CA2681895C - Tension activatable substrate - Google Patents

Abstract

A dual intensive property tissue. The tissue has a first set of intensive properties including density, surface area, thickness and void volume as presented to the consumer. The consumer plastically activates the tissue by pulling it in tension. A series of slits 44 or other lines of weakness elongate in a direction parallel to the line of tension, allowing the tissue to achieve a second state of intensive properties. The value of the second state of intensive properties is different after activation. The change in value of the intensive properties allows for economies in shipping, where a higher density product is shipped to the consumer. At the point of use, the consumer activates the product to achieve the increase surface area and lower density. The increase in surface area and concomitant decrease in density provides for increased efficacy in cleaning. The plastically activatable state may be provided by a series of slits 44 or other lines of weakness in the tissue. The tissue may comprise cellulosic and/or synthetic fibers. The tissue may be used as a facial tissue, bath tissue, paper towel, napkin, body wipe, mophead, etc.

Description

TENSION ACTIVATABi.B SUBSTRATB

FiBLD OF IN1iBNTION

This invention relates to flexible substrates user activatable from a fi.rst state of intensive properties to a second state of intensive properties.

BACRGROUND OF THE INVEAITION
Nonwoven substrates, particularly tissue papers, are well known in the art.
Tissue papers are commonly used as facial tissues, bath tissue, paper towels, napkins and wipes.
More recently, synthetic nonwovens have been used in the shower as poofs for washing one's skin and as a disposable mophead for cleaning floors and other hard surfaces.
Suitable body wash implements are disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No.
5,650,384, issued July 22, 1997 to Gordon et al., and commonly assigned Pat.
Apps. WO
98/15262, WO 99/25318, WO 99/06793.
Exemplary mops having disposable nonwoven subatrates are illustrated by commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 6,101,661, issued Aug. 15,'2000 to Polieicchio et al., and U.S. Pat. No. Des. 409,343, issued May 4, 1999 to Kingry et al., and by the mopa marketed by the instant assignee as Swiffer mops.
Discrete apertured nonwoven substrates are also illustrated in commonly assigned U.S.
Pat. No. 5,895,627, issued Apr. 20, 1999 to Trokhan.
Commonly assigned WO 98/11813, published Mar. 26, 1998 in the nairye of Sherry discloses a cleaning implement having a wettable cleaning pad.
It has long been a goal in the art of making tissue paper to make tissue paper having lower density, also known as having higher bulk. One of the first attempts in the art to improve tissue by lowering the density is found in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No.
3,301,746, issued Jan. 31, 1967 to Sanford et al.
Sanford et al. discloses through air dried paper having substantially lower overall density than that of conventional press felt dried tissue. U.S. Pat. No. 4,191,609, issued Mar. 4, 1980 to Trokhan discloses an improvement to low density, through air dried paper. This patent discloses paper made with a pattern of biaxially staggered low density zones which provides increased flexibility.
Yet another series of commonly assigned patents illustrate low density papermaldng through the use of belts having photosensitive resin. This technology provided flexibility to the papermaking process which was pe+evioualy unavailable. Exemplary patent&
showing such technology include comnwnly assigned U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,529,480, issued July 16, 1985 to Trokhan; 4,637,859, issued Jan. 20, 1987 to Trokhan;
5,364,504, issued Nov. 15, 1994 to Smurkoslti et al.; 5,529,664, issued June 25, 1996 to Trokhan et al.;
5,679,222 issued Oct. 21, 1997 to Rasch et al.; 5,714,041 issued Feb. 3, 1998 to Ayers et al.; and 5,906,710, issued May 25, 1999 to Trokhan.
Yet another technology purportedly achieving low density tissue is found in U.S.
Pat. No. 5,932,068, issued Aug. 3, 1999 to Fatrington, Jr. et al. This patent purports to make low density tissue without creping.
However, each of the aforementioned disclosures of tissue paper present a tissue paper to the user having only a single set of intenaive properties. Intensive properties include but are not limited to density, thickness, coefficient of friction, volume (on a unit area basis), surface area (on a unit anea basis) and void volume.
More particularly, the tissue paper of tha prior art has only a single overall or bulk density. The user cannot significantly affect the density of the tissue paper once the manufacturing process is complete. However, there aro times the user may deaire tissue paper to be of a different density than that which is initially presented at the point of

2 purcbase. For example, the user may desire a higher density tissue paper for shipping and storage and a lower density tissue paper for the ultimate use. If so, it would be convenient for the consumer to have a sheet of tissue paper presented with a first density and transfoimable into a second and substantially lesser density.
I.ikewise, the user may desire the tissue paper to be transformed from afrst volume to a second vohune and/or thicimess. The second volume and/or thickneas may be greater than the first. T'he increase in volume andJor thickness may provide the benefit of a first and lesser volume and/or thiclaresa for shipment and atorage prior to the point of use by the consumer. At the point of use, the consumer may activate the tissue paper to a second and greater volume and/or thickness. Such increased volume andlor thiclmesa provides the benef:t, for example, the increased volume and/or thickness would provide hand protection for the user during use. This can be particularly advantageous when the product is used as a bath tissue or for cleaning other surfaces.
Likewise, the user is typically not able to significantly modify the surface area of the tissue paper once the manufachuing process is complete. As used herein, tho term "surface area" refers to the amount of surface area, considering the topography, of the tissue paper as contained within a unit area- flat planar projection of that tissue paper.
Generally, this amount of surface area is gneater than the surface area obtained by measuring the projected planar dimensions of the tissue paper. The user may desire a fixst surface area for shipment and storage, and a second surfwe area for use.
Likewise, the user may desire to have a tissue paper with multiple exposed edges which can provide for cleaning. The edges provide a scraping action for removal of the material to be cleaned. This can be particularly advantageous when the product is used as a bath tissue or other cleaning implement. It is believed that the greater surface area provided to the tissue paper of the present invention upon activation ultimately yields more usable area for cleaning. Particularly, each edge of the slit provides an opportunity for scraping foreign material from the surface to be cleaned. Foreign material can become entrapped in the voids between slits allowing for further efficacy in cleaning. This improved cleaning efficacy may manifest itself as an increase in the coefficient of friction of thc tissue paper.

3 Likewise, if the tissue paper according to the present invention ia to be used as a bath tissue, high void volume upon activation prophetically provides for improved flushability. One attempt in the art to make a toilet paper having improved flushability is found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,652,035, issued Jul. 29, 1997, to Tseng. This patent discloses a bath tissue paper divided into quadrants. Diagonally opposed quadrants have slits which are parallel. The tissue paper has two pairs of diagonally opposed quadrants.
Each pair has slits which are mutually parallel to the slits in the diagonally opposed quadrant and mutually perpendicular to the slits in the adjacent quadrants. While this amangement may provide improved flushability, it does not allow the consumer to readily activate the tissue paper by application of tensile forces. As the user grasps the tissue and pulls it apart, the slits which are perpendicular to the line of the tensile force will tend to open the tissue paper while the slits which are parallel to the application of the tensile force will generally not be extenaible. The tissue will not properly activate as described below. *
Commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 3,895,128, issued July 15, 1975 to Gaisser, discloses a fabric coriditioner article usable as a dryer-added fabric softener. Commonly assigned U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,944,694, issued Mar.
16, 1976 to McQueary, and 3,956,556, issued May 11, 1976 to McQueary disclose fabric conditioning articles having slits and perforations therein. These fabric conditioner articles are also usable as dryer-added fabric softeners.
The purpose of the slits and perforations is to allow air flow through the fabric conditioning article, thereby preventing obstruction of the exhaust when used as a dryer-added fabric softener. If a substrate according to the present invention is to be used as a dryer-added fabric softener, activation of the substrate at the point of use provides a low density/high void volume substrate, particularly well suited for air flow therethrough during use in the dryer.
Another application of slitting technology is found in U.S. Pat. No.
5,667,871, issued Sep. 16, 1997, to Goodrich et al. Goodrich et al. uses an exemplary 70 pound natural Kraft paper to form filling material. The nuterlal is used to fill.
hollow spaces in packaging or the tike. Liloewise, U.S. Pat. No. 5,365,819, issued Nov. 22, 1994 to Maidai et al., teaches a process for forming a pacldng material using a multitude of slits. The slits

4 allow the material to be expanded into a thi+ee-diaensional shape ttw is both load-bearing and resilient.
Yet another example of the slitting technology is illustrroted in U.S. Pat. ~
No.

5,374,381, issued Dec. 20, 1994, to Schuld et al. Schuld et al. tesches an evaporative element or cartridge especially useful in humidifiers. The element comprlses multiple layets of slit and expanded wicking material made of blotter-type paper. A
metal layer or other frame is provided for sriuctiunl strength.
A substrate according to the preeent invention may be used as a bath tissuc, facial tiasue, paper towel, napkin, rag, aponge, scrubby, poof, body wash, filter, face mask, pillow material, padding, insulation, pacldng material; bandage, wound dressing, drya-added fabric softener, a core for absorbent products such as diapers, sanitary napkins or tampons, a drainage medium for outdoor use, bedding for plsats, etc. The substrate, without ngard to its end use, is activatable at the point of use or at an intermediate point in the manufacturing process.
SUMMARY OF TI3E INVE~NTtON
The invention comprises a generally planar substrate of tissue paper. The tissue paper may comprise cellulosic and/or synthetic fibers. The tissue paper is provided with a pattern of lines of weakness. The lines of wealmess may have a major axis. The lines of weakness may be disposed in a grld, may be of identical length and pitch or may comprise a variety of sizes and shapes. The major axes of the lines of weakness may be straight, parallel and/or oriented in a common direction. The lines of weakness may also be curvilinear and orietited in varlous diagonal relationships.
The tissue paper may be plastically acrivated in tension. The aetivation direction may be generally perpend%cular to the major axies of the lines of weakness.
Upon activation the tissue paper is ` transformed from a firat state of intensive properties to a second state of intensive properties. For example, upon activation, the Z
direction thicknesa of the tissue paper will increase.

BRIEF DESCRIl'TiON OF THE FIGUM
5' Fig. 1 is a fragmentary top plan view of an exemplary tissue paper. according to the present invention prior to activation and having straight, parailel and unilaterally offset slits. The slits in Fig. 1 were made in papeimaldng as low basis weight regions.
Fig. 2 is a fingmentary top plan view of the tissue paper of Fig. 1 following activation.
Fig. 3 is a fragmentary top plan view of an exemplary tissue paper according to the present invention prior to activation and having straight, parallel and nnilawally offset slits, the slits of the tissue paper of Fig. 3 having a discernible width. The slits in Fig. 3 wene made during papesmaldng as low basis weight regions, but having a higher basis weight thsn the corresponding slits of Fig. 1.
Fig. 4 is a fragmentary top plan view of the tissue paper of Fig. 3 foIlowing activation.
Fig. 5 is a fragmentary top plan view of an exemplary tissne paper according to the present invention prior to activation and hav"ght, parallel and nnilaterally offset slits, the slits of the tissue paper of Fig. 5 having a discernible width. The slits in Fig. 5 were made during papennaidng as low basis weight regions, and are of one-half the length of the slits in Fig. 3.
Fig. 6 is a fragmentary top plan view of the tissue paper of Fig. 5 following activation.
Fig. 7 is a fragmentary top plan view of an exemplary tissue paper according to the present invention prior to activation and having straight, parallel and unilaterally offset slits. The substrate for the tissue paper of Pig. 7 is Charnrin Ultra-type bath tissue, with the forming wire side facing the viewer. The tissue paper of Fig. 7 was made using a rotary slitter.
Fig. 8 is a.fragmentary top plan view of the tissue paper of Fig. 7 following activation.
Fig. 9 is a firagmentary top plan view of the tisaue paper having slits which form a brolcen sinusoidal pattern. The substrate of the tissue paper of Fig, 9 is Channin-type bath

6 tissue, with the forming wire side facing the viewer. The tissue paper of F'ig. 9 was made using a laser cutter.
Fig. 10 is a fragmentary top plan view of the tissue paper of Fig. 9 following activation.
Fig. 11 is a fragmentary top plan view of the tissue paper according to the present invention having slits arranged in a interlaced bilaterally altennating chevron pattern. The tissue paper substrate of Fig. 11 is made of Charmin-type bath tissue, with the forming wire side oriented away from the viewer. The tissue paper of Fig. 11 was made using a laser cutter.
Fig. 12 is a fimgmentary top plan view of the tissue paper of Fig. 11 following activation.
Fig.' 13A is a load elongation curve showing the response to activation of the paper of Figs. 1-2. Pig. 13A also shows the response to activation of Quilted Northera Ultra bath tissue and Brawny paper towels, both made by the Fort James Corporation, and Kleenex facial tissue made by the Kimberly Clark Corporation.
Fig.13B is the load elongation curve of Fig. 13A, having a compressed strain scale.
Fig. 14 is load elongations showing the response to activation of the paper of Figs.
3-4.
Fig. 15 is load elongations showing the response to activation of the paper of Figs.
2o 5-6.
Fig. 16 is load elongations showing the response to activation of the paper of Figs.

7-8.
Fig. 17 is load elongations showing the response to activation of the paper of F'igs.
9-10.
Fig. 18 is load elongation showing the response to activation of the paper of Figs.11-12.
Fig. 19 is a graph of the bandwidth of the load elongation shown in Figs. 13A-13B.
Fig. 20 is a graph of the bandwidth of the load elongation shown in Fig. 14.
Fig. 21 is a graph of the bandwidth of the load elongation shown in Fig. 15.
Fig. 22 is a graph of the bandwidth of the load elongation shown in Fig. 16.

Fig. 23 is a graph of the bandwidth of the load elongation shown in Pig.17.
Fig. 24 is a graph of the bandwidth of the load elongation shown in Fig.18.
Fig. 25 is a graph of the bandwidth of the invention of PYg.19 and prior art samples.
Fig. 26 is a perspective view of a mtaury knife which may be utilized to make slits in the tissue of the present invention.
Fig. 27 is a schematic top plan view of an cxemplary slit pattern, showing the dimensions used for analysis.
Fig. 28 is a schematic top plan view of a tissue paper and platen showing how the thiclcaess measurement is conducted.
Fig. 29A is a fragmentary tap plan view of a tissue papcr having slits perpendicularly oriented in firat and second directions whenein the slita in the first direction have a greater length than the slits in the second dinction.
Fig 29B is a fraganentary to plan view of a tissue paper having straight slits o,dented in a ffrst direction and curvilinear slits intenwsed among the straight slits.
Fig. 30A is a schematic bottom plan view of the probe used in -the coefficient of friction test method Fig. 30B is a vertical sectionai view of the probe of Fig. 30A taken along lines 30B-30B.

8 DBTAII..LD DE5CRIPTTON OF TSB rNVENTION

Referring to Figs. 1-12, the present invention comprises a sheet of a flexible, macroscopically planar substrate. The substrate will be discussed below in a rim execution as tissue paper 40, although it is to be understood alteanative executions and materials are within the scope of the claimed invention. The sheet of tissue paper 40 has a machine direction and crctss machine direction orthogonal thereto.
Collectively, these two directions define an XY plane and a Z-direction orthogonal to the XY plane.
Ttse tissue paper 40 may be of indetemvinate length. It is to be understood that while nsCtangular-shaped tissue papers 40 are illustrated, other shapes such as circles, regular and irregular polygons, etc., aro within the scope of the preaent invention.
The tissue paper 40 comprises a plurality of lines of weakness 42 extending substantially or entirely through the thickness of the tissue paper 40 in the Z-direction.
The lines of weakness 42 may be slits 44, cuts, perforations, apertures, areas of significantly reduced basis weight or any other artifact in the tissue paper 40 which allows it to form an essentially continuous network with holes dispersed throughout the network when activated as discussed below.
Activation of the tissue paper 40 refers to a plastic change in one or more intensive properties of the tissue paper 40. To activate the tissue paper 40, it is elongated in tension by the application of tensile forces. The applied tensile forces may be generally perpendicular to the major axis of the lines of weakness 42, so that maximum elongation occurs.
During activation, the tissue is plastically extended, by opposed tenaile forces.
The tensile forces occur in a direction having a vector component perpendicular to, and preferably which is identically perpendicular to, the major axis of the lines of weakness 42. By plastic extension, it is meant that the tissue paper 40 pennanently increases in length or thickness in response to the application of opposed tensile forces.
The increased length may relax somewhat after the applied tensile forces are remved, but the tissue paper 40 does not return to its original length.

9 The tissue paper 40 may be ceIIulosic, and conventionally dried or through air dried using lcnown papermaking techniques. The tissue paper 40 may be of constant or variable basis weight and/or density, with a particularly preferred multi-basis weight embodiment being described below. The tissue paper 40 according to the present invention may be made according to any of commonly assigned U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,529,480, issued July 16, 1985 to Trokhan; 4,637,859, issued Jan. 20, 1987 to Trokhan; 5,364,504, issued Nov. 15, 1994 to Smurkoski et al.; 5,529,664, issued June 25, 1996 to Trokhan et al.;
5,679,222 issued Oct. 21, 1997 to Rasch et al.; 5,714,041 issued Feb. 3, 1998 to Ayers et al.;
5,906,710, issued May 25, 1999 to Trokhan; 5,980,691, issued Nov. 9, 1999 to Weisman et al., 5,549,790, issued Aug. 27, 1996 to Phan; 5,556,509, issued SepL 17, 1996 to Trokhan et al.; 5,580,423, issued Dec. 3, 1996 to Ampulsld at ai.; 5,609,725, issued Mar.
11, 1997 to Phan; 5,629,052 issued May 13, 1997 to Trokhan et al.; 5,637,194, issued June 10, 1997 to Ampulslsi et al.; 5,674,663, issued Oct. 7,1997 to McFarland et al.;
5,693,187 issued Dec. 2, 1997 to Ampulski et al.; 5,709,775 issued Jan. 20, 1998 to Trokhan et al.; 5,776,307 issued Jul. 7, 1998 to Ampulsld et al.; 5,795,440 issued Aug.
18, 1998 to Ampuiski et al.; 5,814,190 issued Sept. 29, 1998 to Phan;
5,817,377 issued October 6, 1998 to Trokhan et al.; 5,846,379 issued Dac. 8, 1998 to Ampulsld et al.;
5,855,739 issued Jan. 5, 1999 to Amputski et al.; 5,861,082 issued Jan. 19, 1999 to Ampulsld et al., 5,871,887 issued Feb. 16, 1999 to Trokhan et al.; 5,897,745 issued April 27, 1999 to Ampulski, et al.; 5,904,811 issued May 18, 1999 to Ampulslci et al.; and 6,051,105, issued April 18, 2000 to Ampulsla.

Alternatively, the tissue may be made without crcping. Tissue made without creping is illustrated by U.S. Pat. No. 5,392,068, issued Aug. 3, 1999 to Farririgton, Jr. et al.
If the tissue paper 40 selected for use with the present invention comprises multiple densities, or multiple basis weights as discussed below, and is through air dried, one of skill may wish to utilize micropore drying to remove water from the tissue paper 40 during manufacture. In micropore drying a flow restriction is placed in the path of the through drying air flow. The micropore medium has pores amaller than the interstices of the tissue paper 40 to be dried Micropotre drying may be conducted in accordance with the following cominonly assigned patents U.S. Pat.
Nos. 5,274,930, issued Jan. 4, 1994 to Ensign et al.; 5,437,107, issued Aug.
1, 1995 to F.nsiga et al.; 5,539,996, issued July 30, 1996 to Ensign et al.; 5,581,906, issued Dec. 10, 1996 to Ensign et al.; 5,584,126, issued Dec. 17, 1996 to Enaign et al.;
5,584,128, issued Dec. 17, 1996 to F=nsign et al.; 5,625,961, issued May 6, 1997 to Ensign et al.; 5,912,072, issued June 15, 1999 to Trokhan et al.; 5,942,322, issued Aug. 24, 1999 to Ensign et al.;
6,021,583, issued Feb. S. 2000 to Stalljes et al; and 6,105,276, issued Aug.
22, 2000 to Ensign et al.
Alternatively, as noted above, substrates which are non-cellulosic in whole or in part are included within the scope of the present invention. The substrate according to the present invention may comprise cellulosic fibers, synthetic fibera and mixtures thereof.
One suitable apparatus for producing a non-woven fabric according to the present invention is illustrated in commonly assiged U.S. Pat. No. 5,895,623, issued Apr. 20, 1999 to Trokhan et al.
Examining the tissue according to the present invention in more detail; the tissue has a piurality of lines of weakness 42. The lines of weakness 42 will be discussed hereinbelow as slits 44, although it is to be recognized the invention is not so limited.
The lines of weakness 42 may comprise perforations, apartutts, etc. As used herein, a perforation comprises a diseontinuity or intenuption in the tissue which does not go all the way thmugh the Z-direction thiclaieas of the tissue and is essentially unid9mensional within the XY plane. A perforation may be made by cutting or by permanently compressing/deforming the fibers in the tissue.. A slit will have a discernible first direction and be essentially linear with little discaraible dimension in the perpendicular direction.
A slit extends entirely thnoughout the Z-direction thicknesa of the tissue paper 40. Slits 44 and apertures may be essentially reetilinear or curvilinear. In contcsst, an aperture is another type of line of weakness. The apertiu+e has a discernible dimension in both the X
and Y directions. Aperturts may be thought of as holes which extend partially throughout the thiclmess of the tissue paper 40 or entirely throughout the thiclrnesa of the paper.
Thus, both blind holes and through holes are included as aperturas. The perforatioas, slits 44, apertures or other lines of weakness 42, may form a gad. Betwcen the hnes of weakness 42 sre lands 48. The lands 48 become tha mash that definea the volume of the tisswe upon sativation. =
Far purposes of this discroasion, the slits 44 are considci+ed to be oriented in the machine direction, although it is to be recognized the sllts 44 may be oriented in the cross machirm direction, or at a dliagonal relationship relative to the machine and cras machine directions. Alternaaattively, the tissue paper 40 may have slits 44 it- both the mnolune and cross machint directions. The slits 44 may be unilateqlly offsot 6mm one snother., When the slits 44 are unilaterally offset, the end of one slit does not intercept the end of an adjaceat slit which lies perpondicular to the major axis of the slits 44.
Alternstively, the slits 44 may be bilaterai]y offset from adjacent slits 44, or may be sligned with adjacent slita 44.
Referring to Fig. 27, the foltowing notations are used to describe the invention pattam:
Listhelength oftheslits44.
A is the width of tho slits 44 prior to activation. The width of the slit is takan to appzoach zero, or to be zero, for a slit of infinitesimal width.
D is the distance between sd.jacent slits 44 in the length direction.
W is the distance between adjacent slits 44 in the width direction, i.e., the width of the iands 48. Cenerally, the slit length L will be gcester than the distance between slits D so that greater elongation occurs upon activation in tension.
A unit ceIl is Wm to be the smallest repeating unit which can be tesilated togethGr to fonn the XY pattem of lands 48 and lines of weskness 42.
Imx is Wm to be the length of the unit cell in the length diraction of the shts 44 and is mathematically equivalent to the sum of L + D.
lcx is the length of the unit cell in the width direction and is mathematically Wm to be the sum of 2W + 2A.
Nm is the number of unit cells of the sheet Wm in the length direction.
Nc is the number of unit cel.ls of the sheet taken in the width direction.

The length L of the slit controls the size of the opening upon activation.
Thus, the length L of the slit will impact the total elongation in the width dircction.
The distance between adjacent slits W defines the width of the lands 48 and controls the amount of vxpansion in the Z-direction and the general appearance of the tissue paper 40 when activated. The slit width A may be generally taken to be zero prior to activation. This width may have some contribution to the Z-direction expansion and provide for a particular type of mesh. For example, it may be desirable that the slits 44 provide a scooping action to remove fonrign mattea, dirt, etc. 'The distance between slits D controls the tensile strength in the width direction. The distance between slits W
controls the Z-direction expansion, the tansile strength in the length direction, and wi11 influence the size of any scoops or lands 48 upon acdvation. Such Iands 48 will be oriented approximately 45 degrees to the pl.ane of the substrate upon activation.
The following ratios intluenae the operation and properties of the tissue according to the present invention upon activation. UW is the ratio of the length of the slit to the distance between adjacent slits 44, which distance is taken perpendicular to the major axis of the slits 44. The IJW ratio controls the amount of opacity, or the see-through area of the sheet upon activation. A lower ILW ratio results in greater opacity upon activation, while a higher JJW ratio will result in more open area and hence lower opacity upon activation.
UD is the ratio of the slit length to the distance between adjacent slits 44 in the direction pamilel to the slits 44. The UD ratio is one factor which controls the amount of elongation perpendicular to the major axis of the slits 44 before structural failure occurs.
A lower IJD ratio results in less elongation perpendicular to the slits 44 before structural failure, while a higher UD ratio results in more elongation being achievable.
If the width of the lands W becomes too s.mall, the tissue paper 40 will not have sufficient strength during activation and may rip into pieces upon activation.
Alternatively, if the width of the lands W is too great, activation may require undue tensile force. SimilarIy, if the distance D between adjacent slits 44 is too small, the tissue paper 40 may rip upon activation.

A/W is the ratio of the width of the slit to the distance between adjacent slits 44, which distance is taken perpendicular to the major axis of the slits 44. The A/W is one factor which controls the amount of open area of the tissue prior to activation. A lower A/W ratio results in the less sheet open area, and hence greater opacity, before activation, while a higher A/W ratio results in more open area before activation.
While the slits 44 have a length L oriented in a first- direction, it is to be recognized the tissue paper 40 is typically activated in a direction perpendicular to the length L, or major axis, of the slits 44. Thus, the length L of the tissue paper 40 is generally taken to be perpendicular to the length L of the slits 44. The width direction of the slit 44 or tissue paper 40 is peipendicular to the length direction of the slit 44.
Table 1 below illustrates known operating ranges for the parameters described above, for the embodiments of Figs. 1-8. The numbers of different unit cells taken in the first and second directions are directly proportional to the complexity of the pattern of the tissue paper 40. In a degenerate case, an elaborate pattera may have one unit cell throughout the entire sheet.

Lower Lower .I.ower Upper Upper Upper Ldmit I.imit Limit Limit Limit Limit Paramet First Second Third First Second Zhird er Execution Execution Execution Execution Execution Execution UW 0.1 1 2 100 10 5 I1D 0.1 1 2 100 20 10 Referring to Figs. 9-12, alternative embodiments of tissue paper 40 according to the present invention are illusttated. This embodiment illustratea lines of weakness 42 oriented at a diagonalrelative to the machine direction and cross machine direction. This arrangement provides the benefit that the tissue may be activated by opposed tensile forces oriented in either the machine direction, the cross-machine direction, or an angular relationship thereto. This arrangement also provides the benefit that for a multi-ply tissue, significant ply intemction occurs. It is believed that upon activation, the interlocldng peaks of one ply will catch and maintain the loft, or the Z-direction expansion by interaction with adjacent plies in the nwlti-ply laminate.
Figs. 9-10 illustrate a tissue paper 40 having lines of weakness 42 which are sinusoidal and interlaced. If sinusoidal slits 44 are selected, sdjacent alits 44 may be in phase, 180 out of phase, or at an interne3iate phase. Alternatively, the slits 44 may be curvilinear and represent portions of circles, ovals, etc. If curvilinesr alits 44 are selected, the slits 44 may be oriented with the concavity in the same direction, oriented with alternafiing slits 44 having opposed concavities, or an, intenmdiate orientation. This arrangement also provides the benefit of being activatable by opposed tensile forces in 20, either the machine direction, cross machine direction, or angular relationship thereto. The sinusoidal pattern provides rounded curves at the edges of the lands 48 upon activation.
This arrangement provides the benefit there will be no rough points to abrade the consumer during use. Alternatively, as illustrated in Figs. 11-12, the slits 44 need not be parallel. Alte,rnating slits 44 may be oriented at diagonals relative to adjacent slits 44 and/or the machine andlor the cross machine directions. Figs. 11-12 illustrate a tissue paper 40 pattern having chevron-shaped lines of weakvess 42. It will be obvious to one of ordinary skill that a pattern of herringbone-shaped lines of wcakness 42 may also be used.
Refeiring to Figs. 29A and 29B, two other patterns are illustrated The pattern in Fig. 29A is activatable in either direction 82 or in direction 84. Activation in dimtion 84 is expected to provide greater strain without rupture, i.e., achieving peak load, than activation in direction 82. Likewise, referring to Fig. 29B, the pattern comprisea both semicircular-shaped lines of wealrness 42 and straight, parallel and unilateraIly offset lines of weakness 42. Activation perpendiculmr to the straight and unilaterally offset lines of weakness 42 will also involve a contribution from the semicircularly-shaped lines of wealaaess 42. However, activation in a dirmtion parallel to the straight lines of weakness 42 will only involve strain contributions from the semicircularly-shaped lines of weakness 42. Accordingly, activation in the direction perpendicular to the straight lines of weakness 42 is expected to allow greater elongation without rupture than activation in the direction parallel to the straight lines of weakness 42. Thus, the embodiments of Figs.
29A-29B allow the user, to select which degree of activation may be utilized, dependent upon the properties desired at the point of use.
One of ordinary sbll will recognize that various patterns of the lines of weakness 42 may be intermixed in the same tissue paper 40. For example, a unit cell may be comprised of lines of weakness 42 which are straight, curvilinear, and comprise slits 44, apertures, etc.
Table 2 below, gives the dimensions of the slits 44 and ligaments for six exemplary, nonlimiting embodiments of the present invention. The dimensions are shown in state 1, prior to activation.

L, Slit Length A. Slit Width D, Distance W, Distance Figure Perpendicular to Taken Parallel Between Slits Between Slits Number Abtivation to Perpendicular to Taken Parallel Direction (cm) Activation Activation to Activation Direction (cm) Direction cm Direction (cm) Example 1 2.0 0.06 0.19 0.24 1 Example 2 2.0 0.06 0.19 0.24 3 Example 3 1.0 0.06 0.19 0.24 5 Example 4 1.0 approx. 0 0.19 0.41 7 Example 5 1.6 approx. 0 0.95 varies 9 Bxample 6 1.3 approx. 0 0.16 0.32 11 Referring still to Figs. 1-12, six tissue papers 40 above according to the present invention are illustrated before and after activation. Prior to activation, the tissue paper 40 has a 6rat thickneas as measured in the Z-dinaction.
The tissue paper 40 also incmases in Z-direction thicknesa in response to the plastic extension. Such increase in Z-dircction thichness is contrary to what would be expected under the traditional theory of Poisson effects. Instead, the Z-dirnction thickness of the sheet increases. The tissue paper 40 does not return to its original thiclrnesa upon release of the applied tensile forces. Further, the tissue paper 40 may expand in the Z-direction an amount, or percentage, which is groater than the elongation parallel to the applied tensile forces. Thus, the tissue paper 40 exhibits two-dimensional auxetic properties.
Thus, according to the pn,sent invention, a tissue paper 40 which does not suffer from the drawbacks of a Poisson effect is obtained. Upon activation, rather than narrowing in the Z-direction, the dssue paper 40 according to the present invention becomes thicker in the 7:-direction. In this manner, a tissue paper 40 having extremely low densities, lower than heretofore obtainable, results.
Table 3 illustcates the effect of activation at four different points on a unit cell of the tisaue paper 40 of Fig. 27 on the thicknesa, the length in the activation direction, the length in the second direction and the volume of a unit cell of the tisaue paper 40 described in Table 3. The tissue paper 40 in Fig. 3 had the following dimensions: L=1.0 em, D= 0.2 cm, W= 0.4 cm and A= 0.02 cm. The length direction of the tissue paper 40 is considered to be parallel to the direction of the applied tensile force.
The width direction is considered to be perpendicular to the direction of the applied tensile force.

3train 0% 8.996 23.896 36.996 52.496 Thickness 0.036 cm 0.373 cm 0.537 cm 0.557 cm 0.570 cm (measured) Length 0.84 cm 0.915 cm 1.04 cm 1.15 cm 1.28 cm 2W+2A
Width (L+D) 1.20 cm 1.113 cm 1.03 cm 0.883 cm 0.725 cm Volume 0.036 cm3 0.38 cm3 0.575 cm3 0.566 cm3 0.529 cm3 Volume Index 1.0 10.6 16.0 15:7 14.7 Thickness 1.0 10.4 14.9 15.5 15.8 Index The foregoing discussion is directed to single ply tissue paper 40 embodiments.
Multi-ply tissue paper 40 embodiments are also feasible. In a multi-ply embodiment, the product may be composed of at least two, and up to any mssonable number of, tissue substrates. The tissue substrates forming the multiple plies may be of identical or different material compositions. For example, a three (or more) ply embodiment may be utilized. Such an embodiment may comprise two outboard plies and one or more central ply(ies). The outboard plies may be provided with properties that are soft to the sldn of the user, efficacious for scrubbing of surfar.es, etc. The central ply(ies) may be provided for strength or to release cleanser or other functional additives upon activation. Further, one or both of the outer plies may comprise tissue paper 40 without lines of wealmess 42, as is known in the art.
Yf a multi-ply embodiment is selected, the plies may be provided with different patterns of lines of weakness 42. For example, the inner ply(ies) may be provided with a pattern that promotes loft and bulk upon actiWatton. The outer plies may be provided with a pattern that is tactily plessant or efficacious for scrubbing a particular target surface. A
multi-ply sheet analysis is illustrated by Table 4 below. A geometry similar to that shown in Fig. 27, having parallel unilaterally offset slits 44 was tested. The slits 44 and tissue paper 40 had the following parameters prior to activation:

U 'tn Cunension: Sheet Dimension:
L 1.65 cm l:ength: 18.7 cm A: 0.09 cm Width: 15.1 cm D: 0.10cm Number of Plies: 5 W: 0.24 cm dd: 0.033 cm Strain 0% 49.7%
CD Longth 18.7 cm 28 cm Bulk Volume 46.6 cm3 560 cm3 Volume Index 1 12.0 Referring to F'ig. 26, the slits 44 or other lines of weakness 42 in the tissue paper 40 may be imparted to the tissue paper 40 in any suitable manner. Fig. 26 illustrates a rotary knife 50 which may be used against a bacldng roll 52 to impart slits 44 into the tissue paper 40. The patte[n of the bladea on the rotary knife 50 will couzapond to the slits 44 in the tissue. The spaces between the blades will correspond to the lands 48 in the tissue.
= The tissue is moved mlative to the knife, preferably through a nip and the slits 44 may be imparted in a continuous process.
Alternatively, the knife may be flat and stamp the slits 44 into the tissue paper 40.
This requires a batch process wherein the slits 44 are stamped into the tissue. Then the tissue paper 40 is moved relative to the stamping knife or, alternatively, a new tissue paper 40 placed under the knife. The knife is then. activated stamping the slits 44 and leaving the lands 48 in the patterns as described above.
In yet a more preferred execution, the lines of weakness 42 may, comprise low basis weight regions in the tissue paper 40. The tissue paper 40 may have multiple basis weights with higher basis weights providing the lands 48 and the lower basis weights providing the slits 44 or lines of wealmess 42.

In a preferred embodiment, the tissue comprises multi-basis weight paper, with the slits 44 as low basis weight regions, or even apertures in a degenerate case, To make multi-basis weight paper, a forming wire having upstanding protuberances is provided.
The protuberances may have an aspect ratio of at least 10 in some executions, at least 20 in other executions, and at least 30 in atill other executions. The protuberantes in the forming wire correspond to the lines of weakness 42 while the spaces between the protuberances con:espond to the lands 48. In a particularly preferred process, the high basis weight regions of the tissue paper 40 may have a height, taken perpeadicular to the plane of the forming wire less than or slightly greater than that of the protuberances. In a particularly preferred execution, the low basis weight regions will just barely cap over and bridge across the protuberances, leaving a very low basia weight regions which becomes aperturea upon activation. This anrangement provides the benefit that the fibers at the edges of aperturea will provide softness rather than a rough edge. The softness is believed to be due, in part, to the fiber bonds which rupture upon activation. Rupture of the bonds causes one end of the fibers to remain attached and one to be free, i.e., essentially cantilevered. Such softness is particularly desirable if the activated tissue paper 40 is to be used as an implement for epidermal cleaning as occurs in bath tissue or a body wipe.
For a multi-ply product, the fibers at the edges of the slits 44 may lock against the corresponding fibers of adjacent plies. Such locking is believed to help maintain the loft and Z-direction thickness of the product following activation.
Multi-basis weight paper may be made according to any of commonly assigned U.S.
Pat. Nos. 5,245,025, issued Sept. 14, 1993 to Trokhan et al:, 5,527,428 issued June 18, 1996 to Trokhan et al.; 5,534,326 issued July 9, 1996 to Trokhan et al.;
5,654,076, issued Aug. 5, 1997 to Trokhan et al., 5,820,730, issued Oct. 13, 1998 to Phan et al.; 5,277,761, issued Jan. 11, 1994 to Phan et al.; 5,443,691, issued Aug. 22, 1995 to Phan et al.;
5,804,036 issued Sept. 8, 1998 to Phan et ai.; 5,503,715, issued Apr. 2, 1996 to Trokhan et al.; 5,614,061, issued March 25, 1997 to Phan et al.; 5,804,281 issued Sept. 8, 1998 to Phan et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,895,623, issued Apr. 20, 1999 to Trokhan et al.;
and 5,900,122 issued May 4,1999 to Huston.

TEST METHODS
The present invention may be characterized as follows. The first chatacterization uses the elongation occuning at the peak load taken from a load elongation curve.
Elongation at peak, also known as strain, is measured in two orthogonal directions. One direction is the activation direction, i.e., the direction of maximum strain without ruptuce.
The other direction is orthogonal thereto. These directions may be coincident with the cross machine and machine directions, respectively. The activation dyrection, e.g. cross machine direction, bandwidth 70, descxibed below, of the load elongation ctnve relative to a moving average up to the peak is also detennined Volume and thicimess of the product both prior to and following activation is measured to yield a volume index and a thiclmess index, respectively. The invention may also be character.ized by its coefficient of friction and by its flexibilides as measured in the machine direction, cross machine direction, and ratio of the machine and cross machine direction flexibilities.
For each of the tests described below, unless otherwise indicated, a sample is selected and provided. The sample comprises at least one unit cell of the pattern of lines of weakness 42 in the tissue paper 40 and should coincide with one unit as presented to the consumer. If the pattern is closely spaced, so that multiple lines of weakness 42 occur on a single product, one product is provided as the sample. For example, the sample may be a single sheet of bath tissue, a single cleaning implement, etc.
The elongation to peak load measurement is made as follows. The two directions cited above for the sample to be tested are determined.
A tensile tester is used to measure load elongation curve data. The tensile tester jaw size is at least equal to the sample width where width is orthogonal to the direction tested.
If the sample is too large for the tensile tester, it may be trittmned to 6 inches (15.24 centim+eters) square. If the sample is trimme,d to 6 inches (15.24 centimeters), the portion of the sample tested should be representative of the portion of the sample which achieves the greatest Z-directional change when stnsas is applied in either disection of the XY
plane. Tensile tester gauge length is equal to 75% of the length of the sample being tested. The sample is oriented in the first direction, centered in the jaws in both directions 80 and clamped. The cross heads are separated at a constant speed of 20 inches (50.8 centimeters} per minute and the r6suiting load elongation curve recorded at a sampling frequency of 20 data points per second. The elongation test distance should be great.
enough such that the sample achieves a peak load Recordation may be done using Analysis Presentation Software Version 5.3, available from Thwing-Albert Instrument Company of Philadelphia, PA. This software records the data as absolute load versus crosshead movemcnt. The absolute load is normaltzed to gmms per centimeter by dividing the load by the initial width of the sample orthogonal to the direction tested. The crosshead movement is conveited to a percentage strain by dividing the crosshead movement by the original gauge length and multiplying by 100. The peak stress, or load, is found from the load elongation curve. The elongation corresponding to the peak load is recordad as the resulting strain. This procedure is repeated for the second direction. Five samples are tested in each direction and the results averaged to yield the strain at peak load for that particular direction. The strain ratio, which may be the ratio of the cross machine direction elongation at peak load to the machine direction elongation at peak load, is found by simple division.
Table 5 shown below illustrates the machine direction and cross machine direction strains at peak load for various prior art products and for various embodiments of the present invention: Typically, tissue paper 40 according to the prior art had relatively low strain values in the cross machine direction. This occurs because foreshortening, such as creping, rush transfer, or wet microcontraction, in the manufacturing process typically occurs in the machine direction.
One of skill will recognize that the length and width directions of the slits 44 and/or the length and width directions of the tissue paper 40 need not coincide with the machine and cross machine directions. However, these directions are well known and will be understood by one of ordinary skill and are used for convenience in the examples shown below.
However, in the present invention, the slits 44 may have and typically do have a major axis oriented parallel to the machine direction. Such an orientation of the slits 44 allows for activation in the cross machine direction. This orientation is preferable because it makes inadvertont activation in the machine direction less likely to occur.
Inadvertent activation may, for example, occur during dispensing.
As illustrated by Table 5, tha tissue paper 40 according to the present invention may have a cross machine direction strain of at least 30%, in sama executions at least 60%, in other executions at least 90%, in other executions at least 120%, and in still other execudons at least 150%. Likewise, the present invention provides strain ratios appmximately an order of magnitude greater than obtainable with the prior art.
The strain ratio is the ratio of the strains at peak load in two orthogonal directions.
The ortb,ogonal directions may be coincident the machine and cross machine dirrections. The strain ratio may be at least 2, in the executions at least 4, and in still other executions at least 6.

TABL +' S

9b CD Straitt MD&ftn CD StrWu to 1'eak /
to Pftk to Peak MD Stmfn to Peak Stra~tn ~etto 8~4 i'Ii'T1SS118 Ch!M! MPdtCl 28.9 9.2 0.3 gm.nja h. P&G} 21.2 14.0 t! 7 Caugoge " 18.4 12.9 Cottvnelle (Ripples) TJltrawflt 16115 10.0 0.6 by K-C
uiiltei Northein bFI 17.7 9,4 0.5 QWIW Nauthm UItm P3" 23.9 8.2 {I.3 Soft C1P 14.3 7.5 0.5 Scrtt " 19.8 6.0 0.3 'te Ctoud by Fqeme 15,8 8.1 0.5 Products IAd, OWES,,S
Rocust P&C# ~.~ 14.8 0.7 Hrawwn y F1 243 7,2 03 5c<)tt Iti ELm h M 19.3 al 0.7 Viva K-C 29.3 22.4 t1:8 ACIAL'I'ISSM
Ait'Fa R:c Inr Y$&C3 16.3 14.0 0.8 1'nffe Extra 3 g PdKi 1$1 10.7 016 Klecnea Rtgdw!zx K-C 17.2 7.2 0,4 Kh~mm Cold Catxs K-C 16..7 7.9 0.5 Seonies LrE IC-C 17.0 7.5 0.4 Hu ea .X-CC 502 2.tf'r.5 0:3 P&O 19.2 g:9 0.5 CottonefIe b.... K-C 25.2 19.$ 0.8 Ki&kWh - P&{'3 22,6 11,9 t'1.5 NONWOVBNRAW
MATERIAIS
Carded Tq heet by P(3I 53,~ 68.8 1.3 P11 b BDA 72.0 56.1 1.3 SMS Cuff by PGI 45.7 60.7 1.3 IIWENTION
Example 1, Straight, L=2cm, 25.9 195.9 7.6 A=0.06 cm Example 2, Straight, Lr2cm, 25.1 156.6 6.2 A=0.06 cm Example 3, Straight, I.=.lcm, 23.9 67.7 2.9 A=0.06cm Example 4, Straight, L=1cm, 15.7 32.3 2.1 A=*
Example 5, Sine Pattern 17.8 77.7 4.4 Exam le 6, Chevron Pattern 20.6 127.9 6.2 Referring to Figs. 13A-18, several representative load elongation curves according to the prior art and present invention are illuatcated. The load elongation curves show how much greater elongation is obtainable with the present invention, at a lesser peak loading value, than ia obtainable with the prior art.
A second parameter, bandwidth 70 is measured as follows. The aforementioned load elongation curve up to the peak load is smoothed using a rolling average technique.
The first 3% of strain is omitted to eliminate noise. Every three consecutive data points are averaged together to smooth the curve, such that the moving average at a given datum point is equal to the average of the points immediately preceding and following that datum point.
. Referring to Figa. 19-24, the magnitude of the deviation, expressed as a percent of the peak load above and below the smoothed curve, is found for each datum point by subtracting the load from the rolling average and dividing by Nre peak load.
In Figs. 19-24, the X-axis repriesents the rolling average curve. All points gtzater than (above on the graph) the rolling averago are again averaged together to yield the upper limit of the bandwidth 70. Likewise, all points less than (below on the graph) the rolling average are averaged together to give the lower Iimit of the bandwidth 70. The bandwidth 70 is defined as the sum of the absolute values of the upper and lower limita.
Excel software, available from Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, WA, or any other spreadsheet, as well known to one of ordinary skill, may be utilized. As illustrated in Table 6 below, th+e daa Onb talm fm the load oimption curva my be plotted in calumtw formm. The first column pmvidft ft strada At t.ach dabinn pciAl ft dssaaa papcra 40 according to the pt3twnt invcntioa, tM odr¾ load clonpd+tn curve may yield 200 or moa daa points for the prlor art and 1.200 IndiYridual data points or more for the prcswt invention. Howav+er, only data painta up to the peak toad am coas:iderod.
fihcrefcam n data points are utilized with n being on the ord" of 200 or more.
It is to be noted dw the prior act samples qrpically cocl.utrited fewer Otal dau pdaM on the order of 20 or mo+c.
The fim columa in Table 6 is ft struin. It is to be noted that Table 6 below ends when the ath data point on the load column eclnala tha peak deta point on the load elongatiou curvc. Tha sacmd oallvm is ft load ccmapaniing to cacb stmiu in the first coltttba. The ttdasd cohom is the mlling averap of the load found at ewh throe consecutive data poiro in the s+econd column. ft each poini on the $irain curve, the mlling avacap consddm the dats pona inaaoediACely befm and immed"uate1y after a pudcadar point on thc strain ourvv. fiho fomtb column teprounta the cir4etion of the load at any pacticulor daft point h+um the mlling averap. Such delviadcn is found by subtrscting the value of #he, secmd column from the valne of the thind column and dividing that diffeamaa by tha peak lcaac! in the second rolumn,. Tbe BM
column represents all of the positive values taken fmn the fouu~'h column. '1'hm values are averagal kVtha to yictd the upper lltnat of the bandwidth 70. TU aixth cdumn ctpresenta al2 of tlt+e acgativ+t values taim finra the fourth colurnn. These values are avauged tnpttts~,r to yield the lower limit of the b,aradwidth 70. TAAT..E6 X Axis Y Axis Avmp of Parcau Pbsiiiva Nqadvc Strain Load 3 DWq- Dcsvistion, of Deviations ftm Dcvisdws ftm Poinu for Losd: (frcdmm 3 Column 4 Column 4 LAMA - colvmm Zy Y
X Y r. . ~ ~
X2 Y2 Axemp Y2 I7evialior+2 P081tiv,e -- Rvi~l X3 Y3 Average Y3 Deviation3 -- Negative Deviation3 Xa.t Yo.y Average,3 Deviationa., Positive ---Deviation X. YQ, --- --- Average of Average of peak load Positive Negative Deviations, Deviations, Upper Limit of Lower Limit of Bandwidth Bandwidth Referring to Figs 19-25, the snwothed load elongation curve may be plotted using the rolling average as a straight and horizontal line. The deviation expressed as a percent relative to peak load from the rolling average is plotted, as are the upper and lower limits of the band width.
As can be seen from Table 7 below, the prior art typically displays a bandwidth 70 considarably less than that of the preaent invention. Preferably, the present invention in some executions has a bandwidth 70 at least 0.5, in other execntions at leest 0.7, and in other executions at least 0.9. It is believed that the reladvely large bandwidth 70 of the present invention is due to the incremental fracturing of ligaments, and consequently, lesser load canying capability which occurs as large lands 48 (rather than individual fibers) are fractured.

Bandwidth 96 BATH TISSUB
Charmin LDT 0.32 Chartnin Ultra 0.37 Cottonefle (KC Ri lea 0.32 Cottonelle (KC Ripples) 0.33 Ultrasoft White Cloud by Pa,per 0.31 Products Ltd.

TOWELS
Bounty 0.03 Puffs ikegulw 0.22 Wg'BS
pampen 0.37 NONWOVSN RAW
MAT'ERtAI.S
P11 0.28 IIW##NTION
Example 1 0.75 am le 2 1.31 am le 3 0.45 Example 4 0.87 Ex le 5 1.45 Ex le 6 2.23 Z-direction tluckness and sample volume are measured as follows. An unactivated sample to be examined is placed on a flat, horizontal reference surface. The tissue paper 40 is denoted with the largest inscribed square. A flat square Type 302 stainless steel platen 60 having a thickness of 0.015 inches (0.0381 centimeters) is provided.
The platen 60 has a size and area 1/9 that of the aforementioned inscribed square. By sizing the platen 60 relative to the inscribed square of the sample, a measure conesponding to various sized products is obtainable.
Referring to Fig. 28, the center of the platen 60 is found. The platen 60 is marked with diagonals, inteisecting at the center, and extending to each corner of the platen 60.
The diagonals are marked at positions 213 of distance from the center to each corner and at the center for a total of five positions. These five positions indicate the measuring points for subsequent thickness measurements.
The stainless steel platen 60 is laid upon the reference surface and zeroed for its own tare thickness using a Digimatic Height Gauge, Model No. HDS-8"M made by the Mitutoyo Corporation of Japan. The stylus tip of the height gauge is dropped to the point of contact with the platen 60 as it rests upon the sample. The platen 60 is tested for flatness by zeroing the gauge on the center of the platen 60. The platen 60 is flat if all other indicated measuring points are -M- 0.01" (0.254 millimters). The sample is placed on the reference surface and orient6d such that the direction of greatest %
strain before failure is left/right to the observer.
Refexring to Fig. 28, the sample is fastened to thd reference surface on the far left and far right edges using adhesive tape along the full width of the sample.
The adhesive tape should secure 12.5% of the total length of the sample on both the right and the left sides, leaving the middle 75% of the sample as gauge length for analysis. The platen 60 should be carefully placed on top of the sample so as not to disturb the sample. The platen 60 is centered on the sample with the edgea of the platen 60 aligned with the aforementioned first and second directions. The height of the platen 60, representing the thickness of the sample when the tare is accounted for, is measured at each of the indicated five points on the platen 60. The average height of the five readings is recorded at this platen 60 position and represents the Z-direction thickness at this position of the platen 60.
While the platen 60 is in each position, the average width at each side of the platen 60 of the sample for this segment (perpendicular to the direction of increment of the platen 60) is also measured. F'inally, the length of the sample is determined.
The length is equal to the length of the side of the measuring platen 60. The length and width of the sample may be measured to a resolution of 1.6 millimeters using an ordinary scale available from The Starrett Company of Athol, MA.
The platen 60 is moved one full position to the left (or right) of its original position to position n+l. The height of the five points and length and width of the segment am again measured. The platen 60 is again moved one full position to the left (or right) and the five points remessured and averaged This procedure continues until the edge of the sample is reached. The thickness of the sample outboard of and perpendicular to the direction of increments of the platen 60 is not measured The portion of the =
sample secured with adhesive tape is not measured. At the edge of the sample, only points on the Olaten 60 lying inside of the sample are considered For the edges, the length of the seguunt may not be equal to the length of one side of the platen 60. If the platen 60 overhangs the sample, any points lying outside of the sample are not considered for the height measurement. The platen 60 is then retunaod to one position to the right (or left) of the center position at position n-i and the procedure repeated until the opposite edge of the sample is reached. The height measurements at each position are averaged to yield bne height for each position of the platen 60.
At each position of the platen 60, the height, width and length are multiplied together. Thus, a volume for each incremental position of the platen 60 is found. These volumes at the incremental positions are summed together to yield a final volume for the sample.
The sample is then activated in tension. F'iYSt, the adhesive tape securing the sample is removed and the sample is clamped along the fiill width of the sample (again 12.5% on the far left and far right of the figure). The sample is then activated in tension by moving the clamps apart at 50.8 centimeters per minute. To fmd the proper strain, the aforementioned load el.ongation curve is used. Elongation is meastued in the activation direction which normally oocurs during use of the product according to the present invention.
The gauge length of the sainple is elongated in tension to 75% of the sirain required !o reach the peak value noted above. This elongation is referred to as the 75%
peak 3o elongation. Failune in tensite loading does not occur. The gauge length of the sample is relaxed from the 75% peak elongatic-n to a 67% peak elongetion. If arlatxation dm not occur dte to the inhava spting finces in kbe product, telexaticn may be znanually biduced. The aaaaple is then carduUy held in place cn a hodzontal refcreta surfue at ft 6796 peak along,ation using adbwMve tape as appmpaiaoa. 'I'be volume measurement is rep+aate+d as described above.
1'hme satnples nm testcd m each state. TU throe state 1 volumm ara averaged.
The thr a state 2 volumft ate averageri. The votam indec may be cÃwsWered sa the state 2 avcrap volunne divided by ft daft I avesta$e volwm. The valum Index reprewota the chaztp in votumo of the "goftd portion of the sanVes.
TU tbiclmou in+de[ is found as follows. TU maximum tbickttesi at any platran pcntion is found iaa stGa 1 for each of thraa samplm ''I'6e thiclomesat daft fraM ttkO valume moaaucemumt above co be uoed or a now thickow maaeurewmt can be bdm. The maxiutum thicknasa at acy plsft 60 poztkn is fwW ftxr each of the tht+ee activated sampiaa. Thee mLxiam vahca we ffim rmioad for each of the three ss=ple;s. The three ratlos aaro tlan s.vwaoed togcttaar to give a thi+ciam Index zc,pmwntative of that product, baned cxpcm the ttme aanpies.
Refening to Table 8 below, it can be aectt tlW products acoozding to the prior art do not noticeabIy activate or cbmnp inaonsive pmpaties upon a}pucatioa of tmsile fomea.
Accordingly, tie volvame index Is approximedy aqusl to one for the prior art sampies.
TM puent invention may ta" a volwMe index of at lcast 5, in odw executions at least

10, in other eececuiioaa at least 15, in ot;ta exeoubors at kaast 20, and in other executions at least 25, lteterriag sU to Table 8 below, ttt stat+e I and state 2 avmge tbickneues are the avcragea represented by summing the thicknm and a+u for each ptawn 60 position divided by the sutnm,ation of the arcaa for each platen 50 position. Thia 'may be concepluatly though.t of as aweigltted average of the volume divided by ft am at each platen 60 position. Again, an avarap of thm saoatpias is rcpmwnted for each of the state I and state 2 thiolmess+es.
T!w aue I and state 2 maximurn thicknoues we the average of the meximum 3o #Wcixiesso of ttuee zdeatical samples in each sta+a. Howevrsr, it fs to be recopized that to determine ihe thiclatees index, tbree thiclaam indices, one for each sample, are found as described above and then averaged.
The tissue papa 40 acaording to the presant invention may have a thicimeas index of at lem 2, in some execotions at least 4, in some execntions st least 6, in sonie executions at least 8, in some executions at least 10, and in atill other execations at least 12.

State 1 Stsb 2 VO)UM State 1 Stste 2 8tabe I State 2 Thkkn Votan Vakm lSd+ai A"ralp Axmp Mm Arkc en bond on (pc) {tuWtim Thfi*ttw Thickn~a'i'#k*uw Tbkkm hdex U6 x 15.2 ) e ~ a a {adtim em Sam* (,etn) (cM) {+M} (COO 8) er BATH
.ST TE
Quittod 23A -23.4 -1 0.105 -0,106 0.11 4.11 =-1 Narthm tm .WES
A w+ra Z7.1 -2"! 1 --1 0.1= -0.122 0.14 -7.14 -~1 AC'IAL
TBSLTE
Meenex 70.3 :20.3 -1 0.091 -8.091 0.15 -4.15 -1 CoIdCntrd 27.3 -27.3 -1 0.123 -0.123 0.14 4.14 --1 IlqVEN t'I
ON
te 45.2 565.0 17-5 0..203 1.77 0.21 2.45 11:5 I
F.imple 48.9 357.5 7.3 0.220 1.24 0,24 1.53 6.5 uinpIe 44.4 280.2 6.3 0.199 1.36 0.22 1.43 6.7 Xl 2M.5 8.3 0.I35 1.14 0.14 1,24 8.6 4 Example 55.4 354.9 6.4 0.243 1.37 0.26 1.55 6.0 Exmnple 48.4 .311.0 6.4 0.218 1.16 0.22 1.41 63 33 The thickness of the tissue paper 40 according to the present invention is dependent upon the number of plies. For the embodiments described and claimed herein, embodiments having one, two or n plies, with n being an integer number between about 2 and about 8, and in some executions between 4 and 6, have been found suitable.
For the multi-ply embodiments described and claimed herein, the tissue paper 40 according to the present invention may have a State 2 thiclmess at any posidon, measured as described above, of at least about 0.5 centimeters, in some executions about 1 centimters, in other executions at Ieast about 1.3 centimeters, in other executions at least about 1.5 centimeters, and in sti11 other execution at least about 1.7 centimeters. For single-ply embodiments, the thiclaiess may be at lesst about 0.3 centimetera, in other executions at least about 0.4 centimeters, in still other executions at least about 0.5 centimeters, and in still other executions at least about 0.6 centimeters. C3eneraIly, as the perpendicular distance between lines of weakness W increases, the thickness of the tissue paper 40 likewise increase. It will be understood by one of ordinary skill that the slit length must be great enough to accommodate the incroase in thickness as the land areas W
tend to deform out of the plane of the tissue paper 40 upon activation.
Furthermore, the tissue paper 40 according to the present invention has a lower density following activation than is found in the prior art. To measune the density of the tissue under consideration, the following procedurr is used. The volume of the tissue is determined as set forth above. The mass of the tissue is determined, in gmms, using a digital balance. A suitable balance has a resolution of 0.0001 g and ia available from The Sartorius Company, Goettingen, DE. Density is simply the mass of the sample divided by the volume. Referring to Table 9, the density of various products according to the prior - art, and according to the claimed invention, are illustrated. Upon activation, the product according to the present invention has a density which is approximately an order of magnitude less than that of the prior aR. The product according to the pnosent invention is particularly advantageous when used as a low density substrate for bath tissue, facial tissue, a hard surface cleaner, etc.

~ens~ Cm BATH TISSUE
Quilte4 Northern 0.0408 TOWELS
Brawn 0.0411 FACIAL TISSUE
Kleenex Cold Care 0.0444 Huggies 0.248 BVVF.NTION
Exam le 1 (post activation 0.0044 Eaam le 2 (post activation) 0.0072 Example 3 (post activation 0.0091 Example 4 (post activation 0.0074 Ex le 5 (post activation) 0.0054 Exam le 6 (post activation 0.0061 As can be seen from Table 9 above, the present invention may have a density of less than 0.01, in some executions less than 0.009, in other executions less than 0.008, in other executions less than 0.007, and in still other executions less than 0.006 g/cm3.
Referring to yet another parameter, the present invention also has a relatively high coefficient of friction upon activation. The average coefficient of friction is the average of the coefficients of friction measured in the machine and cross machine directions. The coefficient of friction is measured using a Kawabata Evaluation System (KES) testing machine available from Kato Tech Co. Ltd. The sample is secured on a horizontai reference surface. A probe and arm having a weight of approximately 12.2 grams made of sintered glass is used. The probe is sintered glass having a diameter of 20 nmillimeters and porocity C is available from Ace Glass, Inc. of Vineland, NJ under catalog number 7176-14. Referring to Fgs. 30A-30B, the probe is modified to chamfer the edges. The edges of the bottom circumfettnce of the probe are chamfered using 100 grit sandpaper.

K224 100-J sandpaper from Norton Abrasives has been found suitable. The probe is drug along the sample at a speed of 0.1 centimeters per minute for a distance of 2.0 centimeters. The direction of the probe is reversed, for a bilateral test pattern. A diffrxent sample is provided. This sample is oriented at 90 degroes to the first sample and the test repeated. The forward and backward traces at each orlentation (four dsta points) are averaged to yield the coefficient of friction for that sample. The average of thtne such samples yields the coefficient of friction for the tissue paper 40. As illustrated in Table 10 below, the present inven6on upon activation has a coefficient of friction of at least 1.8, in some executions greater than 2.0, in other executions greater than 2.2, and in still other executions greater than 2.4.

A. +*g, CC3Iy' ~~ =rrsst~s cn~n ~m ~.8a amYin acm 0.76 codoneft C igippw) 0.61 CWMUD (KC R#*Iu) 0.63 iAgwft `~ tsd I~orttiom AM
tesi Northera t71tdt 0.77 Anid Satl 0.92 Scott 0.79 Wttite CIaxi b1r.Paper 0.92 LA

WELS
0.68 Rrawn 0.53 Scott lt~i 0.91 vs 0.89 ACIAL 1"ESUB
Puffs Regula 0.61 Pufh Lxtm sb"gth 0.65 Ktmcx Reguly Klccncac Cold Carr QA3 Scotiies 0.46 WIPES
HUMICS 10"!
nem 1.84 cottimriCe 151 Kidhak 1.48 INVENMN
to L St,ak 1/Stat,e Z 1.112~,.3 F~c Le 2, State 1/Sia~e~ 2 1>~,i namg!s 3 Staft 1J3ia~ 2 tlJMt l&om 2 O.StI.5 ~ Stae VStW 2 0.611.8 fi Stge 1tStete 2 0.7/1.8 The stiffness of the sample may be measured using a cantilever drape tester adapted from ASTM B1388-64. A sample has a width of 2.54 centimeters and a length sufficient to allow a drape of 450 from the horizontal to occur. A length of 10.16 cm for tissue and 15.24 cm for paper towel has been found satisfactory. The sample has the Iong axis parallel to either machine or crosa machine directions. The basis weight of the sample in pounds per 3000 square feet is determined using techniques well known to one of ordinary skill and which will not be npeated herein. The sample is placed on a horizontal test platform having a 90 free corner to allow overhang of the sample to occur. The sample is moved over the free edge at a rate of 1/2 inches (1.27 centimeters) per second until the overhang portion of the sample drapes 45 from the horizontal. The overhang length of the sample is measured to the nearest 0.5 centimeters.
The thickness of the sample is measured as described above. The bending modulus is then found according to the formula Bending Modulus (kg/cm~) =((overhang length (cm)/2)3 x Basis Weight (pounds/3000 sq. ft. ) x 119.24} /[thicknesa (thousands of inches or mils)j3 As can be seen from Table 11 below, the present invention has a cross machine direction bending modulus approximately in order of magnitude less than obtainable with the prior art. The present invention may have a cross machine direction bending modulus less than 0.01 kg/cm~, less than 0.005 kg/cm2, in some executions less than 0.001 kglcm2, and in some executions less than 0.0005 kg/cm2, in some executions less than 0.0001 kg/cm2, and in some executions less than 0.00005 kg/cm2. However, the machine direction to cross machine direction bending modulus ratio is approximately an order of magnitude greater than that obtainable by the prior art. The machine direction to cross machine direction bending modulus ratio may be at least about 5 in some executions, at least about 10 in some executions, at least about 15 in other executions, and at least about 20 in other executions.

MD Bending CD Bending MD/CD
Modutua Modulus Bending kg/cm~ kg/cm~ Mudutus (unidess) BATH TISSUE
uilted Northern Ultra 0.3 0.4 0.8 TOWELS
Brawny 4.2 7.9 0.5 FACIAL TISSUE
Kicenex Cold Care 0.1 0.3 0.3 WIl~ES
Huggies 0.5 1.0 0.5 INV'EN'ITON
Exam le 1, State 1/State 2 0.7/0.00041 0.04/0.00002 17.5/20.5 Example 2, State 1/State 2 0.4/0.00089 0.1/0.00004 4.0J22.3 Example 3, State 1/State 2 0.410.00112 0.210.00047 2.0/2.4 Ex le 4, State 1/State 2 2.5/0.00191 0.8/0.00039 3.1/4.9 Example 5, State 1/State 2 0.3/0.00052 0.1/0.00006 3.0/8.7 Example 6, State 1/State 2 0.3/0.00087 0.1/0.00005 3.0/17.4 The state 1/state 2 MD bending modulus and CD bending modulus ratios are also illustrated in Table VIB below. As illustrated by Table 12, state 1/state 2 CD
flexibiHty ratios of at least 4, and some executions at least 5, and in other executions at least 6 are obtainable.

State 1/State State 1/$tate Ratlo ot Ratio of Bending Bending Modulus Modulus MD CD
Example 1 1707 2000 Ex le 2 449 2500 Elutm le 3 360 426 Ex ta 4 1309 2051 Ex le 5 577 1667 Ex Ie 6 345 2000

Claims (2)

Claims:

1. An extensible multi-ply tissue product having lines of weakness disposed therein, said tissue product defining an XY plane and a Z-direction perpendicular thereto, said tissue product having a thickness of at least 2 mm and a density of less than 0.01 g/cm3.

2. The tissue product according to Claim 1, having a machine direction and a cross machine direction orthogonal thereto, said tissue product having a cross machine direction flexibility of less than 0.01 kg/cm2.