CN100403450C - 具有自组装聚合物薄膜的内存装置及其制造方法 - Google Patents

具有自组装聚合物薄膜的内存装置及其制造方法 Download PDF

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CN100403450C
CN100403450C CNB028113373A CN02811337A CN100403450C CN 100403450 C CN100403450 C CN 100403450C CN B028113373 A CNB028113373 A CN B028113373A CN 02811337 A CN02811337 A CN 02811337A CN 100403450 C CN100403450 C CN 100403450C
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memory device
memory element
resistance
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dielectric layer
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CN1513184A (zh
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J·H·克里格
N·F·尤达诺夫
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Advanced Micro Devices Inc
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10BELECTRONIC MEMORY DEVICES
    • H10B12/00Dynamic random access memory [DRAM] devices
    • GPHYSICS
    • G11INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11CSTATIC STORES
    • G11C13/00Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00
    • G11C13/0002Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00 using resistive RAM [RRAM] elements
    • G11C13/0009RRAM elements whose operation depends upon chemical change
    • G11C13/0014RRAM elements whose operation depends upon chemical change comprising cells based on organic memory material
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82YSPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y10/00Nanotechnology for information processing, storage or transmission, e.g. quantum computing or single electron logic
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82YSPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y30/00Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
    • GPHYSICS
    • G11INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11CSTATIC STORES
    • G11C11/00Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor
    • G11C11/56Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor using storage elements with more than two stable states represented by steps, e.g. of voltage, current, phase, frequency
    • G11C11/5664Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor using storage elements with more than two stable states represented by steps, e.g. of voltage, current, phase, frequency using organic memory material storage elements
    • GPHYSICS
    • G11INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11CSTATIC STORES
    • G11C13/00Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00
    • G11C13/0002Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00 using resistive RAM [RRAM] elements
    • G11C13/0009RRAM elements whose operation depends upon chemical change
    • G11C13/0014RRAM elements whose operation depends upon chemical change comprising cells based on organic memory material
    • G11C13/0016RRAM elements whose operation depends upon chemical change comprising cells based on organic memory material comprising polymers

Abstract

具有多位内存单元的内存装置及制造方法使用自组装以在触片上提供聚合物内存单元到晶体管数组。使用自组装使聚合物内存单元位于晶体管数组的触片的精确位置。聚合物内存单元根据特定域值上的电流改变电阻值。内存单元随时间保持电阻系数值。

Description

具有自组装聚合物薄膜的内存装置及其制造方法
技术领域
本发明是关于电子内存装置,尤其关于一种具有聚合物制成的内存装置。
背景技术
目前,计算机系统一般都是基于对二元资料的操作。其中逻辑值1是通过高电压电平(近似Vcc,一般约为3.3或5伏特)来表示,逻辑值0是通过低电压电平(近似Vss一般约为0伏特或接地)来表示。传统的随机存储内存单元,例如动态随机存储内存(DRAM),是将一电容单元充电至一高电压电平以存储逻辑1,且对该电容放电至一低电压电平来存储逻辑0。而在动态随机存储内存进行读取时,是通过将电容单元上所检测到的电压和高电压电平Vcc与低电压电平Vss之间的一参考电压进行比较,且根据所比较的结果而锁存高电压Vcc或低电压Vss的电平。同样,将多个输入输出数据线设置在近似高电压电平Vcc或低电压电平Vss时,动态随机存储单元中读出的资料即可输出至动态随机存储内存之外部及其外围设备。
对内存存储容量需求的不断增长,即会要求每个动态随机存储内存芯片可以存储更多的位数(Bit)。动态随机存储内存芯片的位数,可以通过增加动态随机存储单元的集成度(即单位芯片面积上所占有的动态随机存储单元数),或动态随机存储单元的容量(即每一动态随机存储单元所能存储的位数)来得到提高。要提升动态随机存储单元的集成度,是需要研发更高端的电路设计及制造工艺,以将更小的动态随机存储单元集成为更高密度的矩阵。这将会耗时之外,还需要花费昂贵的光刻(photolithographic)工艺和光刻设备。此外,随着动态随机存储单元不断的变小,且其矩阵密度也不断增加,则会对其物理组件,如每个电容所能存储的电荷数,产生更多的限制。
对于易失性存储内存(Volatile Memory)如动态随机存储内存与非易失性存储内存(Non-volatile Memory)如闪存(Flash Memory)而言,其都可通过在每内存单元的储存多个位数(bit)的方式提高内存元件的储存容量。其中一方法为,将多于传统的两个电压电平存储在同一内存单元内,且每一电压电平即表示一个不同的数据值。例如,在一内存单元内,可将所存储的资料看作是四个可得到的电压电平中的一个:用0伏电压电平来表示一个两位的逻辑字“00”,用近似1伏的电压电平来代表一个逻辑字“01”,用近似2伏的电压电平来表示一个逻辑“10”,以及用近似3伏的电压电平来表示一个逻辑“11”。通过这种方式,一个最高位(MSB)与一个最低位(LSB)可以存储在同一个内存单元中。其中电压电平的确切值及其数量可根据需要进行设计。
而存有多个值的内存,会在实际执行中产生一系列的问题。例如Murotani等人(1977 IEEE International Solid State Circuit Conference,Digest of Technical Papers,pp.74-75,1977)已提出一种四级电压的储存装置。其中一最高位(MSB)与一最低位(LSB)可存储在同一个内存单元中,并以作为电容电压的功函数。该最高位(MSB)是通过检测到所存储的电压,并将其与一大致为Vcc一半的参考电压做比较而获得的。在检测出最高位(MSB)后,最低位(LSB)则是将所存储的电压与Vcc一半正负偏移三分之一Vcc后的电压做比较。该三分之一Vcc的偏移正负号取决于最高位(1,0)。
但为了获得较强的感测信号,该存储电容需要有较高的电容值。这也就不可避免会占用芯片的大量的面积,另一方面,为获得比较高的电容值,也必须使用具有较高的介电常数的材料,或者可能需结合上述二者。
因此,有必要提供一种性能良好的芯片,其在有效使用芯片面积下而可储存多个值。
发明内容
本发明要解决的技术问题是提供一种易于制造且提高芯片存储密度的多位内存单元。
为解决上述技术问题,本发明提供内存单元的制造方法。该方法包括形成一第一电极;通过自组装在该第一电极上形成内存元件,其中该内存元件包括一仅附着于第一电极并在电场的作用下具有多个可选的电阻值的聚合物;以及在该内存元件上形成一第二电极。
本发明还提供一种内存装置。该内存装置包括一可寻址的晶体管数组;一覆盖该晶体管数组的介电层;若干个触片,该触片穿过该介电层连接至该晶体管数组,且至少部分触片暴露于该介电层外;形成于该部分暴露的触片上的内存元件,且该内存元件仅形成在触片上,而非在该介电层上;以及一与每个内存元件接触的公共电极。
本发明还提供一种内存元件的制造方法。该方法包括形成一晶体管数组;在该晶体管数组上形成一介电层;形成导电触片与该晶体管数组相接触并穿过该介电层;在该触片上通过自组装形成具有多个可选的电阻值的内存元件;以及在该内存元件上形成与各内存元件相连的一公共电极。
附图说明
图1是本发明的内存芯片的示意图;
图2是图1中内存芯片一部分的剖面图;
图3是图2所示的内存矩阵的侧视图;
图4是在图3所示的导电插塞上形成阻隔层后的结构示意图;
图5是在图4所示的阻隔层上形成粘着层的示意图;
图6是通过自组装方法在图5所示的触片上形成聚合物内存元件的结构示意图;
图7是在图6所示的内存元件上形成公共电极的示意图;
图8是该自组装方法的示意图;和
图9是本发明另一实施例通过自组装方法形成的导电路径示意图。
具体实施方式
本发明提出且解决关于形成内存单元及内存装置之问题,包括提供可增加蕊片存储密度且易于制造的多位内存单元。
本发明的内存装置包括一可寻址的晶体管数组,一覆盖该晶体管数组的介电层和若干个触片。该触片穿过该介电层连接至该晶体管数组。若干个内存元件(memory element)通过自组装形成于触片上。这些内存元件包括一种可根据外加电场而变化其电阻值的材料。根据变化的外加电场,其电阻值可以设定于若干个固定值之一。该若干的电阻值相应于每一内存单元的相应多位值。该内存元件材料可以为共轭聚合物(conjugated polymer),phtalocyanine和卟啉。通过形成该内存装置的自组装方法可提供有效且精致方法以产生一具有多位内存单元(memory cells)的高紧凑内存元件。
现有的动态随机存储内存芯片中,将表示“0”或“1”的电荷存储在半导体晶元的电容里。该电荷是藉由控制一场效应晶体管的源极与电容一端相连而注入到电容里的,该场效应晶体管的漏极可选择性与一电源Vss相连,而该电容的另一端是与一公用接地端相连。此类组件的结构和操作也为业界所习知。该电容,场效应晶体管及其相互连接都是通过昂贵的光刻方法形成的。
下面将结合附图对本发明作进一步的详细说明。
本发明的内存装置10包括若干个动态随机存储单元12。每个动态随机存储单元12具有一晶体管14和一内存元件16。在本实施例中,如图所示共有16个动态随机存储单元12。可以理解的是,该动态随机存储单元12的数量不应以本实施例为限。该内存装置10还包括一行译码器18与一列译码器20,用于寻址各个存储单元12。
本发明的内存装置10还包括一信号地址操作区22(RGA block),是在直接内存存取(DMA)操作时接收登入地址信号。它可以确定该登入地址信号的目的地址,并在内存单元12中产生存储资料的动态随机存储地址。
每个内存元件16一端与一公共电极38相联,而另一端与在内存单元12中的一晶体管14相联。
图1所示的为该内存装置的电路示意图。应当说明的是,该电路示意图仅是举例来说明本发明,其它类似电路设计也应在本发明的保护范围之内。在本实施例中,由电容组成的内存元件系以多位电阻内存元件取代。
图2所示为沿图1线III-III所得的部分内存芯片的剖面示意图,且其并未画出内存元件16。
如图所示,一场效应晶体管形成于一p型硅基底22上。且在该基底22上面及其内部形成有晶体管矩阵。应当注意的是,在图2中,该晶体管并没有画出于基底22上,仅画出了触片或导电插塞27。该导电插塞27从介电层33延伸至凹陷部32。一般而言,该导电插塞27可以选用任何适合的导电材料,例如铝或铜。在本实施例中,该导电插塞27为铝制得的。在该导电插塞27的顶部形成一阻隔层30。该阻隔层30包括有一材料可用于防止该导电插塞27与形成于该阻隔层30上的粘着层间的相互作用。
该公共电极38覆盖于该内存单元12上。而在图1中为清楚说明下述之结构,在该内存单元12上未画出该公共电极38。
下面请参照图3,图3为形成有晶体管和晶体管数组的基底22的剖面图。各个晶体管的源极和漏极24,26形成于门电极28的两侧。如图所示之触片25,29,27延伸至晶体管不同组件上。一门介电层,例如氧化硅,系标示为31。该导电插塞27从漏极26延伸至该介电层33的一凹陷部32开口。习用形成该晶体管数组之方法系可应用在此。
如图4所示,该阻隔层30形成于导电插塞27的顶部。该阻隔层30用于防止该导电插塞27与该粘着层或后续沉积于该粘着层上之聚合材料间的相互作用。在本实施例中,该导电插塞27由铝制成。而该阻隔层30可由钨(tungsten)制成,或其它可用于阻隔层30的合适材料也应落落予本发明保护范围内,然而该阻隔层30必须为导体。
该阻隔层30一般是用蒸镀方法形成,且其厚度大约为100而在某些实施例中,可在该阻隔层30上再形成一薄粘着层39,如图5所示。该粘着层39材料的选择应使即将沉积于该粘着层的分子薄膜附着于该粘着层39上但却不附着于介电层33上。例如,假定该导电插塞27是由铝制成,该绝缘层30是由钨制成,该粘着层39选由铜制成则比较适合沉积如聚甲基苯基乙炔(polymethylphenylacetylene),cupperphtalocyanine,等多种分子薄膜。因此,该粘着层39材料的选择应根据具体需要并由所沈积的分子薄膜材料而定。通过自组装方法可以使该聚合物分子薄膜仅附着于该粘着层39而不会附着于该介电层33。这使得内存元件精确定位在连接晶体管数组的触片上。
本发明是通过自组装的方式在该粘着层39上形成分子薄膜,如此所形成的分子薄膜可根据电场或电流的作用而使其具有阻值可选的属性。当将该分子薄膜设定在具一特定阻值的状态下时,该内存元件便将长时间保持该状态,直至该阻值消失为止。
本发明为使该分子薄膜以自组装的方式形成于该粘着层39上,本实施例中则将内存矩阵或内存装置放置在一体积相对较大的腔室内或带有液态单体的小腔室内。或在该大腔室内,也可放置气态单体。该内存单元或内存装置需要在一定的温度下,例如接近室温,且在腔室内保持一段时间,例如三小时。当然,根据所选用的不同材料,该温度和保持时间要相应的改变调整。
在本发明的实施例中,该聚合物分子薄膜可以使用多种材料形成,该聚合物一般为共轭聚合物(conjugated polymer)。本实施例中,该聚合物分子薄膜的材料为phtalocyanine。而在其它实施例中,该聚合物分子薄膜的材料也可以为聚合卟啉(porphyrin)。这些材料已经被揭露于本申请的发明人之一的一篇文章中(“Structural Instability of One-dimensionalSystems as a Physical Principal Underlying the Functioning of MolecularElectronic Devices”),关于该聚合物分子薄膜的材料详细细节可以参考这篇文献。
如图8所示,为了将聚合物形成于该粘着层上,本发明采用自组装的方法将内存装置或内存单元置于盛有气态单体的一较大体积的腔室50内。该腔室50内也盛有一部份小体积的液态单体52。在本发明的实施例中,该单体为甲基苯基乙炔(methylphenylacetylene)。通过聚合反应,在气体与固体的接口上会形成一共轭聚合物的薄膜。通过此方法,可以将聚合物薄膜形成在一粗糙表面上,如在本实施例中的晶体管数组的触片上。
本实施例中单体选用甲基苯基乙炔,所以形成的共轭聚合物薄膜为聚甲基苯基乙炔。其厚度大约为1000该薄膜只需将内存装置或内存单元在室温下置于该腔室50内约3小时后即可形成,该薄膜35系如图6所示。
在另一实施例中,该聚合物薄膜35也可以用cupperphtalocyanine制得。选用cupperphtalocyanine时,气态单体可以选用四苯甲腈(tetracyanobenzene)。
应当指出的是,该聚合物薄膜和单体仅仅是举例来说明本发明,本领域的技术人员所熟悉的类似材料应落入本发明的保护范围之内,而不应以本实施例为限。例如该共轭聚合物也可以为聚对二甲苯(polyparaphenylene),polyphenylvenyene,聚苯胺(polyaniline),聚噻吩(polythiophene)或聚吡咯(polypyrrole)。
如图7所示,在通过自组装方法形成于触片上形成聚合物后,一公共电极形成于各触片上。该公共电极38可以为任何适合的导电材料,例如铝,钨,金,铜等。该公共电极可以用例如蒸镀方式形成。
当该本发明的内存形成之后,通过外加一定的电场或电流可以获得不同的电阻。例如,通过写入相应的电流,可使内存单元具有不同的阻值,例如将300欧姆的电阻值对应“00”值,400欧姆对应“01”值,650欧姆对应“11”值。不同的电阻值可以通过对内存单元提供不同的写入电流来获得。
该自组装方法除了可以用来制造内存装置,也可以用来形成具可逆程控阻的连接垫或连接路径。如图9所示,一硅基底60可通过刻蚀形成一悬垂部62。该悬垂部62可以通过现有各向异性的化学刻蚀或离子束加工形成。再在该悬垂部62上形成若干个相互分离的聚合物薄膜层64作为导电路径。通过该方法可以避免使用复杂且昂贵的光刻方法。本发明之上述方法通过外加电场或写入电流实现该导电路径的接通和断开,以使该导电路径具有多个可选的电阻值,实现同一芯片上不同组件间的互联。
本发明的内存元件可通过自组装方法快速形成,可以在现有的晶体管数组上形成多位内存单元。这可以有效地增加内存元件的位数(Bit)存储密度。该自组装方法也可以使内存单元之聚合物精确的定位于晶体管数组的触片上。

Claims (35)

1.一种内存装置,其包括:
一可寻址的晶体管数组;
一覆盖该晶体管数组的介电层;
若干个触片,该触片穿过该介电层而与该晶体管数组连接,且至少部分触片暴露于该介电层外;
形成在该部分外露触片上的多个内存元件,且该内存单元仅形成在触片上,而非在该介电层上;以及
一与每一内存元件接触的公共电极。
2.如权利要求1所述的内存装置,其特征在于该触片包括一第一传导性材料,该第一传导性材料与该晶体管数组相接触并穿过该介电层。
3.如权利要求2所述的内存装置,其特征在于该内存元件包括一阻值可变的材料,该材料根据外加电场的变化而相应改变其阻值。
4.如权利要求3所述的内存装置,其特征在于该阻值可变的材料可被设定且维持在至少三个不同的电阻值之其中之一。
5.如权利要求4所述的内存装置,其特征在于该阻值可变的材料具有仅粘附触片而不粘附介电层的属性。
6.如权利要求4所述的内存装置,其特征在于该阻值可变的材料为共轭聚合物。
7.如权利要求6所述的内存装置,其特征在于该共轭聚合物至少为聚对二甲苯,polyphenylvenyene,聚苯胺,聚噻吩或聚吡咯之一。
8.如权利要求4所述的内存装置,其特征在于该阻值可变的材料为polymeric phtalocyanine。
9.如权利要求4所述的内存装置,其特征在于该阻值可变的材料为聚合卟啉。
10.如权利要求3所述的内存装置,其特征在于该触片包括一导电插塞,一置于该导电插塞顶部的阻隔层,以及一位于该阻隔层上的粘着层,其中该导电插塞从晶体管向介电层的顶部延伸。
11.如权利要求10所述的内存装置,其特征在于该导电插塞由铝制成。
12.如权利要求11所述的内存装置,其特征在于该阻隔层由钨制成。
13.如权利要求12所述的内存装置,其特征在于该粘着层由铜或铜合金制成。
14.如权利要求13所述的内存装置,其特征在于该阻值可变的材料为共轭聚合物。
15.如权利要求13所述的内存装置,其特征在于该阻值可变的材料为polymeric phtalocyanine。
16.如权利要求13所述的内存装置,其特征在于该阻值可变的材料为聚合卟啉。
17.如权利要求13所述的内存装置,其特征在于该阻值可变的材料为共轭聚合物,polymeric phtalocyanine,及聚合卟啉中的至少一种。
18.如权利要求17所述的内存装置,其特征在于该公共电极是由铝制成。
19.一种制造内存装置的方法,该方法包括:
形成一晶体管数组;
在该晶体管数组上覆盖一介电层;
形成导电触片,该导电触片穿过该介电层并与该晶体管数组相接触;
在该导电触片上通过自组装形成具有多个阻值可选的内存元件;以及,
在该内存元件上形成与各内存元件相连的一公共电极。
20.如权利要求19所述的方法,其特征在于形成内存元件的步骤包括沉积一第一材料,使该第一材料仅粘附于该导电触片但未粘附于该介电层。
21.如权利要求20所述的方法,其特征在于该第一材料为共轭聚合物。
22.如权利要求21所述的方法,其特征在于该共轭聚合物至少为聚对二甲苯,polyphenylvenyene,聚苯胺,聚噻吩或聚吡咯之一。
23.如权利要求20所述的方法,其特征在于该第一材料为polymericphtalocyanine。
24.如权利要求20所述的方法,其特征在于该第一材料为聚合卟啉。
25.如权利要求19所述的方法,其特征在于形成触片的步骤包括形成一导电插塞,使该插塞的底部与晶体管相连,而在该导电插塞的顶部形成一阻隔层,以及在该阻隔层上形成一粘着层。
26.如权利要求25所述的方法,其特征在于形成内存元件的步骤包括将该内存元件设置在内容有液态单体的腔室内。
27.如权利要求26所述的方法,其特征在于形成内存元件的步骤复包括将该内存元件设置在内容有气态单体的腔室内。
28.如权利要求27所述的方法,其特征在于该液态和气态单体为甲基苯乙炔,该内存元件由甲基苯乙炔的共轭聚合物形成。
29.如权利要求27所述的方法,其特征在于该液态和气态单体为四苯甲腈,该内存元件由cupperphtalocyanine形成。
30.一种制造内存单元的方法包括:
形成一第一电极;
在该第一电极上以自组装的方式形成一内存元件,其中该内存元件包括一仅附着于第一电极并在电场的作用下具有多个阻值可选的聚合物;以及
在该内存元件上形成一第二电极。
31.如权利要求30所述的方法,其特征在于该聚合物为共轭聚合物。
32.如权利要求31所述的方法,其特征在于该聚合物为聚对二甲苯,polyphenylvenyene,聚苯胺,聚噻吩或聚吡咯之一。
33.如权利要求30所述的方法,其特征在于该聚合物为polymericphtalocyanine。
34.如权利要求33所述的方法,其特征在于该polymericphtalocyanine为cupperphtalocyanine。
35.如权利要求30所述的方法,其特征在于该聚合物为聚合卟啉。
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