the combined weight of the one or more sugar alcohols and the one or more grossly wetted ionic exchange resin particles, wherein the loading of the one or more active substances and the swelling of the cationic exchange resin particles are accomplished without the need for subsequent washing operation.
19. The method of claim 18, further comprising the step of coating the cationic exchange resin particles with a water-permeable diffusion barrier.
20. A method of making a pharmaceutical composition comprising the steps of:
contacting one or more cationic exchange resin particles and one or more pharmaceutically active substances; and adding one or more sugar alcohols to the one or more cationic exchange resin particles and one or more pharmaceutically active substances, wherein the one or more sugar alcohols comprise between about 0.01% to about 10% by weight of one or more sugar alcohols, based on the combined weight of the sugar alcohol, one or more pharmaceutically active substances and the one or more ionic exchange resin particles.
contacting one or more cationic exchange resin particles and one or more pharmaceutically active substances; and adding one or more sugar alcohols to the one or more cationic exchange resin particles and one or more pharmaceutically active substances, wherein the one or more sugar alcohols comprise between about 0.01% to about 10% by weight of one or more sugar alcohols, based on the combined weight of the sugar alcohol, one or more pharmaceutically active substances and the one or more ionic exchange resin particles.
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| US11/225,834 | 2005-09-13 | ||
| PCT/US2006/035739 WO2007033281A2 (en) | 2005-09-13 | 2006-09-13 | Ion exchange resin treated to control swelling |
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| CA2622457A1 true CA2622457A1 (en) | 2007-03-22 |
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-
2005
- 2005-09-13 US US11/225,834 patent/US8343546B2/en active Active
-
2006
- 2006-09-13 WO PCT/US2006/035739 patent/WO2007033281A2/en active Application Filing
- 2006-09-13 JP JP2008530037A patent/JP2009507839A/en active Pending
- 2006-09-13 EP EP06814612A patent/EP1931312A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2006-09-13 CA CA002622457A patent/CA2622457A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2007
- 2007-02-14 US US11/674,921 patent/US7871645B2/en active Active
- 2007-02-14 US US11/674,940 patent/US8883213B2/en active Active
-
2010
- 2010-12-10 US US12/965,191 patent/US8329224B2/en active Active
- 2010-12-10 US US12/965,221 patent/US9125948B2/en active Active
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20110076385A1 (en) | 2011-03-31 |
| US20070059270A1 (en) | 2007-03-15 |
| US8329224B2 (en) | 2012-12-11 |
| WO2007033281A3 (en) | 2007-10-25 |
| EP1931312A4 (en) | 2012-07-04 |
| WO2007033281A2 (en) | 2007-03-22 |
| US9125948B2 (en) | 2015-09-08 |
| JP2009507839A (en) | 2009-02-26 |
| US8883213B2 (en) | 2014-11-11 |
| US7871645B2 (en) | 2011-01-18 |
| US20070148239A1 (en) | 2007-06-28 |
| US8343546B2 (en) | 2013-01-01 |
| US20070140983A1 (en) | 2007-06-21 |
| EP1931312A2 (en) | 2008-06-18 |
| US20110081419A1 (en) | 2011-04-07 |
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