CN100394076C - 齿轮的使用方法 - Google Patents

齿轮的使用方法 Download PDF

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CN100394076C
CN100394076C CNB2004100587835A CN200410058783A CN100394076C CN 100394076 C CN100394076 C CN 100394076C CN B2004100587835 A CNB2004100587835 A CN B2004100587835A CN 200410058783 A CN200410058783 A CN 200410058783A CN 100394076 C CN100394076 C CN 100394076C
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gear
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hard carbon
oiling agent
carbon films
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CN1580613A (zh
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冈本裕介
保田芳辉
山口拓郎
加纳真
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Nissan Motor Co Ltd
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16HGEARING
    • F16H57/00General details of gearing
    • F16H57/04Features relating to lubrication or cooling or heating
    • F16H57/041Coatings or solid lubricants, e.g. antiseize layers or pastes
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23CCOATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C14/00Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
    • C23C14/06Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the coating material
    • C23C14/0605Carbon
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/30Self-sustaining carbon mass or layer with impregnant or other layer
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T74/00Machine element or mechanism
    • Y10T74/19Gearing
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T74/00Machine element or mechanism
    • Y10T74/19Gearing
    • Y10T74/19991Lubrication
    • Y10T74/19995Teeth

Abstract

本发明涉及一种包括齿面和形成在所述齿面至少一部分上的硬碳膜的齿轮的使用方法。当在包括特定成分的润滑剂中使用所述齿轮时,大大降低齿轮齿面的摩擦,所述润滑剂包括包含羟基的添加剂,因此所述齿轮实行卓越的动力传输效率。而且,当将所述齿轮用在具有多个齿轮啮合部分的行星齿轮机构或减速机构中时,也改进了所述机构的动力传输效率。

Description

齿轮的使用方法
相关申请的交叉参考
本申请具有以下相关申请:系列号No.09/545,181,它是基于1999年4月9日所申请的日本专利申请Hei-11-102205的美国专利申请;10/468,713,它是基于2001年4月17日所申请的日本专利申请2001-117680的PCT申请JP02/10057的指定国(美国)申请号;基于2002年1月22日所申请的日本专利申请2002-45576的10/355,099;基于2002年10月16日所申请的日本专利申请No.2002-302205的10/682,559;以及基于2002年10月16日所申请的日本专利申请2002-322322的10/692,853。
技术领域
本发明涉及用于动力传输机构的齿轮,更具体地说,本发明涉及改进了传输效率的齿轮。
通常,在各种动力传输机构中使用齿轮。用于机动车传输机构的典型性齿轮主要由钢制成,诸如渗碳钢、碳氮共渗钢以及铬钼钢。
背景技术
用于机动车传输机构的这类齿轮用来减小齿轮之间的啮合处所产生的摩擦以便于改进机动车的输出功率和燃料消耗。更具体地说,在行星机构或减速机构中具有大量的齿轮啮合,因此,从改进所述机构的动力传输效率看来,强烈希望减小齿轮啮合处的摩擦。
因此本发明的一个目的是提供一种改进的齿轮,所述齿轮通过减小齿轮的齿面上的摩擦而实行卓越的动力传输效率。
本发明的一个方面在于一种齿轮,所述齿轮包括齿面和形成在所述齿面至少一部分上的硬碳膜。
从以下结合附图所作出的描述中将理解本发明的其他目的和特征。
发明内容
在与其他齿轮接合(啮合)的状态下在旋转过程中齿轮通常相互滑动接触。因此,从改进齿轮的动力传输效率看来,减小齿轮的齿面处的摩擦是优选的。
本发明的齿轮是如此构成的,即,使得硬碳膜(涂层)形成在所述齿轮的至少一部分上。该硬碳膜是无定形碳或含氢无定形碳膜,参考材料为a-C:H(无定形碳或含氢无定形碳)、i-C(i碳)以及DLC(金刚石状碳)。
已知这样一种硬碳膜在干燥状态(无润滑状态)下在其他表面上滑动时具有低摩擦系数。尽管仍未完全说明具有这样的低摩擦系数的原理,但是可以设想,硬碳膜的固体润滑性能和特性(诸如硬碳膜的低杨氏模量和高硬度)实现了摩擦系数的减小。
另一方面,当在润滑剂中使用硬碳膜时,在润滑剂中膜的摩擦系数变得不同于在干燥状态下膜的摩擦系数。标准硬碳膜是用碳和不可避免的杂质制成的,或是用碳、氢和不可避免的杂质制成的。所述硬碳膜的表面反应性是低的,并且该特性关系到其低-摩擦和低-磨损。然而,由于所述硬碳膜相对于原油和润滑剂中的添加剂具有弱相互作用,因此与在干燥状态下相比较,在润滑剂中摩擦系数的减小优点相对较小。
本发明通过对于在润滑剂、优选润滑剂以及添加剂成分中具有低-摩擦系数的硬碳膜的全面研究而得以实现。
首先,在齿轮的齿面上形成硬碳膜。所述硬碳膜可被形成在齿轮的齿面的整个表面上或齿面的部分表面上。通常,存在这样一种趋势,即,与在每个齿轮齿的顶部上膜的形成相比较,不易在每个齿轮齿的底部上形成膜。然而,由于硬碳膜具有的优点是根据膜成形面积的比率而获得的,因此无需在不易形成部分上强行地形成硬碳膜。而且,即使在使用中一部分膜磨损了,根据剩余的硬碳膜的尺寸也能保持硬碳膜的优点。
尽管实际上是通过组合两个或多个齿轮而使用所述齿轮的,但是硬碳膜可被形成在整个齿面上或可被形成在一部分齿面上。在考虑制造成本、生产率和所获得的优点程度的基础上可适当地确定硬碳膜的膜成形面积。
尽管本质上对于齿轮的基底金属没有限制,但是渗碳钢和铬钼钢最适用于确保齿轮所需的冲击强度和弯曲疲劳强度。而且,渗碳钢最适用于抑制在膜制造程序期间由于半高温状态而导致基底金属的变软。中间层可被形成在基底金属与硬碳膜之间以便于减小基底金属与硬碳膜之间的张力并改进所述膜相对于基底金属的粘着。可使用公知的方法形成所述中间层。
可通过化学汽相淀积(CVD)工艺或物理汽相淀积(PVD)工艺制造硬碳膜。通常,由于使用有机化合物的原材料,因此由CVD工艺形成的硬碳膜包含氢,并且如此制造的膜的氢含量范围在15到40atom%(原子百分比)。另一方面,PVD工艺能够制造具有和/或不具有氢的硬碳膜。已提出了各种PVD工艺并可投入实际使用中。考虑到膜在基底金属上的粘着,本发明所涉及的齿轮的硬碳膜最好通过弧离子电镀法或喷射法制成。
由于硬碳膜中氢含量的减少会减小齿轮的摩擦,因此用于齿轮的硬碳膜中的氢含量最好尽可能地小。因此,将本发明所涉及的齿轮的硬碳膜中的氢含量设定得小于1atom%,最好是小于0.3atom%。也就是说,最好通过物理汽相淀积(PVD)工艺成形硬碳膜。通过次级离子质谱法(SIMS)或卢瑟福背散射光谱学(RBS)能够测量硬碳膜中的氢含量。
本发明所涉及的齿轮显示了卓越的特性,尤其是当在润滑剂中使用或具有润滑剂的情况下使用时。当本发明所涉及的齿轮用在润滑剂中时,可从使用矿物油或合成油作为基油的润滑剂中适当地选择润滑剂,诸如齿轮油、机动车机油、涡轮机油和锭子油。而且,当聚α-烯烃用作润滑剂的基油时,进一步改进了摩擦减小的优点。可认为其原因在于聚α-烯烃具有易于粘附(沉积)在形成于齿轮的齿面上的硬碳膜上的特性。
而且,最好将包括羟基的成分作为添加剂加入到润滑剂中,从而进一步改进摩擦减小优点。可认为其原因在于所述添加剂通过羟基粘附在齿轮齿面上的硬碳膜上。而且,考虑到增加吸附强度,包含在添加剂的分子中的羟基的数量最好尽可能地大。然而,如果羟基的数量太大的话,由于过度的亲水性,就存在添加剂与基油相分离的可能性。因此,应在考虑上述要点的基础上设计添加剂的分子结构。而且在一个分子中羟基的数量相同的情况下最好将添加剂的分子结构设计得使得羟基在分子结构被布置得尽可能地近。用于添加剂的典型性分子是仲醇(二羟醇)和叔醇(三元醇)。尽管根据润滑剂相对于齿轮的使用方式可适当地改变添加剂的添加量,但是相对于润滑剂的添加量最好在0.5到8的重量百分比范围内。如果添加量太小的话,摩擦减小优点变得较小。如果太大的话,就存在添加剂与基油相分离的可能性。
作为润滑剂的添加剂,酯是优选的,甘油单酯是更为优选的。构成甘油单酯的脂肪酸的碳原子的数量最好大于或等于8,更好的是大于或等于12。如果在添加剂中由酯组成的脂肪酸的分子尺寸较小的话,直接形成在硬碳膜表面上的膜由于添加剂会变得较薄,因此降低了摩擦减小优点。除甘油以外的多元醇可用作用于润滑剂的脂肪酸酯添加剂的成分,尽管在成本上是不利的。
通常通过在基油(诸如矿物油或合成油)中添加适当的添加剂而获得润滑油。然而,依照齿轮的使用条件和使用环境,代替上述润滑剂可使用包括羟基化合物作为主要成分的润滑剂。如果使用包括羟基化合物的润滑剂的话,会大大改进动力传输效率。
醇适合于用作上述羟基化合物,具体地,甘油形成较大的摩擦减小效果。此外,当齿轮在乙二醇中滑动时,确保了卓越的摩擦减小优点从而出现这样的情况,即,甘油用作齿轮的润滑剂。
不需要用羟基化合物构成润滑剂的全部。根据需要并且依照用途(诸如防止磨损、防锈、粘度控制以及抗氧化性),可将各种已知添加剂加入到润滑剂中。润滑剂中所述添加剂的总含量通常被设定得小于或等于15vol.%。
另外,在本发明所涉及的齿轮用在具有多个齿轮的啮合部分的机构(诸如行星齿轮机构和减速机构)的情况中,可明显确保改进动力传输效率的性能。在减速机构中使用行星齿轮机构的情况中,在抑制减速机构尺寸的同时可获得较大的减速比。然而,将减速比设定为较大数值会从根本上降级动力传输效率。因此,通过使用本发明所涉及的齿轮作为用于减速机构的行星齿轮机构的恒星齿轮、行星齿轮和环齿轮中的至少一个,可抑制减速机构中动力传输效率的降级。
在下文中,描述了本发明所涉及的示例以及其比较示例。
[示例1和比较示例1]
在JIS(日本工业标准)中定义为SCM420H的铬钼钢用作示例1的齿轮的材料。该材料被加工成以下规格中所限定的齿轮,并且对于所加工的齿轮进行渗碳、淬火和回火处理。
<齿轮规格>
齿轮的类型:正齿轮
模数:4mm
齿轮齿的数量:60(啮合齿轮的数量:40)
齿宽:10mm
示例1的上述齿轮被刨光和除油污。因此,通过弧离子电镀(AIP)工艺在示例1的齿轮的齿面上形成了硬碳膜。每个齿中心部分处的硬碳膜的厚度为1.2μm。作为使用次级离子质谱法(SIMS)的测量结果,硬碳膜中的氢含量为0.1atom%(原子百分比)。
由硬碳膜涂覆的齿轮的齿面被抛光以去除硬碳膜的熔滴并且使其表面平滑。抛光的齿部分的表面光洁度Ra为0.04μm。与涂覆有膜的齿轮相啮合的齿轮(驱动齿轮)未涂有硬碳膜。啮合(反转)齿轮的齿表面光洁度Ra为0.17μm。在下文中,只要未特别指明,示例和比较示例的齿部分都被磨光以使得涂覆有DLC(金刚石状碳)的齿轮的表面光洁度Ra在0.02μm到0.06μm范围内,并且没有DLC的齿轮的表面光洁度Ra在0.1μm到0.3μm范围内。由于DLC膜的特性导致难于进一步使得涂覆有DLC的齿轮表面进一步平滑,因此在DLC被形成在齿轮表面上之前预先对涂覆有DLC的齿轮进行磨光和抛光以使其平滑。在JIS(日本工业标准)B0601(:2001)中表面光洁度Ra被解释为Ra75。
使用能量循环型齿轮测试装置测量齿轮的动力传输效率。为了分别获得驱动齿轮及轴承的损失和被测试的齿轮的损失,必须执行各种调制,诸如驱动齿轮(反转齿轮)的特殊设计和轴承损失的独立测量。然而,由于在不用执行总损失的各个损失的独立检测的情况下从总损失的量级中可确定通过硬碳膜所获得的优点,因此可从与总损失对应的传输效率中作出示例和比较示例的评价。
更具体地说,使用能量循环型齿轮测试装置,在所测试的齿轮和反转齿轮被完全浸透在聚α-烯烃(PAO)油中并且与所测试的齿轮相啮合的驱动齿轮在6000rpm(驱动齿轮的转数)的速度下转动的条件下测量所测试的齿轮的总损失。
另一方面,除在比较示例1的齿轮上未形成有硬碳膜之外,比较示例1的齿轮在形状和材料方面与示例1的齿轮相同。在与示例1相同的条件下测量比较示例1的总损失。
[示例2和比较示例2]
在JIS中定义为SCM440H的铬钼钢用作示例2的齿轮的材料。该材料被加工成以下规格中所限定的齿轮,并且对于所加工的齿轮进行渗碳、淬火和回火处理。
<齿轮的规格>
齿轮的类型:正齿轮
模数:2mm
齿轮齿的数量:60(啮合齿轮的数量:20)
齿宽:3mm
示例2的上述齿轮被除油污并设置在真空腔室中。在所述真空腔室中通过弧离子电镀(AIP)工艺在示例2的齿轮的齿面上形成硬碳膜。每个齿中心部分处的硬碳膜的厚度为1.4μm。作为使用次级离子质谱法(SIMS)的测量结果,硬碳膜中的氢含量为0.1atom%。齿面被抛光以去除硬碳膜的熔滴并且使其表面平滑。与涂覆有膜的齿轮相啮合的齿轮(驱动齿轮)未涂有硬碳膜。
使用能量循环型齿轮测试装置,在所测试的齿轮和反转齿轮被完全浸透在聚α-烯烃(PAO)油中并且与所测试的齿轮相啮合的驱动齿轮在6000rpm(驱动齿轮的转数)的速度下转动的条件下测量所测试的齿轮的总损失。在100℃下所使用的聚α-烯烃的动力粘度为4.0cSt。在下文中,使用与示例2中所使用的相同的聚α-烯烃执行示例和比较示例的评价。
另一方面,除在比较示例2的齿轮上未形成有硬碳膜之外,比较示例2的齿轮在形状和材料方面与示例2的齿轮相同。在与示例2相同的条件下测量比较示例2的总损失。
[示例3和比较示例3]
在JIS(日本工业标准)中定义为SCM420H的铬钼钢用作示例3的齿轮的材料。该材料被加工成以下规格中所限定的齿轮,并且对于所加工的齿轮进行渗碳、淬火和回火处理。之后,对于所加工的齿轮进行最后修整。
<齿轮的规格>
齿轮的类型:正齿轮
模数:6mm
齿轮齿的数量:120(啮合齿轮的数量:40)
齿宽:12mm
示例3的上述齿轮被除油污并设置在真空腔室中。在所述真空腔室中通过弧离子电镀(AIP)工艺在示例3的齿轮的齿面上形成硬碳膜。每个齿中心部分处的硬碳膜的厚度为0.9μm。作为使用次级离子质谱法(SIMS)的测量结果,硬碳膜中的氢量为0.2atom%。齿面被抛光以去除硬碳膜的熔滴并且使其表面平滑。与涂覆有膜的齿轮相啮合的齿轮(驱动齿轮)未涂有硬碳膜。
使用能量循环型齿轮测试装置,在所测试的齿轮和反转齿轮被完全浸透在聚α-烯烃(PAO)油中并且与所测试的齿轮相啮合的驱动齿轮在9000rpm(驱动齿轮的转数)的速度下转动的条件下测量所测试的齿轮的总损失。
另一方面,除在比较示例3的齿轮上未形成有硬碳膜之外,比较示例3的齿轮在形状和材料方面与示例3的齿轮相同。在与示例3相同的条件下测量比较示例3的总损失。
[示例4和比较示例4]
在JIS中定义为SCM420H的铬钼钢用作示例4的齿轮的材料。该材料被加工成以下规格中所限定的齿轮,并且对于所加工的齿轮进行渗碳、淬火和回火处理。之后,对于所加工的齿轮进行最后修整。
<齿轮的规格>
齿轮的类型:正齿轮
模数:6mm
齿轮齿的数量:120(啮合齿轮的数量:40)
齿宽:12mm
示例4的上述齿轮被除油污并设置在真空腔室中。在所述真空腔室中通过磁控管喷射工艺在示例4的齿轮的齿面上形成硬碳膜。每个齿中心部分处的硬碳膜的厚度为1.3μm。作为使用次级离子质谱法(SIMS)的测量结果,膜中的氢量为0.1atom%。齿面被抛光以去除硬碳膜的熔滴并且使其表面平滑。与涂覆有膜的齿轮相啮合的齿轮(驱动齿轮)未涂有硬碳膜。
使用能量循环型齿轮测试装置,在所测试的齿轮和反转齿轮被完全浸透在聚α-烯烃(PAO)油中并且与所测试的齿轮相啮合的驱动齿轮在9000rpm(驱动齿轮的转数)的速度下转动的条件下测量所测试的齿轮的总损失。
另一方面,除在比较示例4的齿轮上未形成有硬碳膜之外,比较示例4的齿轮在形状和材料方面与示例4的齿轮相同。在与示例4相同的条件下测量比较示例4的总损失。
[示例5和比较示例5]
在JIS中定义为SCM440H的铬钼钢用作示例5的齿轮的材料。该材料被加工成以下规格中所限定的齿轮,并且对于所加工的齿轮进行渗碳、淬火和回火处理。之后,对于所加工的齿轮进行最后修整。
<齿轮的规格>
齿轮的类型:正齿轮
模数:2mm
齿轮齿的数量:60(啮合齿轮的数量:20)
齿宽:3mm
示例5的上述齿轮被除油污并设置在真空腔室中。在所述真空腔室中通过等离子CVD工艺在示例5的齿轮的齿面上形成硬碳膜。CVD工艺中所使用的气体为环己烷。每个齿中心部分处的硬碳膜的厚度为3.0μm。作为使用次级离子质谱法(SIMS)的测量结果,硬碳膜中的氢含量为25atom%。齿面被抛光以去除硬碳膜的熔滴并且使其表面平滑。与涂覆有膜的齿轮相啮合的齿轮(驱动齿轮)未涂有硬碳膜。
使用能量循环型齿轮测试装置,在所测试的齿轮和反转齿轮被完全浸透在聚α-烯烃(PAO)油中并且与所测试的齿轮相啮合的驱动齿轮在6000rpm(驱动齿轮的转数)的速度下转动的条件下测量所测试的齿轮的总损失。
另一方面,除在比较示例5的齿轮上未形成有硬碳膜之外,比较示例5的齿轮在形状和材料方面与示例5的齿轮相同。在与示例5相同的条件下测量比较示例5的总损失。
[示例6和比较示例6]
在JIS中定义为SCM420H的铬钼钢用作示例6的齿轮的材料。该材料被加工成以下规格中所限定的齿轮,并且对于所加工的齿轮进行渗碳、淬火和回火处理。
<齿轮的规格>
齿轮的类型:螺旋齿轮
与正齿轮相对应的模数:4mm
齿轮齿的数量:60(啮合齿轮的数量:60)
齿宽:20mm
螺旋角:12°
示例6的上述齿轮被刨光(修整)和除油污。之后,将示例6的齿轮设置在真空腔室中,并且在所述真空腔室中通过弧离子电镀(AIP)工艺在示例6的齿轮的齿面上形成硬碳膜。每个齿中心部分处的膜的厚度为1.0μm。作为使用次级离子质谱法(SIMS)的测量结果,硬碳膜中的氢含量为0.1atom%。
齿面被抛光以去除硬碳膜的熔滴并且使其表面平滑。与涂覆有膜的齿轮相啮合的齿轮(驱动齿轮)未涂有硬碳膜。
使用能量循环型齿轮测试装置,在所测试的齿轮和反转齿轮被完全浸透在聚α-烯烃(PAO)油中并且与所测试的齿轮相啮合的驱动齿轮在6000rpm(驱动齿轮的转数)的速度下转动的条件下测量所测试的齿轮的总损失。
另一方面,除在比较示例6的齿轮上未形成有硬碳膜之外,比较示例6的齿轮在形状和材料方面与示例6的齿轮相同。在与示例6相同的条件下测量比较示例6的总损失。
[示例7和比较示例7]
在JIS中定义为SCM440H的铬钼钢用作示例3的齿轮的材料。该材料被加工成以下规格中所限定的齿轮,并且对于所加工的齿轮进行渗碳、淬火和回火处理。之后,对于所加工的齿轮进行最后修整。
<齿轮的规格>
齿轮的类型:正齿轮
模数:2mm
齿轮齿的数量:60(啮合齿轮的数量:20)
齿宽:3mm
示例7的上述齿轮被除油污并设置在真空腔室中。在所述真空腔室中通过弧离子电镀(AIP)工艺在示例7的齿轮的齿面上形成硬碳膜。每个齿中心部分处的硬碳膜的厚度为1.1μm。作为使用次级离子质谱法(SIMS)的测量结果,膜中的氢含量为0.1atom%。齿面被抛光以去除膜的熔滴并且使其表面平滑。与涂覆有膜的齿轮相啮合的齿轮(驱动齿轮)也未涂有硬碳膜。驱动齿轮的每个齿中心部分处的硬碳膜的厚度为1.0μm。驱动齿轮的硬碳膜中的氢含量为0.1atom%。
使用能量循环型齿轮测试装置,在所测试的齿轮和反转齿轮被完全浸透在聚α-烯烃(PAO)油中并且与所测试的齿轮相啮合的驱动齿轮在6000rpm(驱动齿轮的转数)的速度下转动的条件下测量所测试的齿轮的总损失。
另一方面,除在比较示例7的齿轮上未形成有硬碳膜之外,比较示例7的齿轮在形状和材料方面与示例7的齿轮相同。在与示例7相同的条件下测量比较示例7的总损失。
[示例8和比较示例8]
在不同的测试条件下评价示例2和比较示例2的齿轮。更具体地说,示例8和比较示例8中所使用的润滑剂是通过将酯成分与聚α-烯烃充分地混合所获得的润滑剂,所述酯成分是占润滑剂总量的重量百分比为3%的脂肪甘油一酸酯(脂肪酸的主要成分是油酸)。示例8和比较示例8的其他条件与示例2的条件相同。示例8和比较示例8的评价也与示例2的评价相同。
[示例9和比较示例9]
在不同的测试条件下评价示例2和比较示例2的齿轮。更具体地说,示例9和比较示例9中所使用的润滑剂是通过将酯成分与聚α-烯烃充分地混合所获得的润滑剂,所述酯成分是占润滑剂总量的重量百分比为2%的脂肪甘油一酸酯(脂肪酸的主要成分是棕榈酸)。示例9和比较示例9的其他条件与示例2的条件相同。示例9和比较示例9的评价也与示例2的评价相同。
[示例10和比较示例10]
在不同的测试条件下评价示例2和比较示例2的齿轮。更具体地说,示例10和比较示例10中所使用的润滑剂是通过将酯成分与聚α-烯烃充分地混合所获得的润滑剂,所述酯成分是占润滑剂总量的重量百分比为7%的脂肪甘油一酸酯(脂肪酸的主要成分是硬脂酸)。示例10和比较示例10的其他条件与示例2的条件相同。示例10和比较示例10的评价也与示例2的评价相同。
[示例11和比较示例11]
在不同的测试条件下评价示例2和比较示例2的齿轮。更具体地说,示例11和比较示例11中所使用的润滑剂是通过将酯成分与聚α-烯烃充分地混合所获得的润滑剂,所述酯成分是占润滑剂总量的重量百分比为2%的硬脂酸丁酯。示例11和比较示例11的其他条件与示例2的条件相同。示例11和比较示例11的评价也与示例2的评价相同。
[示例12和比较示例12]
在JIS(日本工业标准)中定义为SCM440H的铬钼钢用作示例12的齿轮的材料。该材料被加工成以下规格中所限定的齿轮,并且对于所加工的齿轮进行渗碳、淬火和回火处理。之后,对于所加工的齿轮进行最后修整。齿轮被装配成2K-H类型的行星齿轮机构。在齿轮的评价中,恒星齿轮用作环齿轮被固定于其上的输入齿轮,而行星齿轮的载体用作输出。
<齿轮的规格>
齿轮的类型:正齿轮
模数:2mm
恒星齿轮的齿轮齿的数量:60
行星齿轮的齿轮齿的数量:24
环齿轮的齿轮齿的数量:144
行星齿轮的数量:3
齿宽:6mm
示例12的恒星齿轮和行星齿轮被除油污并设置在真空腔室中。在所述真空腔室中通过弧离子电镀(AIP)工艺在齿轮的齿面上形成硬碳膜。恒星齿轮中心部分处的膜的厚度为1.7μm。作为使用次级离子质谱法(SIMS)的测量结果,膜中的氢含量为0.1atom%。齿面被抛光以去除硬碳膜的熔滴并且使其表面平滑。环齿轮未涂有硬碳膜。
使用能量循环型齿轮测试装置,在所测试的齿轮被完全浸透在聚α-烯烃(PAO)油中并且所测试的齿轮在6000rpm(恒星齿轮的转数)的速度下转动的条件下测量所测试的齿轮的总损失。
另一方面,除在比较示例12的齿轮上未形成有硬碳膜之外,比较示例12的齿轮在形状和材料方面与示例12的齿轮相同。在与示例12相同的条件下测量比较示例12的总损失。
[示例13和比较示例13]
在不同的测试条件下评价示例2和比较示例2的齿轮。更具体地说,示例13和比较示例13中所使用的润滑剂是由类型2和粘度分级ISO VG220的JIS工业齿轮油。示例13和比较示例13的其他条件与示例2的条件相同。示例13和比较示例13的评价也与示例2的评价相同。
[示例14和比较示例14]
在不同的测试条件下评价示例2和比较示例2的齿轮。更具体地说,示例14和比较示例14中所使用的润滑剂是通过将酯成分与类型2的粘度分级ISO VG220的JIS工业齿轮油充分地混合所获得的润滑剂,所述酯成分是占润滑剂总量的重量百分比为5%的脂肪甘油一酸酯(脂肪酸的主要成分是硬脂酸)。示例14和比较示例14的其他条件与示例2的条件相同。示例14和比较示例14的评价也与示例2的评价相同。
[示例15和比较示例15]
在不同的测试条件下评价示例2和比较示例2的齿轮。更具体地说,示例15和比较示例15中所使用的润滑剂是通过将酯成分与类型2的JIS-2213K所限定的JIS工业齿轮油充分地混合所获得的润滑剂,所述酯成分是占润滑剂总量的重量百分比为4%的脂肪甘油一酸酯(脂肪酸的主要成分是硬脂酸)。示例15和比较示例15的其他条件与示例2的条件相同。示例15和比较示例15的评价也与示例2的评价相同。
[示例16和比较示例16]
在不同的测试条件下评价示例7和比较示例7的齿轮。更具体地说,与示例10和11中所使用的相同,示例16和比较示例16中所使用的润滑剂是通过将酯成分与聚α-烯烃充分地混合所获得的润滑剂,所述酯成分是重量百分比为7%的脂肪甘油一酸酯(脂肪酸的主要成分是硬脂酸)。示例16和比较示例16的其他条件与示例7的条件相同。示例16和比较示例16的评价也与示例7和比较示例7的评价相同。
[示例17和比较示例17]
在不同的测试条件下评价示例2和比较示例2的齿轮。更具体地说,示例17和比较示例17中所使用的润滑剂是通过将酯成分与聚α-烯烃充分地混合所获得的润滑剂,所述酯成分是重量百分比为2%的脂肪甘油二酯(脂肪酸的主要成分是硬脂酸)。示例17和比较示例17的其他条件与示例2的条件相同。示例17和比较示例17的评价也与示例2的评价相同。
[示例18和比较示例18]
在不同的测试条件下评价示例2和比较示例2的齿轮。更具体地说,示例18和比较示例18中所使用的润滑剂是通过将重量百分比为0.8%的在一个分子中具有两个羟基的频哪醇与聚α-烯烃充分地混合所获得的润滑剂。示例18和比较示例18的其他条件与示例2的条件相同。示例18和比较示例18的评价也与示例2的评价相同。
[示例19和比较示例19]
在不同的测试条件下评价示例2和比较示例2的齿轮。更具体地说,示例19和比较示例19中所使用的润滑剂是通过将重量百分比为2%的1,10-decandiol与聚α-烯烃充分地混合所获得的润滑剂。示例19和比较示例19的其他条件与示例2的条件相同。示例19和比较示例19的评价也与示例2的评价相同。
[示例20和比较示例20]
在不同的测试条件下评价示例2和比较示例2的齿轮。更具体地说,示例20和比较示例20中所使用的润滑剂是通过将重量百分比为2%的十二烷醇与聚α-烯烃充分地混合所获得的润滑剂。示例20和比较示例20的其他条件与示例2的条件相同。示例20和比较示例20的评价也与示例2的评价相同。
[示例21和比较示例21]
在不同的测试条件下评价示例2和比较示例2的齿轮。更具体地说,示例21和比较示例21中所使用的润滑剂是甘油。在所述甘油中未加入添加剂。示例21和比较示例21的其他条件与示例2的条件相同。示例21和比较示例21的评价也与示例2的评价相同。
[示例22和比较示例22]
在不同的测试条件下评价示例2和比较示例2的齿轮。更具体地说,示例22和比较示例22中所使用的润滑剂是乙二醇。在乙二醇中未加入添加剂。示例22和比较示例22的其他条件与示例2的条件相同。示例22和比较示例22的评价也与示例2的评价相同。
关于示例1到22和比较示例1到22,在表1中示出了其动力传输效率的测量结果,还示出了齿轮的规格,诸如材料、模数、齿数、膜形成方法、硬碳膜中的氢含量以及润滑剂的种类。
如从表1中可明显看出,分别与比较示例1到22相比较,本发明所涉及的示例1到22实行卓越的动力传输效率。特别地,示例21实行卓越的动力传输效率。此外,在润滑剂的选择被限制在使得润滑剂通常用作其他滑动对偶的情况下示例16是优选的。在权衡考虑成本和动力传输效率两者的情况下,示例8到10是优选的。
使用本发明所涉及的如此布置的齿轮,通过在至少一部分齿轮齿面上覆以硬碳膜,可大大地减小齿轮相对于反转齿轮(啮合齿轮)的摩擦。而且,通过使用特定混和的润滑剂,可有利地进一步减小齿轮的摩擦。这使得齿轮在动力传输效率方面进一步改进。特别地,在可自由选择润滑剂的情况下,通过其中醇基用作润滑剂的主要成分的润滑剂实现了大大改进的动力传输效率。而且,本发明所涉及的齿轮最适用于具有大量齿轮啮合部分的机构,诸如行星齿轮机构和减速机构。当在所述机构中使用该齿轮时,进一步改进了动力传输效率。
Figure C20041005878300191
Figure C20041005878300201
Figure C20041005878300211
本发明是基于日本的2003年7月31所申请的日本专利申请No.2003-204238和2004年4月23日所申请的No.2004-127632而提出的。这里合并参考这些日本专利申请的全部内容。
尽管上面已结合本发明的某些实施例描述了本发明,但是本发明不局限于以上所述的实施例。本领域普通技术人员可根据以上技术对上述实施例进行修正和改变。本发明的范围如以下权利要求所限定的。

Claims (12)

1.一种齿轮的使用方法,所述齿轮包括:
齿面;
形成在所述齿面至少一部分上的硬碳膜;
所述硬碳膜中的氢含量小于或等于1原子百分比;
所述齿轮用在润滑剂中;以及
所述润滑剂包括包含羟基的添加剂。
2.如权利要求1所述的齿轮的使用方法,其特征在于,所述硬碳膜中的氢含量小于或等于0.3原子百分比。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的齿轮的使用方法,其特征在于,所述齿轮用作行星齿轮机构的齿轮。
4.如权利要求1所述的齿轮的使用方法,其特征在于,所述齿轮用作减速机构的齿轮。
5.如权利要求1所述的齿轮的使用方法,其特征在于,所述润滑剂包括使用聚α-烯烃(PAO)作为基油的混合物。
6.如权利要求1所述的齿轮的使用方法,其特征在于,所述添加剂在一个分子中包括两个或多个羟基。
7.如权利要求1所述的齿轮的使用方法,其特征在于,所述润滑剂中的添加剂包括酯。
8.如权利要求1所述的齿轮的使用方法,其特征在于,所述润滑剂中的添加剂包括甘油单酯。
9.如权利要求1中所述的齿轮的使用方法,其特征在于,所述润滑剂的主要成分是羟基化合物。
10.如权利要求9中所述的齿轮的使用方法,其特征在于,所述羟基化合物包括醇。
11.如权利要求10中所述的齿轮的使用方法,其特征在于,所述醇包括甘油。
12.如权利要求10中所述的齿轮的使用方法,其特征在于,所述醇包括乙二醇。
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