CA2682220A1 - Architectural membrane structures and methods for producing them - Google Patents
Architectural membrane structures and methods for producing them Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2682220A1 CA2682220A1 CA002682220A CA2682220A CA2682220A1 CA 2682220 A1 CA2682220 A1 CA 2682220A1 CA 002682220 A CA002682220 A CA 002682220A CA 2682220 A CA2682220 A CA 2682220A CA 2682220 A1 CA2682220 A1 CA 2682220A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- membrane structure
- layer
- aerogel
- architectural membrane
- architectural
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 119
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
- 239000004964 aerogel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 109
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 87
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 65
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- -1 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 12
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000011152 fibreglass Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011236 particulate material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007783 nanoporous material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 abstract description 19
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 99
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 39
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 17
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 13
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 8
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000002657 fibrous material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000011240 wet gel Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 description 4
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012634 fragment Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000001879 Curdlan Substances 0.000 description 2
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004677 Nylon Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004965 Silica aerogel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004809 Teflon Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920006362 Teflon® Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920006397 acrylic thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- IJOOHPMOJXWVHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorotrimethylsilane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)Cl IJOOHPMOJXWVHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005253 cladding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004035 construction material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- BYLOHCRAPOSXLY-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichloro(diethyl)silane Chemical compound CC[Si](Cl)(Cl)CC BYLOHCRAPOSXLY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 2
- QHSJIZLJUFMIFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethene;1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethene Chemical group C=C.FC(F)=C(F)F QHSJIZLJUFMIFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000840 ethylene tetrafluoroethylene copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N hafnium atom Chemical compound [Hf] VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FFUAGWLWBBFQJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexamethyldisilazane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)N[Si](C)(C)C FFUAGWLWBBFQJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003475 lamination Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 2
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003605 opacifier Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- GHMLBKRAJCXXBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N resorcinol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC(O)=C1 GHMLBKRAJCXXBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000352 supercritical drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- ISXSCDLOGDJUNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OC(=O)C=C ISXSCDLOGDJUNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 description 2
- JLGNHOJUQFHYEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethoxy(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)silane Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)CCC(F)(F)F JLGNHOJUQFHYEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium atom Chemical compound [Y] VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YQJPWWLJDNCSCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-diphenyltetramethyldisiloxane Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 YQJPWWLJDNCSCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IKYAJDOSWUATPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-[dimethoxy(methyl)silyl]propane-1-thiol Chemical compound CO[Si](C)(OC)CCCS IKYAJDOSWUATPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000191291 Abies alba Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001634 Copolyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000877 Melamine resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001281643 Solus Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920006355 Tefzel Polymers 0.000 description 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylic acid group Chemical group C(C=C)(=O)O NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920003235 aromatic polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- SNAFCWIFMFKILC-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(ethenyl)-dipropoxysilane Chemical compound CCCO[Si](C=C)(C=C)OCCC SNAFCWIFMFKILC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 1
- YTJUXOIAXOQWBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N butoxy(trimethyl)silane Chemical compound CCCCO[Si](C)(C)C YTJUXOIAXOQWBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- QABCGOSYZHCPGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloro(dimethyl)silicon Chemical compound C[Si](C)Cl QABCGOSYZHCPGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XSDCTSITJJJDPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloro-ethenyl-dimethylsilane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(Cl)C=C XSDCTSITJJJDPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LGWCCQIZIJQENG-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloro-hex-1-enyl-dimethylsilane Chemical compound CCCCC=C[Si](C)(C)Cl LGWCCQIZIJQENG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007596 consolidation process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000280 densification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012938 design process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001066 destructive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- CHSOOADWBVJAOF-VOTSOKGWSA-N dichloro-[(E)-hex-1-enyl]-methylsilane Chemical compound CCCC\C=C\[Si](C)(Cl)Cl CHSOOADWBVJAOF-VOTSOKGWSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YLJJAVFOBDSYAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichloro-ethenyl-methylsilane Chemical compound C[Si](Cl)(Cl)C=C YLJJAVFOBDSYAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QFHGBZXWBRWAQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichloro-ethyl-phenylsilane Chemical compound CC[Si](Cl)(Cl)C1=CC=CC=C1 QFHGBZXWBRWAQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OHABWQNEJUUFAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichloro-methyl-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)silane Chemical compound C[Si](Cl)(Cl)CCC(F)(F)F OHABWQNEJUUFAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- APGQQLCRLIBICD-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichloro-methyl-pentylsilane Chemical compound CCCCC[Si](C)(Cl)Cl APGQQLCRLIBICD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YCEQUKAYVABWTE-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichloro-methyl-prop-2-enylsilane Chemical compound C[Si](Cl)(Cl)CC=C YCEQUKAYVABWTE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PRODGEYRKLMWHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethoxy(2-phenylethyl)silane Chemical compound CCO[SiH](OCC)CCC1=CC=CC=C1 PRODGEYRKLMWHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004134 energy conservation Methods 0.000 description 1
- NUFVQEIPPHHQCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl-methoxy-dimethylsilane Chemical compound CO[Si](C)(C)C=C NUFVQEIPPHHQCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009970 fire resistant effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004313 glare Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- UQEAIHBTYFGYIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexamethyldisiloxane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)C UQEAIHBTYFGYIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012510 hollow fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- JDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N melamine Chemical compound NC1=NC(N)=NC(N)=N1 JDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-NJFSPNSNSA-N methanone Chemical compound O=[14CH2] WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-NJFSPNSNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011325 microbead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012229 microporous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000386 microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004005 microsphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000615 nonconductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000620 organic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000010422 painting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010451 perlite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019362 perlite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002459 porosimetry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003678 scratch resistant effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009958 sewing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004756 silanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004381 surface treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002994 synthetic fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004753 textile Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VTHOKNTVYKTUPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethoxy-[3-(3-triethoxysilylpropyltetrasulfanyl)propyl]silane Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)CCCSSSSCCC[Si](OCC)(OCC)OCC VTHOKNTVYKTUPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WILBTFWIBAOWLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl(triethylsilyloxy)silane Chemical compound CC[Si](CC)(CC)O[Si](CC)(CC)CC WILBTFWIBAOWLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005051 trimethylchlorosilane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003673 urethanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000002268 wool Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- GFQYVLUOOAAOGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N zirconium(iv) silicate Chemical compound [Zr+4].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] GFQYVLUOOAAOGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
- E04C2/02—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials
- E04C2/10—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of wood, fibres, chips, vegetable stems, or the like; of plastics; of foamed products
- E04C2/24—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of wood, fibres, chips, vegetable stems, or the like; of plastics; of foamed products laminated and composed of materials covered by two or more of groups E04C2/12, E04C2/16, E04C2/20
- E04C2/243—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of wood, fibres, chips, vegetable stems, or the like; of plastics; of foamed products laminated and composed of materials covered by two or more of groups E04C2/12, E04C2/16, E04C2/20 one at least of the material being insulating
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
- E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
- E04B1/76—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to heat only
- E04B1/78—Heat insulating elements
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
- B32B15/02—Layer formed of wires, e.g. mesh
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
- B32B15/14—Layered products comprising a layer of metal next to a fibrous or filamentary layer
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
- B32B15/16—Layered products comprising a layer of metal next to a particulate layer
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B3/00—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar form; Layered products having particular features of form
- B32B3/02—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar form; Layered products having particular features of form characterised by features of form at particular places, e.g. in edge regions
- B32B3/06—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar form; Layered products having particular features of form characterised by features of form at particular places, e.g. in edge regions for securing layers together; for attaching the product to another member, e.g. to a support, or to another product, e.g. groove/tongue, interlocking
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B3/00—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar form; Layered products having particular features of form
- B32B3/10—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar form; Layered products having particular features of form characterised by a discontinuous layer, i.e. formed of separate pieces of material
- B32B3/18—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar form; Layered products having particular features of form characterised by a discontinuous layer, i.e. formed of separate pieces of material characterised by an internal layer formed of separate pieces of material which are juxtaposed side-by-side
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B3/00—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar form; Layered products having particular features of form
- B32B3/26—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar form; Layered products having particular features of form characterised by a particular shape of the outline of the cross-section of a continuous layer; characterised by a layer with cavities or internal voids ; characterised by an apertured layer
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
- B32B5/02—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer
- B32B5/022—Non-woven fabric
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
- B32B5/02—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer
- B32B5/024—Woven fabric
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
- B32B5/02—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer
- B32B5/08—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer the fibres or filaments of a layer being of different substances, e.g. conjugate fibres, mixture of different fibres
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
- B32B5/16—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by features of a layer formed of particles, e.g. chips, powder or granules
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
- B32B5/18—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by features of a layer of foamed material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
- B32B5/18—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by features of a layer of foamed material
- B32B5/20—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by features of a layer of foamed material foamed in situ
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
- B32B5/22—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed
- B32B5/24—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer
- B32B5/245—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer another layer next to it being a foam layer
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
- B32B5/22—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed
- B32B5/30—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being formed of particles, e.g. chips, granules, powder
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B7/00—Layered products characterised by the relation between layers; Layered products characterised by the relative orientation of features between layers, or by the relative values of a measurable parameter between layers, i.e. products comprising layers having different physical, chemical or physicochemical properties; Layered products characterised by the interconnection of layers
- B32B7/04—Interconnection of layers
- B32B7/05—Interconnection of layers the layers not being connected over the whole surface, e.g. discontinuous connection or patterned connection
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B7/00—Layered products characterised by the relation between layers; Layered products characterised by the relative orientation of features between layers, or by the relative values of a measurable parameter between layers, i.e. products comprising layers having different physical, chemical or physicochemical properties; Layered products characterised by the interconnection of layers
- B32B7/04—Interconnection of layers
- B32B7/08—Interconnection of layers by mechanical means
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B7/00—Layered products characterised by the relation between layers; Layered products characterised by the relative orientation of features between layers, or by the relative values of a measurable parameter between layers, i.e. products comprising layers having different physical, chemical or physicochemical properties; Layered products characterised by the interconnection of layers
- B32B7/04—Interconnection of layers
- B32B7/12—Interconnection of layers using interposed adhesives or interposed materials with bonding properties
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B7/00—Roofs; Roof construction with regard to insulation
- E04B7/08—Vaulted roofs
- E04B7/10—Shell structures, e.g. of hyperbolic-parabolic shape; Grid-like formations acting as shell structures; Folded structures
- E04B7/105—Grid-like structures
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
- E04C2/02—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials
- E04C2/10—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of wood, fibres, chips, vegetable stems, or the like; of plastics; of foamed products
- E04C2/24—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of wood, fibres, chips, vegetable stems, or the like; of plastics; of foamed products laminated and composed of materials covered by two or more of groups E04C2/12, E04C2/16, E04C2/20
- E04C2/246—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of wood, fibres, chips, vegetable stems, or the like; of plastics; of foamed products laminated and composed of materials covered by two or more of groups E04C2/12, E04C2/16, E04C2/20 combinations of materials fully covered by E04C2/16 and E04C2/20
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
- E04C2/54—Slab-like translucent elements
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2250/00—Layers arrangement
- B32B2250/03—3 layers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2250/00—Layers arrangement
- B32B2250/40—Symmetrical or sandwich layers, e.g. ABA, ABCBA, ABCCBA
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2255/00—Coating on the layer surface
- B32B2255/02—Coating on the layer surface on fibrous or filamentary layer
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2255/00—Coating on the layer surface
- B32B2255/10—Coating on the layer surface on synthetic resin layer or on natural or synthetic rubber layer
- B32B2255/102—Coating on the layer surface on synthetic resin layer or on natural or synthetic rubber layer synthetic resin or rubber layer being a foamed layer
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2255/00—Coating on the layer surface
- B32B2255/20—Inorganic coating
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2255/00—Coating on the layer surface
- B32B2255/26—Polymeric coating
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2262/00—Composition or structural features of fibres which form a fibrous or filamentary layer or are present as additives
- B32B2262/02—Synthetic macromolecular fibres
- B32B2262/0253—Polyolefin fibres
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2262/00—Composition or structural features of fibres which form a fibrous or filamentary layer or are present as additives
- B32B2262/02—Synthetic macromolecular fibres
- B32B2262/0261—Polyamide fibres
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2262/00—Composition or structural features of fibres which form a fibrous or filamentary layer or are present as additives
- B32B2262/02—Synthetic macromolecular fibres
- B32B2262/0276—Polyester fibres
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2262/00—Composition or structural features of fibres which form a fibrous or filamentary layer or are present as additives
- B32B2262/06—Vegetal fibres
- B32B2262/062—Cellulose fibres, e.g. cotton
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2262/00—Composition or structural features of fibres which form a fibrous or filamentary layer or are present as additives
- B32B2262/10—Inorganic fibres
- B32B2262/101—Glass fibres
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2262/00—Composition or structural features of fibres which form a fibrous or filamentary layer or are present as additives
- B32B2262/10—Inorganic fibres
- B32B2262/103—Metal fibres
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2264/00—Composition or properties of particles which form a particulate layer or are present as additives
- B32B2264/10—Inorganic particles
- B32B2264/102—Oxide or hydroxide
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2264/00—Composition or properties of particles which form a particulate layer or are present as additives
- B32B2264/10—Inorganic particles
- B32B2264/105—Metal
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2264/00—Composition or properties of particles which form a particulate layer or are present as additives
- B32B2264/10—Inorganic particles
- B32B2264/107—Ceramic
- B32B2264/108—Carbon, e.g. graphite particles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2264/00—Composition or properties of particles which form a particulate layer or are present as additives
- B32B2264/12—Mixture of at least two particles made of different materials
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2266/00—Composition of foam
- B32B2266/02—Organic
- B32B2266/0214—Materials belonging to B32B27/00
- B32B2266/0285—Condensation resins of aldehydes, e.g. with phenols, ureas, melamines
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2266/00—Composition of foam
- B32B2266/04—Inorganic
- B32B2266/045—Metal
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2266/00—Composition of foam
- B32B2266/04—Inorganic
- B32B2266/057—Silicon-containing material, e.g. glass
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2266/00—Composition of foam
- B32B2266/10—Composition of foam characterised by the foam pores
- B32B2266/102—Nanopores, i.e. with average diameter smaller than 0.1 µm
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2266/00—Composition of foam
- B32B2266/10—Composition of foam characterised by the foam pores
- B32B2266/104—Micropores, i.e. with average diameter in the range from 0.1 µm to 0.1 mm
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2266/00—Composition of foam
- B32B2266/12—Gel
- B32B2266/126—Aerogel, i.e. a supercritically dried gel
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2266/00—Composition of foam
- B32B2266/12—Gel
- B32B2266/128—Xerogel, i.e. an air dried gel
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/10—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular acoustical properties
- B32B2307/102—Insulating
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/20—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular electrical or magnetic properties, e.g. piezoelectric
- B32B2307/206—Insulating
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/30—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular thermal properties
- B32B2307/304—Insulating
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/30—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular thermal properties
- B32B2307/306—Resistant to heat
- B32B2307/3065—Flame resistant or retardant, fire resistant or retardant
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/40—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular optical properties
- B32B2307/402—Coloured
- B32B2307/4026—Coloured within the layer by addition of a colorant, e.g. pigments, dyes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/40—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular optical properties
- B32B2307/414—Translucent
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/40—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular optical properties
- B32B2307/416—Reflective
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/50—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular mechanical properties
- B32B2307/51—Elastic
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/50—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular mechanical properties
- B32B2307/54—Yield strength; Tensile strength
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/50—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular mechanical properties
- B32B2307/548—Creep
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/50—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular mechanical properties
- B32B2307/558—Impact strength, toughness
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/70—Other properties
- B32B2307/71—Resistive to light or to UV
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/70—Other properties
- B32B2307/712—Weather resistant
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/70—Other properties
- B32B2307/714—Inert, i.e. inert to chemical degradation, corrosion
- B32B2307/7145—Rot proof, resistant to bacteria, mildew, mould, fungi
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/70—Other properties
- B32B2307/718—Weight, e.g. weight per square meter
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/70—Other properties
- B32B2307/72—Density
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/70—Other properties
- B32B2307/732—Dimensional properties
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2419/00—Buildings or parts thereof
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2419/00—Buildings or parts thereof
- B32B2419/04—Tiles for floors or walls
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2419/00—Buildings or parts thereof
- B32B2419/06—Roofs, roof membranes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2607/00—Walls, panels
Abstract
An architectural membrane structure preferably includes an aerogel material disposed, for example, between two outer layers. The aerogel can be in monolithic or granular form or can be present in an aerogel composite. A method for manufacturing an architectural membrane structure includes securing an insert, e.g., an aerogel blanket, composite or granular aerogel, between a first and second layer. The architectural membrane structure can be used as a tensioned panel in envelopes such as roofing, overhangs, canopies or in other architectural or structural fabric applications.
Description
TITLE OF THE INVENTION
ARCHITECTURAL MEMBRANE STRUCTURES AND METHODS FOR
PRODUCING THEM
RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.
60/896,664, filed March 23, 2007; U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/896,904, filed March 24, 2007; and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/908,057, filed March 26, 2007.
The teachings of these applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[00021 Architectural membranes, also known as tensile or tensioned structures, are increasingly used in building airports, storage facilities, arenas, activity centers, sports or gathering venues, domes, museums, housing and so forth. Architectural membranes provide great design flexibility in roofing, canopies, overhangs and other envelope structures. They can be custom fabricated to various shapes. Pre-assembled modules also are available.
[00031 Examples of existing designs that incorporate architectural membranes include the Talisman Center in Calgary, Canada, the Millennium Dome in the United Kingdom, the Denver International Airport, air-supported roofs such as the one used at the Indianapolis RCA dome, and many others.
[00041 Architectural membranes can be characterized with respect to their lighting, energy, durability or acoustic properties and for fire performance using known techniques, codes and industry standards, such as, for instance, those developed by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). Light transmission and spectral reflectance, for example, can be determined using ASTM E424; acoustical properties using ASTM E-90; and fire performance using ASTM E-108 or ASTM E-84.
ARCHITECTURAL MEMBRANE STRUCTURES AND METHODS FOR
PRODUCING THEM
RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.
60/896,664, filed March 23, 2007; U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/896,904, filed March 24, 2007; and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/908,057, filed March 26, 2007.
The teachings of these applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[00021 Architectural membranes, also known as tensile or tensioned structures, are increasingly used in building airports, storage facilities, arenas, activity centers, sports or gathering venues, domes, museums, housing and so forth. Architectural membranes provide great design flexibility in roofing, canopies, overhangs and other envelope structures. They can be custom fabricated to various shapes. Pre-assembled modules also are available.
[00031 Examples of existing designs that incorporate architectural membranes include the Talisman Center in Calgary, Canada, the Millennium Dome in the United Kingdom, the Denver International Airport, air-supported roofs such as the one used at the Indianapolis RCA dome, and many others.
[00041 Architectural membranes can be characterized with respect to their lighting, energy, durability or acoustic properties and for fire performance using known techniques, codes and industry standards, such as, for instance, those developed by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). Light transmission and spectral reflectance, for example, can be determined using ASTM E424; acoustical properties using ASTM E-90; and fire performance using ASTM E-108 or ASTM E-84.
2 [00051 Existing architectural membranes include those known under the name Sheerfill provided by Saint-Gobain Corporation. Generally Sheerfill architectural membranes are based on woven Teflon -coated fiberglass fabrics. In actual installation, Sheerfill architectural membranes often are used in conjunction with one or more additional liners designed, for instance, to minimize acoustical disturbances.
Characteristics of several types of Sheerfill architectural membranes are described, for example, in Birdair's Technical Specification & Fabric Characteristics, available from www.birdair.com, the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
[00061 Generally, envelopes based on architectural membranes are lighter than permanent structures, can be more easily erected and dismantled, and tend to withstand destructive forces such as earthquakes.
[00071 Designing with architectural membranes often takes into account some of the same criteria, e.g., basic loading, wind pressures and others considered when designing conventional buildings. Such criteria are defined by local building codes or model codes having jurisdiction. In addition, the design process can also include principles relating to the tensile geometry of the membrane, shape generation, biaxial behavior, stress and structural analyses, and so forth.
[ 0 0 0 8] With an increased demand for energy conservation and "green"
construction materials and practices, a need continues to exist for light architectural membranes that maintain the flexibility in design and applications for which they are normally used and yet deliver improved light transmission and good thermal insulation. A need also exists for systems having improved acoustic and high reflectance, e.g., UV reflectance, properties.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[00091 The invention generally relates to a structure that can be employed in architectural and/or structural fabric applications. Many preferred aspects of the invention relate to an architectural membrane structure that includes a material having insulating or light transmission properties, and preferably both.
Characteristics of several types of Sheerfill architectural membranes are described, for example, in Birdair's Technical Specification & Fabric Characteristics, available from www.birdair.com, the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
[00061 Generally, envelopes based on architectural membranes are lighter than permanent structures, can be more easily erected and dismantled, and tend to withstand destructive forces such as earthquakes.
[00071 Designing with architectural membranes often takes into account some of the same criteria, e.g., basic loading, wind pressures and others considered when designing conventional buildings. Such criteria are defined by local building codes or model codes having jurisdiction. In addition, the design process can also include principles relating to the tensile geometry of the membrane, shape generation, biaxial behavior, stress and structural analyses, and so forth.
[ 0 0 0 8] With an increased demand for energy conservation and "green"
construction materials and practices, a need continues to exist for light architectural membranes that maintain the flexibility in design and applications for which they are normally used and yet deliver improved light transmission and good thermal insulation. A need also exists for systems having improved acoustic and high reflectance, e.g., UV reflectance, properties.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[00091 The invention generally relates to a structure that can be employed in architectural and/or structural fabric applications. Many preferred aspects of the invention relate to an architectural membrane structure that includes a material having insulating or light transmission properties, and preferably both.
3 [0010] Materials that can be incorporated in the architectural membrane structures of the invention include aerogels and other materials such as, for instance, porous, e.g., microporous or nanoporous materials. In specific examples, the material is granular. In other examples, the material is a monolith, or a composite material. In yet other examples, the material has a thermal conductivity (k-value) that remains substantially the same and preferably decreases with load and/or compression. In further examples, the structure includes a load bearing insulator.
[0011] In specific implementations of the invention the architectural membrane structure is a multi-ply structure. For instance, the structure comprises a first layer, a second layer and a material such as monolithic or particulate aerogel, or an aerogel composite, between the first and second layers. Arrangements in which aerogel, or another suitable material, is adhered or otherwise affixed to a single layer also can be employed.
[00121 Aspects of the invention also are directed to an architectural membrane structure having a thermal conductivity or k-value that remains essentially the same or decreases with load and/or compression.
[00131 In many implementations, architectural membranes of the invention have one or more of the following properties: a light transmittance greater than 0.25, preferably greater than 0.5 %, and up to 0.80 % and higher; a reflectance of at least 60%, preferably of at least 70%, more preferably 80% and more; a solar gain coefficient of at least 0.05; an R value in the range of from 3 to 38; and/or others, as further described below.
[00141 Embodiments of the invention also relate to a method for manufacturing an architectural membrane structure. In one example, the method comprises securing an aerogel material between a first and second layer.
[00151 Embodiments of the invention can be used in architectural or structural envelopes such as roofing, canopies, walls, overhangs, air-supported structures, e.g., cushions or pillows, and other construction elements, where the structure disclosed herein can replace existing architectural membranes, which are made of flexible, coated or laminated structural fabric or film and can meet imposed load requirements and transmit the loads to supporting elements.
[0011] In specific implementations of the invention the architectural membrane structure is a multi-ply structure. For instance, the structure comprises a first layer, a second layer and a material such as monolithic or particulate aerogel, or an aerogel composite, between the first and second layers. Arrangements in which aerogel, or another suitable material, is adhered or otherwise affixed to a single layer also can be employed.
[00121 Aspects of the invention also are directed to an architectural membrane structure having a thermal conductivity or k-value that remains essentially the same or decreases with load and/or compression.
[00131 In many implementations, architectural membranes of the invention have one or more of the following properties: a light transmittance greater than 0.25, preferably greater than 0.5 %, and up to 0.80 % and higher; a reflectance of at least 60%, preferably of at least 70%, more preferably 80% and more; a solar gain coefficient of at least 0.05; an R value in the range of from 3 to 38; and/or others, as further described below.
[00141 Embodiments of the invention also relate to a method for manufacturing an architectural membrane structure. In one example, the method comprises securing an aerogel material between a first and second layer.
[00151 Embodiments of the invention can be used in architectural or structural envelopes such as roofing, canopies, walls, overhangs, air-supported structures, e.g., cushions or pillows, and other construction elements, where the structure disclosed herein can replace existing architectural membranes, which are made of flexible, coated or laminated structural fabric or film and can meet imposed load requirements and transmit the loads to supporting elements.
4 [00161 As with conventional architectural membranes, the structure of the invention is lightweight, has tensile properties suitable for fabric structure technology and can support fair amounts of accumulated snow. It can be designed for various shapes and applications and can have good durability and fire resistance properties. In many cases, the structure is translucent, decreasing or minimizing the need for indoors lighting.
Preferably it has good insulating properties and can help reduce heating and/or cooling requirements and costs.
In some embodiments, the invention makes possible the use of lighter, more translucent fabric elements to obtain the same overall strength and at costs lower than existing insulating systems.
[00171 For example, the sandwich-type composite disclosed herein can be thinner than existing systems that employ Sheerfill membranes. The three-ply arrangement utilized in some aspects of the invention also can be simpler and easier to manufacture than some of the existing membrane systems which include four or more layers. In many cases, when the bottom membrane or layer of the sandwich-type composite of the invention is installed and tensioned, it is structurally in use and can, therefore, serve as a barrier to the space enclosed so that fit and finish may be safely undertaken early on during the building process.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[00181 In the accompanying drawings, reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the different views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale;
emphasis has instead been placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention. Of the drawings:
[0019] FIG. 1 is a cross sectional view of an architectural or structural composite of the invention, showing outer layers and insert, or inner layer.
[00201 FIG. 2 is a cross sectional view of an arrangement including a fastening system securing an architectural or structural composite of the invention.
[00211 FIG. 3 is a cross sectional view of another arrangement including another version of a fastening system securing an architectural or structural composite of the invention.
[00221 FIG 4A is a cross sectional side view of a construction including a roof that can employ the composite of the invention.
[00231 FIG. 4B is a plan view of the construction shown in FIG. 4A.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[00241 The above and other features of the invention including various details of construction and combinations of parts, and other advantages, will now be more particularly described with reference to the accompanying drawings and pointed out in the claims. It will be understood that the particular method and device embodying the invention are shown by way of illustration and not as a limitation of the invention. The principles and features of this invention may be employed in various and numerous embodiments without departing from the scope of the invention.
[00251 The invention generally relates to architectural and/or structural elements, more specifically to "fabric structures" also referred to herein as "architectural membrane structures", "architectural structures" or simply as "structures" or "composites", the last two terms being used interchangeably. In many embodiments the invention relates to an architectural structure that is flexible and multi-plied, i.e., has two or more plies.
[00261 In some aspects the structure is a tensioned or tensile structure which typically carries tension stress only, without compression or bending. In specific examples, the structure disclosed herein meets a proposed Industry Standard for carrying tension or shear only in the plane of the membrane.
[00271 In other aspects the structure can be used as a substitute for existing architectural membranes employed in structural fabric applications, such as, for example, tensile membranes, air-supported architectural membranes, cushions or pillows, pleated membranes, tensegrity supported membranes, truss and dome supported flexible claddings, building facades, roofs, building envelopes, and so forth. Existing architectural fabrics may be classified as permanent structures or movable structures and the composite disclosed herein can be utilized in combination with or as a substitute for both.
[ 0 0 2 e] In specific implementations of the invention, the composite or structure includes a first layer, a second layer, these layers being also referred to herein as "outer layers", and an inner layer, also referred to herein as "insert layer" or "insert" between the first and second layers. Shown in FIG. 1, for example, is three-ply structure 10 which includes outer layers 12 and 14 and insert 16 sandwiched in-between. With respect to actual envelope installations, the outer layers can be referred to as the bottom and top layers, with the top layer facing outwardly from the interior of the architectural structure.
One or both outer layers can be provided with one or more liners or coatings.
When installed one or both layers can be tensioned.
[00291 Additional plies and/or inserts can be employed. For instance, a first insert can be found stacked on a first layer and covered with a second layer which, in turn, supports a second insert, covered with another layer, with optional inserts and further layers disposed above.
[00301 In some aspects of the invention, one or more interior layer(s) (not shown in FIG, 1) can be present, e.g., interspersed, within the insert. In other aspects at least one additional outer layer, (also not shown in FIG. 1) is disposed above or below the top or bottom layer, respectively.
[00311 These layers can be used to improve properties desired in the overall structure, e.g., to increase overall strength, increase wear resistance, provide desirable acoustic, solar and/or light properties. Interior layers and/or additional outer layers can span the entire surface of the structure or can be provided in specific regions.
[00321 The outer layers can be the same or different. Existing fabric or architectural membranes, or layers thereof, can be employed. One or both outer layers can be reinforced fabric membranes. Non-structural outer layers also can be used. One or both outer layer(s) can include a liner or can itself be a composite. Membranes used in air-supported structures also can be utilized as one or both outer layers.
[00331 The outer layers are sized and shaped to meet construction and design specifications and can have the same or different thickness. The layer thickness can be, for example, at least about 0.10 millimeters (mm) and up to about 60 mm. Commonly, the layers have a thickness within the range of from about 22 mm to about 40 mm.
[00341 In one example, one or both outer layers include woven materials. In another example, one or both outer layers are non-woven.
[00351 In preferred aspects of the invention, at least one and preferably both outer layers are translucent. Outer layers having structural, fire, UV, mold, water and/or weather resistance are preferred.
[00361 Materials that can be employed to fabricate one or both outer layers include but are not limited to fiberglass, mesh materials, e.g., metal mesh, fibrous batting, aramids, olefins, nylon, acrylics, polyester, natural fibers, e.g., cotton, halopolymers, e.g., polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), available, for example, under the tradename of Teflon , and so forth, as well as combinations of materials. Foils such as, for example, those made from ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), available, e.g., under the designation of Tefzel from Dupont also can be used.
[00371 Whether woven or non-woven, the first and/or second layer(s) can be coated with PTFE, vinyl, e.g., polyvinyl chloride (PVC), silicone, urethanes, acrylics, titanium dioxide (Ti02), other materials or combinations thereof. The coating can be applied by painting, dipping, spraying, vapor deposition techniques, lamination or other processes known in the art.
[00381 In one embodiment, at least one and preferably both outer layers are fabricated from Sheerfill membrane materials available from Saint-Gobain Corporation.
Other commercially available PTFE-coated fiberglass membranes that can be used include Solus membranes from Taconic International Ltd., Duraskin from Verseidag Seemee US Inc. or PTFE-coated fiberglass membranes from Chukoh Chemical Industries LTD.
Also suitable are expanded woven PTFE (ePTFE) membranes such as those known under the tradeneame of Tenara from W. L. Gore Assoc. Inc.
[00391 Commercially available silicone-coated fiberglass membranes that can be utilized include Archifab from Fabrimax, Atex from Interglas and Sky 300 from Ferrari Textiles. Silicone-coated polyester membranes are those being developed by PD
Interglas. Solution-dyed polyester membranes are commercially available as Weatherman FR by Safety Components Fabric Technologies Inc or Fireset HUV from Glen Raven Custom Fabrics L.L.C.
[00401 Olefin-based membranes include those known under the name of Nova-Shield by Engineered Coated Products, Twillium by Inter Wrap and Landmark by Synthesis Fabrics. Examples of olefin open weave lock-knit mesh include Polytex from Solarfab Inc. and Coolaroo from Gale Pacific. Woven polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is commercially available from Duckers & Friends under the designation of Fugalux .
[00411 Commercially available acrylic-coated polyesters that can be employed to form the first and/or second layers include Main Street from John Boyle, Avenue from Graniteville Specialty Fabrics and Holiday from Marchem coated Fabrics Inc.
[00421 Photovoltaic membranes such as Power-Film from PowerFilm Inc. and Power Plastics from Konarka Technologies can also be used.
[00431 One or both outer layers also can be made from other materials that are flexible and preferably strong enough for architectural tensile membrane applications.
[00441 Optionally, either or both outer layers is/are coated with an ultraviolet (UV) reflecting film, a dye or scratch-resistant film or another suitable coating.
[00451 If additional outer layers and/or interior layers are employed, they can be fabricated from materials such as those disclosed herein or from other suitable materials.
[00461 Arrangements using an insert secured, e.g., by adhesion, to one layer also can be employed. For instance, an architectural membrane structure can consist of a single layer lined by the insert or can include a layer having the insert secured to it.
[00471 In many implementations of the invention, the architectural membrane structure includes aerogel or another porous, preferably nanoporous, material.
In some examples, the material can be provided as a liner to one or both outer layers.
In preferred embodiments, the material is present in the insert layer which can consist, consist essentially of or can comprise aerogel and/or another porous material.
[ 0 0 4 e] Aerogels are low density porous solids that have a large intraparticle pore volume. Generally, they are produced by removing pore liquid from a wet gel.
However, the drying process can be complicated by capillary forces in the gel pores, which can give rise to gel shrinkage or densification. In one manufacturing approach, collapse of the three dimensional structure is essentially eliminated by using supercritical drying.
A wet gel also can be dried using an ambient pressure, also referred to as non-supercritical drying process. When applied, for instance, to a silica-based wet gel, surface modification, e.g., end-capping, carried out prior to drying, prevents permanent shrinkage in the dried product. The gel can still shrinks during drying but springs back recovering its former porosity.
[00491 Product referred to as "xerogel" also is obtained from wet gels from which the liquid has been removed. The term often designates a dry gel compressed by capillary forces during drying, characterized by permanent changes and collapse of the solid phase network.
[00501 For convenience, the term "aerogel" is used herein in a general sense, referring to both "aerogels" and "xerogels".
[00511 Aerogels typically have low bulk densities (about 0.15 g/cm3 or less, preferably about 0.03 to 0.3 g/ cm), very high surface areas (generally from about 300 to about 1,000 square meter per gram (m2/g) and higher, preferably from about 600 to about 1000 m2/g), high porosity (about 90% and greater, preferably greater than about 95%), and a relatively large pore volume (about 3 milliliter per gram (mL/g), preferably about 3.5 mL/g and higher). Aerogels can have a nanoporous structure with pores smaller than 1 micron ( m). Often, aerogels have a mean pore diameter of about 20 nanometers (nm).
The combination of these properties in an amorphous structure gives low thermal conductivity values (e.g., 9 to 16 (mW)/m=K at a mean temperature of 37 C and atmosphere of pressure). Aerogels can be nearly transparent or translucent, scattering blue light, or can be opaque.
[00521 A common type of aerogel is silica-based. Aerogels based on oxides of metals other than silicon, e.g., aluminum, zirconium, titanium, hafnium, vanadium, yttrium and others, or mixtures thereof can be utilized as well.
[00531 Also known are organic aerogels, e.g., resorcinol or melamine combined with formaldehyde, dendredic polymers, and so forth, and the invention also could be practiced using these materials.
[00541 Suitable aerogel materials and processes for their preparation are described, for example, in U.S. Patent Application No. 2001/0034375 Al to Schwertfeger et al., published on October 25, 2001, the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
[00551 The aerogel material employed can be hydrophobic. As used herein, the terms "hydrophobic" and "hydrophobized" refer to partially as well as to completely hydrophobized aerogel. The hydrophobicity of a partially hydrophobized aerogel can be further increased. In completely hydrophobized aerogels, a maximum degree of coverage is reached and essentially all chemically attainable groups are modified.
[00561 Hydrophobicity can be determined by methods known in the art, such as, for example, contact angle measurements or by methanol (MeOH) wettability. A
discussion of hydrophobicity in relation to aerogels is found in U.S. Patent No.
6,709,600 B2 issued to Hrubesh et al. on March 23, 2004, the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
[00571 Hydrophobic aerogels can be produced by using hydrophobizing agents, e.g., silylating agents, halogen- and in particular fluorine-containing compounds such as fluorine-containing alkoxysilanes or alkoxysiloxanes, e.g., trifluoropropyltrimethoxysilane (TFPTMOS), and other hydrophobizing compounds known in the art. Hydrophobizing agents can be used during the formation of aerogels and/or in subsequent processing steps, e.g., surface treatment.
[00581 Silylating compounds such as, for instance, silanes, halosilanes, haloalkylsilanes, alkoxysilanes, alkoxyalkylsilanes, alkoxyhalosilanes, disiloxanes, disilazanes and others are preferred. Examples of suitable silylating agents include, but are not limited to diethyldichlorosilane, allylmethyldichlorosilane, ethylphenyldichlorosilane, phenylethyldiethoxysilane, trimethylalkoxysilanes, e.g., trimethylbutoxysilane, 3,3,3-trifluoropropylmethyldichlorosilane, symdiphenyltetramethyldisiloxane, trivinyltrimethylcyclotrisiloxane, hexaethyldisiloxane, pentylmethyldichlorosilane, divinyldipropoxysilane, vinyldimethylchlorosilane, vinylmethyldichlorosilane, vinyldimethylmethoxysilane, trimethylchlorosilane, hexamethyldisiloxane, hexenylmethyldichlorosilane, hexenyldimethylchlorosilane, dimethylchlorosilane, dimethyldichorosilane, mercaptopropylmethyldimethoxysilane, bis{3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl}tetrasulfide, hexamethyldisilazane and combinations thereof.
[00591 The aerogel can be in granular, pellet, bead, powder, or other particulate form and in any particle size suitable for an intended application. For instance, the particles can be within the range of from about 0.01 microns ( m) to about 10.0 millimeters (mm) and preferably have a mean particle size in the range of 0.3 to 4.0 mm.
[00601 Examples of commercially available aerogel materials in particulate form are those supplied under the tradename of Nanogel by Cabot Corporation, Billerica, Massachusetts. Nanogel granules have high surface area, are greater than about 90%
porous and are available in a particle size ranging, for instance, from about 8 gm to about l0mm.
[00611 Aerogel also can be produced in monolithic shape, for instance as a rigid, semi-rigid, semi-flexible or flexible structure, e.g., mat shaped composites that include fibers.
Flexible or semi-flexible monoliths are preferred for use in the insert described herein.
[00621 Whether in particulate or monolithic shape, the aerogel can include one or more additives such as fibers, opacifiers, color pigments, dyes and mixtures thereof. For instance, a silica aerogel can be prepared to contain additives such fibers and/or one or more metals or compounds thereof. Specific examples include aluminum, tin, titanium, zirconium or other non-siliceous metals, and oxides thereof. Non-limiting examples of opacifiers include carbon black, titanium dioxide, zirconium silicate, and mixtures thereof.
Additives can be provided in any suitable amounts, e.g., depending on desired properties and/or specific application.
[00631 Composite materials that include fibers and aerogel (e.g., fiber-reinforced aerogels) and, optionally, at least one binder also can be employed. The fibers can have any suitable structure. For example, the fibers can have no structure (e.g., unassociated fibers). The fibers can have a matrix structure or similar mat-like structure which can be patterned or irregular and random. Preferred composites of materials comprising fibers include composites formed from aerogels and fibers wherein the fibers have the form of a lofty fibrous structure, batting or a form resembling a steel wool pad.
Examples of materials suitable for use in the preparation of the lofty fibrous structure include fiberglass, organic polymeric fibers, silica fibers, quartz fibers, organic resin-based fibers, carbon fibers, and the like. The material having a lofty fibrous structure can be used by itself or in combination with a second, open-cell material, e.g., an aerogel material. For instance, a blanket can have a silica aerogel dispersed within a material having a lofty fibrous structure.
[00641 Other composite materials suitable in forming the insert layer include at least one aerogel and at least one syntactic foam. The aerogel can be coated to prevent intrusion of the polymer into the pores of the aerogel, as described, for instance in International Publication No. WO 2007047970, with the title Aerogel Based Composites, the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
[00651 In one specific example, the insert is or includes a cracked aerogel monolith such as described in U.S. Patent No. 5,789,075, issued on August 4, 1998 to Frank et al., the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
Preferably, the cracks enclose aerogel fragments that are connected by fibers. Aerogel fragments can have an average volume of 0.001 mm3 to 1 cm3. In one composite, the aerogel fragments have an average volume of 0.1 mm3 to 30 mm3.
[00661 In another specific example, the insert is a composite that includes aerogel material, a binder and at least one fiber material as described, for instance, in U.S. Patent No. 6,887,563, issued on May 3, 2005 to Frank et al., the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
[00671 Other specific examples of aerogel-based inserts are fiber-web/aerogel composites that include bicomponent fibers as disclosed in U.S. Patent No.
Preferably it has good insulating properties and can help reduce heating and/or cooling requirements and costs.
In some embodiments, the invention makes possible the use of lighter, more translucent fabric elements to obtain the same overall strength and at costs lower than existing insulating systems.
[00171 For example, the sandwich-type composite disclosed herein can be thinner than existing systems that employ Sheerfill membranes. The three-ply arrangement utilized in some aspects of the invention also can be simpler and easier to manufacture than some of the existing membrane systems which include four or more layers. In many cases, when the bottom membrane or layer of the sandwich-type composite of the invention is installed and tensioned, it is structurally in use and can, therefore, serve as a barrier to the space enclosed so that fit and finish may be safely undertaken early on during the building process.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[00181 In the accompanying drawings, reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the different views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale;
emphasis has instead been placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention. Of the drawings:
[0019] FIG. 1 is a cross sectional view of an architectural or structural composite of the invention, showing outer layers and insert, or inner layer.
[00201 FIG. 2 is a cross sectional view of an arrangement including a fastening system securing an architectural or structural composite of the invention.
[00211 FIG. 3 is a cross sectional view of another arrangement including another version of a fastening system securing an architectural or structural composite of the invention.
[00221 FIG 4A is a cross sectional side view of a construction including a roof that can employ the composite of the invention.
[00231 FIG. 4B is a plan view of the construction shown in FIG. 4A.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[00241 The above and other features of the invention including various details of construction and combinations of parts, and other advantages, will now be more particularly described with reference to the accompanying drawings and pointed out in the claims. It will be understood that the particular method and device embodying the invention are shown by way of illustration and not as a limitation of the invention. The principles and features of this invention may be employed in various and numerous embodiments without departing from the scope of the invention.
[00251 The invention generally relates to architectural and/or structural elements, more specifically to "fabric structures" also referred to herein as "architectural membrane structures", "architectural structures" or simply as "structures" or "composites", the last two terms being used interchangeably. In many embodiments the invention relates to an architectural structure that is flexible and multi-plied, i.e., has two or more plies.
[00261 In some aspects the structure is a tensioned or tensile structure which typically carries tension stress only, without compression or bending. In specific examples, the structure disclosed herein meets a proposed Industry Standard for carrying tension or shear only in the plane of the membrane.
[00271 In other aspects the structure can be used as a substitute for existing architectural membranes employed in structural fabric applications, such as, for example, tensile membranes, air-supported architectural membranes, cushions or pillows, pleated membranes, tensegrity supported membranes, truss and dome supported flexible claddings, building facades, roofs, building envelopes, and so forth. Existing architectural fabrics may be classified as permanent structures or movable structures and the composite disclosed herein can be utilized in combination with or as a substitute for both.
[ 0 0 2 e] In specific implementations of the invention, the composite or structure includes a first layer, a second layer, these layers being also referred to herein as "outer layers", and an inner layer, also referred to herein as "insert layer" or "insert" between the first and second layers. Shown in FIG. 1, for example, is three-ply structure 10 which includes outer layers 12 and 14 and insert 16 sandwiched in-between. With respect to actual envelope installations, the outer layers can be referred to as the bottom and top layers, with the top layer facing outwardly from the interior of the architectural structure.
One or both outer layers can be provided with one or more liners or coatings.
When installed one or both layers can be tensioned.
[00291 Additional plies and/or inserts can be employed. For instance, a first insert can be found stacked on a first layer and covered with a second layer which, in turn, supports a second insert, covered with another layer, with optional inserts and further layers disposed above.
[00301 In some aspects of the invention, one or more interior layer(s) (not shown in FIG, 1) can be present, e.g., interspersed, within the insert. In other aspects at least one additional outer layer, (also not shown in FIG. 1) is disposed above or below the top or bottom layer, respectively.
[00311 These layers can be used to improve properties desired in the overall structure, e.g., to increase overall strength, increase wear resistance, provide desirable acoustic, solar and/or light properties. Interior layers and/or additional outer layers can span the entire surface of the structure or can be provided in specific regions.
[00321 The outer layers can be the same or different. Existing fabric or architectural membranes, or layers thereof, can be employed. One or both outer layers can be reinforced fabric membranes. Non-structural outer layers also can be used. One or both outer layer(s) can include a liner or can itself be a composite. Membranes used in air-supported structures also can be utilized as one or both outer layers.
[00331 The outer layers are sized and shaped to meet construction and design specifications and can have the same or different thickness. The layer thickness can be, for example, at least about 0.10 millimeters (mm) and up to about 60 mm. Commonly, the layers have a thickness within the range of from about 22 mm to about 40 mm.
[00341 In one example, one or both outer layers include woven materials. In another example, one or both outer layers are non-woven.
[00351 In preferred aspects of the invention, at least one and preferably both outer layers are translucent. Outer layers having structural, fire, UV, mold, water and/or weather resistance are preferred.
[00361 Materials that can be employed to fabricate one or both outer layers include but are not limited to fiberglass, mesh materials, e.g., metal mesh, fibrous batting, aramids, olefins, nylon, acrylics, polyester, natural fibers, e.g., cotton, halopolymers, e.g., polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), available, for example, under the tradename of Teflon , and so forth, as well as combinations of materials. Foils such as, for example, those made from ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), available, e.g., under the designation of Tefzel from Dupont also can be used.
[00371 Whether woven or non-woven, the first and/or second layer(s) can be coated with PTFE, vinyl, e.g., polyvinyl chloride (PVC), silicone, urethanes, acrylics, titanium dioxide (Ti02), other materials or combinations thereof. The coating can be applied by painting, dipping, spraying, vapor deposition techniques, lamination or other processes known in the art.
[00381 In one embodiment, at least one and preferably both outer layers are fabricated from Sheerfill membrane materials available from Saint-Gobain Corporation.
Other commercially available PTFE-coated fiberglass membranes that can be used include Solus membranes from Taconic International Ltd., Duraskin from Verseidag Seemee US Inc. or PTFE-coated fiberglass membranes from Chukoh Chemical Industries LTD.
Also suitable are expanded woven PTFE (ePTFE) membranes such as those known under the tradeneame of Tenara from W. L. Gore Assoc. Inc.
[00391 Commercially available silicone-coated fiberglass membranes that can be utilized include Archifab from Fabrimax, Atex from Interglas and Sky 300 from Ferrari Textiles. Silicone-coated polyester membranes are those being developed by PD
Interglas. Solution-dyed polyester membranes are commercially available as Weatherman FR by Safety Components Fabric Technologies Inc or Fireset HUV from Glen Raven Custom Fabrics L.L.C.
[00401 Olefin-based membranes include those known under the name of Nova-Shield by Engineered Coated Products, Twillium by Inter Wrap and Landmark by Synthesis Fabrics. Examples of olefin open weave lock-knit mesh include Polytex from Solarfab Inc. and Coolaroo from Gale Pacific. Woven polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is commercially available from Duckers & Friends under the designation of Fugalux .
[00411 Commercially available acrylic-coated polyesters that can be employed to form the first and/or second layers include Main Street from John Boyle, Avenue from Graniteville Specialty Fabrics and Holiday from Marchem coated Fabrics Inc.
[00421 Photovoltaic membranes such as Power-Film from PowerFilm Inc. and Power Plastics from Konarka Technologies can also be used.
[00431 One or both outer layers also can be made from other materials that are flexible and preferably strong enough for architectural tensile membrane applications.
[00441 Optionally, either or both outer layers is/are coated with an ultraviolet (UV) reflecting film, a dye or scratch-resistant film or another suitable coating.
[00451 If additional outer layers and/or interior layers are employed, they can be fabricated from materials such as those disclosed herein or from other suitable materials.
[00461 Arrangements using an insert secured, e.g., by adhesion, to one layer also can be employed. For instance, an architectural membrane structure can consist of a single layer lined by the insert or can include a layer having the insert secured to it.
[00471 In many implementations of the invention, the architectural membrane structure includes aerogel or another porous, preferably nanoporous, material.
In some examples, the material can be provided as a liner to one or both outer layers.
In preferred embodiments, the material is present in the insert layer which can consist, consist essentially of or can comprise aerogel and/or another porous material.
[ 0 0 4 e] Aerogels are low density porous solids that have a large intraparticle pore volume. Generally, they are produced by removing pore liquid from a wet gel.
However, the drying process can be complicated by capillary forces in the gel pores, which can give rise to gel shrinkage or densification. In one manufacturing approach, collapse of the three dimensional structure is essentially eliminated by using supercritical drying.
A wet gel also can be dried using an ambient pressure, also referred to as non-supercritical drying process. When applied, for instance, to a silica-based wet gel, surface modification, e.g., end-capping, carried out prior to drying, prevents permanent shrinkage in the dried product. The gel can still shrinks during drying but springs back recovering its former porosity.
[00491 Product referred to as "xerogel" also is obtained from wet gels from which the liquid has been removed. The term often designates a dry gel compressed by capillary forces during drying, characterized by permanent changes and collapse of the solid phase network.
[00501 For convenience, the term "aerogel" is used herein in a general sense, referring to both "aerogels" and "xerogels".
[00511 Aerogels typically have low bulk densities (about 0.15 g/cm3 or less, preferably about 0.03 to 0.3 g/ cm), very high surface areas (generally from about 300 to about 1,000 square meter per gram (m2/g) and higher, preferably from about 600 to about 1000 m2/g), high porosity (about 90% and greater, preferably greater than about 95%), and a relatively large pore volume (about 3 milliliter per gram (mL/g), preferably about 3.5 mL/g and higher). Aerogels can have a nanoporous structure with pores smaller than 1 micron ( m). Often, aerogels have a mean pore diameter of about 20 nanometers (nm).
The combination of these properties in an amorphous structure gives low thermal conductivity values (e.g., 9 to 16 (mW)/m=K at a mean temperature of 37 C and atmosphere of pressure). Aerogels can be nearly transparent or translucent, scattering blue light, or can be opaque.
[00521 A common type of aerogel is silica-based. Aerogels based on oxides of metals other than silicon, e.g., aluminum, zirconium, titanium, hafnium, vanadium, yttrium and others, or mixtures thereof can be utilized as well.
[00531 Also known are organic aerogels, e.g., resorcinol or melamine combined with formaldehyde, dendredic polymers, and so forth, and the invention also could be practiced using these materials.
[00541 Suitable aerogel materials and processes for their preparation are described, for example, in U.S. Patent Application No. 2001/0034375 Al to Schwertfeger et al., published on October 25, 2001, the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
[00551 The aerogel material employed can be hydrophobic. As used herein, the terms "hydrophobic" and "hydrophobized" refer to partially as well as to completely hydrophobized aerogel. The hydrophobicity of a partially hydrophobized aerogel can be further increased. In completely hydrophobized aerogels, a maximum degree of coverage is reached and essentially all chemically attainable groups are modified.
[00561 Hydrophobicity can be determined by methods known in the art, such as, for example, contact angle measurements or by methanol (MeOH) wettability. A
discussion of hydrophobicity in relation to aerogels is found in U.S. Patent No.
6,709,600 B2 issued to Hrubesh et al. on March 23, 2004, the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
[00571 Hydrophobic aerogels can be produced by using hydrophobizing agents, e.g., silylating agents, halogen- and in particular fluorine-containing compounds such as fluorine-containing alkoxysilanes or alkoxysiloxanes, e.g., trifluoropropyltrimethoxysilane (TFPTMOS), and other hydrophobizing compounds known in the art. Hydrophobizing agents can be used during the formation of aerogels and/or in subsequent processing steps, e.g., surface treatment.
[00581 Silylating compounds such as, for instance, silanes, halosilanes, haloalkylsilanes, alkoxysilanes, alkoxyalkylsilanes, alkoxyhalosilanes, disiloxanes, disilazanes and others are preferred. Examples of suitable silylating agents include, but are not limited to diethyldichlorosilane, allylmethyldichlorosilane, ethylphenyldichlorosilane, phenylethyldiethoxysilane, trimethylalkoxysilanes, e.g., trimethylbutoxysilane, 3,3,3-trifluoropropylmethyldichlorosilane, symdiphenyltetramethyldisiloxane, trivinyltrimethylcyclotrisiloxane, hexaethyldisiloxane, pentylmethyldichlorosilane, divinyldipropoxysilane, vinyldimethylchlorosilane, vinylmethyldichlorosilane, vinyldimethylmethoxysilane, trimethylchlorosilane, hexamethyldisiloxane, hexenylmethyldichlorosilane, hexenyldimethylchlorosilane, dimethylchlorosilane, dimethyldichorosilane, mercaptopropylmethyldimethoxysilane, bis{3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl}tetrasulfide, hexamethyldisilazane and combinations thereof.
[00591 The aerogel can be in granular, pellet, bead, powder, or other particulate form and in any particle size suitable for an intended application. For instance, the particles can be within the range of from about 0.01 microns ( m) to about 10.0 millimeters (mm) and preferably have a mean particle size in the range of 0.3 to 4.0 mm.
[00601 Examples of commercially available aerogel materials in particulate form are those supplied under the tradename of Nanogel by Cabot Corporation, Billerica, Massachusetts. Nanogel granules have high surface area, are greater than about 90%
porous and are available in a particle size ranging, for instance, from about 8 gm to about l0mm.
[00611 Aerogel also can be produced in monolithic shape, for instance as a rigid, semi-rigid, semi-flexible or flexible structure, e.g., mat shaped composites that include fibers.
Flexible or semi-flexible monoliths are preferred for use in the insert described herein.
[00621 Whether in particulate or monolithic shape, the aerogel can include one or more additives such as fibers, opacifiers, color pigments, dyes and mixtures thereof. For instance, a silica aerogel can be prepared to contain additives such fibers and/or one or more metals or compounds thereof. Specific examples include aluminum, tin, titanium, zirconium or other non-siliceous metals, and oxides thereof. Non-limiting examples of opacifiers include carbon black, titanium dioxide, zirconium silicate, and mixtures thereof.
Additives can be provided in any suitable amounts, e.g., depending on desired properties and/or specific application.
[00631 Composite materials that include fibers and aerogel (e.g., fiber-reinforced aerogels) and, optionally, at least one binder also can be employed. The fibers can have any suitable structure. For example, the fibers can have no structure (e.g., unassociated fibers). The fibers can have a matrix structure or similar mat-like structure which can be patterned or irregular and random. Preferred composites of materials comprising fibers include composites formed from aerogels and fibers wherein the fibers have the form of a lofty fibrous structure, batting or a form resembling a steel wool pad.
Examples of materials suitable for use in the preparation of the lofty fibrous structure include fiberglass, organic polymeric fibers, silica fibers, quartz fibers, organic resin-based fibers, carbon fibers, and the like. The material having a lofty fibrous structure can be used by itself or in combination with a second, open-cell material, e.g., an aerogel material. For instance, a blanket can have a silica aerogel dispersed within a material having a lofty fibrous structure.
[00641 Other composite materials suitable in forming the insert layer include at least one aerogel and at least one syntactic foam. The aerogel can be coated to prevent intrusion of the polymer into the pores of the aerogel, as described, for instance in International Publication No. WO 2007047970, with the title Aerogel Based Composites, the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
[00651 In one specific example, the insert is or includes a cracked aerogel monolith such as described in U.S. Patent No. 5,789,075, issued on August 4, 1998 to Frank et al., the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
Preferably, the cracks enclose aerogel fragments that are connected by fibers. Aerogel fragments can have an average volume of 0.001 mm3 to 1 cm3. In one composite, the aerogel fragments have an average volume of 0.1 mm3 to 30 mm3.
[00661 In another specific example, the insert is a composite that includes aerogel material, a binder and at least one fiber material as described, for instance, in U.S. Patent No. 6,887,563, issued on May 3, 2005 to Frank et al., the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
[00671 Other specific examples of aerogel-based inserts are fiber-web/aerogel composites that include bicomponent fibers as disclosed in U.S. Patent No.
5,786,059 issued on July 28, 1998 to Frank et al., the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Such composites use at least one layer of fiber web and aerogel particles, wherein the fiber web comprises at least one bicomponent fiber material, the bicomponent fiber material having lower and higher melting regions and the fibers of the web being bonded not only to the aerogel particles but also to each other by the lower melting regions of the fiber material. In some applications, the bicomponent fibers are manufactured fibers which are composed of two firmly interconnected polymers of
6 PCT/US2008/057810 different chemical and/or physical constructions and which have regions having different melting points, i.e. lower and higher melting regions.
[ 0 0 6 e] As described in the above-referenced patent, the bicomponent fibers can have a core-sheath structure. The core of the fiber is a polymer, preferably a thermoplastic polymer, whose melting point is higher than that of the thermoplastic polymer which forms the sheath. The bicomponent fibers are preferably polyester/copolyester bicomponent fibers. It is also possible to use bicomponent fiber variations composed of polyester/polyolefin, e.g. polyester/polyethylene, or polyester/copolyolefin or bicomponent fibers having an elastic sheath polymer. Side-by-side bicomponent fibers also can be employed.
[00691 The fiber web may further comprise at least one simple fiber material which becomes bonded to the lower melting regions of the bicomponent fibers in the course of thermal consolidation. The simple fibers are organic polymer fibers, for example polyester, polyolefin and/or polyamide fibers, preferably polyester fibers.
The fibers can be round, trilobal, pentalobal, octalobal, ribbony, like a Christmas tree, dumbbell-shaped or otherwise star-shaped in cross section. It is similarly possible to use hollow fibers. The melting point of these simple fibers should be above that of the lower melting regions of the bicomponent fibers.
[00701 In further specific examples, the insert layer is in the form of an aerogel sheet or blanket. The sheet or blanket can include, for instance, aerogel particles dispersed in fibers. In other cases, the sheet or blanket includes fibrous batting with continuous aerogel throughout. Sheets or blankets can be produced, for instance, from wet gel structures as described in U.S Patent application Publication Nos. 2005/0046086 Al, published on March 3, 2005 and 2005/0167891 Al, published on August 4, 2005, both to Lee et al., the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
[00711 The insert also can consist of, consist essentially of or can include a porous material other than an aerogel. In specific examples, the material is a microporous or, preferably, a nanoporous oxide of a metal such as silicon, aluminum, zirconium, titanium, hafnium, vanadium, yttrium and others, and/or mixtures thereof. As used herein, the term "microporous" refers to materials having pores that are about 1 micron and larger; the term "nanoporous" refers to materials having pores that are smaller than about 1 micron, preferably less than about 0.1 microns. Pore size can be determined by methods known in the art, such as mercury intrusion porosimetry, or microscopy. Preferably the pores are interconnected giving rise to open type porosity.
[00721 Combinations of insulating materials such as described above also can be employed. For instance, the insert can include different types of aerogel, e.g., in particulate and/or monolithic form.
[00731 Aerogels also can be combined with a non-aerogel material, for example with one or more conventional insulators such as gas, e.g., argon, air, carbon dioxide, vacuum;
perlite; fiber glass; silica; aluminoasilicates; plastics; or others known in the construction industry. If translucency is important, aerogel material can be combined with transparent or translucent non-aerogel material, for instance, glass microbeads or microspheres, such as those commercially available from 3M Corporation.
[00741 The non-aerogel material can have a particle size suitable for the application.
For instance, a suitable particle size of the non-aerogel material can be within the range of from about 0.05 mm and about 4 mm.
[00751 Aerogel and non-aerogel materials can be blended in any proportion suitable to the application. Cost requirements, insulating properties, light transmission, function of the composite within the overall construction are some of the factors that can be considered. Generally, the non-aerogel material can be present in the mixture in an amount anywhere from 0% to 99%. For instance, aerogel and non-aerogel materials can be blended in 20:80 to 80:20 ratios, e.g., 60:40, 50:50 or 40:60. Other ratios can be used.
[00761 Optionally, the material employed to form the insert layer or insert, e.g., loose aerogel particles or another granular material, can be enclosed in a film or casing made of one or more polymers such as nylon, polycarbonate, metal sheets, or other suitable materials, forming a pillow, mat, bag, and the like. The material also can be present in layers.
[00771 The insert layer is sized and shaped to meet construction and design specifications. In illustrative examples, the insert has a thickness of about 0.125 inches or greater. Preferably, the insert has a thickness within the range of from about 25 mm to about 200 mm.
[ 0 0 7 e] In one aspect of the invention, the insert layer has a density less than about 0.5 g/cm3, preferably less than about 0.3 g/cm3 and more preferably less than about 0.1 g/cm3.
In another aspect of the invention, the insert has a void volume fraction of at least 10% and preferably at least 50%. In specific examples, the insert has a void volume %
of at least 90%.
[00791 In preferred implementations, the insert has a light transmission greater than 0% and preferably is translucent. As used herein, the term "translucent"
refers to a light transmittance (%T) of at least 0.5% when measured at visible light wavelengths.
Preferably, the insert material has a %T of at least 10% for a 0.25 inch thickness. As one example, an insert made of Nanogel material and having a thickness of 25 mm has a visible light transmission of about 53%, while an insert made of Nanogel , having a thickness of 50 mm, has a visible light transmission of about 26%. In further aspects of the invention, the insulating material eliminates glare, allowing a soft, deep distribution of daylight. Light transmission through a Nanogel insulator, for example, can be referred to as diffused.
[ 0 0 8 0] An insert layer that is an insulator is preferred. As used herein, the term "insulating" or "insulator" refers to thermal, acoustic or electric insulating properties. In preferred implementations, the insert combines two or more types of insulating properties.
[00811 In one example the insert is a thermal insulator. In many implementations, the insert has an R-value of at least 2, more preferably between 3 and 38. "R
value" is a parameter well known in describing construction materials and is a measure of thermal resistance to heat flow.
[ 0 0 8 2] In another example the insert layer has a substantially constant thermal conductivity (k-value), within the range of from about 12 to about 30 (mW)/m=K
at 37 C
and 1 atmosphere of pressure. Also preferred are inserts for which the thermal conductivity or k-value of the insert remains constant, or preferably decreases with load or compression.
[00831 In a further example, the insert is an acoustic insulator. Nanogel aerogel particles, for instance, slow down the speed of sound through the structure, reducing noise, in particular in the low to mid frequency range from 40 to 500 Hz.
[ 0 0 8 4] In yet another example the insert is an electrical insulator.
[00851 Hydrophobic inserts are preferred. More preferred are water and mold resistant inserts. Suitable inserts may also have fire resistant or fire-proof properties.
[ 0 0 e 6] The insert layer can be resilient and/or compressible. In some implementations of the invention, the insert material has elastic compressibility, wherein application of a pressure to a bulk amount of the compressible material results in a reduction of the volume occupied by the compressible material, and wherein after release of the pressure the volume of the compressible material increases and preferably returns to substantially the same value as before application of the pressure. Thus elastic response to compression or "compressive spring back" results in recovery of insert thickness, preferably of the full insert thickness, when compression is removed.
[ 0 0 e 7 ] In one example the insert is compressible and has a compressive spring back force that allows the material to be firmly held in place between the layers.
The insert may be able to withstand pressures of 1 psi, or preferably 10 psi, or more preferably 100 psi, or still more preferably 1000 psi, without permanent damage or destruction. The insert may experience volumetric compression to a second volume that is, e.g., 5% to 80%
less than its initial volume when put under compressive load. The insert may then spring back to a final volume that is substantially greater than the second volume as the load is decreased.
This behavior allows for systems wherein the insert substantially fills the volume between the layers even if that volume is changing due to wind load, creep, mechanical compression or other outside forces.
[ 0 0 8 8] Incorporating a material such as described above in a structure or composite suitable for architectural membrane applications can be conducted during the manufacture of the composite. Existing assemblies also can be refurbished or retrofitted to include a material such as aerogel, either in situ or off-site. For instance, an existing architectural membrane can be lined with a monolithic aerogel blanket, optionally supported by a layer such as the first or second layer described above, or by other means. Air-supported cushions or pillows also can be designed or retrofitted to include aerogel or other materials described herein.
[ 0 0 8 9] Several approaches can be employed to produce architectural membrane structures. In one example a monolithic structure, e.g., an aerogel blanket, is incorporated into the structure or composite by stacking or layering. For instance, a monolithic insert can be disposed over a bottom layer then covered with a top layer. Material, e.g., lose granules, retained in a sheath or casing can be incorporated in a similar fashion.
[00901 To produce the composite, a material, e.g., aerogel in monolithic or granular form, or as part of a composite, also can be provided in a gap space formed between the first and second layers described above. Assemblies that have multiple layers can contain the material in one, more than one, or all of the gap spaces. Particulate material, e.g., aerogel can be added to one gap space, while monolithic material, e.g., an aerogel blanket, can be provided to another.
[0091] In one example, the structure is produced by placing particulate material as the insert between the layers, e.g., introducing particulate material in the space defined by the two outer layers, then using a mechanism to tightly enclose the material between the layers. Processes that can be used to make the enclosure include mechanical compression, layer tensioning, vacuum sealing, or other approaches. When the insert material is compressible and springy, it will be held tightly in place without bunching, flowing, or significant break-down. The level of volumetric compression under 1 atmosphere of pressure could be 10% or more, preferably 25% or more, or still more preferably 40% or more when compared to initial bulk density.
[00921 In specific implementations the compression of the material is sufficient to accommodate, overcome or sustain a volume change in a gap space in cases when the volume change is caused by wind, creep, mechanical force or any combination thereof.
[00931 In another example, aerogels or another suitable material is incorporated within the architectural membrane structure by techniques disclosed, for instance in U.S.
Patent No. 6,598,283 B2, issued to Rouanet et al. on July 29, 2003, the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. U.S. Patent No.
6,598,283 B2 describes, for instance, a method which includes providing a sealed first container comprising aerogel particles under a first air pressure that is less than atmospheric pressure. The unrestrained volume of the aerogel particles at the first air pressure is less than the unrestrained volume of the aerogel particles under a second air pressure that is greater than the first air pressure. The sealed first container is placed within a second container, e.g., the space between the outer layers and the sealed first container is breached to equalize the air pressure between the first and second containers at the second air pressure and to increase the volume of the aerogel particles, thereby forming the insulation article.
[00941 Techniques described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No.
2006/0272727 Al, to Dinon et al., published on December 7, 2006 also can be adapted to incorporate insert material into the structures disclosed herein. U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2006/0272727 discloses an insulated pipe-in-pipe assembly comprising (a) at least one inner pipe, (b) an outer pipe disposed around the at least one inner pipe so as to create an annular space between the outer and inner pipes, (c) porous, resilient, compressible material disposed in the annular space, and (d) a remnant of a container that previously was positioned in the annular space and previously held the compressible material in a volume less than the volume of the compressible material in the annular space. A method for making such an insulated pipe-in-pipe assembly also is described.
[00951 In specific examples, loose granular material is used in conjunction with a binder material between the layers. The layers can either tightly enclose the material, as described above, or can loosely enclose the material. In loose enclosures, the layers can be held apart by air in a pillow-like form. In this case, the insert material can completely fill the inner pillow region or could partially fill the region, being affixed to one or more of the outer layers by an optional binder.
[00961 Other suitable approaches can be employed to incorporate granular materials in air-supported structures, e.g., pillows or cushions. Furthermore, air-supported cushion or pillow structures can be formed utilizing monolithic and/or composite materials, e.g., aerogel blankets and the like.
[00971 To reduce or minimize settling and the formation of voids, the space or gap volume between the outer layers can be "overfilled" or "overpacked".
Overpacked systems can have a density at least as high as the tap density. For aerogel particles, overfilling is to a density higher than the tap density. In systems filled with aerogel particles that are very light compared to a relatively heavy frame, the density can be considerably greater than the tap density, for instance about 105 to about 115% - 120% and higher of tap density.
[ 0 0 9 8] Optionally, moisture can be removed from the insert material prior to, during or after being added to form the architectural membrane structure.
[00991 The manufacture or fabrication process can further include adhering two or more of the first layer, insert layer and second layer (i.e., plies) to one another. Non-adhering techniques also can be employed, resulting in at least two of the plies being non-adhering. Specific approaches for joining together two or more of the plies include stitching the plies together, laminating the plies together, powder bonding the plies together, or other suitable techniques. The plies may be directly connected, or they may be indirectly connected together by intervening materials.
[0100] Suitable techniques that can be used to produce the architectural membrane structure of the invention include but are not limited to lamination, adhesives, sandwiching between two tensioned layers, sewing, riveting, blowing in loose material, wet processing into a composite form and others.
[0101] The architectural composites of the invention can be finished into panels. To finish the composite edges and/or corners of the composite structure can be sealed or clamped together. Edge conditions for panels utilizing composites of the invention are illustrated in FIG. 2 and FIG. 3. Also shown in FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 are fastening systems or devices that can be employed in combination with the composites of the invention.
[01021 Shown in FIG. 2, for instance, is a fastening device that includes edge bars 40 for securing pane142. Pane142 includes a composite such as described above, having insert 16 and optionally sealed outer layers 12 and 14. The panel is provided with roped or beaded edges 52. Edge bars 40 grip the layers and can be fasten to supporting or perimeter components.
[01031 Another approach for fastening a composite such as described above is illustrated in FIG. 3. Shown in FIG. 3 is fastening device 60 for securing pane162 comprising a composite having insert 16. In this example, the composite includes non-structural outer layer 64 and single reinforced fabric outer layer 66 and the panel is fastened using roped edge 72 and clip 74.
[01041 The fastening systems depicted in FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 can be fabricated in whole or in part from aluminum or another suitable materials. Fastening means other than those depicted in FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 also can be employed.
[01051 Architectural membrane structures of the invention can have a substantially constant thickness, the thickness being, for instance, within the range of from about 0.25 inches to about 4 inches, preferably within the range of from about 0.375 inches to about 3 inches.
[01061 In preferred implementations, the structure can have a measure of thermal resistance to heat flow, referred to herein as "R" value of at least 2, preferably within the range of from about 3 to 38. A desirable R value for the overall structure or composite is a value that is greater than the R value of the outer layers in the absence of the insert.
[01071 Preferably, thermal insulating properties of the architectural membrane structure increase with load or compression. In specific implementation, the structure has a thermal conductivity (k-value) that remains constant or, preferably, decreases with load and/or compression.
[01081 In some embodiments, the architectural membrane structure has a light, e.g., visible light, transmittance (% T) greater than 0%, e.g., at least about 0.25 %, preferably at least about 0.5%, e.g., within the range of from about 0.5% and about 2%, more preferably at least 2, e.g., within the range of from about 2% and 10%, and most preferably greater than about 10% and up to 80% or higher. Also preferred are composites that have high light reflectance, e.g., of at least 60%, preferably at least 70% and more preferably 80% or more. Suitable approaches for measuring light transmittance and spectral reflectance are set out in European Standard EN 410 or in ASTM E424.
[0109] Solar heat gain coefficients can be, for instance, in the range of from about 0.21 to 0.73.
[0110] The architectural structure preferably provides acoustic insulation with particular properties of sound absorption and diffusion, and with enhanced performance in the OITC rating (outdoor indoor transmission class) in the range between 40 and 400 Hz.
[0111] In preferred implementations, the architectural membrane structure includes a load bearing insulator, i.e., an insulator that retains or substantially retains one or more of its insulating properties, e.g., its thermal insulating properties, under a mechanical load.
[01121 In specific examples, the insert transfers a load between the outer layers under conditions such as wind, where one layer, e.g., membrane, resists pressures from one direction, say into the composite, and the other layer or membrane resists pressure from the same direction, say, away from the composite. These pressures may be of the order of 10 to 40 pounds per square foot (psf). The structure disclosed herein preferably also resists snow loads, where the pressures typically occur on the top layer only; these pressures may range from 20 psf to in excess of 100 psf.
[01131 In some implementations, one or both outer layer(s) is/are partially and, preferably, entirely supported by the insert.
[01141 In other examples of the invention, the architectural membrane structure disclosed herein has fire resistance properties and preferably is fire-proof.
Furthermore, the structure can be water, weather and/or mold resistant.
[01151 The structure or composite can constitute an architectural element, structural element or can serve as both. As with conventional architectural membranes, the composite of the invention can be used to produce pre-assembled modules.
[01161 In some implementations, the architectural membrane structure is an air supported cushion or pillow.
[01171 In other implementations, the structure or composite of the invention is used as a tensioned structure, having a shape that is determined by tension in the composite and the geometry of the support structure. Typically, the structure includes flexible elements (e.g. composite and cables), non-flexible elements (e.g. struts, masts, beams, rings, or arches) and the anchorage (e.g. supports and foundations). Preferably, when installed, the tensioned layer is the bottom layer.
[01181 In addition to three dimensional curves, composites of the invention can be pretensioned for instance to a pretension value calculated based on expected loading during the life cycle of the architectural structure or composite. Preferably, the pretension is high enough to have a minimum of tension in both directions under any possible condition. If pretension is too low, the composite can become susceptible to vibrations caused by wind. If pretension is too high, the composite can require heavy and expensive supporting structure and/or foundation.
[0119] Shapes that can be used alone or in combination include synclastic, e.g., spheres or domes, anticlastic, e.g. saddle-like, and others. Thus composites of the invention can be erected or prefabricated as domes, conical, waveform, synclassic, anticlassic, pleated and other shapes.
[01201 Architectural membrane composites according to the inventions can be used in envelope structures such as roofs, overhangs, canopies, tents and tent-like structures, walls, artistic displays, esthetic or other structures which can be integrated in the design and construction of airports, storage facilities, hangars, arenas, activity centers, sports or gathering venues, domes, green houses, residential or commercial buildings, manufacturing facilities, museums, hotels, universities, railroad, bus or subway stations, waiting areas, theaters, opera houses, amphitheaters, passageways between buildings, connecting joints in industrial facilities and so forth.
[01211 Envelope structures that include the composites disclosed herein can be used as substitutes or in addition to envelopes that employ existing architectural membranes.
[01221 The architectural membrane structure disclosed herein can be used as cladding or can be integrated in domes and other constructions, such those described in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,736,553 issued to Geiger on April 12, 1988; 5,103,600 issued to Geiger and Campbell on April 14, 1992; 5,261,193, issued on November 16, 1993 and 5,430,979, issued on July 11, 1995, both to Wieber et al; U.S. Patent No. 5,502,928 issued to Terry on Apri12, 1996; U.S. Patent No. 6,282,842 Bl issued to Simens on September 4, 2001; and many others. It can be a substitute or can be combined with existing materials, e.g., the flexible composites described in U.S. Patent No. 7,153,792 issued on December 26, 2006 to Sahlin et al. The teachings of these patents are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
[01231 Shown in FIG 4A and 4B, for instance, is building 200, including walls and 204 and roof 206. A composite such as described herein is supported by beams 208.
Alternatively or in addition to beams 208, other means for support can be employed, e.g., cabling and/or air pressure.
[01241 Engineering approaches for integrating composites disclosed herein into various architectural designs depend on the purpose of the envelope, its function, shape, properties sought and other factors. These approaches can be the same or different from those known or being developed in relation to existing architectural membranes.
[01251 Examples are described, for instance, in U.S. Patent No. 5,502,928 issued on Apri12, 1996 to Terry and 4,736,553 issued to Geiger on April 12, 1988, the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Other examples are described in publications such as the following available from wwiv. sei eren ginners.com: (i) Design Experience with Nonlinear Tension Based Systems: Tents, Trusses and Tensegrity by D.
Campbell, D. Chen, and P. Gossen P.E.; (ii) Membrane Designs and Structures in the Worlds edited by Kazuo Ishii; (iii) Tensioned Fabric Membrane Roofs for "Tensegrity"
Domes by D. Campbell, et.al.. These publications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
[01261 While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims.
[ 0 0 6 e] As described in the above-referenced patent, the bicomponent fibers can have a core-sheath structure. The core of the fiber is a polymer, preferably a thermoplastic polymer, whose melting point is higher than that of the thermoplastic polymer which forms the sheath. The bicomponent fibers are preferably polyester/copolyester bicomponent fibers. It is also possible to use bicomponent fiber variations composed of polyester/polyolefin, e.g. polyester/polyethylene, or polyester/copolyolefin or bicomponent fibers having an elastic sheath polymer. Side-by-side bicomponent fibers also can be employed.
[00691 The fiber web may further comprise at least one simple fiber material which becomes bonded to the lower melting regions of the bicomponent fibers in the course of thermal consolidation. The simple fibers are organic polymer fibers, for example polyester, polyolefin and/or polyamide fibers, preferably polyester fibers.
The fibers can be round, trilobal, pentalobal, octalobal, ribbony, like a Christmas tree, dumbbell-shaped or otherwise star-shaped in cross section. It is similarly possible to use hollow fibers. The melting point of these simple fibers should be above that of the lower melting regions of the bicomponent fibers.
[00701 In further specific examples, the insert layer is in the form of an aerogel sheet or blanket. The sheet or blanket can include, for instance, aerogel particles dispersed in fibers. In other cases, the sheet or blanket includes fibrous batting with continuous aerogel throughout. Sheets or blankets can be produced, for instance, from wet gel structures as described in U.S Patent application Publication Nos. 2005/0046086 Al, published on March 3, 2005 and 2005/0167891 Al, published on August 4, 2005, both to Lee et al., the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
[00711 The insert also can consist of, consist essentially of or can include a porous material other than an aerogel. In specific examples, the material is a microporous or, preferably, a nanoporous oxide of a metal such as silicon, aluminum, zirconium, titanium, hafnium, vanadium, yttrium and others, and/or mixtures thereof. As used herein, the term "microporous" refers to materials having pores that are about 1 micron and larger; the term "nanoporous" refers to materials having pores that are smaller than about 1 micron, preferably less than about 0.1 microns. Pore size can be determined by methods known in the art, such as mercury intrusion porosimetry, or microscopy. Preferably the pores are interconnected giving rise to open type porosity.
[00721 Combinations of insulating materials such as described above also can be employed. For instance, the insert can include different types of aerogel, e.g., in particulate and/or monolithic form.
[00731 Aerogels also can be combined with a non-aerogel material, for example with one or more conventional insulators such as gas, e.g., argon, air, carbon dioxide, vacuum;
perlite; fiber glass; silica; aluminoasilicates; plastics; or others known in the construction industry. If translucency is important, aerogel material can be combined with transparent or translucent non-aerogel material, for instance, glass microbeads or microspheres, such as those commercially available from 3M Corporation.
[00741 The non-aerogel material can have a particle size suitable for the application.
For instance, a suitable particle size of the non-aerogel material can be within the range of from about 0.05 mm and about 4 mm.
[00751 Aerogel and non-aerogel materials can be blended in any proportion suitable to the application. Cost requirements, insulating properties, light transmission, function of the composite within the overall construction are some of the factors that can be considered. Generally, the non-aerogel material can be present in the mixture in an amount anywhere from 0% to 99%. For instance, aerogel and non-aerogel materials can be blended in 20:80 to 80:20 ratios, e.g., 60:40, 50:50 or 40:60. Other ratios can be used.
[00761 Optionally, the material employed to form the insert layer or insert, e.g., loose aerogel particles or another granular material, can be enclosed in a film or casing made of one or more polymers such as nylon, polycarbonate, metal sheets, or other suitable materials, forming a pillow, mat, bag, and the like. The material also can be present in layers.
[00771 The insert layer is sized and shaped to meet construction and design specifications. In illustrative examples, the insert has a thickness of about 0.125 inches or greater. Preferably, the insert has a thickness within the range of from about 25 mm to about 200 mm.
[ 0 0 7 e] In one aspect of the invention, the insert layer has a density less than about 0.5 g/cm3, preferably less than about 0.3 g/cm3 and more preferably less than about 0.1 g/cm3.
In another aspect of the invention, the insert has a void volume fraction of at least 10% and preferably at least 50%. In specific examples, the insert has a void volume %
of at least 90%.
[00791 In preferred implementations, the insert has a light transmission greater than 0% and preferably is translucent. As used herein, the term "translucent"
refers to a light transmittance (%T) of at least 0.5% when measured at visible light wavelengths.
Preferably, the insert material has a %T of at least 10% for a 0.25 inch thickness. As one example, an insert made of Nanogel material and having a thickness of 25 mm has a visible light transmission of about 53%, while an insert made of Nanogel , having a thickness of 50 mm, has a visible light transmission of about 26%. In further aspects of the invention, the insulating material eliminates glare, allowing a soft, deep distribution of daylight. Light transmission through a Nanogel insulator, for example, can be referred to as diffused.
[ 0 0 8 0] An insert layer that is an insulator is preferred. As used herein, the term "insulating" or "insulator" refers to thermal, acoustic or electric insulating properties. In preferred implementations, the insert combines two or more types of insulating properties.
[00811 In one example the insert is a thermal insulator. In many implementations, the insert has an R-value of at least 2, more preferably between 3 and 38. "R
value" is a parameter well known in describing construction materials and is a measure of thermal resistance to heat flow.
[ 0 0 8 2] In another example the insert layer has a substantially constant thermal conductivity (k-value), within the range of from about 12 to about 30 (mW)/m=K
at 37 C
and 1 atmosphere of pressure. Also preferred are inserts for which the thermal conductivity or k-value of the insert remains constant, or preferably decreases with load or compression.
[00831 In a further example, the insert is an acoustic insulator. Nanogel aerogel particles, for instance, slow down the speed of sound through the structure, reducing noise, in particular in the low to mid frequency range from 40 to 500 Hz.
[ 0 0 8 4] In yet another example the insert is an electrical insulator.
[00851 Hydrophobic inserts are preferred. More preferred are water and mold resistant inserts. Suitable inserts may also have fire resistant or fire-proof properties.
[ 0 0 e 6] The insert layer can be resilient and/or compressible. In some implementations of the invention, the insert material has elastic compressibility, wherein application of a pressure to a bulk amount of the compressible material results in a reduction of the volume occupied by the compressible material, and wherein after release of the pressure the volume of the compressible material increases and preferably returns to substantially the same value as before application of the pressure. Thus elastic response to compression or "compressive spring back" results in recovery of insert thickness, preferably of the full insert thickness, when compression is removed.
[ 0 0 e 7 ] In one example the insert is compressible and has a compressive spring back force that allows the material to be firmly held in place between the layers.
The insert may be able to withstand pressures of 1 psi, or preferably 10 psi, or more preferably 100 psi, or still more preferably 1000 psi, without permanent damage or destruction. The insert may experience volumetric compression to a second volume that is, e.g., 5% to 80%
less than its initial volume when put under compressive load. The insert may then spring back to a final volume that is substantially greater than the second volume as the load is decreased.
This behavior allows for systems wherein the insert substantially fills the volume between the layers even if that volume is changing due to wind load, creep, mechanical compression or other outside forces.
[ 0 0 8 8] Incorporating a material such as described above in a structure or composite suitable for architectural membrane applications can be conducted during the manufacture of the composite. Existing assemblies also can be refurbished or retrofitted to include a material such as aerogel, either in situ or off-site. For instance, an existing architectural membrane can be lined with a monolithic aerogel blanket, optionally supported by a layer such as the first or second layer described above, or by other means. Air-supported cushions or pillows also can be designed or retrofitted to include aerogel or other materials described herein.
[ 0 0 8 9] Several approaches can be employed to produce architectural membrane structures. In one example a monolithic structure, e.g., an aerogel blanket, is incorporated into the structure or composite by stacking or layering. For instance, a monolithic insert can be disposed over a bottom layer then covered with a top layer. Material, e.g., lose granules, retained in a sheath or casing can be incorporated in a similar fashion.
[00901 To produce the composite, a material, e.g., aerogel in monolithic or granular form, or as part of a composite, also can be provided in a gap space formed between the first and second layers described above. Assemblies that have multiple layers can contain the material in one, more than one, or all of the gap spaces. Particulate material, e.g., aerogel can be added to one gap space, while monolithic material, e.g., an aerogel blanket, can be provided to another.
[0091] In one example, the structure is produced by placing particulate material as the insert between the layers, e.g., introducing particulate material in the space defined by the two outer layers, then using a mechanism to tightly enclose the material between the layers. Processes that can be used to make the enclosure include mechanical compression, layer tensioning, vacuum sealing, or other approaches. When the insert material is compressible and springy, it will be held tightly in place without bunching, flowing, or significant break-down. The level of volumetric compression under 1 atmosphere of pressure could be 10% or more, preferably 25% or more, or still more preferably 40% or more when compared to initial bulk density.
[00921 In specific implementations the compression of the material is sufficient to accommodate, overcome or sustain a volume change in a gap space in cases when the volume change is caused by wind, creep, mechanical force or any combination thereof.
[00931 In another example, aerogels or another suitable material is incorporated within the architectural membrane structure by techniques disclosed, for instance in U.S.
Patent No. 6,598,283 B2, issued to Rouanet et al. on July 29, 2003, the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. U.S. Patent No.
6,598,283 B2 describes, for instance, a method which includes providing a sealed first container comprising aerogel particles under a first air pressure that is less than atmospheric pressure. The unrestrained volume of the aerogel particles at the first air pressure is less than the unrestrained volume of the aerogel particles under a second air pressure that is greater than the first air pressure. The sealed first container is placed within a second container, e.g., the space between the outer layers and the sealed first container is breached to equalize the air pressure between the first and second containers at the second air pressure and to increase the volume of the aerogel particles, thereby forming the insulation article.
[00941 Techniques described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No.
2006/0272727 Al, to Dinon et al., published on December 7, 2006 also can be adapted to incorporate insert material into the structures disclosed herein. U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2006/0272727 discloses an insulated pipe-in-pipe assembly comprising (a) at least one inner pipe, (b) an outer pipe disposed around the at least one inner pipe so as to create an annular space between the outer and inner pipes, (c) porous, resilient, compressible material disposed in the annular space, and (d) a remnant of a container that previously was positioned in the annular space and previously held the compressible material in a volume less than the volume of the compressible material in the annular space. A method for making such an insulated pipe-in-pipe assembly also is described.
[00951 In specific examples, loose granular material is used in conjunction with a binder material between the layers. The layers can either tightly enclose the material, as described above, or can loosely enclose the material. In loose enclosures, the layers can be held apart by air in a pillow-like form. In this case, the insert material can completely fill the inner pillow region or could partially fill the region, being affixed to one or more of the outer layers by an optional binder.
[00961 Other suitable approaches can be employed to incorporate granular materials in air-supported structures, e.g., pillows or cushions. Furthermore, air-supported cushion or pillow structures can be formed utilizing monolithic and/or composite materials, e.g., aerogel blankets and the like.
[00971 To reduce or minimize settling and the formation of voids, the space or gap volume between the outer layers can be "overfilled" or "overpacked".
Overpacked systems can have a density at least as high as the tap density. For aerogel particles, overfilling is to a density higher than the tap density. In systems filled with aerogel particles that are very light compared to a relatively heavy frame, the density can be considerably greater than the tap density, for instance about 105 to about 115% - 120% and higher of tap density.
[ 0 0 9 8] Optionally, moisture can be removed from the insert material prior to, during or after being added to form the architectural membrane structure.
[00991 The manufacture or fabrication process can further include adhering two or more of the first layer, insert layer and second layer (i.e., plies) to one another. Non-adhering techniques also can be employed, resulting in at least two of the plies being non-adhering. Specific approaches for joining together two or more of the plies include stitching the plies together, laminating the plies together, powder bonding the plies together, or other suitable techniques. The plies may be directly connected, or they may be indirectly connected together by intervening materials.
[0100] Suitable techniques that can be used to produce the architectural membrane structure of the invention include but are not limited to lamination, adhesives, sandwiching between two tensioned layers, sewing, riveting, blowing in loose material, wet processing into a composite form and others.
[0101] The architectural composites of the invention can be finished into panels. To finish the composite edges and/or corners of the composite structure can be sealed or clamped together. Edge conditions for panels utilizing composites of the invention are illustrated in FIG. 2 and FIG. 3. Also shown in FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 are fastening systems or devices that can be employed in combination with the composites of the invention.
[01021 Shown in FIG. 2, for instance, is a fastening device that includes edge bars 40 for securing pane142. Pane142 includes a composite such as described above, having insert 16 and optionally sealed outer layers 12 and 14. The panel is provided with roped or beaded edges 52. Edge bars 40 grip the layers and can be fasten to supporting or perimeter components.
[01031 Another approach for fastening a composite such as described above is illustrated in FIG. 3. Shown in FIG. 3 is fastening device 60 for securing pane162 comprising a composite having insert 16. In this example, the composite includes non-structural outer layer 64 and single reinforced fabric outer layer 66 and the panel is fastened using roped edge 72 and clip 74.
[01041 The fastening systems depicted in FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 can be fabricated in whole or in part from aluminum or another suitable materials. Fastening means other than those depicted in FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 also can be employed.
[01051 Architectural membrane structures of the invention can have a substantially constant thickness, the thickness being, for instance, within the range of from about 0.25 inches to about 4 inches, preferably within the range of from about 0.375 inches to about 3 inches.
[01061 In preferred implementations, the structure can have a measure of thermal resistance to heat flow, referred to herein as "R" value of at least 2, preferably within the range of from about 3 to 38. A desirable R value for the overall structure or composite is a value that is greater than the R value of the outer layers in the absence of the insert.
[01071 Preferably, thermal insulating properties of the architectural membrane structure increase with load or compression. In specific implementation, the structure has a thermal conductivity (k-value) that remains constant or, preferably, decreases with load and/or compression.
[01081 In some embodiments, the architectural membrane structure has a light, e.g., visible light, transmittance (% T) greater than 0%, e.g., at least about 0.25 %, preferably at least about 0.5%, e.g., within the range of from about 0.5% and about 2%, more preferably at least 2, e.g., within the range of from about 2% and 10%, and most preferably greater than about 10% and up to 80% or higher. Also preferred are composites that have high light reflectance, e.g., of at least 60%, preferably at least 70% and more preferably 80% or more. Suitable approaches for measuring light transmittance and spectral reflectance are set out in European Standard EN 410 or in ASTM E424.
[0109] Solar heat gain coefficients can be, for instance, in the range of from about 0.21 to 0.73.
[0110] The architectural structure preferably provides acoustic insulation with particular properties of sound absorption and diffusion, and with enhanced performance in the OITC rating (outdoor indoor transmission class) in the range between 40 and 400 Hz.
[0111] In preferred implementations, the architectural membrane structure includes a load bearing insulator, i.e., an insulator that retains or substantially retains one or more of its insulating properties, e.g., its thermal insulating properties, under a mechanical load.
[01121 In specific examples, the insert transfers a load between the outer layers under conditions such as wind, where one layer, e.g., membrane, resists pressures from one direction, say into the composite, and the other layer or membrane resists pressure from the same direction, say, away from the composite. These pressures may be of the order of 10 to 40 pounds per square foot (psf). The structure disclosed herein preferably also resists snow loads, where the pressures typically occur on the top layer only; these pressures may range from 20 psf to in excess of 100 psf.
[01131 In some implementations, one or both outer layer(s) is/are partially and, preferably, entirely supported by the insert.
[01141 In other examples of the invention, the architectural membrane structure disclosed herein has fire resistance properties and preferably is fire-proof.
Furthermore, the structure can be water, weather and/or mold resistant.
[01151 The structure or composite can constitute an architectural element, structural element or can serve as both. As with conventional architectural membranes, the composite of the invention can be used to produce pre-assembled modules.
[01161 In some implementations, the architectural membrane structure is an air supported cushion or pillow.
[01171 In other implementations, the structure or composite of the invention is used as a tensioned structure, having a shape that is determined by tension in the composite and the geometry of the support structure. Typically, the structure includes flexible elements (e.g. composite and cables), non-flexible elements (e.g. struts, masts, beams, rings, or arches) and the anchorage (e.g. supports and foundations). Preferably, when installed, the tensioned layer is the bottom layer.
[01181 In addition to three dimensional curves, composites of the invention can be pretensioned for instance to a pretension value calculated based on expected loading during the life cycle of the architectural structure or composite. Preferably, the pretension is high enough to have a minimum of tension in both directions under any possible condition. If pretension is too low, the composite can become susceptible to vibrations caused by wind. If pretension is too high, the composite can require heavy and expensive supporting structure and/or foundation.
[0119] Shapes that can be used alone or in combination include synclastic, e.g., spheres or domes, anticlastic, e.g. saddle-like, and others. Thus composites of the invention can be erected or prefabricated as domes, conical, waveform, synclassic, anticlassic, pleated and other shapes.
[01201 Architectural membrane composites according to the inventions can be used in envelope structures such as roofs, overhangs, canopies, tents and tent-like structures, walls, artistic displays, esthetic or other structures which can be integrated in the design and construction of airports, storage facilities, hangars, arenas, activity centers, sports or gathering venues, domes, green houses, residential or commercial buildings, manufacturing facilities, museums, hotels, universities, railroad, bus or subway stations, waiting areas, theaters, opera houses, amphitheaters, passageways between buildings, connecting joints in industrial facilities and so forth.
[01211 Envelope structures that include the composites disclosed herein can be used as substitutes or in addition to envelopes that employ existing architectural membranes.
[01221 The architectural membrane structure disclosed herein can be used as cladding or can be integrated in domes and other constructions, such those described in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,736,553 issued to Geiger on April 12, 1988; 5,103,600 issued to Geiger and Campbell on April 14, 1992; 5,261,193, issued on November 16, 1993 and 5,430,979, issued on July 11, 1995, both to Wieber et al; U.S. Patent No. 5,502,928 issued to Terry on Apri12, 1996; U.S. Patent No. 6,282,842 Bl issued to Simens on September 4, 2001; and many others. It can be a substitute or can be combined with existing materials, e.g., the flexible composites described in U.S. Patent No. 7,153,792 issued on December 26, 2006 to Sahlin et al. The teachings of these patents are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
[01231 Shown in FIG 4A and 4B, for instance, is building 200, including walls and 204 and roof 206. A composite such as described herein is supported by beams 208.
Alternatively or in addition to beams 208, other means for support can be employed, e.g., cabling and/or air pressure.
[01241 Engineering approaches for integrating composites disclosed herein into various architectural designs depend on the purpose of the envelope, its function, shape, properties sought and other factors. These approaches can be the same or different from those known or being developed in relation to existing architectural membranes.
[01251 Examples are described, for instance, in U.S. Patent No. 5,502,928 issued on Apri12, 1996 to Terry and 4,736,553 issued to Geiger on April 12, 1988, the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Other examples are described in publications such as the following available from wwiv. sei eren ginners.com: (i) Design Experience with Nonlinear Tension Based Systems: Tents, Trusses and Tensegrity by D.
Campbell, D. Chen, and P. Gossen P.E.; (ii) Membrane Designs and Structures in the Worlds edited by Kazuo Ishii; (iii) Tensioned Fabric Membrane Roofs for "Tensegrity"
Domes by D. Campbell, et.al.. These publications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
[01261 While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims.
Claims (57)
1. An architectural membrane structure comprising aerogel.
2. The architectural membrane structure of Claim 1, wherein the aerogel is present in an aerogel composite, in a monolith or is in particulate form.
3. The architectural membrane structure of Claim 1, wherein aerogel is present in a blanket, mat or sheet.
4. The architectural membrane of Claim 1, wherein the aerogel is present in a fiber-web/aerogel composite.
5. The architectural membrane structure of Claim 1, wherein the structure has a substantially constant thickness.
6. The architectural membrane structure of Claim 1, wherein the structure has a first layer, a second layer and an insert layer including the aerogel between said first and second layers.
7. The architectural membrane structure of Claim 6, wherein the insert layer has a thickness of at least 0.375 inches.
8. The architectural membrane structure of Claim 6, comprising additional outer layers or interior layers that are interspersed in the insert layer.
9. The architectural membrane structure of Claim 6, wherein at least one of said first and second layers is woven.
10. The architectural membrane structure of Claim 6, wherein at least one of said first and second layers is non-woven.
11. The architectural membrane structure of Claim 6, wherein at least one of said first and second layers includes fiberglass, polyester, polytetrafluoroethylene, metal mesh, fibrous batting or any combination thereof.
12. The architectural membrane structure of Claim 6, wherein at least one of said first and second layers is coated with polytetrafluoroethylene, vinyl, silicone, titanium dioxide or any combination thereof.
13. The architectural membrane structure of Claim 6, wherein a space defined by said first and second layers is substantially completely filled by the aerogel.
14. The architectural membrane structure of Claim 6, wherein a space defined by said first and second layers is partially filled by the aerogel.
15. The architectural membrane structure of Claim 6, wherein the first layer and the second layer have the same thickness.
16. The architectural membrane structure of Claim 6, wherein the first layer or the second layer has a thickness of at least about 0.03 inches.
17. The architectural membrane structure of Claim 6, wherein at least two of the first layer, the insert layer, and the second layer are adhered to one another.
18. The architectural membrane structure of Claim 6, wherein at least two of the first layer, the insert layer and the second layer are not adhered to one another.
19. The architectural membrane structure of Claim 6, having at least one edge or corner that is sealed or clamped.
20. The architectural membrane structure of Claim 1, having a thermal insulation R
value of at least 2.
value of at least 2.
21. The architectural membrane structure of Claim 1, having a % T greater than 0%.
22. The architectural membrane structure of Claim 1, wherein the structure is a tensioned structure.
23. The architectural membrane structure of Claim 22, wherein the aerogel is disposed between a first layer and a second layer and only one of said layers is tensioned.
24. The architectural membrane structure of Claim 1, wherein the aerogel is disposed between a first layer and a second layer and transfers a load between said layers.
25. The architectural membrane structure of Claim 1, wherein the aerogel is adhered to a layer.
26. The architectural membrane structure of Claim 1, wherein when installed, the aerogel is under compression.
27. The architectural membrane structure of Claim 26, wherein the compression is sufficient to accommodate a volume change in a gap space and wherein the volume change is caused by wind, creep, mechanical force or any combination thereof.
28. The architectural membrane structure of Claim 1, wherein the aerogel has an elastic response to compression.
29. The architectural membrane structure of Claim 1, wherein the aerogel is present in a layer having a thermal conductivity value that decreases with load or compression.
30. The architectural membrane structure of Claim 1, wherein the composite has thermal insulating properties, electrical insulating properties, acoustical insulating properties or any combination thereof.
31. The architectural membrane structure of Claim 1, wherein the aerogel is present in a layer having a density no greater than 0.5 g/cm3.
32. The architectural membrane structure of Claim 1, wherein the aerogel is present in a layer having a void volume of at least 50%.
33. An architectural or structural envelope comprising the architectural membrane structure of Claim 1.
34. The envelope of Claim 33, further comprising at least one additional element selected from the group consisting of a flexible element, a non-flexible element, and an anchorage element.
35. The envelope of Claim 33, wherein the envelope is a roof, overhang, canopy, wall, esthetic or artistic structure.
36. The envelope of Claim 33, wherein the aerogel substantially fills a space between layers when subjected to volumetric compression followed by volumetric expansion.
37. A construction comprising the envelope of Claim 33.
38. The construction of Claim 37, wherein the construction is an airport, storage facility, hangar, arena, activity center, sports venue, gathering venue, dome, green house, residential or commercial building, manufacturing facility, museum, hotel, railroad, bus or subway station, canopy, passageway or university.
39. A system comprising a fastening device and the architectural membrane structure of Claim 1.
40. An architectural membrane structure comprising a granular material.
41. The architectural membrane structure of Claim 40, having a thermal insulation R
value between 3 and 38.
value between 3 and 38.
42. The architectural membrane structure of Claim 40, having a % T in the range of from about 0.25 to about 80%.
43. The architectural membrane structure of Claim 40, having a reflectance of at least 80%.
44. An architectural membrane structure having a thermal conductivity that remains essentially the same or decreases with load or compression.
45. An architectural membrane structure comprising a substantially load bearing insulator.
46. An architectural membrane structure comprising a first membrane layer, a second membrane layer and a nanoporous material between said layers.
47. The architectural membrane structure of Claim 46, wherein the nanoporous material is a monolith, a particulate material or a nanoporous composite.
48. The architectural membrane structure of Claim 46, further comprising a binder material between said layers.
49. A method for manufacturing an architectural membrane structure, comprising securing an aerogel material between a first and second layer.
50. The method of Claim 49, wherein at least two of the first layer, an insert layer containing the aerogel material and the second layer are adhered to one another.
51. The method of Claim 49, wherein at least two of the first layer, an insert layer containing the aerogel material and the second layer are laminated to one another.
52. The method of Claim 49, further comprising sealing or clamping at least one edge or one corner of the architectural membrane structure.
53. The method of Claim 49, wherein the aerogel material is in particulate form.
54. The method of Claim 49, wherein the aerogel material is enclosed in a space between said layers by mechanical compression, layer tensioning, vacuum sealing or any combination thereof.
55. The method of Claim 49, wherein the aerogel material is provided in at least one container placed between said layers.
56. The method of Claim 55, further comprising breaching the container.
57. The method of Claim 49, wherein the aerogel material is provided in a blanket, mat or a composite.
Applications Claiming Priority (7)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US89666407P | 2007-03-23 | 2007-03-23 | |
US60/896,664 | 2007-03-23 | ||
US89690407P | 2007-03-24 | 2007-03-24 | |
US60/896,904 | 2007-03-24 | ||
US90805707P | 2007-03-26 | 2007-03-26 | |
US60/908,057 | 2007-03-26 | ||
PCT/US2008/057810 WO2008118776A2 (en) | 2007-03-23 | 2008-03-21 | Architectural membrane structures and methods for producing them |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CA2682220A1 true CA2682220A1 (en) | 2008-10-02 |
CA2682220C CA2682220C (en) | 2017-05-30 |
Family
ID=39773338
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CA2682220A Active CA2682220C (en) | 2007-03-23 | 2008-03-21 | Architectural membrane structures and methods for producing them |
Country Status (10)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20080229704A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2142718B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP5431972B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR101556800B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN101680222B (en) |
AU (1) | AU2008231065B2 (en) |
BR (1) | BRPI0809308B1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2682220C (en) |
MX (1) | MX346123B (en) |
WO (1) | WO2008118776A2 (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN109532183A (en) * | 2018-11-30 | 2019-03-29 | 苏州大学 | A kind of preparation method, device and the application of sound wave areflexia material |
Families Citing this family (62)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7887909B2 (en) * | 2007-07-26 | 2011-02-15 | Sabic Innovative Plastics Ip B.V. | Light transmissive foamed polymer sheet and methods for making the same |
US20090258180A1 (en) * | 2008-02-15 | 2009-10-15 | Chapman Thermal Products, Inc. | Layered thermally-insulating fabric with an insulating core |
US8859091B2 (en) * | 2008-11-20 | 2014-10-14 | Sabic Global Technologies B.V. | Colored diffusion sheets, methods of manufacture thereof and articles comprising the same |
JP5354266B2 (en) * | 2009-01-23 | 2013-11-27 | 井前工業株式会社 | Thermal insulation sheet |
US8572907B2 (en) * | 2009-02-19 | 2013-11-05 | Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics Corporation | Attachment system of photovoltaic cell to fluoropolymer structural membrane |
EP2277691A1 (en) * | 2009-06-25 | 2011-01-26 | Knauf Insulation Technology GmbH | Aerogel comprising laminates |
JP5354537B2 (en) * | 2009-07-01 | 2013-11-27 | 井前工業株式会社 | High temperature slab heat retention device |
JP5456436B2 (en) * | 2009-10-30 | 2014-03-26 | 旭ファイバーグラス株式会社 | Method for producing silica xerogel |
JP2011136859A (en) * | 2009-12-28 | 2011-07-14 | Asahi Fiber Glass Co Ltd | Fiber heat insulating material and method for manufacturing the same |
US8371073B2 (en) * | 2010-03-04 | 2013-02-12 | Michael Fuller Architects, Pc | Building with integrated natural systems |
JP2012006807A (en) * | 2010-06-28 | 2012-01-12 | Nichias Corp | Composite particle, heat insulating material, and method for producing the same |
WO2012021499A1 (en) | 2010-08-10 | 2012-02-16 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Silica aerogels and their preparation |
JP5528296B2 (en) * | 2010-10-25 | 2014-06-25 | 株式会社トクヤマ | Airgel |
US8387315B2 (en) * | 2010-11-29 | 2013-03-05 | Qatar Football Association | Microclimate cooling system for an indoor/outdoor stadium |
US8555557B2 (en) * | 2010-11-29 | 2013-10-15 | Qatar Football Association | Indoor/outdoor stadium system for energy use reduction |
US8215066B2 (en) * | 2010-11-29 | 2012-07-10 | Qatar Football Association | Multi-layer, revolving stadium roof |
WO2012122063A1 (en) * | 2011-03-04 | 2012-09-13 | Brockwell Michael Ian | Exotensioned structural members with energy-absorbing effects |
CN102251614B (en) * | 2011-04-22 | 2012-11-28 | 上海交通大学 | Mixed inflatable film structure |
EP2581216A1 (en) * | 2011-10-12 | 2013-04-17 | Dow Global Technologies LLC | Panel with fire barrier |
CN102518217B (en) * | 2011-12-14 | 2014-12-10 | 上海英硕聚合材料股份有限公司 | Nano aerogel material exterior wall external heat insulation system and construction method thereof |
ITPD20120039A1 (en) * | 2012-02-17 | 2013-08-18 | Everlux S R L | INSULATING PANEL FOR BUILDING AND PROCEDURE FOR ITS REALIZATION |
US20150050486A1 (en) * | 2012-03-30 | 2015-02-19 | Dow Global Technologies Llc | Geopolymer precursor-aerogel compositions |
KR101228371B1 (en) * | 2012-09-10 | 2013-01-31 | 주식회사 빅스코 | Aerogel sheet and manufacturing method thereof |
MX2015005658A (en) * | 2012-11-05 | 2016-03-03 | Basf Se | Method for producing profiled elements. |
PT106781A (en) | 2013-02-15 | 2014-08-18 | Inst Superior Técnico | FLEXIBLE HYBRID AERIALS PREPARED IN SUBCRYTIC CONDITIONS AND PREPARATION PROCESS FOR THE SAME |
CN103290980B (en) * | 2013-05-28 | 2015-05-13 | 兖矿东华建设有限公司 | Multilayer load bearing heat-insulated cantilever plate butted with frame structure and preparation and construction method |
FR3007025B1 (en) * | 2013-06-14 | 2015-06-19 | Enersens | INSULATING COMPOSITE MATERIALS COMPRISING INORGANIC AEROGEL AND MELAMINE FOAM |
US9878405B2 (en) * | 2013-08-27 | 2018-01-30 | Hyundai Motor Company | Heat protector and manufacturing and mounting methods |
TWI565681B (en) | 2013-10-15 | 2017-01-11 | 中原大學 | Porous silica aerogel composite membrane and method for making the same and carbon dioxide sorption device |
JP6329632B2 (en) * | 2014-02-12 | 2018-05-23 | ユッチンソン | Vacuum insulation board with organic airgel |
US10965159B2 (en) | 2014-05-29 | 2021-03-30 | Sony Corporation | Scalable antenna system |
US9577463B2 (en) | 2014-05-29 | 2017-02-21 | Sony Corporation | Portable device to portable device wireless power transfer methods and systems |
US9843360B2 (en) | 2014-08-14 | 2017-12-12 | Sony Corporation | Method and system for use in configuring multiple near field antenna systems |
US10277280B2 (en) | 2014-05-29 | 2019-04-30 | Sony Interactive Entertainment LLC | Configuration of data and power transfer in near field communications |
US9906897B2 (en) | 2014-07-16 | 2018-02-27 | Sony Corporation | Applying mesh network to pet carriers |
US10127601B2 (en) | 2014-07-16 | 2018-11-13 | Sony Corporation | Mesh network applied to fixed establishment with movable items therein |
US9900748B2 (en) | 2014-07-16 | 2018-02-20 | Sony Corporation | Consumer electronics (CE) device and related method for providing stadium services |
US9516461B2 (en) | 2014-07-16 | 2016-12-06 | Sony Corporation | Mesh network applied to arena events |
US9426610B2 (en) | 2014-07-16 | 2016-08-23 | Sony Corporation | Applying mesh network to luggage |
US9361802B2 (en) | 2014-07-16 | 2016-06-07 | Sony Corporation | Vehicle ad hoc network (VANET) |
US9820164B1 (en) * | 2014-07-25 | 2017-11-14 | Cornerstone Research Group, Inc. | Subterranean system comprising wireless communication network and syntactic foam panels |
WO2016072093A1 (en) * | 2014-11-06 | 2016-05-12 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | Composite sheet and manufacturing method therefor |
GB2539649B (en) * | 2015-06-18 | 2017-09-13 | Hunt Tech Ltd | Insulating elements and structures |
CN107708985B (en) * | 2015-08-04 | 2019-08-30 | 松下知识产权经营株式会社 | Heat insulation sheet, band backrest seat and Cold-proof clothes using the heat insulation sheet |
CN105089234A (en) * | 2015-08-26 | 2015-11-25 | 桂林威迈壁纸有限公司 | Heat and sound insulation night-luminous wallpaper |
CN105220785B (en) * | 2015-10-27 | 2018-01-16 | 南京纳世新材料有限责任公司 | Composite heat insulation sound insulation plate |
US11072145B2 (en) * | 2016-01-27 | 2021-07-27 | Aspen Aerogels, Inc. | Laminates comprising reinforced aerogel composites |
US10889501B2 (en) | 2016-02-24 | 2021-01-12 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Solar thermal aerogel receiver and materials therefor |
EP3260290A1 (en) * | 2016-06-23 | 2017-12-27 | Microtherm N.v. | Thermally insulating cloths |
CN109715384A (en) * | 2016-11-30 | 2019-05-03 | 松下知识产权经营株式会社 | Heat shield and its manufacturing method |
CN106626676A (en) * | 2017-01-23 | 2017-05-10 | 江苏泛亚微透科技股份有限公司 | Composite material of heat insulation and sound insulation aerogel layer composite breathable membrane and manufacturing method thereof |
CN106903955B (en) * | 2017-02-26 | 2018-09-07 | 新乡学院 | A kind of structure of composite membrane can be used for Building Skin and its application |
KR102193438B1 (en) * | 2017-11-16 | 2020-12-21 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | Silica aerogel blanket with low dust and method for preparing the same |
CN108000970A (en) * | 2017-11-20 | 2018-05-08 | 中国科学院紫金山天文台 | A kind of new insulation construction |
KR102190889B1 (en) * | 2017-11-21 | 2020-12-14 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | Method for preparing silica aerogel blanket with high thermal insulation and high strength |
WO2019210051A1 (en) | 2018-04-25 | 2019-10-31 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Energy efficient soundproofing window retrofits |
BR112020024176B1 (en) | 2018-05-31 | 2023-09-26 | Aspen Aerogels, Inc | REINFORCED AEROGEL COMPOSITION |
JP2020106092A (en) * | 2018-12-27 | 2020-07-09 | アクア株式会社 | Manufacturing method of heat insulation material, and refrigerator including heat insulation material manufactured by using the same |
EP3738941A1 (en) | 2019-05-14 | 2020-11-18 | ETH Zurich | Method of manufacturing a composite element, device for manufacturing the composite element, the composite element itself and use of the composite element |
CN110329175A (en) * | 2019-05-23 | 2019-10-15 | 连云港冠泰汽车配件有限公司 | A kind of passive acoustic material of passenger car crew module NVH |
EP4265407A1 (en) * | 2022-04-20 | 2023-10-25 | Basf Se | Thermal insulation composite |
TR2022014996A2 (en) * | 2022-09-30 | 2022-10-21 | Assan Panel Sanayi Ve Ticaret Anonim Sirketi | FLEXIBLE PHOTOVOLTAIC MEMBRANE SANDWICH PANEL PRODUCTION SYSTEM AND PRODUCTION METHOD |
Family Cites Families (33)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS58185843A (en) * | 1982-04-23 | 1983-10-29 | 旭ファイバーグラス株式会社 | Heat insulating structure and construction |
US4736553A (en) * | 1984-05-04 | 1988-04-12 | Geiger David H | Roof structure |
GB8826163D0 (en) * | 1988-11-08 | 1988-12-14 | Micropore International Ltd | Panels of thermal insulating material |
US5103600A (en) * | 1989-05-31 | 1992-04-14 | Geiger David H | Multi-purpose stadium |
JP2782097B2 (en) | 1989-10-04 | 1998-07-30 | 飛島建設株式会社 | Frame membrane structure and its tension introduction method |
US5394786A (en) * | 1990-06-19 | 1995-03-07 | Suppression Systems Engineering Corp. | Acoustic/shock wave attenuating assembly |
JPH05195656A (en) * | 1992-01-17 | 1993-08-03 | Ohbayashi Corp | Connecting structure for membrane body |
US5261193A (en) * | 1992-02-26 | 1993-11-16 | Birdair, Inc. | Tensioned membrane cladding system |
JPH06128527A (en) * | 1992-10-16 | 1994-05-10 | Mitsubishi Kasei Corp | Production of shaped article coated with moisture-permeable waterproofing coating |
US5502928A (en) * | 1993-10-06 | 1996-04-02 | Birdair, Inc. | Tension braced dome structure |
US5667165A (en) * | 1994-08-01 | 1997-09-16 | Gardner; Gregory P. | Apparatus and method for application of flexible sheet stock |
DE4430642A1 (en) * | 1994-08-29 | 1996-03-07 | Hoechst Ag | Airgel and xerogel composites, processes for their production and their use |
RU2147054C1 (en) * | 1994-12-21 | 2000-03-27 | Кэбот Корпорейшн | Nonwoven combined material containing bicomponent fibers and method of its production |
US6282842B1 (en) * | 1995-02-06 | 2001-09-04 | Robert R. Simens | Inflatable roof support systems |
US6887563B2 (en) * | 1995-09-11 | 2005-05-03 | Cabot Corporation | Composite aerogel material that contains fibres |
DE19648798C2 (en) * | 1996-11-26 | 1998-11-19 | Hoechst Ag | Process for the production of organically modified aerogels by surface modification of the aqueous gel (without prior solvent exchange) and subsequent drying |
DE19722682B4 (en) * | 1997-05-30 | 2005-03-24 | Evobus Gmbh | display device |
JPH1128353A (en) * | 1997-07-09 | 1999-02-02 | Matsushita Electric Works Ltd | Oil-absorptive material |
JP2001193183A (en) * | 2000-01-17 | 2001-07-17 | Dainippon Printing Co Ltd | Heat insulating sheet for construction member and heat insulating construction member |
JP4560903B2 (en) | 2000-07-11 | 2010-10-13 | 住友ベークライト株式会社 | Flexible sheet and air film structure using the same |
US20020069904A1 (en) * | 2000-10-31 | 2002-06-13 | Robinson William G. | Odor-inhibiting enclosure |
US6709600B2 (en) * | 2001-09-21 | 2004-03-23 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Method for removing organic liquids from aqueous solutions and mixtures |
US6598283B2 (en) * | 2001-12-21 | 2003-07-29 | Cabot Corporation | Method of preparing aerogel-containing insulation article |
DE10255509B4 (en) * | 2002-11-27 | 2006-09-21 | W.L. Gore & Associates Gmbh | Covering device and its use |
WO2004098885A2 (en) * | 2003-04-30 | 2004-11-18 | Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics Corporation | Flexible composites and applications including the flexible composites |
JP2004357583A (en) | 2003-06-04 | 2004-12-24 | Mitsubishi Chem Mkv Co | Film structure |
CN100540257C (en) * | 2003-06-24 | 2009-09-16 | 斯攀气凝胶公司 | The manufacture method of gel film |
CA2572395C (en) * | 2004-06-29 | 2013-12-24 | Aspen Aerogels, Inc. | Energy efficient and insulated building envelopes |
US20060021643A1 (en) * | 2004-07-16 | 2006-02-02 | Cam Brensinger | Tent and its components |
DE102004062743A1 (en) * | 2004-12-27 | 2006-07-06 | Degussa Ag | Process for increasing the water-tightness of textile fabrics, textile fabrics treated in this way and their use |
US20060194026A1 (en) * | 2005-02-25 | 2006-08-31 | Aspen Aerogels, Inc. | Insulated roofing systems |
US20060272727A1 (en) * | 2005-06-06 | 2006-12-07 | Dinon John L | Insulated pipe and method for preparing same |
US20060281825A1 (en) * | 2005-06-11 | 2006-12-14 | Je Kyun Lee | Microporous Polyisocyanate Based Hybrid Materials |
-
2008
- 2008-03-21 CA CA2682220A patent/CA2682220C/en active Active
- 2008-03-21 BR BRPI0809308-3A patent/BRPI0809308B1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2008-03-21 MX MX2009010228A patent/MX346123B/en active IP Right Grant
- 2008-03-21 EP EP08732648.4A patent/EP2142718B1/en active Active
- 2008-03-21 KR KR1020097022050A patent/KR101556800B1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2008-03-21 JP JP2009554766A patent/JP5431972B2/en active Active
- 2008-03-21 CN CN200880016535.0A patent/CN101680222B/en active Active
- 2008-03-21 WO PCT/US2008/057810 patent/WO2008118776A2/en active Application Filing
- 2008-03-21 AU AU2008231065A patent/AU2008231065B2/en active Active
- 2008-03-21 US US12/052,931 patent/US20080229704A1/en not_active Abandoned
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN109532183A (en) * | 2018-11-30 | 2019-03-29 | 苏州大学 | A kind of preparation method, device and the application of sound wave areflexia material |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2008118776A2 (en) | 2008-10-02 |
EP2142718A2 (en) | 2010-01-13 |
BRPI0809308B1 (en) | 2018-03-20 |
MX2009010228A (en) | 2010-03-22 |
KR20090129485A (en) | 2009-12-16 |
AU2008231065B2 (en) | 2014-09-11 |
CN101680222A (en) | 2010-03-24 |
JP2010525188A (en) | 2010-07-22 |
MX346123B (en) | 2017-03-08 |
CN101680222B (en) | 2016-11-16 |
KR101556800B1 (en) | 2015-10-01 |
US20080229704A1 (en) | 2008-09-25 |
CA2682220C (en) | 2017-05-30 |
WO2008118776A3 (en) | 2009-02-05 |
AU2008231065A1 (en) | 2008-10-02 |
JP5431972B2 (en) | 2014-03-05 |
EP2142718B1 (en) | 2018-04-18 |
BRPI0809308A2 (en) | 2014-09-23 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
CA2682220C (en) | Architectural membrane structures and methods for producing them | |
US8899000B2 (en) | Architectural membrane and method of making same | |
US8628834B2 (en) | Filling fenestration units | |
EP1919701B1 (en) | Energy efficient and insulated building envelopes | |
JP2010525188A5 (en) | ||
WO2007146945A2 (en) | Aerogel-foam composites | |
US20140272320A1 (en) | Universal barrier system panels | |
Peng et al. | Structure, mechanism, and application of vacuum insulation panels in Chinese buildings | |
CN207373821U (en) | A kind of fire resistant water-proof polyurethane coiled material | |
CN211868806U (en) | Hollow micro-bead and aerogel composite heat insulation plate tile | |
US11214957B2 (en) | Universal barrier system panels | |
Tabor et al. | Building and Construction Textiles | |
WO2004005640A1 (en) | Building structures with curved conduits and male to female fasteners | |
US20120198783A1 (en) | Systems of modular ready to assemble structures and relevant finished buildings | |
US20220127841A1 (en) | Universal Barrier System Panels | |
Casini | Nanoinsulation Materials for Energy Efficient Buildings | |
CN110978661A (en) | Hollow micro-bead and aerogel composite heat insulation plate tile | |
CN110509622A (en) | A kind of heat insulating mattress | |
CN113374098A (en) | Turtle shell type external wall air reflection heat preservation system | |
Pinto | Lightweight and transparent domes | |
Llorens Duran | Introduction to the topic and overview | |
JP2000120163A (en) | Architectural versatile humidity conditioned and heat insulating panel and wooden framework panel construction method using it | |
Szymański et al. | THE LIGHTWEIGHT STRUCTURE OF BUILDINGS FROM SANDWICH PREFABRICATED ELEMENTS |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
EEER | Examination request |
Effective date: 20130315 |