CA2844339A1 - Belt-creped, variable local basis weight multi-ply sheet with cellulose microfiber prepared with perforated polymeric belt - Google Patents

Abstract

A multi-ply absorbent sheet includes at least a first and second ply bonded together. In one construction, the first and second ply are provided with from about 90% to about 25% by weight pulp-derived papermaking fiber and from about 10% to about 75% by weight fibrillated regenerated cellulosic microfiber having a CSF value of less than 175 ml; the sheet having a caliper of from 180-250 mils/8 sheets and exhibiting a wipe-dry time of less than 20 seconds, an SAT capacity in the range of 350-500 g/m2, an SAT rate in the range of 0.05-0.25 g/s0.5, a CD wet tensile in the range of 400-2500 g/3" and a wet/dry CD tensile ratio of from 35% to 60%. The multi-ply sheets have enough absorbent capacity for use as ordinary paper towels. Preferred products exhibit a differential pore volume for pores under 5 microns in diameter of at least about 75 mm3/g/micron.

Description

BELT-CREPED, VARIABLE LOCAL BASIS WEIGHT MULTI-PLY SHEET WITH
CELLULOSE MICROFIBER
PREPARED WITH PERFORATED POLYMERIC BELT
Claim for Priority and Cross-Reference to Related Applications This application is a continuation in part of co-pending U. S. Patent Application No.
12/694,650, Publication No. US 2010/0186913, entitled" Belt-Creped, Variable Local Basis Weight Absorbent Sheet Prepared With Perforated Polymeric Belt", filed January 27, 2010, which was based upon U. S. Provisional Application Serial No.
61/206,146 of the same title, filed January 28, 2009, the right of priority of the foregoing being hereby claimed. The foregoing applications are incorporated herein by reference.
This application relates to the subject matter of U. S. Patent Application Publication No.
2009/0020139, published January 22, 2009, based on Application No. 12/284,148, filed September 17, 2008, entitled "High Efficiency Disposable Cellulosic Wiper"
(Attorney Docket No. 20134 P1). This application also relates to the subject matter of U. S. Patent Application Publication No. 2009/0020248, published January 22, 2009, based on Application No. 12/284,147, filed September 17, 2008, entitled "Absorbent Sheet Incorporating Regenerated Cellulose Microfiber" (Attorney Docket No. 20134 P2). Both U. S. Patent Application Nos. 12/284,148 and 12/284,147 were based, in part, on U. S.
Patent Application No. 11/725,253, filed March 19, 2007, entitled "Absorbent Sheet Having Regenerated Cellulose Microfiber Network", now U. S. Patent No.
7,718,036 (Attorney Docket No. 20134). This application also relates, in part, to the subject matter of the following U. S. Provisional Patent Applications:
(1) Provisional Application No. 60/784,228, filed March 21, 2006;

(2) Provisional Application No. 60/850,467, filed October 10, 2006;

(3) Provisional Application No. 60/850,681, filed October 10, 2006;

(4) Provisional Application No. 60/881,310, filed January 19, 2007;

(5) Provisional Application No. 60/994,344, filed September 19, 2007;

(6) Provisional Application No. 60/994,483, filed September 19, 2007.

7 PCT/US2012/048046 The disclosures of the foregoing applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
Background Lyocell fibers are typically used in textiles or filter media. See, for example, U. S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2003/0177909 and 2003/0168401, both to Koslow, as well as U. S. Patent No. 6,511,746 to Collier et al. On the other hand, high efficiency wipers for cleaning glass and other substrates are typically made from thermoplastic fibers.
U. S. Patent No. 6,890,649, to Hobbs et al. (3M), discloses polyester microfibers for use in a wiper product. According to the '649 patent, the microfibers have an average effective diameter of less than 20 microns and generally from 0.01 microns to 10 microns. See column 2, lines 38-40. These microfibers are prepared by fibrillating a film surface and then harvesting the fibers.
U. S. Patent No. 6,849,329, to Perez et al., discloses microfibers for use in cleaning wipes.
These fibers are similar to those described in the '649 patent discussed above. U. S. Patent No. 6,645,618, to Hobbs et al., also discloses microfibers in fibrous mats such as those used for removal of oil from water or those used as wipers.
U. S. Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0148264, to Varona et al., discloses a wiper with a bimodal pore size distribution. The wipe is made from melt blown fibers as well as coarser fibers and papermaking fibers. See page 2, paragraph 16.
U. S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0203306, to Grafe et al., discloses a flexible wipe including a non-woven layer and at least one adhered nanofiber layer. The nanofiber layer is illustrated in numerous photographs. It is noted on page 1, paragraph 9, that the microfibers have a fiber diameter of from about 0.05 microns to about 2 microns. In this patent application, the nanofiber webs were evaluated for cleaning automotive dashboards, automotive windows and so forth. For example, see page 8, paragraphs 55, 56.

U. S. Patent No. 4,931,201, to Julemont, discloses a non-woven wiper incorporating melt-blown fiber. U. S. Patent No. 4,906,513, to Kebbell, et al. also discloses a wiper having melt-blown fiber. Here, polypropylene microfibers are used and the wipers are reported to provide streak-free wiping properties. This patent is of general interest as is U. S. Patent No. 4,436,780, to Hotchkiss, et al. which discloses a wiper having a layer of melt-blown polypropylene fibers and on either side a spun bonded polypropylene filament layer. See also U. S. Patent No. 4,426,417, to Meitner et al., which discloses a non-woven wiper having a matrix of non-woven fibers including microfiber and staple fiber. U.
S. Patent No. 4,307,143, to Meitner, discloses a low cost wiper for industrial applications which includes thermoplastic, melt-blown fibers.
U. S. Patent No. 4,100,324, to Anderson et al., discloses a non-woven fabric useful as a wiper which incorporates wood pulp fibers.
U. S. Patent Application Publication No. 2006/0141881, to Bergsten et al., discloses a wipe with melt-blown fibers. This publication also describes a drag test at pages 7 and 9. For example, see page 7, paragraph 59. According to the test results on page 9, microfiber increases the drag of the wipes on a surface.
U. S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0200991, to Keck et al., discloses a dual texture absorbent web. Note pages 12 and 13 which describe cleaning tests and a Gardner wet abrasion scrub test.
U. S. Patent No. 6,573,204, to Philipp et al., discloses a cleaning cloth having a non-woven structure made from micro staple fibers of at least two different polymers and secondary staple fibers bound into the micro staple fibers. The split fiber is reported to have a titer of 0.17 to 3.0 dtex prior to being split. See column 2, lines 7 through 9. Note also, U. S.
Patent No. 6,624,100, to Pike, which discloses splittable fiber for use in microfiber webs.
Technical Field This application relates to multi-ply wipers comprising at least one variable local basis weight absorbent sheet including a significant proportion of fibrillated cellulose microfiber having a plurality of arched or domed regions interconnected by a generally planar, densified fibrous network including at least some areas of consolidated fiber bordering the domed areas. The domed regions have a leading edge with a relatively high local basis weight and, at their lower portions, transition sections which include upwardly and inwardly inflected sidewall areas of consolidated fiber.
While there have been advances in the art as to high efficiency wipers, existing products tend to be relatively difficult and expensive to produce; many do not have the absorbent capacity of premium paper towels and are not readily re-pulped or recycled.
Moreover, the wipers of the invention are capable of removing micro-particles and if not substantially all of the residue from a surface, then at least almost all, reducing the need for biocides and cleaning solutions in typical cleaning or sanitizing operations.
Summary of Invention The present invention is directed, in part, to multi-ply absorbent sheet incorporating cellulose microfiber suitable for paper towels and wipers. The sheet exhibits high absorbency (SAT) values as well as low-residue, "wipe-dry" characteristics.
The sheet can accordingly be used as a high efficiency wiper, or as an ordinary paper towel;
eliminating the need for multiple products.
In one embodiment, the present invention is a multi-ply absorbent sheet exhibiting a wipe-dry time of less than 20 seconds, preferably 10 seconds or less, and a SAT
capacity in the range of 9.5-11g/g. In a further embodiment, the absorbent sheet exhibits a SAT rate in the range of 0.05-0.25 g/s *5.
A preferred variable basis weight ply is prepared by a belt-creping process including compactively dewatering a nascent web containing from about 10 to about 60% of fibrillated cellulosic microfiber, applying the dewatered web to a transfer surface with an apparently random distribution of fibers, and belt-creping the web under pressure with nip parameters selected so as to rearrange fiber orientation and optionally provide local basis weight variation. The plies of this invention will exhibit a repeating structure of arched raised portions which define hollow areas on their opposite side. The raised arched portions or domes have relatively high local basis weight interconnected with a network of densified fiber. Transition areas bridging the connecting regions and the domes include upwardly and optionally inwardly inflected consolidated fiber. Generally speaking, the furnish is selected and the steps of belt creping, applying vacuum and drying are controlled such that a dried web is formed having: a plurality of fiber-enriched hollow domed regions protruding from the upper surface of the sheet, said hollow domed regions having a sidewall of relatively high local basis weight formed along at least a leading edge thereof;
and connecting regions forming a network interconnecting the fiber-enriched hollow domed regions of the sheet; wherein consolidated groupings of fibers extend upwardly from the connecting regions into the sidewalls of said fiber-enriched hollow domed regions along at least the leading edge thereof Fibrillated cellulosic microfiber present at the surface of such consolidated groupings forms venation over the surface of the consolidated grouping while fibrillated cellulosic microfiber present within the consolidated groupings appears to enhance the bonding and consolidation therein, both apparently contributing to an increase in very small pores in the sheet structure. Preferably such consolidated groupings of fibers are present at least at the leading and trailing edges of the domed areas.
In many cases, the consolidated groupings of fibers form saddle shaped regions extending at least partially around the domed areas wherein a venation of cellulosic microfibers extends over the surface of the consolidated regions. In other less consolidated regions of the ply, the fibrillated cellulosic microfibers are present as intermittently bonded fibers distributed through less consolidated regions of the ply and intermingled with conventional papermaking fibers therein and bonded thereto largely at crossover regions where the fibers contact.
The superior wipe-dry characteristics of the inventive products is surprising in view of the very low SAT rates observed. Figures 1A-1H, 1J-1N and 1P-1T are photomicrographs illustrating the microstructure at a surface of multi-ply products of the invention (Figures 1G, 1J and 1L) along with a variety of somewhat similar products. It is considered quite surprising that such greatly improved wipe dry characteristics can be observed when apparent porosity is suppressed to the extreme shown here. Without intending to be bound by theory, it is believed that the microfiber venation seen on the surfaces of the consolidated regions in the inventive products Figures 1G, 1J and 1L (formed by creping from a transfer drum using a perforate polymeric belt) provides a very slow observed SAT
rate and a high capillary pressure due to a large percentage of very small, easily accessible pores as described hereinafter, as well as the large number of very small pores distributed throughout the consolidated groupings. The inventive products are remarkably efficient The products of the invention also exhibit wet tensiles significantly above commercial towel products, but have similar SAT capacity so that the wipe-dry characteristics endure as the product absorbs liquid. Figure 2 shows the combined attributes of wipe-dry, absorbency and wet strength achieved in a two-ply product of the invention.
Wipe-dry While exhibiting very high strength, the products of the invention also exhibit an unexpectedly high level of softness as is appreciated from Figure 3 which illustrates that of conventional towel. Preferred products of the present invention will exhibit a differential pore volume for pores under 5 microns in diameter of at least about 75 mm3/g/micron.
Further details and advantages will become apparent from the discussion provided hereinafter.
Brief Description of the Drawings The invention is described with reference to the drawings, wherein:
Figures 1A, 1C and 1E illustrate CMF containing wipers formed by creping a nascent web from a transfer cylinder using a creping fabric and are placed for easy comparison of these to similarly formed wipers without CMF in Figures 1B, 1D and 1F.
Figures 1G, 1J and 1L illustrate venation on CMF containing wipers formed by creping a nascent web from a transfer cylinder using a perforated polymeric creping belt and are placed for easy comparison of those to TAD formed wipers without CMF in Figures 1H, 1K and 1M.
Figures 1N, 1Q and 1S illustrate CMF containing wipers formed by conventional wet press technology and are placed for easy comparison of these to similarly formed wipers without CMF in Figures 1P, 1R and 1T.
Figure 2 illustrates the wipe dry times of three commercially available kitchen roll towel products as compared to two ply wipers containing varying amounts of CMF
formed by belt creping from a transfer cylinder using an exemplary perforated belt as described herein and illustrated in Figure 7.
Figure 3 illustrates the relationship between softness, wet tensile strength and fibrillated cellulosic microfiber content in wipers.
Figure 4 illustrates the distribution of fiber lengths in a cellulosic microfiber which is preferred for the practice of the present invention.

Figure 5 illustrates the extraordinarily high percentage of very long cellulosic fibers attainable with fibrillated cellulosic microfiber.
Figure 6 illustrates the emboss pattern known as "Fantale" mentioned in Example 2.
Figure 7 illustrates the sheet contact surface of a perforated polymeric belt mentioned in Example 1.
Figure 8 illustrates the extrusion/intrusion porosimetry system used for measuring pore volume and pore size distribution.
Figure 9 is a schematic illustrating the interaction between the pressure plate and the sample in the apparatus for measurement of pore volume distribution.
Figure 10 illustrates the extraordinarily high percentage of very small pores attainable in wipers comprising various amounts of fibrillated cellulosic microfibers.
Figure 11 illustrates the relationship between wipe dry times and capillary pressure in wipers.
Figure 12 illustrates the relationship between capillary pressure and fibrillated cellulosic microfiber content in wipers.
Figure 13 illustrates the inter-relationship between wet tensile strength, wipe dry time and content of fibrillated cellulosic microfiber content in a wiper.
Figure 14 illustrates the softness of a variety of wipers as a function of GM
tensile strength with fibrillated cellulosic microfiber content being indicated as a parameter.
Figure 15 illustrates the softness of a variety of wipers as a function of CD
wet tensile strength with fibrillated cellulosic microfiber content being indicated as a parameter.

8 Figure 16 illustrates wipe dry times as a function of SAT capacity with fibrillated cellulosic microfiber content being indicated as a parameter.
Figure 17 illustrates wipe dry times as a function of water holding capacity with fibrillated cellulosic microfiber content being indicated as a parameter.
Figure 18 illustrates wipe dry times as a function of SAT rate with fibrillated cellulosic microfiber content being indicated as a parameter.
Figure 19 illustrates wipe dry times as a function of fibrillated cellulosic microfiber content with wet strength resin content being indicated as a parameter.
Figure 20 illustrates variation in wet extracted lint for a variety of wipers with fibrillated cellulosic microfiber content; wet strength agent content and debonder content being indicated.
Figure 21 illustrates the response of caliper and SAT capacity in wipers to calendering.
Figure 22 illustrates variation in the C/D wet tensile strength for a variety of towels as a function of basis weight.
Figure 23 illustrates the response of basesheet caliper to shoe press load in a variety of wipers.
Figure 24 illustrates basesheet caliper as a function of fibrillated cellulosic microfiber content at a constant shoe press load.
Figures 25 A and B illustrates an emboss pattern known as "Little Circles"
mentioned in Example 2.
Figure 26 illustrates an emboss pattern known as "Patchwork" mentioned in Example 2.

9 Figure 27 illustrates the CD wet tensile strength of a variety of towels as a function of basis weight.
Figure 28 is a schematic scale drawing of a preferred belt usable in the practice of the present invention.
Figure 29 illustrates the CD wet tensile strength of a variety of towels as a function of caliper.
Figure 30 illustrates the SAT capacity of a variety of towels as a function of caliper.
Figure 31 illustrates variation in SAT capacity for a variety of towels as a function of basis weight.
Figure 32 illustrates the relationship between CD wet tensile strength and Sensory Softness for a variety of towels.
Figure 33 presents SAT Capacity and wipe dry times for both black glass and stainless steel surfaces for the wipers of Example 2.
Figure 34 is a sectional scanning electron micrograph illustrating a consolidated region in a sheet formed by belt creping using a perforate polymeric belt.
Figure 35 is an enlarged view of a portion of Figure 34 illustrating a domed region and a consolidated region in more detail.
Figure 36 is a sectional scanning electron micrograph illustrating another consolidated region in a sheet formed by belt creping using a perforate polymeric belt.

10 Figure 37 compares the relative improvements in wipe dry of wipers made by creping with a woven fabric as compared to wipers made by belt creping using a perforate polymeric belt.
Figure 38 compares wipe dry of wipers made by creping with a woven fabric as compared to wipers made by belt creping using a perforate polymeric belt.
Figure 39 illustrates the effect of excessive quaternary ammonium salt release agent on wipers made by belt creping using a perforate polymeric belt.
Figure 40 is an isometric schematic illustrating a device to measure roll compression of tissue products.
Figure 41 is a sectional view taken along line 41-41 of Figure 40.
Figure 42 illustrates the dimensions of a marked microscope slide used in evaluating the resistance of the products of the present invention to wet linting.
Detailed Description of Invention The invention is described in detail below with reference to several embodiments and numerous examples. Such discussion is for purposes of illustration only.
Modifications to particular examples within the spirit and scope of the present invention, set forth in the appended claims, will be readily apparent to one of skill in the art.
Terminology used herein is given its ordinary meaning for example, mils refers to thousandths of an inch; mg refers to milligrams and m2 refers to square meters, percent means weight percent (dry basis), "ton" means short ton (2000 pounds), unless otherwise indicated "ream" means 3000 ft2, and so forth. A "ton" is 2000 pounds while a "tonne" is a metric ton of 100 kg or 2204.62 pounds. Unless otherwise specified, in an abbreviation "t" stands for 'ton". Unless otherwise specified, the version of a test method applied is that in effect as of January 1, 2010 and test specimens are prepared under standard TAPPI

11 conditions; that is, preconditioned for 24 hours then conditioned in an atmosphere of 23 1.0 C (73.4 1.8 F) at 50% relative humidity for at least about 2 hours.
Test methods, materials, equipment and manufacturing techniques and terminology are those enumerated in the applications referred to above as supplemented herein.
Throughout this specification and claims, when we refer to a nascent web having an apparently random distribution of fiber orientation (or use like terminology), we are referring to the distribution of fiber orientation that results when known forming techniques are used for depositing a furnish on the forming fabric. When examined microscopically, the fibers give the appearance of being randomly oriented even though, depending on the jet to wire speed ratio, there may be a significant bias toward machine direction orientation making the machine direction tensile strength of the web exceed the cross-direction tensile strength.
In many applications related to U.S. Patent No. 7,399,378, entitled "Fabric Crepe Process for Making Absorbent Sheet", the importance of the distinction between creping using a woven fabric and a creping belt formed by perforating a solid belt was of minor importance, so the term "belt" could apply to either creping medium. However, in this patent application, as well as in U.S. Patent Application Publication No.
2010/0186913, entitled "Belt-Creped, Variable Local Basis Weight Absorbent Sheet Prepared With Perforated Polymeric Belt", the distinction between the use of a creping fabric and a perforate polymeric belt is of considerable importance as it has been found that use of a perforate polymeric belt makes it possible to obtain consolidated regions, particularly consolidated saddle shaped regions, in the web giving it improved physical properties over the webs previously formed using the technique of creping from a transfer drum. For convenience, we refer to this method of forming a sheet as Fiber Reorienting Belt Creping or FRBC. Further, in this application, it is demonstrated that CMF containing wipers made using a perforate polymeric belt have substantial performance advantages over wipers made using a woven creping fabric which we term Fiber Reorienting Fabric Creping or FRFC. Throughout this application, we have endeavored to make this distinction explicit;

12 but, definitional language in applications incorporated by reference notwithstanding, in this application belts and creping fabrics should not be considered synonymous.
Unless otherwise specified, "basis weight", BWT, bwt, BW and so forth refers to the weight of a 3000 square-foot (278.7 m2) ream of product (basis weight is also expressed in g/m2 or gsm). Likewise, "ream" means a 3000 square-foot (278.7 m2) ream unless otherwise specified. Local basis weights and differences therebetween are calculated by measuring the local basis weight at 2 or more representative low basis weight areas within the low basis weight regions and comparing the average basis weight to the average basis weight at two or more representative areas within the relatively high local basis weight regions. For example, if the representative areas within low basis weight regions have an average basis weight of 15 lbs/3000 ft2 (24.5 g/m2) ream and the average measured local basis weight for the representative areas within the relatively high local basis regions is 20 lbs/3000 ft2 ream (32.6 g/m2), the representative areas within high local basis weight regions have a characteristic basis weight of ((20-15)/15) X 100% or 33%
higher than the representative areas within low basis weight regions. Preferably, the local basis weight is measured using a beta particle attenuation technique as referenced herein. In some cases, X-ray techniques can be suitable provided that the X-rays are sufficiently "soft" ¨ that the energy of the photons is sufficiently low and the basis weight differences between the various regions of the sheet are sufficiently high that significant differences in attenuation are attained.
Calipers and or bulk reported herein may be measured at 8 or 16 sheet calipers as specified. The sheets are stacked and the caliper measurement taken about the central portion of the stack. Preferably, the test samples are conditioned in an atmosphere of 23 1.0 C (73.4 1.8 F) at 50% relative humidity for at least about 2 hours and then measured with a Thwing-Albert Model 89-II-JR or Progage Electronic Thickness Tester with 2-in (50.8-mm) diameter anvils, 539 10 grams dead weight load, and 0.231 in/sec (5.87 mm/sec) descent rate. For finished product testing, each sheet of product to be tested must have the same number of plies as the product as sold. For testing in general, eight sheets are selected and stacked together. For napkin testing, napkins are unfolded prior to stacking. For base sheet testing off of winders, each sheet to be tested must have the same

13 number of plies as produced off the winder. For base sheet testing off of the papermachine reel, single plies must be used. Sheets are stacked together aligned in the MD. Bulk may also be expressed in units of volume/weight by dividing caliper by basis weight.
Consolidated fibrous structures are those which have been so highly densified that the fibers therein have been compressed to ribbon-like structures and the void volume is reduced to levels approaching or perhaps even less than those found in flat papers such as are used for communications purposes. In preferred structures, the fibers are so densely packed and closely matted that the distance between adjacent fibers is typically less than the fiber width, often less than half or even less than a quarter of the fiber width. In the most preferred structures, the fibers are largely collinear and strongly biased in the MD
direction. The presence of consolidated fiber or consolidated fibrous structures can be confirmed by examining thin sections which have been imbedded in resin then microtomed in accordance with known techniques. Alternatively, if SEM's of both faces of a region are so heavily matted as to resemble flat paper, then that region can be considered consolidated. Sections prepared by focused ion beam cross-section polishers, such as those offered by JEOLO, are especially suitable for observing densification throughout the thickness of the sheet to determine whether regions in the tissue products of the present invention have been so highly densified as to become consolidated.
Creping belt and like terminology refers to a belt which bears a perforated pattern suitable for practicing the process of the present invention. In addition to perforations, the belt may have features such as raised portions and/or recesses between perforations if so desired.
Preferably, the perforations are tapered which appears to facilitate transfer of the web, especially from the creping belt to a dryer, for example. Typically, the face of the sheet contacting the web during the fabric creping step will have greater open area than the face away from the web. In some embodiments, the creping belt may include decorative features such as geometric designs, floral designs and so forth formed by rearrangement, deletion, and/or combination of perforations having varying sizes and shapes.
"Dome", "domed", "dome-like" and so forth, as used in the description and claims, refer generally to hollow, arched protuberances in the sheet of the class seen in the various

14 Figures and is not limited to a specific type of dome structure as is illustrated in Figures 34-36. The terminology refers to vaulted configurations generally, whether symmetric or asymmetric about a plane bisecting the domed area. Thus, "dome" refers generally to spherical domes, spheroidal domes, elliptical domes, ellipsoidal domes, oval domes, domes with polygonal bases and related structures, generally including a cap and sidewalls preferably inwardly and upwardly inclined; that is, the sidewalls being inclined toward the cap along at least a portion of their length.
Extractable Lint Test To quantify the amount of lint removed from towel, tissue and related products when used dry ("extractable lint"), a Sutherland Rub Tester with 4.0-lb sled (rub block) is used. This apparatus is available from: Danilee Company; 27223 Starry Mountain Street;
San Antonio, Texas 78260; 830-438-7737; 800-438-7738 (FAX). The 4.0-lb rub block for the Rub Tester has dimensions of 2" by 4" so that the pressure exerted during testing is 0.5 psi.
After the samples to be evaluated are preconditioned at 10-35% RH at 22 -40 C
for 24 hours then conditioned at 50.0% 2.0% RH and 23.0 1.0 C for 2 hours, all of the subsequent procedures being performed within the confines of a room maintained at between 48 to 53% RH and a temperature of between 22 C and 24 C.
Two stacks of four 2.25-in. x 4.5-in. test strips with 4.5-in length in the machine direction are cut from the sample with the top (exterior of roll) side up.
Two 2.5-in. x 6-in. strips of black felt are cut with the 6-in. length in the machine direction, and the top side labeled with sample ID numbers.
A baseline reading for the felt is determined by taking one L* lightness color reading on the labeled side of each black felt strip used for testing in the middle of what will be the rubbed area using a GretagMacbeth0 Ci5 spectrophotometer using the following settings on the spectrophotometer: Large area view; Specular component excluded; UV
Source C;
2 degree observer; and Illuminant C. The GretagMacbeth0 spectrophotometer Model Ci5 is available from: GretagMacbeth0; 617 Little Britain Road; New Windsor, NY
12553;

914-565-7660; 914-565-0390 (FAX); www.gretagmacbeth.com. The "before testing"
reading is later compared to the "after testing" reading in the same area of the black felt strip on the same side, so particular care is taken to be sure that comparison are made only between the same felt strips. "L*" as used in this connection relates to CIE
1976 also known as CIELAB measurement of lightness and should not be confused with Hunter lightness typically denominated "L". In this connection, the asterisk "*" is not a reference mark directing the reader to some other location in this document but a portion of the commonly used symbol for CIE 1976 lightness "L*".
To evaluate a specimen, it is taped to the galvanized plate on the Sutherland Rub Tester with the top side up so that rubbing will be in the machine direction with care being observed to ensure that each specimen is taped in the same rub area each time the test is performed. The first black felt specimen is taped, labeled side out, to the bottom of the 4.0-lb rub block of the Sutherland Rub Tester, the number of strokes on the rub tester is set to four, and the slow speed selected (#2 setting for 4 speed model or #1 setting for 2 speed model), the rub block is placed on the Sutherland Rub Tester carriage arm and the "Start"
button pressed to start testing. After the four strokes are completed, the rub block is removed from the tester and the black felt is removed from the bottom of the rub block with the black felt being preserved for L* "after testing" color reading. The specimen is removed from the galvanized plate and discarded.
One L* color reading is taken on the labeled side of each black felt strip, reading the same spot used to obtain the "before testing" value, in the middle of the rubbed area. The "after testing" reading is paired up with the appropriate "before testing" reading to calculate difference between the readings ¨ "AL*".
For each sample, the average, standard deviation, minimum and maximum test results are recorded as measured to the nearest 0.01 L* unit for both the before testing and after testing values. The difference value of the after reading minus the before reading is indicative of the lint removal by the standardized dry rubbing procedure.

Wet Abrasion Lint Test Two tests are used herein to evaluate wet linting of tissue samples: in one approach, fiber is rubbed against a wetted pigskin under controlled conditions, the resulting fiber is washed off the pigskin and the number of fibers removed is measured using on OpTestO
Fiber Quality Analyzer; in the second, tissue is rubbed against wetted black felt under controlled conditions and the area of the lint left behind is measured using a flat bed scanner as described hereinbelow.
Area Test To evaluate a tissue sample for lint removal by wet abrasion, it is first subjected to simulated wet use against a sample of standard black felt with a Crockmeter Rub Tester, modified as described herein, then the area in mm2 of the lint left on the felt is measured with an Epson Perfection 4490 flat bed scanner and Apogee, SpecScan Software, version 2.3.6.
The Crockmeter Rub available from: SDL Atlas, LLC; 3934 Airway Drive; Rock Hill, SC
29732; (803) 329-2110. To be used to measure wet lint as described herein, the Crockmeter is modified to accept a 360 gram arm and a 1" x 2" foot that exerts a pressure on the specimen of 0.435 psi. The weight of the rub block is 355 g for the weighted arm supported on one end, and 36 g for the rub foot. These weights are exerted on a 1" x 2"
area, for a pressure of 391g/12.9cm2 = 30.3 g/cm2. In contrast, the method of evaluating wet abrasion in U. S. Patent No. 5,958,187, Bhat et al., and U. S. Patent No.
6,059,928, Luu et al., used a 135 g sled placed on a 2 x 3" sample for a pressure of 135 g/38.7 cm2 =
3.5 g/cm2.
Research Dimensions at 1720 Oakridge Road; Neenah, WI 54956; 920-722-2289;
will modify Crockmeter Rub Testers to conform hereto.
Suitable black felt is 3/16-inch thick, part# 113308F-24 available from: Aetna Felt Corporation; 2401 W. Emaus Avenue; Allentown, PA 18103; 800-526-4451.

To test a sample, the outer three layers of tissue are removed from the roll.
Three sheets of tissue are cut at the perforations and placed in a stack using a paper cutter ensuring that the tissue sheets are placed in the same orientation relative to direction and the side of the roll.
From the stack, samples that are 2-inches by 2.5-inches are cut with the long dimension being the machine direction. Enough samples are cut for 4 replicates. The short (2") side of the tissue is marked with a small dot to indicate the surface of the tissue which was outwardly facing when on the roll. The foot is mounted to the arm of the Crockmeter with the short dimension parallel to the stroke of the Crockmeter and stroke distance set at 4"
1/8 inch and the stroke speed is set to 10 strokes per minute. The black felt is cut into 3-inch by 6-inch pieces with the inside surface being marked along the short edge. In this test, the tissue sample to be tested will be rubbed against the inside of the felt starting at the mark. A 12-inch by 12-inch sheet of Black Acrylic, a 2-inch by 3-inch glass microscope slide marked as shown in Figure 42, tape, a pipette and beaker of distilled water are located on any nearby convenient flat surface. The Crockmeter is turned on, then turned off to position the arm at its furthest back position. The spacer is placed under the arm to hold it above the rubbing surface. A clean piece of black felt is taped to the base of the Crockmeter over the rubbing surface with the marked surface oriented upward with the marked end up adjacent the beginning point of the stroke of the foot. A sample is taped along one shorter edge to the foot with the top side of the tissue facing up and the length of the tissue is wrapped around the foot and attached to the arm of the Crockmeter with the taped side and the marked location on the tissue sample facing the operator at the forward portion of the Crockmeter. The type of tape used is not critical. Office tape commonly referred to as cellophane tape or sold under the trademark Scotch tape is suitable. The spacer is removed from under the arm and the arm with the attached foot is set down on the black felt with the long dimension of the foot perpendicular to the rub direction and the foot is fixed in place. The glass microscope slide is placed on the felt forward of the foot and 3 volumes of 200 iut of distilled water each are dispensed from the pipette onto the cross-marks on the glass slide. The sample, foot and arm are gently lifted, the glass slide is placed under the sample and the sample is lowered to allow the water to wet the sample for 5 seconds, after which time the arm is lifted, the glass slide removed and the Crockmeter activated to allow the sample to make three forward strokes on the felt with the arm being lifted manually at the beginning of each return stroke to prevent the sample from contacting the felt during the return strokes. After three forward strokes, the Crockmeter is inactivated and the spacer placed under the arm so that the black felt can be removed without disturbing the abraded lint thereupon. Three minutes after the felt is removed from the rubbing surface, it is scanned in an Epson, Perfection 4490 flat bed scanner using Apogee SpecScan Software version 2.3.36 with the software being set for "lint"
in the "Scanner Settings" window, with "5" being set in the "Process Groups of:"
window on the "Defaults panel", the "Resolution" being set at "600 dots/inch", the "Scanner Mode" being set to "256-Grayscale", the "Area Setting" being set to "Special", the "Scan Image" being set to "Reverse Image", the "Upper Limit" window on the "Dirt Histogram" panel being set to ">= 5.000" the "Lower Limit" window of that panel being set to "0.013-0.020" and the "X Scale:" window being set to "25"; and the "PPM" window of the "Bad Handsheet"
panel set to "2500.0". On the "Printout Settings:" panel, the "Gray-Summary", "Sheet Summary" and "Gray Histogram" boxes are checked, the "Copies" window is set to "1", while the "Dirt Histogram", "Categories" and "XY Location boxes on that panel are unchecked. Both the "Enable Display" and "Enable Zoom" boxes are checked on the Display Mode panel. On the "Scanner Setup" panel, the "White" box is set for "255"
while the "Black" box is set for "0", the "Contrast Filter" box is set for "0.000", the upper "Threshold =" box is set for 80.0 [% percent of background plus] while the lower "Threshold =" box is set for "0.0" [grayscale value]. The "Percent of Background, plus offset" box on the "Scanner Setup" panel is checked while the "Manual Threshold Setting"
and "Function of StdDev of Background" boxes are unchecked. If desired the "Grade Identification:" and "Reel/Load Number:" boxes may be used to record indicia related to the identification of the samples being tested. On the "Special Area Definition" panel, "Inches" is checked in the "Dimensions:" region while "Rectangular" is checked in the "Shape:" region. In the "Border at top and left:" region, "0.15" [in.] is entered in the "At the left side: (X)" box and "0.625" [in.] is entered in the "At the top: (Y)"
box. In the "Area to scan:" regions "2.7" [in.] is entered in the "Width (X)" box and "5.2" [in.] is entered in the "Height (Y)" box. After scanning, the area in mm2 of the abraded lint left on the black felt is output in the "SHEETS" Table in the "Total Area" column under the "Sample Sheet(s)" heading on the "Sheet & Category Summary" screen. This result is sometimes referred to herein as "WALA" for Wet Abraded Lint Area which is reported in II= .

Fiber Count Test In other cases, rather than using black felt, a pigskin comparable to human skin is substituted therefor, the fiber removed will be washed off and the solution subjected to testing in an OptestO Fiber Quality Analyzer to determine the number of fibers removed having a length in excess of 40 gm. The OptestO Fiber Quality Analyzer has become a standard in the paper industry for determining fiber length distributions and fiber counts (above a certain minimal length which keeps decreasing periodically as OptestO

continually upgrades their technique. The OptestO Fiber Quality Analyzer is available from:
OpTest Equipment Inc.
900 Tupper St. - Hawkesbury - ON - K6A 3S3 - Canada Phone: 613-632-5169 Fax: 613-632-3744 Fpm refers to feet per minute; while fps refers to feet per second.
MD means machine direction and CD means cross-machine direction.
"Predominantly" means more than 50% of the specified component, by weight unless otherwise indicated.
Roll Compression Test Roll compression is measured by compressing the roll 285 under a 1500 g flat platen 281 of a test apparatus 283 similar to that shown in Figures 40 and 41;
subsequently measuring the difference in height between the uncompressed roll and the compressed roll while in the fixture. Sample rolls 285 are conditioned and tested in an atmosphere of 23.0 1.0 C
(73.4 1.8 F). A suitable test apparatus 283 with a movable 1500 g platen 281 (referred to as a Height Gauge) is available from:
Research Dimensions 1720 Oakridge Road Neenah, WI 54956 920-725-6874 (FAX) The test procedure is generally as follows:
(a) Raise the platen 281 and position the roll 285 to be tested on its side, centered under the platen 281, with the tail seal 287 to the front of the gauge and the core 289 parallel to the back of the gauge 291.
(b) Slowly lower the platen 281 until it rests on the roll 285.
(c) Read the compressed roll diameter height from the gauge pointer 293 to the nearest 0.01 inch (0.254 mm).
(d) Raise the platen 281 and remove the roll 285.
(e) Repeat for each roll to be tested.
To calculate roll compression in percent, the following formula is used:
RC = 100 x (initial roll diameter - compressed roll diameter) (%) .
initial roll diameter Dry tensile strengths (MD and CD), stretch, ratios thereof, modulus, break modulus, stress and strain are measured with a standard Instron0 test device or other suitable elongation tensile tester which may be configured in various ways, typically using 3 inch (76.2 mm) or 1 inch (25.4 mm) wide strips of tissue or towel, conditioned in an atmosphere of 23 1 C (73.4 1 F) at 50% relative humidity for 2 hours. The tensile test is run at a crosshead speed of 2 in/min (50.8 mm/min). Break modulus is expressed in grams/3 inches/ %strain or its SI equivalent of g/mm/%strain. % strain is dimensionless and need not be specified. Unless otherwise indicated, values are break values. GM
refers to the square root of the product of the MD and CD values for a particular product.
Tensile energy absorption (T.E.A.), which is defined as the area under the load/elongation (stress/strain) curve, is also measured during the procedure for measuring tensile strength.
Tensile energy absorption is related to the perceived strength of the product in use.
Products having a higher T.E.A. may be perceived by users as being stronger than similar products that have lower T.E.A. values, even if the actual tensile strength of the two products are the same. In fact, having a higher tensile energy absorption may allow a product to be perceived as being stronger than one with lower T.E.A., even if the tensile strength of the high-T.E.A. product is less than that of the product having the lower tensile energy absorption. Where the term "normalized" is used in connection with a tensile strength, it simply refers to the appropriate tensile strength from which the effect of basis weight has been removed by dividing that tensile strength by the basis weight.
In many cases, similar information is provided by the term "breaking length".
Tensile ratios are simply ratios of the values determined by way of the foregoing methods.
Unless otherwise specified, a tensile property is a dry sheet property.
"Upper", "upwardly" and like terminology is used purely for convenience and does not require that the sheet be placed in a specified orientation but rather refers to position or direction toward the caps of the dome structures, that is, the belt side of the web, which is generally opposite the Yankee side unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
"Venation" means a structure presenting a generally smooth surface having raised, generally continuous ridges defined thereacross similar to the venation observable on the lower surface of many common leaves.
The void volume and/or void volume ratio as referred to hereafter, are determined by saturating a sheet with a nonpolar POROFILO liquid and measuring the amount of liquid absorbed. The volume of liquid absorbed is equivalent to the void volume within the sheet structure. The % weight increase (PWI) is expressed as grams of liquid absorbed per gram of fiber in the sheet structure times 100, as noted hereinafter. More specifically, for each single-ply sheet sample to be tested, select 8 sheets and cut out a 1 inch by 1 inch (25.4 mm by 25.4 mm) square (1 inch (25.4mm) in the machine direction and 1 inch (25.4mm) in the cross machine direction). For multi-ply product samples, each ply is measured as a separate entity. Multiple samples should be separated into individual single plies and 8 sheets from each ply position used for testing. Weigh and record the dry weight of each test specimen to the nearest 0.0001 gram. Place the specimen in a dish containing POROFILO liquid having a specific gravity of about 1.93 grams per cubic centimeter, available from Coulter Electronics Ltd., (Beckman Coulter, Inc.; 250 S.
Kraemer Boulevard; P.O. Box 8000; Brea, CA 92822-8000 USA; Part No. 9902458.) After 10 seconds, grasp the specimen at the very edge (1-2 millimeters in) of one corner with tweezers and remove from the liquid. Hold the specimen with that corner uppermost and allow excess liquid to drip for 30 seconds. Lightly dab (less than 1/2 second contact) the lower corner of the specimen on #4 filter paper (Whatman Ltd., Maidstone, England) in order to remove any excess of the last partial drop. Immediately weigh the specimen, within 10 seconds, recording the weight to the nearest 0.0001 gram. The PWI
for each specimen, expressed as grams of POROFILO liquid per gram of fiber, is calculated as follows:
PWI = [(W2-Wi)/W1] X 100 wherein "W1" is the dry weight of the specimen, in grams; and "W2" is the wet weight of the specimen, in grams.
The PWI for all eight individual specimens is determined as described above and the average of the eight specimens is the PWI for the sample.
The void volume ratio is calculated by dividing the PWI by 1.9 (density of fluid) to express the ratio as a percentage, whereas the void volume (gms/gm) is simply the weight increase ratio; that is, PWI divided by 100.
Water absorbency rate is related to the time it takes for a sample to absorb a 0.1 gram droplet of water disposed on its surface by way of an automated syringe. The test specimens are preferably conditioned at 23 C 1 C (73.4 F 1.8 F) at 50%
relative humidity. For each sample, four 3X3 inch test specimens are prepared. Each specimen is placed in a sample holder such that a high intensity lamp is directed toward the specimen.
0.1 ml of water is deposited on the specimen surface and a stop watch is started. When the water is absorbed, as indicated by lack of further reflection for light from the drop, the stopwatch is stopped and the time is recorded to the nearest 0.1 seconds. The procedure is repeated for each specimen and the results averaged for the sample. SAT rate is determined by graphing the weight of water absorbed by the sample (in grams) against the square root of time (in seconds). The SAT rate is the best fit slope between 10 and 60 percent of the end point (grams of water absorbed), and is expressed in g/sth5.
The wet tensile of a wiper of the present invention is measured generally following TAPPI
Method T 576 pm-07 using a three-inch (76.2 mm) wide strip of tissue that is folded into a loop, clamped in a special fixture termed a Finch Cup, then immersed in a water. A
suitable Finch cup, 3-in. (76.2 mm), with base to fit a 3-in. (76.2 mm) grip, is available from:
High-Tech Manufacturing Services, Inc.
3105-B NE 65th Street Vancouver, WA 98663 360-696-9887 (FAX) For fresh basesheet and finished product (aged 30 days or less for towel product; aged 24 hours or less for tissue product) containing wet strength additive, the test specimens are placed in a forced air oven heated to 105 C (221 F) for five minutes. No oven aging is needed for other samples. The Finch cup is mounted onto a tensile tester equipped with a 2.0 pound (8.9 Newton) load cell with the flange of the Finch cup clamped by the tester's lower jaw and the ends of tissue loop clamped into the upper jaw of the tensile tester. The sample is immersed in water that has been adjusted to a pH of 7.0 0.1 and the tensile is tested after a 5 second immersion time using a crosshead speed of 2 inches/minute (50.8 mm/minute). The results are expressed in g/3" or (g/mm), dividing the readout by two to account for the loop as appropriate.
Wipe dry times are evaluated using a turntable wipe dry instrument with a spray fluid dispensing instrument, each being as described below. For purposes of this application, two standard test surfaces are used: stainless steel and black glass. To evaluate a sample, the paper is first pre-conditioned and conditioned as described below, the test surface cleaned with Windex original glass cleaner from S. C. Johnson and Son, Racine Wisconsin, and then wiped dry with a lint-free wipe.

The test sample is folded so that the fold extends in the cross direction and centered on the black foam side of the sample head so that the machine direction runs perpendicular to the shaft (i.e., the machine direction is parallel to the directions of motion) and taped in position at its corners so that the sample's leading edge is the folded edge and the towel sample is flush with the right hand edge of the sample head. The sample head is placed on the test surface and the slack in the sample removed. Windex original glass cleaner is sprayed on the test surface in an amount of 0.75 0.1 grams in the center of the area not occupied by the test head. The table is rotated for 3 revolutions at 30-32 rpm with the head in engagement with the test surface at a load of 1065 g spread over bearing surface dimensions of 23 cm x 9.5 cm. After the turntable has made three revolutions, the area on the test surface to which the Windex original glass cleaner was applied is observed and the elapsed time recorded until all of the Windex original glass cleaner has evaporated.
This time is recorded in seconds as the Wipe Dry Time.
Liquid Porosimetry Liquid porosimetry is a procedure for determining the pore volume distribution (PVD) within a porous solid matrix. Each pore is sized according to its effective radius, and the contribution of each size to the total free volume is the principal objective of the analysis.
The data reveals useful information about the structure of a porous network, including absorption and retention characteristics of a material.
The procedure generally requires quantitative monitoring of the movement of liquid either into or out of a porous structure. The effective radius R of a pore is operationally defined by the Laplace equation:
R27 cos 0 ¨ __________________________________________ AP
where y is liquid surface tension, 0 is advancing or receding contact angle of the liquid, and AP is pressure difference across the liquid/air meniscus. For liquid to enter or drain from a pore, an external pressure must be applied that is just enough to overcome the Laplace AP.
Cos 0 is negative when liquid must be forced in; cos 0 is positive when it must be forced out. If the external pressure on a matrix having a range of pore sizes is changed, either continuously or in steps, filling or emptying will start with the largest pore and proceed in turn down to the smallest size that corresponds to the maximum applied pressure difference. Porosimetry involves recording the increment of liquid that enters or leaves with each pressure change and can be carried out in the extrusion mode; that is, liquid is forced out of the porous network rather than into it. The receding contact angle is the appropriate term in the Laplace relationship, and any stable liquid that has a known cos Or > 0 can be used. If necessary, initial saturation with liquid can be accomplished by preevacuation of the dry material. The basic arrangement used for extrusion porosimetry measurements is illustrated in Figure 8. The presaturated specimen is placed on a microporous membrane which is itself supported by a rigid porous plate. The gas pressure within the chamber is increased in steps, causing liquid to flow out of some of the pores, largest ones first. The amount of liquid removed is monitored by the top-loading recording balance. In this way, each level of applied pressure (which determines the largest effective pore size that remains filled) is related to an increment of liquid mass. The chamber is pressurized by means of a computer-controlled, reversible, motor-driven piston/cylinder arrangement that can produce the required changes in pressure to cover a pore radius range from 1 to 1000 ,um.
Eight finished product samples were analyzed for pore volume distribution testing.
Measurements were performed on the TRI/Autoporosimeter . The instrument and the PVD
methodology are described in the paper "Liquid Porosimetry: New Methodology and Applications" by Dr. B. Miller and Dr. I. Tyomkin, published in the Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 162, 163-170, (1994); the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
The test liquid was 0.1% TX-100 solution in water, surface tension 30 mN/m. TX-100 is a surfactant. For reference, water at room temperature has a surface tension of 72 dyne/cm.
Sample size was 30 cm2. The test started in advancing mode and finished in receding mode. Advancing mode requires good contact with fine porous membrane in the test chamber. Therefore, samples were covered with a multi-pin plate as shown in Figure 9.
The pin plate area is 30 cm2. It has 196 0.9 x 0.9 mm square pins; the height of each pin is 4 mm, the distance between pins is 3.2 mm, total area of pins is 159 mm2. The pin plate locally compressed the sample; total area of pins is 5% of sample.
Data from 1 micron to 500 microns represent the advancing part of the curve, and data 4250-92, Standard Method for Water-Holding Capacity of Bibulous Fibrous Products. It is considered generally very comparable to SAT.
Regenerated Cellulose Microfiber Suitable cellulosic dopes are enumerated in Table 1, below.
Table 1 EXAMPLES OF TERTIARY AMINE N-OXIDE SOLVENTS
Tertiary Amine N-oxide % water % cellulose N-methylmorpholine N-oxide up to 22 up to 38 N,N-dimethyl-ethanol-amine N-oxide up to 12.5 up to 31 N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine N-oxide up to 21 up to 44 N-methylhomopiperidine N-oxide 5.5-20 1-22 N,N,N-triethylamine N-oxide 7-29 5-15 2(2-hydroxypropoxy)-N-ethyl-N,N,-dimethyl-amide N-oxide 5-10 2-7.5 N-methylpiperidine N-oxide up to 17.5 5-17.5 N,N-dimethylbenzylamine N-oxide 5.5-17 1-20 See, also, U. S. Patent No. 3,508,941 to Johnson, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
Details with respect to preparation of cellulosic dopes including cellulose dissolved in suitable ionic liquids and cellulose regeneration therefrom are found in U. S.
Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0157351, of Swatloski et al., entitled "Dissolution and Processing of Cellulose Using Ionic Liquids", the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Here again, suitable levels of non-solvents for cellulose may be included. There is described generally in this patent application a process for dissolving cellulose in an ionic liquid without derivatization and regenerating the cellulose in a range of structural forms. It is reported that the cellulose solubility and the solution properties can be controlled by the selection of ionic liquid constituents with small cations and halide or pseudohalide anions favoring solution. Preferred ionic liquids for dissolving cellulose include those with cyclic cations such as the following cations: imidazolium;
pyridinum;
pyridazinium; pyrimidinium; pyrazinium; pyrazolium; oxazolium; 1,2,3-triazolium;
1,2,4-triazolium; thiazolium; piperidinium; pyrrolidinium; quinolinium; and isoquinolinium.
Processing techniques for ionic liquids/cellulose dopes are also discussed in U. S. Patent No. 6,808,557, to Holbrey et al., entitled "Cellulose Matrix Encapsulation and Method", the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Note also, U. S.
Patent Application Publication No. US 2005/0288484, of Holbrey et al., entitled "Polymer Dissolution and Blend Formation in Ionic Liquids", as well as U. S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2004/0038031, of Holbrey et al., entitled "Cellulose Matrix Encapsulation and Method", the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
With respect to ionic fluids in general the following documents provide further detail: U.
S. Patent Application Publication No. 2006/0241287, of Hecht et al., entitled "Extracting Biopolymers From a Biomass Using Ionic Liquids"; U. S. Patent Application Publication No. 2006/0240727, of Price et al., entitled "Ionic Liquid Based Products and Method of Using The Same"; U. S. Patent Application Publication No. 2006/0240728, of Price et al., entitled "Ionic Liquid Based Products and Method of Using the Same"; U. S.
Patent Application Publication No. 2006/0090271, of Price et al., entitled "Processes For Modifying Textiles Using Ionic Liquids"; and U. S. Patent Application Publication No.
2006/0207722, of Amano et al., entitled "Pressure Sensitive Adhesive Compositions, Pressure Sensitive Adhesive Sheets and Surface Protecting Films", the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. Some ionic liquids and quasi-ionic liquids which may be suitable are disclosed by Imperato et al., Chemical Communications, 2005, pages 1170-1172, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
"Ionic liquid", refers to a molten composition including an ionic compound that is preferably a stable liquid at temperatures of less than 100 C at ambient pressure.
Typically, such liquids have very low vapor pressure at 100 C, less than 75 mBar or so and preferably less than 50 mBar or less than 25 mBar at 100 C. Most suitable liquids will have a vapor pressure of less than 10 mBar at 100 C and often the vapor pressure is so low it is negligible and is not easily measurable since it is less than 1 mBar at 100 C.
Suitable commercially available ionic liquids are Basionic114 ionic liquid products available from BASF (Florham Park, NJ) and are listed in Table 2 below.

Table 2 ¨ Exemplary Ionic Liquids STANDARD
IL BasionicTM Product name CAS Number Abbreviation Grade EMIM Cl ST 80 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium 65039-09-0 chloride EMIM ST 35 1-Ethy1-3-methylimidazolium 145022-45-3 CH3S03 methanesulfonate BMIM Cl ST 70 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium 79917-90-1 chloride BMIM ST 78 1-Buty1-3-methylimidazolium 342789-81-5 CH3S03 methanesulfonate MTBS ST 62 Methyl-tri-n-butylammonium 13106-24-6 methylsulfate MMMPZ ST 33 1,2,4-Trimethylpyrazolium Me0503 methylsulfate EMMIM ST 67 1-Ethy1-2,3-di-methylimidazolium 516474-08-01 Et0503 ethylsulfate MMMIM ST 99 1,2,3-Trimethyl-imidazolium 65086-12-6 Me0503 methylsulfate ACIDIC
IL BasionicTM Product name CAS Number Abbreviation Grade HMIM Cl AC 75 Methylimidazolium chloride 35487-17-3 HMIM H504 AC 39 Methylimidazolium hydrogensulfate 681281-87-8 EMIM H504 AC 25 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium 412009-61-1 hydro gensulfate EMIM A1C14 AC 09 1-Ethyl-3- methylimidazolium 80432-05-9 tetrachloroaluminate BMIM AC 28 1-Buty1-3-methylimidazolium 262297-13-2 HSO4</ hydro gensulfate BMIM A1C14 AC 01 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium 80432-09-3 tetrachloroaluminate BASIC
IL BasionicTM Product name CAS
Abbreviation Grade Number EMIM Acetat BC 01 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate 143314-17-4 BMIM Acetat BC 02 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate 284049-75-8 Table 2 ¨ Exemplary Ionic Liquids (cont'd) LIQUID AT RT
IL BasionicTM Product name CAS
Abbreviation Grade Number EMIM LQ 01 1-Ethyl-3- methylimidazolium 342573-75-5 Et0S03 ethylsulfate BMIM LQ 02 1-Buty1-3-methylimidazolium 401788-98-5 Me0S03 methylsulfate LOW VISCOSITY
IL BasionicTM Product name CAS
Abbreviation Grade Number EMIM SCN VS 01 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium 331717-63-6 thiocyanate BMIM SCN VS 02 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium 344790-87-0 thiocyanate FUNCTIONALIZED
IL BasionicTM Product name CAS
Abbreviation Grade Number COL Acetate FS 85 Choline acetate 14586-35-7 COL FS 65 Choline salicylate 2016-36-6 Salicylate MTEOA FS 01 Tris-(2-hydroxyethyl)- 29463-06-7 Me0503 methylammonium methylsulfate Cellulose dopes including ionic liquids having dissolved therein about 5% by weight underivatized cellulose, are commercially available from Aldrich. These compositions utilize alkyl-methylimidazolium acetate as the solvent. It has been found that choline-based ionic liquids are not particularly suitable for dissolving cellulose.
After the cellulosic dope is prepared, it is spun into fiber, fibrillated and incorporated into absorbent sheet as hereinafter described.
A synthetic cellulose such as lyocell is split into micro- and nano-fibers and added to conventional wood pulp. The fiber may be fibrillated in an unloaded disk refiner, for example, or any other suitable technique including using a PFI beater mill.
Preferably, relatively short fiber is used and the consistency kept low during fibrillation. The beneficial features of fibrillated lyocell include: biodegradability, hydrogen bonding, dispersibility, repulpability, and smaller microfibers than obtainable with meltspun fibers, for example.
Fibrillated lyocell or its equivalent has advantages over splittable meltspun fibers.
Synthetic microdenier fibers come in a variety of forms. For example, a 3 denier nylon/PET fiber in a so-called pie wedge configuration can be split into 16 or 32 segments, typically in a hydroentangling process. Each segment of a 16-segment fiber would have a coarseness of about 2 mg/100 m versus eucalyptus pulp at about 7 mg/100 m.
Unfortunately, a number of deficiencies have been identified with this approach for conventional wet laid applications. Dispersibility is less than optimal. Melt spun fibers must be split before sheet formation, and an efficient method is lacking. Most available polymers for these fibers are not biodegradable. The coarseness is lower than wood pulp, but still high enough that they must be used in substantial amounts and form a costly part of the furnish. Finally, the lack of hydrogen bonding requires other methods of retaining the fibers in the sheet.
Fibrillated lyocell has fibrils that can be as small as 0.1 ¨ 0.25 microns (im) in diameter, translating to a coarseness of 0.0013 ¨ 0.0079 mg/100 m. Assuming these fibrils are available as individual strands ¨ separate from the parent fiber ¨ the furnish fiber population can be dramatically increased at various addition rates. Even fibrils not separated from the parent fiber may provide benefit. Dispersibility, repulpability, hydrogen bonding, and biodegradability remain product attributes since the fibrils are cellulose.
Fibrils from lyocell fiber have important distinctions from wood pulp fibrils.
The most important distinction is the length of the lyocell fibrils. Wood pulp fibrils are only perhaps microns long, and therefore act in the immediate area of a fiber-fiber bond.
Wood pulp fibrillation from refining leads to stronger, denser sheets. Lyocell fibrils, however, are potentially as long as the parent fibers. These fibrils can act as independent fibers and improve the bulk while maintaining or improving strength. Southern pine and mixed southern hardwood (MSHW) are two examples of fibers that are disadvantaged relative to premium pulps with respect to softness. The term "premium pulps" used herein refers to northern softwoods and eucalyptus kraft pulps commonly used in the tissue industry for producing the softest bath, facial, and towel grades. Southern pine is coarser than northern softwood Kraft, and mixed southern hardwood is both coarser and higher in fines than market eucalyptus. The lower coarseness and lower fines content of premium market pulp leads to a higher fiber population, expressed as fibers per gram (N or N>02) in Table 3.
The coarseness and length values in Table 3 were obtained with an OpTest Fiber Quality Analyzer. Definitions are as follows:
En.L. En, Li Ln all fibersL = 10 5 i>0.2 sampleweight C
n,i>0.2 E Eni ni E ni Li all fibers i>0.2 all fibers N = ¨[=1 millionfibers I gram CL
Northern bleached softwood Kraft (NBSK) and eucalyptus have more fibers per gram than southern pine and hardwood. Lower coarseness leads to higher fiber populations and smoother sheets.
Table 3 ¨ Fiber Properties Sample Type C, mg/100m Fines, % N, MM/g Ln, PO 2, mm N 1,0 2, MM/g Southern HW Pulp 10.1 21 0.28 35 0.91 11 Southern HW - low fines Pulp 10.1 7 0.54 18 0.94 11 Aracruz Eucalyptus Pulp 6.9 5 0.50 29 0.72 20 Southern SW Pulp 18.7 9 0.60 9 1.57 3 Northern SW Pulp 14.2 3 1.24 6 1.74 4 Southern (30 SW/70 HW) Base sheet 11.0 18 0.31 29 0.93 10 30 Southern SW/70 Eucalyptus Base sheet 8.3 7 0.47 26 0.77 16 For comparison, the "parent" or "stock" fibers of unfibrillated lyocell have a coarseness 16.6 mg/100 m before fibrillation and a diameter of about 11-12 pm.
The fibrils of fibrillated lyocell have a coarseness on the order of 0.001 ¨
0.008 mg/100 m.
Thus, the fiber population can be dramatically increased at relatively low addition rates.

Figure 4 illustrates the distribution of fiber lengths found in a regenerated cellulosic microfiber which is preferred for the practice of the present invention. Fiber length of the parent fiber is selectable, and fiber length of the fibrils can depend on the starting length and the degree of cutting during the fibrillation process, as can be seen in Figure 5.
The dimensions of the fibers passing the 200 mesh screen are on the order of 0.2 micron by 100 micron long. Using these dimensions, one calculates a fiber population of 200 billion fibers per gram. For perspective, southern pine might be three million fibers per gram and eucalyptus might be twenty million fibers per gram (Table 3). It appears that these fibers are the fibrils that are broken away from the original unrefined fibers.
Different fiber shapes with lyocell intended to readily fibrillate could result in 0.2 micron diameter fibers that are perhaps 1000 microns or more long instead of 100. As noted above, fibrillated fibers of regenerated cellulose may be made by producing "stock" fibers having a diameter of 10-12 microns or so followed by fibrillating the parent fibers.
Alternatively, fibrillated lyocell microfibers have recently become available from Engineered Fibers Technology (Shelton, Connecticut) having suitable properties.
Particularly preferred materials contain more than 40% fiber that is finer than 14 mesh and exhibit a very low coarseness (low freeness). For ready reference, mesh sizes appear in Table 4, below.
Table 4 ¨ Mesh Size Sieve Mesh # Inches Microns 14 .0555 1400 28 .028 700 60 .0098 250 100 .0059 150 200 .0029 74 Details as to fractionation using the Bauer-McNett Classifier appear in Gooding et al., "Fractionation in a Bauer-McNett Classifier", Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, Vol. 27, No. 12, December 2001, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. A
particularly preferred microfiber is shown in Table 4A.
Table 4A
Fiber Length Distribution of Preferred Regenerated Cellulosic Microfiber Fiber Length Weight %
+14 mesh 2.3%
28 mesh 20.5%
48 mesh 10.6%
100 mesh 15.6%
200 mesh 17.2%
<200 mesh 33.8%
Figure 5 is a plot showing fiber length as measured by an FQA analyzer for various samples of regenerated cellulosic microfiber. From this data it is appreciated that much of the fine fiber is excluded by the FQA analyzer and length prior to fibrillation has an effect on fineness. The Optest Fiber Quality Analyzer has become a standard in the paper industry for determining fiber length distributions and fiber counts (above a certain minimum length which keeps decreasing steadily as Optest continually upgrades their technology.) The OpTest Fiber Quality Analyzer is available from:
OpTest Equipment Inc.
900 Tupper St. - Hawkesbury - ON - K6A 3S3 - Canada Phone: 613-632-5169 Fax: 613-632-3744 Example 1 (Perforated polymeric belt creping) A series of belt-creped base-sheets were prepared with the materials and layering described in Table 5, with the CMF having the approximate fiber length distribution shown in Figure 4.

Table 5. Base-sheet Cells NBSK CMF BW CMC Amres Cell Layered Comments % % lb/R lb/t lb/t 1 100 0 14 0 12 No Control, balanced charge 2 80 20 14 0 12 No 20% CMF, two-ply towel 3 60 40 14 0 12 No 40% CMF, two-ply towel 4 40 60 14 0 12 No 60% CMF, two-ply towel 100 0 14 12 40 No Control, high resin 6 80 20 14 12 40 No 20% CMF, two-ply towel, high wet 7 60 40 14 12 40 No 40% CMF, two-ply towel, high wet 8 40 60 14 12 40 No 60% CMF, two-ply towel, high wet 9 60 40 14 12 40 Yes 100% CMF on surface 60 40 14 12 40 Yes 100% CMF on surface, calender 11 40 60 14 12 40 No High wet/dry 3 lb/t GP-C in MC

and MC 2 12 40 60 14 12 40 No High wet/dry 3 lb/t GP-C, calender 13 60 40 14 12 40 No High wet/dry 3 lb/t GP-C in MC

and MC 2 100% NBSK was delivered from a first machine chest. 100% CMF was supplied from a second machine chest. The softwood fiber was refined an average of 2.2 HPD/ton based 5 on total flow, requiring less refined horsepower as softwood fiber content decreased. The average freeness of the softwood fiber across the trial was 541 ml CSF.
Amres0 HP 100 was split proportionally to the suction of each machine chest pump.
Amtex Gelyce10 carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) was split proportionally to the static mixer or stuff box. Titratable charge averaged 0.02 m1/10m1 for cells with no CMC and 12 10 lb/ton Amres0. Titratable charge averaged -0.17 m1/10 ml for cells with 12 lb/ton CMC
and 40 lb/ton Amres0.
Trial speed averages appear in Table 6:
Table 6. Trial Speed Averages Jet Speed, fpm 2450 Form Roll Speed, fpm 1574 Small Dryer Speed, fpm 1559 Yankee Speed, fpm 1251 Reel Speed, fpm 1190 Jet/Wire Ratio 1.56 Fabric Crepe Ratio 1.25 Reel Crepe Ratio 1.05 Total Crepe Ratio 1.31 A perforated polymer creping belt was used as described in U. S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0186913, entitled "Belt-Creped, Variable Local Basis Weight Absorbent Sheet Prepared With Perforated Polymeric Belt", the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. The sheet contact surface of the perforated polymeric belt is illustrated in Figure 7.
The basesheets produced had the properties set forth in Table 7. Base-sheets were converted to two-ply sheet using Fantale emboss pattern, Figure 6, with THVS
configuration, that is, the pattern is embossed into only one of the two plies which is joined to the non-embossed ply by glue lamination in points to the inside configuration, such that the outer surface of the embossed ply is debossed and the asperities created by embossing bear against and are shielded by the unembossed ply.
Softness panel, wet lint, and wipe dry tests were completed in addition to conventional strength and absorbency tests described above. Porosity of the sheets is discussed in some detail below. The results of these tests are set forth in Table 8.

GV0.3.3 f 1 N

I-, Table 7 Basesheet (perforate polymeric belt creped) cA) -a-, Roll CMF Amres, Caliper Basis MD MD CD Tensile CD CD Wet Tens SAT GM Tensile GM Break CD
Tensile o Percent lb/t 8 Sheet Weight Tensile Stretch Stretch Finch Cured Capacity g/3 in. Modulus Wet/Dry c,.) --..1 mils/8 sht lb/3000 ft2 8/3 in % g/3 in % g/3 in. g/m2 gms/%
Unitless 22989 0 12 77.7 14.0 1891 31.7 1556 6.5 345 364 1714 121 0.22 22988 0 12 77.5 14.5 1928 33.7 1539 6.4 317 354 1722 119 0.21 22990 20 12 74.6 14.1 1939 37.3 2068 7.6 554 336 2002 119 0.27 22992 20 12 73.4 14.3 2177 36.1 1886 6.4 561 332 2026 135 0.30 22996 40 12 86.9 14.0 1802 40.3 1931 9.1 486 377 1865 99 0.25 22997 40 12 83.9 14.5 1837 39.1 1766 8.6 544 373 1799 101 0.31 n 22998 60 12 94.8 13.8 1419 39.2 1324 9.1 445 392 1369 73 0.34 o 22999 60 12 94.6 14.8 1756 42.2 1340 9.9 520 404 1534 74 0.39 iv co 23010 0 40 88.2 14.3 1881 25.3 2490 6.6 924 403 2162 170 0.37 11.
11.
(A
W 23012 0 40 84.2 14.9 2877 32.7 2086 6.4 696 435 2449 168 0.33 u.) oe ko 23015 20 40 87.0 14.0 2535 32.3 2701 8.0 1,155 410 2615 165 0.43 iv o 23017 20 40 88.2 14.6 2307 31.1 2235 6.3 1,078 410 2266 162 0.48 H
11.
o1 23019 40 40 89.1 14.5 2833 38.0 2393 8.6 968 399 2602 146 0.40 H
23020 40 40 93.8 14.6 2640 39.5 2468 9.2 1,147 400 2552 134 0.46 O
23024 60 40 99.4 14.1 2342 37.6 2216 9.8 1,077 431 2278 117 0.49 o) 23025 60 40 92.0 14.5 2412 36.7 1868 8.6 993 403 2123 119 0.53 23027 40 40 97.1 14.0 2148 38.0 1950 9.3 810 432 2043 112 0.42 23028 40 40 93.4 14.4 2315 37.4 2075 9.2 845 416 2192 118 0.41 23032 60 40 104.1 13.8 2761 36.7 2453 9.3 1,325 473 2602 143 0.54 23034 60 40 70.6 14.4 3286 38.1 3058 9.5 1,378 395 3169 169 0.45 IV
23036 40 strat Y* 40 96.8 14.1 2811 38.2 2973 8.4 1,393 447 2891 159 0.47 n ,-i 23037 40 strat Y* 40 95.9 13.9 3080 37.1 3047 7.8 1,432 446 3063 177 0.47 23038 40 strat Y* 40 66.0 12.9 2895 37.7 2999 8.8 1,444 391 2946 163 0.48 ci) t.) o 23040 40 strat Y* 40 62.4 13.0 2172 37.9 2315 8.0 1,050 356 2242 129 0.45 t.) *The overall composition of the Yankee side ply is 40% CMF by weight with the Yankee side layer of the headbox issuing substantially 100% CMF. -a-, .6.
oe o .6.
o GV0.3.3 r µ.._.1 Table 8 Finished Product Data (perforate polymeric belt creped) Wet Basis Caliper MD MD CD GM
CD Break Wet Wipe Wipe w Tens SAT SAT SAT o Softness Weight 8 Sheet Tensile Stretch CD Tensile Stretch Tensile Finch Tensile Capacity Rate Time Modulus Extracted Dry Dry Description Basesheet CMF r.,.) Panel lb/3000 mils/ g/3 in %
Wet/Dry GM Lint Top Bottom ft2 8 sht g/3 in.
Unitless g/% %
g/3 in.
o (4.) 1 P3424.1 22989 22988 0 6.26 28.6 184 3,321 29 2,949 7.4 3,128 730 0.25 395 0.27 20 212 0.25 .--.1 2 P3425.1 23010 23012 0 4.88 29.6 204 4,057 28 4,547 8.3 4,293 1,380 0.30 440 0.33 17 283 0.22 23 34 3 P3426.1 23033 23032 60 4.73 27.9 227 5,156 31 4,379 9.7 4,747 2,263 0.52 438 0.09 105 280 0.09 9 9 4 P3427.1 23034 23032 60 4.62 28.4 215 5,191 30 4,382 9.6 4,764 2,185 0.50 446 0.11 74 278 0.11 12 10 P3428.1 23036 23037 40 5.37 28.0 221 5,007 31 5,082 9.1 5,042 2,262 0.45 468 0.12 69 300 0.19 12 6 P3429.1 23038 23040 40 5.75 25.8 185 4,315 30 4,499 8.9 4,404 1,934 0.43 418 0.14 42 267 0.17 10 9 7 P3430.1 23024 23025 60 5.77 28.5 203 4,773 34 3,958 10.4 4,345 1,856 0.47 439 0.10 104 230 0.21 11 9 n 8 P3431.1 23028 23027 40 7.29 27.7 205 3,791 31 3,624 10.2 3,705 1,494 0.41 415 0.10 79 210 0.10 9 8 o n) 9 P3432,053 23020 23019 40 29.2 182 5,696 35 4,999 9.9 5,333 1,924 0.39 409 0.11 79 288 0.28 13 13 CO
11.
11.
P3432,083 23020 23019 40 29.2 240 4,487 31 4,032 9.6 4,252 1,669 0.41 459 0.16 42 245 0.28 23 11 b.) o 11 P3531,053 23028 23027 40 27.8 183 4,413 32 3,970 10.0 4,184 1,677 0.42 393 0.10 78 235 0.09 9 7 ko n) 12 P3531,083 23028 23027 40 27.7 225 3,825 31 3,143 10.2 3,466 1,395 0.44 451 0.12 69 194 0.10 9 10 0 F-, 11.
O
13 P3432.1 23020 23019 40 5.14 29.2 205 5,377 35 4,672 11.1 5,011 1,903 0.41 411 0.10 79 251 0.25 10 13 H
14 P3433.1 22999 22998 60 8.02 28.3 193 3,584 38 3,142 12.4 3,356 937 0.30 395 0.07 133 154 0.14 5 5 O
rn P3434.1 23015 23017 20 4.67 28.8 204 4,761 32 4,895 9.6 4,825 1, 745 0.36 430 0.21 25 276 0.21 25 16 P3435.1 22997 22996 40 6.75 28.7 186 3,579 36 3,535 11.0 3,556 1,077 0.30 391 0.09 77 178 0.13 9 9 17 P3436.1 22990 22992 20 6.33 29.3 182 3,554 32 3,536 8.3 3,545 1,007 0.29 353 0.14 37 216 0.39 15 18 IV
n ,-i cp w w -a-, .6.
oe o .6.
o Details as to base-sheet properties and converted two-ply wiper properties appear in Tables 7 and 8. From Table 8, it can be appreciated that addition of even 20% CMF
significantly improves the wipe dry characteristics of the sheets. See lines 15 and 17 in comparison to lines 1 and 2, while improvement in wipe dry starts leveling out with addition of 40%
CMF. Compare line 16 with 3, 4 and 7. However, as is shown in line 14, the best overall results for wipe dry and softness were obtained with 60% CMF.
Referring to Figure 2, it is seen that the two-ply products of the invention exhibit wipe dry and wet tensile which is far superior to that achieved with the conventional towel. As illustrated in Figures 10, 11 and 12, it appears that faster wipe dry times may be at least partially attributable to the micropore structure of the sheets formed. In Figure 10, it can be seen that as CMF is increased, the number of pores less than 5 microns also increases, while the curves for product with 40 or 60% CMF are essentially similar, again suggesting that only diminishing benefit is obtained beyond 40% CMF. This hypothesis is consistent with Figure 10 showing that 20% CMF significantly improves wipe dry but the effect levels off above 40% CMF. Preferred wiper towel products exhibit a differential pore volume for pores under 5 microns in diameter of at least about 75 mm3/g/micron, more preferably above about 100 mm3/g/micron, still more preferably above about 150 mm3/g/micron for pores under 2.5 microns.
Figure 11 suggests that there is a correlation between wipe dry and capillary pressure at 10% saturation, both in advancing and receding mode. Figure 12 shows increasing capillary pressure at 10% saturation as CMF is increased.
Figure 13 shows wipe dry as a function of CMF and wet strength. Cellulose microfiber (CMF) was varied between 0 and 60%, and Amres0 wet strength resin was either lb/ton or 40 lb/ton. Carboxymethycellulose (CMC) was added at the higher wet strength dosage to balance charge. The non-CMF portion of the furnish was NBSWK refined at a constant net specific horsepower so that strength changes can be primarily attributed to CMF and resin rather than NBSK refining level. The two curves at roughly constant wet tensile define three planes comprising a 3-D surface on which wipe dry time beneficially decreases as the amount of CMF in the sheet is increased, indicating that wipe dry times of under 10 seconds can be obtained with 40% CMF in the sheet. The surface in Figure 13 can be described by Equation 1:
1) Wipe Dry = 22.1 - 0.662=CMF + 0.00495=CMF2 + 0.00493=Wet Tensile R2=0.99 Figure 3 shows the impact of CMF and wet tensile on softness. CMF has a positive impact; while increasing wet tensile strength reduces softness. The surface in Figure 3 can be described by Equation 2:
2) Softness = 7.90 + 0.0348 CMF - 0.00223 Wet Tensile R2= 0.99 Figures 2, 14 and 15 illustrate the results of analyses of towels and wipers produced in Example 1 and include retail towel data for comparison. Surprisingly, the inventive product has higher wet tensile at a given softness level than Brawny or Sparkle towels.
Figures 16 and 17 show that wipers with 40 or 60% CMF have very fast wipe dry times while also having good capacity. Figure 16 used SAT data while Figure 17 used the old water holding capacity test (withdrawn ASTM Standard Method D-4250-92, Standard Method for Water-Holding Capacity of Bibulous Fibrous Products.). The general pattern of performance is similar with either test.
Figure 18 illustrates the counter-intuitive and surprising result that as CMF
is increased, we have found that, even though SAT Rate decreases, wipe dry times decrease.
Figure 19 illustrates the effect that CMF has upon the wipe dry times at various levels of the wet strength resins Amres0 and CMC. It appears that increasing the amount of resin in the outer layers increases the wipe dry times.

Figure 20 shows wet extracted lint for finished product. CMF typically reduces lint at a variety of levels of CMF and wet strength resins. It can be appreciated that linting generally decreases as the amount of CMF is increased except that the wet extracted lint generally hovered between 0.20 and 0.25 with the Amres0 containing sheets for all levels of CMF.
Figure 21 shows that any softness benefit from calendering is obtained at a significant cost with respect to lost caliper and absorbency. In one case, a calendered, embossed ply was matched with an unembossed ply for no softness benefit and 12 mil drop in caliper. In another case, a product with two calendered plies had a 0.4 point softness increase while dropping 35 mils of caliper and 50 gsm SAT. In our experience with softness panels for towel products, a gain of 0.32 points of softness is enough that one product, having a softness panel score 0.32 units greater than another, would be perceived as noticeably softer consistently at the 90% confidence level.
Figure 22 illustrates the dependence of CD wet tensile strength on both resin addition and CMF. The ratio is higher with CMF at a given resin dose, but the highest ratios are achieved at high CMF and high resin levels.
CMF makes the sheet more difficult to dewater compactively as the tendency of the sheet to extrude itself out of the pressing nip increases as the CMF content is increased.
Oftentimes, this is referred to as sheet crushing. When attempting to dewater a nascent web containing increasing amounts of CMF, the Visconip pressure had to be progressively reduced to prevent sheet crushing at the nip as the level of CMF in the sheet was increased (Figure 23). Even though increasing the proportion of CMF in a sheet increases the bulk attainable with a given basis weight (Figure 24), the reduction in the pressing load that the sheet will sustain results in a wetter sheet going forward which normally entails much higher expenses for drying energy.
Figure 33 presents SAT Capacity and wipe dry times for both black glass and stainless steel surfaces for the wipers of Example 2.

Figure 34 is an SEM section (75X) along the machine direction (MD) of perforate polymeric belt creped basesheet 600 showing a domed area corresponding to a belt perforation as well as the densified pileated structure of the sheet. It is seen in Figure 34 that the domed regions, such as region 640, have a "hollow" or domed structure with inclined and at least partially densified sidewall areas, while surround areas 618, 620 are densified but less so than transition areas. Sidewall areas 658, 660 are inflected upwardly and inwardly and are so highly densified as to become consolidated, especially about the base of the dome. It is believed that these regions contribute to the very high caliper and roll firmness observed. The consolidated sidewall areas form transition areas from the densified fibrous, planar network between the domes to the domed features of the sheet and form distinct regions which may extend completely around and circumscribe the domes at their bases or may be densified in a horseshoe or bowed shape only around part of the bases of the domes. At least portions of the transition areas are consolidated and also inflected upwardly and inwardly Figure 35 is another SEM (120X) along the MD of basesheet 600 showing region 640 as well as consolidated sidewall areas 658 and 660. It is seen in this SEM that the cap 662 is fiber-enriched, of relatively high basis weight as compared with areas 618, 620, 658, 660.
CD fiber orientation bias is also apparent in the sidewalls and dome.
Figure 36 is an SEM section (120X) along the machine direction (MD) of basesheet 700 in which consolidated sidewall areas 758, 760 are densified and are inflected inwardly and upwardly.
Example 2 (Fabric Creping) Basesheets having the properties set forth in Table 9 were made using fabric creping technology in which the nascent webs were creped from a creping cylinder using a woven creping fabric. These basesheets were converted to finished product towels by embossing one ply with the emboss pattern shown in Figure 26 (Patches) and glue laminating it to an unembossed ply as set forth in Tables 9 and 10.

GV0.3.3 r µ.._.1 l,..) I-, _______________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ W
Table 9 FRFC/CMF Basesheet Data, (fabric creped) Basesheet Properties -a-, CD
CD Wet Tensile Tensile c.,.) TL 8 Sheet Basis MD MD CD
CD Tens GM GM Break CD Wet Specific Embo Ratio Wet/Dr Cell 2008-1905 Description Furnish Caliper Weight Tensile Stretch Tensile Stretch Finch Tensile Modulus Breaking Bulk, ss ply Dry y mils/8 sht lb/3000 ft2 g/3 in %
g/3 in % Cured- g/3 in. gms/%% Unities length, m cc/g g/3 in.
s 1 x 14-1 19721 229 50/50 M/A 85. 15.3 1754 26.4 1638 5.5 587 1693 142 1.07 0.36 310 10.9

15-1 19723 239 50/50 M/A 83.2 15.3 1695 23.3 1527 5.8 521 1607 140 1.11 0.34 274 10.6 15 lb/ream Confrol Average (Calendered) 84.1 15.3 1,724 24.9 1,582 5.6 554 1,650 141 1.09 0.35 292 10.7 2 22-1 19731 1008 50/50 M/A 82.1 11.7 1745 19.8 1454 5.5 504 1590 157 1.21 0.35 346 13.7 n x 24-1 19733 1030 50/50 M/A 77.1 11.6 2054 20.8 1338 5.1 520 1657 164 1.54 0.39 361 13.0 12 lb/ream Conhol Average (Uncalenderecl) 79.6 11.7 1,899 20.3 1,396 5.3 512 1,624 160 1.37 0.37 354 13.3 o iv 3 x 29-1 197381140 50/50 M/MCF 95.5 12.6 2059 30.9 1604 6.7 831 1816 126 1.29 0.52 530 14.7 co 11.
11.
30-1 19739 1154 50/50 M/CMF 94.8 12.6 1972 30.6 1526 7.4 699 1734 116 1.30 0.46 446 14.6 u.) u.) 4=.
.6. 12 lb/ream MicrofiberAverage (Uncalenderecl) 95.1 12.6 2,016 30.8 1,565 7.0 765 1,775 121 1.29 0.49 488 14.7 ko 4 36-1 19755 155 50/50 M/CMF 110.4 14.5 2791 33.6 2298 7.2 1,075 2532 14.6 1.21 0.47 599 14.9 tv o x 37-1 19756 205 50/50 M/CMF 114.6 13.6 2429 37.4 2160 7.2 1,129 2290 14.7 1.13 0.52 670

16.5 H
11.
oI
12 lb/ream Microfiber Average (Uncal, higher FC) 112.5 14.0 2,610 36.7 1,437 8.8 621 1,442 81 1.01 0.43 507 20.9 x 37-1 19756 205 50/50 M/CMF 114.6 13.6 2429 37.4 2160 7.2 1,129 2290 141 1.13 0.52 670 16.5 H
oI
38-1 19757 216 50/50 M/CMF 105.7 9.9 1,449 36.7 1,437 8.8 621 1,442 81 1.01 0.43 507 20.9 o) lb/ream Microfiber (Uncal, higher FC) 6 38-1 19757 216 50/50 M/CMF 105.7 9.9 1,449 36.7 1,437 8.8 621 1,442 81 1.01 0.43 507 20.9 x 43-1 19762 310 50/50 M/ CMF 59.4 9.9 1,612 27.1 1,362 8.0 768 1,482 102 1.18 0.56 623 11.7 10 lb/ream Microfiber(Calendered) 7 x 41-1 19760 248 50/50 M/ CMF 94.8 10.2 1796 31.2 1550 8.1 791 1668 105.2 1.16 0.51 625 18.2 42-1 19761 300 50/50 M/CMF 93.2 10.3 1921 29.3 1451 7.8 802 1669 111.1 1.32 0.55 628 17.6 IV
10 lb/ream MicrofiberAverage (Uncalenderecl) 94.0 10.2 1859 30.2 1501 7.9 797 1669 108 1.24 0.53 626 17.9 n ,-i M= Northern SW Kraft; A= Aracruz Eucalyptus Kraft cp n.) o 1-, w -a-, .6.
oe =
.6.
c7, Table 10 Base Sheet Assignment and Estimated Finished Product Physical Properties Emboss Basesheet Roll Sheet Caliper Roll Diameter CD Wet Tensile Emboss cell Ply # Count (mils/8 sheets) (inches) (Finch Cup") (g/3") Penetration x 19721 48 248 5 5.0 0.1 500 65 19731 48 float float 500 x 19733 65 x 19738 48 float float 750 65 19755 48 float float 1100 x 19756 65 19755 48 max >5.0 >1100 x 19756 60 x 19756 48 float float 850 65 x 19756 48 max >5.0 >850 60 19757 48 float float 700 65 x 19762 6B 19757 48 float float 700 60 x 19762 x 19760 48 float float 800 65 x 19760 48 float float 800 60 x 19760 48 float float 800 55 When tested for physical properties, the results set forth in Table 11 were obtained.
Subsequently, other rolls of basesheet were converted using the emboss design shown in Figure 25A (Little Circles) in a point to point mode, i.e.; registered debosses were formed in the outer surface of each ply with the depths of the debossed regions in each ply being pressed so forcefully against the debossed regions in the other, that the plies are thereby bonded to each other. In some cases, the contact regions between the plies may be glassined. When Little Circles is used in point to point mode both surfaces show the pattern of Figure 25A. In cases, where a nested mode is used, one surface bears the pattern of Figure 25A while the other bears the pattern of Figure 25B. The physicals of the rolls thereby formed are set forth in Table 11 and the preliminary evaluation of performance is set forth in Table 12.

GV0.3.3 r%._.1 N

Table 11. Appendix I. Properties of Rolls Converted with THVS Emboss in THVS
Mode 1-'a Cell ID 1 2 3 4A 4B 5A

o 50/50 c,.) Furnish M/Aracruz M/CMF
Basis Weight (lb/3000 ft2) 29.0 23.0 24.4 27.2 26.2 22.0 22.1 19.5 19.4 19.5 19.6 19.6 Caliper (mils/8 sheet) 200 180 199 230 214 207 MD Tensile (g/3") 2539 2487 3599 5713 6007 MD Stretch (%) 19.2 15.6 21.1 25.1 26.3 24.1 24.6 20.9 21.1 21.1 21.1 21.2 CD Tensile (g/3") 2317 1974 2473 3739 3738 CD Stretch (%) 5.4 5.4 7.3 6.9 7.6 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.0 7.9 8.2 n GM Tensile (g/3") 2423 2215 2982 4620 4736 CD Wet Tensile - Finch (g/3") 670 676 1048 1749 1683 I.) CD Tensile Wet/Dry (Unitless) 0.29 0.34 0.42 0.47 0.45 0.45 0.46 0.47 0.44 0.45 0.47 0.45 0 .1, .1, SAT Capacity (g/m2) 469 399 447 497 476 460 456 408 413 424 411 416 u.) .6.
u.) --4 GM Break Modulus (g/%) 242.4 241.9 239.7 346.3 330.3 223.9 246.4 187.2 211.4 235.2 246.0 263.1 ko GM Modulus (g/%Stretch) 42.0 46.3 37.3 44.8 40.6 34.2 33.8 34.3 34.7 34.9 35.9 36.1 I.) H
Roll Diameter (in) 4.98 4.78 4.82 5.25 4.89 4.81 4.77 4.55 4.35 4.67 4.63 4.34 i Roll Compress Value (%) 19.7 20.4 16.5 20.9 16.4 15.7 14.5 14.6 14.3 16.5 17.2 13.5 0 H
i Sensory Softness 8.19 6.76 6.19 4.30 4.52 5.54 5.26 7.35 6.94 5.75 5.47 5.12 0 (5) Wet Extracted Lint (%) 0.069 0.050 0.063 0.076 0.080 0.062 0.069 0.055 0.063 0.048 0.048 0.050 Wipe Dry Top 17 26 14 13 15 15 (Black Glass) Bottom 16 28 12 15 13 17 (s) Average 16 27 13 14 14 16

17 17 15 15 18 19 Wipe Dry Top 18 26 14 16 16 22 (Stainless Steel) Bottom 20 22 15 13 15 14

18 18 19 21 27 23 1-o (s) Average 20 22 15 13 15 14 18 18 19 21 27 23 n ,-i Wet Lint (Pigskin) - FQA Fiber Count (Number) 1601 808 786 884 cp w o 1-, w 'a .6.
oe o .6.
o GV0.3.3 r%._.1 N

I-, W
7a Table 11 (Continued) (Appendix II). Properties of Rolls Converted with Lithe Circles Emboss in Point to Point Mode 1-o, Cell ID 4C 4D 4E

Furnish Basis Weight (lb/3000 ft2) 24.8 25.9 25.9 18.2 18.3 18.6 Caliper (mils/8 sheet) 278 234 211 MD Tensile (g/3") 5188 5555 MD Stretch (%) 18.0 17.9 20.3 13.2 14.3 15.7 CD Tensile (g/3") 2952 3589 CD Stretch (%) 10.0 9.4 8.3 10.0 9.7 8.7 GM Tensile (g/3") 3913 4460 CD Wet Tensile - Finch (g/3") 1389 1591 1865 780 974 1349 I.) .1,.
CD Tensile Wet/Dry (Unitless) 0.47 0.44 0.44 0.45 0.47 0.46 .1,.
u.) .6. SAT Capacity (g/m2) 406 379 405 349 345 342 u.) oe ko GM Break Modulus (g/%) 289.6 341.4 401.6 188.5 224.5 300.1 I.) GM Modulus (g/%Stretch) 39.1 46.0 48.8 31.2 33.8 44.2 H
.1,.
i Roll Diameter (in) 5.52 5.10 4.88 5.32 5.17 4.52 0 Roll Compress Value (%) 14.2 13.3 15.2 16.4 16.1 15.1 H
I

Sensory Softness 5.17 4.51 3.92 7.48 6.85 5.83 (5) Wet Extracted Lint (%) 0.057 0.082 0.075 0.050 0.052 0.056 Top 12 12 14 10 16 16 Wipe Dry Bottom 17 11 10 (Black Glass) (s) Average 14 11 12 Top 15 12 10 17 17 17 Wipe Dry (Stainless Steel) (s) Bottom 12 12 14 n Average 12 12 14 Wet Lint (Pigskin) - FQA Fiber Count (Number) 561 902 726 679 cp w o 1-, w 'a .6.
oe o .6.
o GV0.3.3 r %._1_ N

I..
Table 12. Appendix III. Wipe Dry Data using Wiper Test Method (Single Sheet) (Preliminary Results) c,.) 'a o, Cell ID 1 2 3 4A 4B 5A 5B 6A 6B
7A 4C 4D 4E 7D 7E 7F 4C 4D c,.) Furnish 50/50 M/Aracruz M/CMF
Basis Weight 29.0 23.0 24.4 27.2 26.2 22.0 22.1 19.5 19.4 19.5 24.8 25.9 25.9 18.2 18.3 18.6 24.8 25.9 (Ib/3000ft2) Caliper n (mils/8 sheet) I.) SAT Capacity m .1,.
(gim2) .1,.
u.) .6.
u.) VD
lo Top 165 114 231 115 I.) H
FP
Wipe Dry i (Black Glass) (s) Bottom 59 109 73 113 101 113 H
I

Average 59 Top 41 64 50 71 59 76 79 69 68 104 69 58 120 78 61 104 69 Wipe Dry (Stainless Steel) Bottom 43 63 56 49 71 88 81 67 76 1-o (s) n ,-i Average 43 63 56 49 71 88 81 67 76 78 70 82 cp w o 1-, w 'a .6.
oe o .6.
o By comparing Figs 1G, 1J, and 1L, of structures formed by creping from a transfer surface with a perforate polymeric belt, with micrographs of CMF containing structures formed by a variety of other methods including creping from a transfer surface with a woven fabric, conventional wet pressing, and TAD, it can be appreciated that structures formed by creping from a transfer surface with a perforate polymeric belt exhibit "venation" in some regions in which the CMF fibrils are tightly adhered to an underlying consolidated structure with line contact between the CMF and the underlying consolidated structure.
This venation resembles the vein which can be seen in the undersurface of a leaf and contrasts strongly with the structure formed by the other methods in which the CMF is part of an open structure more closely resembling ivy growing on a wall than the veins on a leaf. As mentioned previously, without being bound by theory, it is hypothesized that this line surface contact may create micropores which are responsible for the remarkable wipe dry properties of these structures as discussed above. In any event, the superior wipe dry properties of the sheets formed using the perforate polymeric belt and exhibiting venation are undeniable -- no matter what the explanation.
Figure 37 compares the results of Examples 1 and 2 on a normalized basis obtained by dividing the wipe dry time for each cell by the best wipe dry time obtained with a 0% CMF
in each of Examples 1 and 2 then plotting these against the CD wet tensile of the wiper in that cell with the fabric creped sheets being indicated by solid symbols and the samples obtained by creping with a perforate polymeric belt being indicated by hollow symbols in accordance with the legend. It can be appreciated that there is quite a substantial difference between the wipers obtained using the fabric and those using the perforated polymeric belt, particularly when it is considered that the fabric creped samples indicated by the solid circle contain 50% CMF while many of the belt creped samples contain far less CMF, the hollow diamonds indicating the presence of 40% CMF and the hollow squares indicating only 20%.
Figure 38 compares the results of Examples 1 and 2 without normalization of the wipe dry times so that the wipe dry times are compared directly. Again it can be appreciated that the wipers produced with the perforate polymeric belt are far superior to those produced with a fabric, particularly when differences in CMF content are considered.
Figure 39 presents the wipe dry times from Example 1 plotted against the ratio of PAE
adhesive to quaternary ammonia salt based release agent in the creping package. It can be appreciated that wipe dry times suffer at low values of this ratio (high levels of quaternary ammonia salt release agent), therefore, in those cases where, as is common, the outer surface of the wiper is the Yankee side, care should be exercised to ensure that the level of quaternary ammonium salt retained on the surface of the web is sufficiently low that the wipe dry time is not increased unduly. In the present case, this point is primarily important as being the most likely reason why a few of the wipers with 40% CMF exhibited anomalously high wipe dry times as shown in Figs. 37 and 38.
While the invention has been described in detail, modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will be readily apparent to those of skill in the art. In view of the foregoing discussion, relevant knowledge in the art and references including co-pending application(s) discussed above in connection with the Background and Detailed Description, the disclosures of which are all incorporated herein by reference, further description is deemed unnecessary. In addition, it should be understood that aspects of the invention and portions of various embodiments may be combined or interchanged either in whole or in part. Furthermore, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the foregoing description is by way of example only, and is not intended to limit the invention.

Claims

1. A multi-ply wiper/towel product comprising:
at least one wet laid web prepared by a belt-creping process, the at least one wet laid web comprising at least 10% fibrillated regenerated cellulosic microfibers, arid at least about 40% wood pulp derived papermaking fibers, the at least one wet laid web having formed therein:
(i) a plurality of fiber-enriched hollow domed regions protruding from the upper side of the at least one wet laid web, the hollow domed regions having a sidewall formed along at least a leading edge thereof, the sidewall having a local basis weight that is higher than a mean basis weight of the at least one wet laid web;
(ii) connecting regions forming a network interconnecting the hollow domed regions of the at least one wet laid web, the connecting regions having a local basis weight that is lower than the local basis weight of the hollow domed regions; and (iii) transition areas with consolidated fibrous regions that transition from the connecting regions into the hollow domed regions, by extending upwardly and inwardly from the connecting regions into the sidewalls of the hollow domed regions.
2. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 1, wherein the fibrillated regenerated cellulosic microfibers present in the at least one wet laid web form venation on the surface of the consolidated fibrous regions, such that the surface has raised, generally continuous ridges defined thereacross.
3.The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 1, wherein the consolidated fibrous regions are saddle shaped, and more than 35% by weight of the fibrillated regenerated cellulosic microfibers have a CSF value of less than 175 mL.
4. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 1, wherein the fiber-enriched hollow domed regions exhibit a local basis weight of at least 5% higher than the mean.

basis weight of the wiper/towel product, and the fibrillated regenerated cellulosic microfibers have a number average diameter of less than about 2 microns.
5. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 1, wherein the fiber-enriched hollow domed regions exhibit a local basis weight of at least 10% higher than the mean basis weight of the wiper/towel product, and the fibrillated regenerated cellulosic microfibers have a weight average diameter of less than 1 micron, a weight average length of less than 400 microns, and a fiber count of greater than 2 billion fibers/gram.
6. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the fiber-enriched hollow domed regions or the transition areas exhibits a cross machine direction (CD) fiber orientation bias, and the fibrillated regenerated cellulosic microfibers have a weight average diameter of less than 0.5 microns, a weight average length of less than 300 microns, and a fiber count of greater than 10 billion fibers/gram.
7. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the connecting regions exhibits a cross machine direction (CD) fiber orientation bias.
8. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the sidewalls of the hollow domed regions exhibits a matted structure on both their outer and inner surfaces, and fibrillated regenerated cellulosic microfibers form venation thereupon, such that the surfaces have raised, generally continuous ridges defined thereacross.
9. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 1, wherein the fibrillated regenerated cellulosic microfibers have a characteristic CSF value of less than 175 ml, the multi-ply wiper/towel product has a caliper of from 7.5 to 12 mils/8 sheets/per pound per ream, and exhibits a wipe-dry time of less than 20 seconds, an SAT
capacity in the range of 9.5 to 11.0 g/g, an SAT rate in the range of 0.05 to 0.25 g/s0.5, a cross machine direction (CD) wet breaking length in the range of 300 to 800 in, and a wet/dry CD tensile ratio of from 40% to 60%.
10. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 9, wherein the fibrillated regenerated cellulosic microfibers exhibit a CD wet breaking length in the range of 350 to 800 m.
11. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 9, wherein the fibrillated regenerated cellulosic microfibers exhibit a CD wet breaking length in the range of 400 to 800 m.
12. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 1, wherein the fibrillated regenerated cellulosic microfibers have a number average diameter of less than about 2 microns.
13. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 1, wherein the fibrillated regenerated cellulosic microfibers have a number average diameter of from about 0.1 to about 2 microns.
14. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 1, wherein the fibrillated regenerated cellulosic microfibers have:
(i) a weight average diameter of less than 2 microns, (ii) a weight average length of less than 500 microns; and (iii) a fiber count of greater than 400 million fibers/gram.
15. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 1, wherein the fibrillated regenerated cellulosic microfibers have:
(i) a weight average diameter of less than 0.25 microns, (ii) a weight average length of less than 200 microns; and (iii) a fiber count of greater than 50 billion fibers/gram.

16. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 1, wherein the fibrillated regenerated cellulosic microfibers have a fiber count greater than 200 billion fibers/gram.
17. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 1, wherein:
(i) the consolidated fibrous regions are saddle shaped, and more than 35%
by weight of the fibrillated regenerated cellulosic microfibers have a CSF value of less than 175 mL;
(ii) the fiber-enriched hollow domed regions exhibit a local basis weight of at least 10% higher than the mean basis weight of the wiper/towel product;
(iii) at least a portion of the fiber-enriched hollow domed regions or the transition areas exhibits a cross machine direction (CD) fiber orientation bias, and the fibrillated regenerated cellulosic microfibers have a weight average diameter of less than 0.5 microns, a weight average length of less than 300 microns, and a fiber count of greater than 10 billion fibers/gram;
(iv) at least a portion of the connecting regions exhibits a CD fiber orientation bias;
(v) at least a portion of the sidewalls of the hollow domed regions exhibits a matted structure on both their outer and inner surfaces, and the fibrillated regenerated cellulosic microfibers form venation thereupon, such that the surfaces have raised, generally continuous ridges defined thereacross; and (vi) the multi-ply wiper/towel product has a caliper of from 7.5 to 12 mils/8 sheets/per pound per ream, and exhibits a wipe-dry time of less than 20 seconds, an SAT capacity in the range of 9.5 to 11.0 g/g, an SAT rate in the range of 0.05 to 0.25 g/s0 5, a CD wet breaking length in the range of 300 to 800 m, and a wet/dry CD tensile ratio of from 40% to 60%.
18. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 17, wherein the fibrillated regenerated cellulosic microfibers exhibit a CD wet breaking length in the range of 350 to 800 m.

19. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 17, wherein the fibrillated regenerated cellulosic microfibers exhibit a CD wet breaking length in the range of 400 to 800 m.
20. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 1, wherein the fibrillated regenerated cellulosic microfibers have a weight average diameter of less than 0.5 microns, a weight average length of less than 300 microns, and a fiber count of greater than 10 billion fibers/gram, and fibrillated regenerated cellulosic microfibers present in the web form venation on the surface of the consolidated fibrous regions, such that the surface has raised, generally continuous ridges defined thereacross.
21. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 20, wherein the consolidated fibrous regions are saddle shaped.
22. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 20, wherein the consolidated fibrous regions comprise saddle shaped regions about the base of the dome of the hollow domed regions, and wherein the fibrillated regenerated cellulose microfibers have a weight average diameter of less than 0.25 microns, a weight average length of less than 200 microns, and a fiber count of greater than 50 billion fibers/gram, the wiper/towel product exhibiting a differential pore volume for pores under 5 microns in diameter of at least about 75 mm3/g/micron.
23. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 20, wherein the wiper/towel product has a caliper of from 7.5 to 12 mils/8 sheets/per pound per ream, and exhibits a wipe-dry time of less than 20 seconds, an SAT capacity in the range of 9.5 to 11.0 g/g, an SAT rate in the range of 0.05 to 0.25 g/s0.5, a cross machine direction (CD) wet breaking length in the range of 300 to 800 m, and a wet/dry CD tensile ratio of from 40% to 60%.
24. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 23, wherein the fibrillated regenerated cellulosic microfibers exhibit a CD wet breaking length in the range of 350 to 800 m.

25. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 23, wherein the fibrillated regenerated cellulosic microfibers exhibit a CD wet breaking length in the range of 400 to 800 m.
26. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 23, wherein the transition areas at least partially circumscribe the domes of the hollow domed regions at the bases of the domes, and wherein the fibrillated regenerated cellulosic microfibers have a weight average diameter of less than 0.25 microns, a weight average length of less than 200 microns, and a fiber count of greater than 50 billion fibers/gram, the wiper/towel product exhibiting a differential pore volume for pores under 5 microns in diameter of at least about 100 mm3/g/micron.
27. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 26, wherein the transition areas are densified in a bowed shape around a portion of the bases of the domes, and the multi-ply wiper/towel product exhibits a wipe-dry time of from 5 seconds to 15 seconds.
28. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of fiber-enriched regions include (A) hollow domed portions and (B) pileated fiber-enriched portions with a cross machine direction (CD) fiber orientation bias adjacent to the hollow domed portions, the wiper/towel product having a caliper of from 7.5 to 12 mils/8 sheets/per pound per ream, and exhibiting a wipe-dry time of less than 20 seconds, an SAT capacity in the range of 9.5 to 11.0 g/g, an SAT rate in the range of 0.05 to 0.25 g/s0.5, a CD wet breaking length in the range of 300 to 800 m, and a wet/dry CD tensile ratio of from 40% to 60%.
29. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 28, wherein the fibrillated regenerated cellulosic microfibers exhibit a CD wet breaking length in the range of 350 to 800 m.

30. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 28, wherein the fibrillated regenerated cellulosic microfibers exhibit a CD wet breaking length in the range of 400 to 800 m.
31. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 1, wherein the fibrillated regenerated cellulosic microfibers have a weight average diameter of less than microns, a weight average length of less than 500 microns, and a fiber count of greater than 400 million fibers/gram, and the plurality of fiber-enriched hollow domed regions haveconsolidated caps.
32. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 31, wherein the fibrillated regenerated cellulosic microfibers have a weight average diameter of less than 0.25 microns, a weight average length of less than 200 microns, and a fiber count of greater than 50 billion fibers/gram.
33. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 32, wherein the consolidated caps of the fiber-enriched hollow domed regions have the general shape of a portion of a spheroidal shell.
34. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 32, wherein the consolidated caps of the fiber-enriched hollow domed regions have the general shape of an apical portion of a spheroidal shell.
35. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 34, wherein the wiper/towel product has a caliper of from 7.5 to 12 mils/8 sheets/per pound per ream, and exhibits a wipe-dry time of less than 20 seconds, an SAT capacity in the range of 9.5 to 11.0 g/g, an SAT rate in the range of 0.05 to 0.25 g/s 0.5, a cross machine direction (CD) wet breaking length in the range of 300 to 800 m, and a wet/dry CD tensile ratio of from 40% to 60%.

36. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 35, wherein the fibrillated regenerated cellulosic microfibers exhibit a CD wet breaking length in the range of 350 to 800 m.
37. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 35, wherein the fibrillated regenerated cellulosic microfibers exhibit a CD wet breaking length in the range of 400 to 800 m.
40. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 1, wherein the fiber-enriched hollow domed regions include an inclined sidewall.
54. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 1, wherein the fibrillated regenerated cellulosic microfibers have a CSF value of less than 175 mL, and the at least one wet laid web exhibits a differential pore volume for pores under 5 microns in a diameter of at least about 100 mm3/g/micron.
56. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 54, wherein the fibrillated regenerated cellulosic microfibers have a weight average diameter of less than microns, a weight average length of less than 500 microns, and a fiber count of greater than 400 million fibers/gram.
57. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 56, wherein the at least one wet laid web has a caliper of from 7.5 to 12 mils/8 sheets/per pound per ream, and exhibits a wipe-dry time of less than 20 seconds, an SAT capacity in the range of 9.5 to 11.0 g/g, an SAT rate in the range of 0.05 to 0.25 g/s 0.5, a cross machine direction (CD) wet breaking length in the range of 300 to 800 m, and a wet/dry CD tensile ratio of from 40% to 60%.
58. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 57, wherein the fibrillated regenerated cellulosic microfibers exhibit a CD wet breaking length in the range of 350 to 800 m.

59. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 57, wherein the fibrillated regenerated cellulosic microfibers exhibit a CD wet breaking length in the range of 400 to 800 m.
60. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 54, wherein the at least one wet laid web has a caliper of from 7.5 to 12 mils/8 sheets/per pound per ream, and exhibits a wipe-dry time of less than 20 seconds, an SAT capacity in the range of 9.5 to 11.0 g/g, an SAT rate in the range of 0.05 to 0.25 g/s 0 5, a cross machine direction (CD) wet breaking length in the range of 300 to 800 m, and a wet/dry CD tensile ratio of from 40% to 60%.
61. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 60, wherein the fibrillated regenerated cellulosic microfibers exhibit a CD wet breaking length in the range of 350 to 800 m.
62. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 60, wherein the fibrillated regenerated cellulosic microfibers exhibit a CD wet breaking length in the range of 400 to 800 m.
63. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 60, wherein the fibrillated regenerated cellulosic microfibers have a weight average diameter of less than 0.25 microns, a weight average length of less than 200 microns, and a fiber count of greater than 50 billion fibers/gram.
64. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 60, wherein the fibrillated regenerated cellulosic microfibers have a weight average diameter of less than 0.5 microns, a weight average length of less than 300 microns, and a fiber count of greater than 10 billion fibers/gram.
65. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 54, wherein the fibrillated regenerated cellulosic microfibers have a weight average diameter of less than 0.5 microns, a weight average length of less than 300 microns, and a fiber count of greater than 10 billion fibers/gram.
66. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 1, wherein the wiper/towel product has a bulk of from about 9 to about 19 cm3/g and exhibits a wipe-dry time of less than 20 seconds, an SAT capacity in the range of 9.5 to 11.0 g/g, an SAT
rate in the range of 0.05 to 0.25 g/s 0.5, a cross machine direction (CD) wet breaking length in the range of 300 to 800 m, and a wet/dry CD tensile ratio of from 40% to 60%.
67. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 66, wherein the fibrillated regenerated cellulosic microfibers exhibit a CD wet breaking length in the range of 350 to 800 m.
68. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 66, wherein the fibrillated regenerated cellulosic microfibers exhibit a CD wet breaking length in the range of 400 to 800 m.
69. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 66, wherein the fibrillated regenerated cellulosic microfibers have a weight average diameter of less than 0.25 microns, a weight average length of less than 200 microns, and a fiber count of greater than 50 billion fibers/gram, the wiper/towel product exhibiting a differential pore volume for pores under 5 microns in diameter of at least about 100 mm3/g/micron.
70. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 66, wherein the fibrillated regenerated cellulosic microfibers have a weight average diameter of less than 0.5 microns, a weight average length of less than 300 microns, and a fiber count of greater than 10 billion fibers/gram.
71. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 1, wherein the fibrous composition of the web, the fibrillated regenerated cellulosic microfiber geometry, and the number average count are chosen such that the multi-ply wiper/towel product exhibits a wipe-thy time of less than 20 seconds, and an SAT capacity in the range of 9.5 to 11.0 g/g.
72. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 71, the wiper/towel product exhibiting a wipe-dry time of 10 seconds or less.
73, The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 71, the wiper/towel product exhibiting a CD wet breaking length in the range of 300 to 800 m.
74. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 71, the wiper/towel product exhibiting a CD wet breaking length in the range of 400 to 800 m.
75. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 71, the wiper/towel product exhibiting an SAT rate in the range of 0.05 to 0.25 g/s 0.5.
76. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 71, the wiper/towel product exhibiting a differential pore volume of at least about 10% for pores under 5 microns in diameter.
77. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 1, wherein the wiper/towel product exhibits a relative wipe dry time that is less than 50% of the wipe dry time exhibited by a conventional wipe of the same fibrous composition, but without fibrillated regenerated cellulosic microfibers.
78. The multi-ply wiper/towel product of claim 77, wherein the wiper/towel product exhibits a differential pore volume for pores under 5 microns in diameter of at least about 100 mm3/g/micron.
80. The multi-ply wiper/towel product of claim 77, wherein the wiper/towel product exhibits a relative wipe dry time that is less than 40% of the wipe dry time exhibited by a conventional wipe of the same fibrous composition, but without fibrillated regenerated cellulosic microfibers.

81. The multi-ply wiper/towel product of claim 77, wherein the fibrillated regenerated cellulosic microfibers have a weight average diameter of less than 1 micron, a weight average length of less than 400 microns, and a fiber count of greater than 2 billion fibers/gram.
82. The multi-ply wiper/towel product of claim 81, wherein the wiper/towel product exhibits a differential pore volume for pores under 5 microns in a diameter of at least about 100 min3/g/micron.
88. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 1, wherein the fibrous composition of the web, the fibrillated regenerated cellulosic microfiber geometry, and the number average count are chosen such that the multi-ply wiper/towel product exhibits a differential pore volume of at least about 10% for pores under 5 microns in diameter, and wherein the wiper/towel product exhibits a relative wipe dry time that is less than 50% of the wipe dry time exhibited by a conventional wipe of the same fibrous composition, but without fibrillated regenerated cellulosic microfibers.
89. The multi-ply wiper/towel product of claim 88, the wiper/towel product exhibiting a wipe-dry time of 10 seconds or less.
90. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 88, the wiper/towel product exhibiting a CD wet breaking length in the range of 300 to 800 m.
91. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 88, the wiper/towel product exhibiting a CD wet breaking length in the range of 400 to 800 m.
92. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 88, the wiper/towel product exhibiting an SAT rate in the range of 0.05 to 0.25 g/s 0.5.
93. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 88, the wiper/towel product exhibiting an SAT capacity in the range of 9.5 to 11.0 g/g.

94. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 1, wherein the fibrous composition of the web, the fibrillated regenerated cellulosic microfiber geometry, and the number average count are chosen such that the multi-ply wiper/towel product exhibits a wipe-dry time of less than 20 seconds, a differential pore volume of at least about 10% for pores under 5 microns in diameter, and an SAT capacity in the range of 9.5 to 11.0 g/g.
95. The multi-ply wiper/towel product of claim 94, the wiper/towel product exhibiting a wipe-dry time of 10 seconds or less.
96. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 94, the wiper/towel product exhibiting a CD wet breaking length in the range of 300 to 800 m.
97. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 94, the wiper/towel product exhibiting a CD wet breaking length in the range of 400 to 800 m.
98. The multi-ply wiper/towel product according to claim 94, the wiper/towel product exhibiting an SAT rate in the range of 0.05 to 0.25 g/s0.5.