CN100499264C - 单频带天线及其调谐方法 - Google Patents

单频带天线及其调谐方法 Download PDF

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CN100499264C
CN100499264C CNB028116232A CN02811623A CN100499264C CN 100499264 C CN100499264 C CN 100499264C CN B028116232 A CNB028116232 A CN B028116232A CN 02811623 A CN02811623 A CN 02811623A CN 100499264 C CN100499264 C CN 100499264C
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dielectric
ferroelectric material
dielectric constant
antenna
ferroelectric
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CN1795584A (zh
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斯坦利S·通西赫
艾伦·特兰
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Kyocera Corp
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Abstract

本发明提供了一系列铁电电介质调谐天线以及对无线通信天线进行频率调谐的方法。该方法包括:形成辐射体(106);在辐射体附近形成含有铁电材料的电介质(104);施加电压给铁电材料;根据所施加的电压,产生介电常数;以及根据该介电常数,在谐振频率处进行电磁场传播。该方法的一些实施例还包括:改变所述施加的电压;以及根据所述施加电压的改变而改变所述谐振频率。改变谐振频率包括形成具有可响应施加电压而改变的工作频率的天线。另选地,形成具有可变工作频率的天线包括形成具有预先设定的与谐振频率无关的固定特性阻抗的天线。

Description

单频带天线及其调谐方法
发明领域
本发明通常涉及无线通信天线,特别涉及在铁电电介质材料的协助下对天线进行调谐的系统与方法。
背景技术
本申请请求享有特此通过参照方式结合到本申请中的2001年4月11日提交的美国临时申请60/283,093的优先权权益。另外,本申请还涉及到特此通过参照方式结合到本申请中的下列美国申请:Stanley S.Toncich于2001年7月13日提交的名称为“铁电可调谐滤波器(Ferro-ElectricTunable Filter)”的美国申请09/904,631;Stanley S.Toncich于2001年7月24日提交的名称为“可调谐铁电多路复用器(Tunable Ferro-ElectricMultiplexer)”的美国申请09/912,753;Stanley S.Toncich于2001年8月8日提交的名称为“低通可调谐铁电器件及表征方法(Low Loss TunableFerro-Electric Device and Method of Characterization”的美国申请09/927,732;Stanley S.Toncich于2001年8月10日提交的名称为“可调谐匹配电路(Tunable Matching Circuit)”的美国申请09/927,136;Stanley S.Toncich于2002年1月11日提交的名称为“可调谐平面电容器(TunablePlanar Capacitor)”的美国申请10/044,522;Stanley S.Toncich于2002年2月14日提交的名称为“可调谐绝缘体匹配电路(Tunable IsolatorMatching Circuit)”的美国申请10/077,654;Stanley S.Toncich于2002年2月12日提交的名称为“天线接口单元(Antenna Interface Unit)”的美国申请10/076,171;Stanley S.Toncich于2002年2月12日提交的名称为“可调谐天线匹配电路(Tunable Antenna Matching Circuit)”的美国申请10/075,896;Stanley S.Toncich和Tim Forrester于2002年2月12日提交的名称为“可调谐低噪声放大器(Tunable Low Noise Amplifier)”的美国申请10/075,727;Stanley S.Toncich于2002年2月12日提交的名称为“可调谐功率放大器匹配电路(Tunable Power Amplifier Matching Circuit)”的美国申请10/075,507。
许多类型的传统天线设计结构都结合使用了电介质材料。一般而言,由天线产生的场的一部分是由辐射体起穿过电介质而返回到地网(地)的。天线被调谐至谐振频率处,并且辐射体的波长和电介质在谐振频率处具有最佳关系。最常见的电介质是空气,其介电常数是1。其它材料的介电常数都是相对于空气而给出的。
铁电材料具有的介电常数可响应外加电压而变化。由于铁电材料的介电常数是可变的,所以它是制作可调元件的优选材料。但是,在现有使用的测量与表征技术条件下,尽管可以使用处理、掺杂或其它制造技术来改进可调铁电元件的损耗特性,但一向以来实质上人们认为可调铁电元件是有损耗的元件。因此它们没有得到广泛应用。工作在射频或微波区段的铁电可调元件被认为是特别有损耗的。例如,在雷达应用中的实践经验可以证实这一观察发现,其中,例如高的射频(RF)或微波损耗对块状(bulk)(厚度大于约1.0mm)FE(铁电)材料是习惯性的准则,尤其当需要进行最大调谐时。通常,多数铁电材料是有损耗的,除非采取一些处理步骤来改善它们的损耗特性(减小损耗)。这些处理步骤包括但不限于:(1)在沉积处理之前进行退火处理和在沉积处理之后进行退火处理或者在之前之后都进行退火处理,以便弥补O2的空缺,(2)使用过渡层以减小表面应力,(3)搀混或缓冲以其它材料以及(4)进行选择性掺杂。
近年来,在有限范围内对低功率元件进行调谐这样一种需要逐渐增大,人们的兴趣已经转向使用薄膜铁电材料而不再是块状铁电材料。但是,薄膜铁电材料的工作仍就面临着高铁电损耗的假定前提。传统的宽带测量技术支持了该假定前提,即,无论其是块状的还是薄膜形式的,可调谐铁电元件实质上都具有损耗。例如,在无线通信中,在约2GHz的频率处需要Q大于80,优选地大于180,且更优选地大于350。相同的这些设定要求也牵涉到了天线的设计。
可调铁电元件,尤其是那些采用薄膜形式的元件,可以应用在许多种频率捷变电路中。因为可调谐元件具有元件尺寸与高度较小、插入损耗低或在相同插入损耗的情形下抑止特性较好、费用较低、以及能够在一个以上频带范围进行调谐等特性,所以它们是人们所期望的。可调谐元件能够覆盖多个频带的能力使得减少所需元件的数目成为可能,例如使用多路复用固定频率元件作为在离散的频带之间选频所需的开关元件。这些优点在无线手机设计方面尤为重要,因为在无线手机设计中既需要增强功能又需要降低造价和尺寸,而从表面上看起来两者是相互矛盾的需求。例如,在码分多址(CDMA)手机中,独立元件的性能被高度强调。
已知铁电材料可以用于制造频率调谐天线。但是,使用FE电介质材料并不总是有效的,尤其在当铁电材料不是位于最大电磁场密度区域之中的情况下。对于传统的接线天线(patch antenna),最大电磁场区域位于辐射体与地网(地)之间。因为FE电介质配置效率低下,所以介电常数的改变对天线谐振频率的改变影响很小。为了有效地改变谐振频率,这些传统的FE电介质天线不得不依赖多个辐射体。
如果在使用过程中天线的谐振频率是可选的,则会带来很多益处。
如果可以利用铁电材料来控制天线的谐振频率,则会带来很多益处。
如果使铁电材料天线的谐振频率能够响应加载给铁电材料的电压而改变,则会带来很多益处。
如果能够将铁电材料天线用于有效地改变带有单辐射体的传统设计天线的谐振频率,则会带来很多益处。
发明内容
本发明阐述说明的是用铁电材料作为电介质而制造出的天线。铁电材料的介电常数可通过外加电压得到控制。因为在介电常数和谐振频率之间存在着固定的关系,所以可以利用外加电压来控制天线的谐振频率。
因此,本发明提供了一种用于对单频带无线通信天线进行频率调谐的方法。该方法包括:形成辐射体和地网;在所述辐射体附近形成含有铁电材料的电介质,所述铁电材料由具有固定介电常数的电介质环绕;将所述铁电材料限制在所述单辐射体和所述地网之间的电磁场最密的区域;对所述铁电材料施加电压;响应所述施加的电压以产生一个介电常数;以及响应所述介电常数在谐振频率处传播电磁场。该方法的一些方面进一步包括:改变所述施加的电压;以及响应所述施加电压的变化而改变所述谐振频率。
改变所述谐振频率包括形成具有可响应施加的电压而改变的工作频率的天线。换而言之,形成具有可变工作频率的天线包括形成具有预定的与谐振频率无关的固定特性阻抗的天线。
在形成辐射体的方法的某些方面中包括形成单辐射体。
在形成含有铁电材料的电介质的方法的某些方面中包括:由具有固定介电常数的第一材料形成含有电介质材料的电介质;以及形成含有具有可变介电常数的铁电材料的电介质。进而,改变谐振频率包括响应对铁电材料介电常数的改变而改变谐振频率。
在其它方面中,形成含有铁电材料的电介质包括形成含有多种电介质材料的电介质,所述每种电介质材料都由具有固定介电常数的电介质材料得到。可另选地或者附加地,形成含有铁电材料的电介质包括形成含有多种铁电材料的电介质,所述每种铁电材料都具有可变的介电常数。
以下将说明上述方法的其它详细内容以及一系列由铁电材料电介质构成的天线。
本发明的另一方面还提供了一种具有可选工作频率的单频带天线,所述天线包括:
单辐射体和地网;
含有铁电材料的电介质,其与所述辐射体邻近并被限制在所述单辐射体和所述地网之间的电磁场最密的区域,所述铁电材料具有可变的介电常数并由具有固定介电常数的电介质环绕;并且,
其中所述辐射体在与所述铁电材料的介电常数相应的频率处产生谐振。
附图说明
图1a至1c是本发明所述具有可选工作频率的接线天线的视图。
图2是图1a所示接线天线的另一种形式的剖面图。
图3是图1a所示接线天线的另一种形式的剖面图,其中接线天线具有多个固定介电常数层。
图4是图1a所示接线天线的另一种形式的剖面图,其中接线天线具有一个铁电材料的内层。
图5a至9e示出了一系列本发明所述的缝隙天线。
图10a至10d示出了本发明所述的末端开口的波导天线。
图11a至11e是本发明所述具有可选工作频率的喇叭天线的视图。
图12a至12f描绘的是本发明所述具有可选工作频率的单极天线。
图13a至13f描绘的是本发明所述具有可选工作频率的双极天线。
图14是说明用于对单频带无线通信天线进行频率调谐的本发明方法的流程图。
图15是说明图14所述方法的另一替换方式的流程图。
具体实施方式
本发明说明了一系列具有可选工作频率的天线。通常,各个天线都包括辐射体以及位于该辐射体附近的、含有介电常数可变的铁电材料的电介质。辐射体在相应于铁电材料的介电常数的频率处产生谐振。某些天线包括与地网连接的辐射体。另外一些天线设计包括任意指定的地网和辐射体。还有一些天线设计所包含的地网和辐射体彼此无法清楚区分。
根据本发明的一个方面,下文描述的这一系列天线都包含有铁电电介质层,用以对单辐射体天线的谐振频率进行调谐,这一点与现有技术的天线不同,现有技术天线依靠多个辐射体以实现任意的带宽或谐振频率的明显改变。这里所述的本发明的单辐射体天线是单频带的,它们各自都具有一个相应于该单辐射体的谐振基频(不考虑基频波的谐波)。根据本发明的系列天线的另一个方面,铁电介质位于辐射体与地网(或虚拟地网)之间电磁场最密的区域。因此,铁电材料介电常数的变化将会导致天线的谐振频率产生显著变化。
图1a至1c是本发明所述具有可选工作频率的接线天线的视图。图1a是可具有半波长辐射体尺寸的单频带接线天线的立体图。接线天线100包括地网102和覆盖在地网上的含有铁电材料的电介质104。该电介质的介电常数可根据施加到铁电材料上的电压的变化而改变。至少一个辐射体106覆盖了其谐振频率与介电常数对应的电介质104。在接线天线100的一些实施例中,电介质104是整个由铁电材料构成的层。接线天线的原理与设计是本领域普通技术人员所公知的,为简明起见这里不再赘述。尽管使用铁电材料可为接线天线提供一个更广的可选工作频率范围,但是设计的通用原理并不因本发明使用铁电材料而发生改变。同轴馈线108具有与辐射体106连接的中心导体110以及与地网102相接的地。
图1b是图1a所示接线天线100的平面图。含有铁电材料的电介质通常只被设置于辐射体106的附近。区域112可以是具有固定常数的电介质。在未示出的其它可选实施例中,可均匀地环绕辐射体106周侧设置铁电电介质104,或者可以绕着辐射体106对称地设置形成电介质区域104和112。
图1c是倒F形平面天线的剖视图,倒F形平面天线可适用于四分之一波长的辐射体尺寸。所示的铁电电介质104位于单辐射体106和地网102之间,但是,其它的铁电电介质图案与分布也是可行的。
天线100具有预定的、与谐振频率无关的固定特性阻抗。也就是说,不管所选的工作频率为多大,输入阻抗例如总是保持为50欧姆。另外,也可以这样讲,天线100具有一个预定的近似为常量的、与谐振频率无关的增益。
图2是图1a所示接线天线的另一实施例的剖面图。如图2所示,电介质104包括:至少一个电介质层200,其由具有固定介电常数的第一材料构成;以及电介质202,其由具有可变介电常数的铁电材料构成,并且与具有固定介电常数的电介质200相邻。如图所示,含有铁电材料的电介质202覆盖在具有固定介电常数的电介质200上。电压通常被加载到铁电电介质层202附近的导体上以产生所期望的介电常数。电压发生器203可提供由“+”、“-”符号表示的电压。在某些实施例中,在层202和导电辐射体106之间可插入电绝缘体(未示出)以便将偏压和交流信号电压隔离开。但是,通常需要用一片导体将偏压均匀地分布施加到铁电电介质202上,而这将对天线调谐造成干扰。因此,通常地在辐射体所传送的交流信号上叠加直流电压,并且为地网102提供参考地。另外可选的但没有示出的是,具有固定介电常数的电介质200覆盖在含有铁电材料的电介质202上。然后,可以在铁电电介质层202和导电地网之间插入绝缘体,并且提供电位不同于地网的参考地。但是如图所示,铁电电介质层通常被供给地网的参考地偏压设置。注意,在天线的一些实施例中,偏压的极性与图示的极性相反。
图3是图1a所示接线天线的另一实施例的剖面图,该实施例含有多个固定介电常数层。含有固定电介质的介电层形成了第一层200a,其位于具有固定的介电常数的电介质202的下面;以及第二层200b,其覆盖在含有铁电材料的电介质202的上面。这两个固定的电介质层不必具有相同的介电常数。另外,也可以使用三层或更多层的固定的电介质层。没有图示的另一种可选方式是,可以在固定的电介质层周围形成多个铁电层,或者可以使用多层的固定的电介质和铁电层。多个铁电电介质层可以具有不同的厚度,由不同的铁电材料制成,或者可以相应于相同的电压而具有不同的介电常数。
图4是说明图1a所示接线天线另一个实施例的剖面图,该实施例包含有铁电材料制成的内层。如图所示,含有铁电材料的电介质202形成在具有固定介电常数的电介质200的内部。没有图示的另一种可选方式是,具有固定介电常数的电介质200形成在铁电电介质202的内部。另外,也可以使用多个内部铁电电介质区域。
在一些实施例中,含有铁电材料的电介质202是由钛酸钡锶BaxSr1-xTiO3(BSTO)制造而成的。但是,也可以选用所起作用相同的许多其它公知的铁电材料。例如返过来参看图2,含有铁电材料的电介质202可以被形成在具有一定厚度的薄膜层206中,薄膜层206的厚度范围为0.15至2微米。另外,含有铁电材料的电介质202也可被形成在具有一定厚度的厚膜层206中,厚膜层206的厚度范围为1.5-1000微米。在一些实施例中,含有铁电材料的电介质所具有的介电常数在零伏特处的范围在100-5000之间。在另一些实施例中,由具有固定介电常数的第一材料形成的电介质200和由铁电材料形成的电介质202所具有的复合介电常数在零伏特处的范围在2至100之间。
通过掺杂并控制居里温度(Tc)可以操控铁电材料的介电常数。一些常用的掺杂材料是钨(W)、锰(Mn)和镁(Mg),它们被作为氧化物掺入。但是,也可以使用位于元素周期表中同一列的其它同族元素。铁电材料在Tc下其介电常数达到最大值,随着温度沿正负两个方向的变化其介电常数迅速下降。但是,通常高于Tc的一侧温度变化所引致的介电常数的改变幅度较小。因此,作为电介质材料人们通常选择其Tc小于工作温度的铁电材料。
利用介电常数为1(空气)的材料构成的天线的损耗小于利用较高介电常数材料构成的天线的损耗。但是,人们经常使用较高的介电常数材料以便减小天线的尺寸大小(有效波长)。通常,天线的设计者寻求介电常数小于100的电介质材料。通过加入掺杂剂可以减小铁电材料的介电常数,但其代价是减小了介电常数的变化性(即在每伏特偏压作用下的介电常数的变化量变小了)。在Tc和掺杂之间寻求适当折中,从而可以相应于不足一伏特的偏压变化而在铁电材料电介质中实现大于2:1的变化。
图5a至9e说明了一系列本发明所述的缝隙天线。通常,各个单频带缝隙天线都包含地网和覆盖在地网上的含有铁电材料的电介质。但是,一些缝隙天线可以理解为仅具有辐射体,或具有虚拟辐射体和虚拟地网。形成在地网或辐射体中的缝隙,其电长度相应于介电常数,并且电介质具有可相应于施加到铁电材料上的电压而变化的介电常数。辐射体覆盖并靠近电介质。
通常这样,每个缝隙设计中的辐射体都具有预先设定的与谐振频率无关的固定特性阻抗。即,缝隙的电长度相对于谐振频率为常量。另外,辐射体具有预先设定的与谐振频率无关的近似常量的增益。另外通常这样,缝隙(或多个缝隙)的电长度响应介电常数(或多个介电常数)而改变,以改变为电介质谐振频率的约二分之一波长或者电介质谐振频率的约四分之一波长。缝隙天线的原理与设计是本领域普通技术人员所公知的,因此为简明起见这里不再赘述。尽管使用铁电材料会给缝隙天线带来更广范围的可选工作频率,但是设计的通用原理并不因本发明使用铁电材料而有所不同。
图5a是本发明微带缝隙天线500的立体图。地网502、辐射体504与含有铁电材料的电介质506构成了所述微带。含有铁电材料的电介质506通常位于缝隙附近,如图所示。远离缝隙处可以使用具有固定的介电常数的不同电介质507。缝隙508形成在地网502中。如图所示,缝隙508相对于辐射体504横向设置,但不是必须如此设置。在微带天线500的其它实施例中使用了多个缝隙(未示出)。
图5b是说明图5a所示微带缝隙天线的另一实施例的剖面图。如图所示,电介质506包括:至少一个电介质层510,其由具有固定介电常数的第一材料制成;以及电介质512,其由具有可变介电常数的铁电材料制成,并且与具有固定介电常数的电介质层510相邻。如图所示,含有铁电材料的电介质512覆盖在具有固定介电常数的电介质510上。电压通常被施加到铁电电介质层512附近的导体上以便产生所期望的介电常数。可以提供以“+”、“-”符号表示的电压。在一些实施例中,可以在层512和导电辐射体504之间插入电绝缘体(未示出),以将偏压与交流信号电压分隔开。但是,通常需要通过一片导体将偏压均匀分布到铁电电介质512上,而这将对天线调谐产生干扰。因此,通常在辐射体传送的交流信号上叠加以直流电压,并且为地网502提供参考地。没有图示的另一种可选方式是,具有固定介电常数的电介质510覆盖在含有铁电材料的电介质512上。此外,可以在铁电电介质层512和导电地网之间插入绝缘体,并且提供电位与地网不同的参考地。但是如图所示,铁电电介质层通常被偏置有提供给地网的参考地。注意,在天线的一些实施例中,偏压的极性与图示的极性相反。
图5c是说明图5a所示微带缝隙天线的另一实施例的剖面图,该实施例具有多个固定介电常数层。具有固定电介质的电介质层形成了第一层510a,其位于具有固定介电常数的电介质512之下;以及第二层510b,其位于含有铁电材料的电介质512之上。这两个固定的电介质层不必一定要具有相同的介电常数或厚度。而且,可以使用三层或更多层的固定的电介质层。没有图示的另一种可选方式是,可以在固定的电介质层周围形成多个铁电层,或者可以使用多层固定的电介质层和铁电层。多个铁电电介质层可以具有不同的厚度,由不同的铁电材料制成,或者可以相对于相同的电压而具有不同的介电常数。
图5d是说明图5a所示微带缝隙天线的另一实施例的剖面图,该实施例具有铁电材料的内层。如图所示,含有铁电材料的电介质512形成在具有固定介电常数的电介质510的内部。在一些实施例中,可以形成多个铁电内部区域。没有图示的另一种可选方式是,具有固定介电常数的电介质510被形成在铁电电介质512的内部。而且,可以使用附加的电绝缘体用以将地网502和辐射体504与铁电层512隔离开。
在一些实施例中,含有铁电材料的电介质512是由钛酸钡锶BaxSr1-xTiO3(即BSTO)制造而成的。但是,也可以选用所起作用相同的其它许多公知的铁电材料。例如返过来参看图5b,含有铁电材料的电介质512可以被形成在具有一定厚度的薄膜层514中,薄膜层的厚度范围为0.15-2微米。可另选地,含有铁电材料的电介质512被形成在厚度范围为1.5-1000微米的厚膜层514中。在一些实施例中,含有铁电材料的电介质具有的介电常数在零伏特处的范围在100-5000之间。在另一些实施例中,由具有固定介电常数的第一材料形成的电介质和由铁电材料形成的电介质具有的复合介电常数在零伏特处的范围在2-100之间。
通过掺杂并控制居里温度(Tc)可以操控铁电材料的介电常数。一些常用的掺杂材料是以氧化物形式引入的钨(W)、锰(Mn)和镁(Mg)。但是,也可以使用位于元素周期表中同一列的其它同族元素。铁电材料在Tc下其介电常数达到最大值,随着温度沿正负两个方向的变化其介电常数迅速下降。但是,典型地高于Tc的一侧温度变化引致的介电常数的改变幅度较小。因此,作为电介质材料人们通常选择Tc小于工作温度的铁电材料。
利用介电常数为1(空气)的材料形成的天线的损耗小于利用较高介电常数材料形成的天线的损耗。但是,人们经常使用较高的介电常数材料以便减小天线的尺寸大小(有效波长)。通常,天线的设计者寻找介电常数小于100的电介质材料。通过加入掺杂剂可以减小铁电材料的介电常数,其代价是减小了介电常数的变化性(即在每伏特作用下的介电常数的变化量变小了)。在Tc和掺杂之间寻求适当折中,从而可以相应于不足一伏特的偏压变化而在铁电材料电介质中实现大于2:1的变化。
图6a是本发明所述同轴缝隙天线600的立体图。地网602、辐射体604和含有铁电材料的电介质606构成了一条同轴线,在地网602上设置有缝隙608。铁电电介质606位于缝隙附近。在远离缝隙处可以使用具有固定介电常数的不同电介质607。如图所示,缝隙608相对于辐射体604横向设置,但不是必须如此设置。在同轴缝隙天线600的其它实施例中使用了多个缝隙(未示出)。
图6b是说明图6a所示同轴缝隙天线的另一实施例的剖面图。如图所示,电介质606包括:至少一个电介质层610,其由具有固定介电常数的第一材料制成;以及电介质612,其由具有可变介电常数的铁电材料制成,并且与具有固定介电常数的电介质层610相邻。如图所示,含有铁电材料的电介质612覆盖在具有固定介电常数的电介质610上。
典型地,电压被施加到铁电电介质层612附近的导体上以便产生所期望的介电常数。可以提供以“+”、“-”符号表示的电压。在一些实施例中,可以在层612和导电辐射体604之间插入电绝缘体(未示出),以将偏压和交流信号电压分隔开。但是,通常需要通过一片导体将偏压均匀分布到铁电电介质612上,而这将对天线调谐产生干扰。因此,通常在辐射体传送的交流信号上叠加以直流电压,并且为地网602提供参考地。没有图示的另一种可选方式是,具有固定介电常数的电介质610覆盖在含有铁电材料的电介质612上。此外,可以在铁电电介质层612与导电地网之间插入绝缘体,并且提供电位与地网不同的参考地。但是如图所示,铁电电介质层典型地被偏置以提供给地网的参考地。注意,在天线的一些实施例中,偏压的极性与图示的极性相反。
图6c是说明图6a所示同轴缝隙天线的另一实施例的剖面图,该实施例具有多个固定介电常数层。含有固定电介质的电介质层形成了第一层610a,其设置位于具有固定介电常数的电介质612之下;以及第二层610b,其设置位于铁电材料612之上。这两个固定的电介质层不必一定要具有相同的介电常数或厚度。另外,也可以使用三层或多层固定的电介质层。没有图示的另一种可选方式是,可以在固定的电介质层周围形成多个铁电层,或者可以使用多层的固定电介质和铁电层。多个铁电电介质层可以具有不同的厚度,由不同的铁电材料制成,或者可以相应于相同电压而具有不同的介电常数。
图6d是说明图6a所示同轴缝隙天线的另一实施例的剖面图,该实施例具有铁电材料的内层。如图所示,含有铁电材料的电介质612形成在具有固定介电常数的电介质610的内部。注意,尽管图示显示的是一个,但可以设置形成多个内部区域。没有图示的另一种可选方式是,具有固定介电常数的电介质610被形成在铁电电介质612的内部。而且,可以使用附加的电绝缘体以将地网602和辐射体604与铁电层612隔离开。
在一些实施例中,含有铁电材料的电介质612是由钛酸钡锶BaxSr1-xTiO3(即BSTO)制造而成的。但是,也可以选用所起作用相同的其它许多公知的铁电材料。例如返过来参看图6b,含有铁电材料的电介质612可以被形成在具有一定厚度的薄膜层614中,薄膜层的厚度范围为0.15-2微米。可另选地,含有铁电材料的电介质612被形成在厚度范围为1.5-1000微米的厚膜层614中。在一些实施例中,含有铁电材料的电介质具有的介电常数在零伏特处的范围在100-5000之间。在另一些实施例中,由具有固定介电常数的第一材料形成的电介质和由铁电材料形成的电介质具有的复合介电常数在零伏特处的范围在2-100之间。
通过掺杂并控制居里温度(Tc)可以操控铁电材料的介电常数。一些常用的掺杂材料是以氧化物形式引入的钨(W)、锰(Mn)和镁(Mg)。但是,也可以使用位于元素周期表中同一列的其它同族元素。铁电材料在Tc下其介电常数达到最大值,随着温度沿正负两个方向的变化其介电常数迅速下降。但是,典型地高于Tc的一侧温度变化引致的介电常数的改变幅度较小。因此,作为电介质材料人们通常选择Tc小于工作温度的铁电材料。
利用介电常数为1(空气)的材料形成的天线的损耗小于利用较高介电常数材料形成的天线的损耗。但是,人们经常使用较高的介电常数材料以便减小天线的尺寸大小(有效波长)。通常,天线的设计者寻找介电常数小于100的电介质材料。通过加入掺杂剂可以减小铁电材料的介电常数,其代价是减小了介电常数的变化性(即在每伏特作用下的介电常数的变化量变小了)。在Tc和掺杂之间寻求适当折中,从而可以相应于不足一伏特的偏压变化而在铁电材料电介质中实现大于2:1的变化。
图7a-7f是表示本发明所述圆形波导缝隙天线的视图。众所周知,在图7a中地网和辐射体是无法清楚区分的,因此,我们说圆形波导天线包括辐射体704和电介质706。如图所示,缝隙708相对于辐射体704横向设置,但不是必须如此设置。铁电电介质706设置位于缝隙708附近。另外,可以在远离缝隙708处使用具有固定介电常数的材料707。在圆形波导缝隙天线700的其它实施例中使用了多个缝隙(未示出)。
图7b是说明图7a所示圆形波导缝隙天线的另一实施例的剖面图。如图所示,电介质706包括:至少一个电介质层710,其由具有固定介电常数的第一材料制成;以及电介质712,其由具有可变介电常数的铁电材料制成,并且与具有固定介电常数的电介质层710相邻。如图所示,含有铁电材料的电介质712覆盖在具有固定介电常数的电介质710上。通常电压被施加到铁电电介质层712附近的导体上以产生所期望的介电常数。可以提供以“+”、“-”符号表示的电压。在一些实施例中,可以在层712于导电辐射体704之间设置电绝缘体(未示出),以便将偏压和交流信号电压分隔开。但是,通常需要通过一片导体将偏压均匀分布到铁电电介质712上,而这将对天线调谐产生干扰。因此,可以在辐射体704上形成缝隙709以分隔这两个偏压的极性。通常在辐射体传送的交流信号上叠加以直流电压。没有图示的另一种可选方式是,具有固定介电常数的电介质710覆盖在含有铁电材料的电介质712上。注意,在天线的一些实施例中,偏压的极性与图示的极性相反。
图7c是说明图7a所示圆形波导缝隙天线的另一实施例的剖面图,该实施例具有多个固定的介电常数层。具有固定电介质的电介质层形成了第一层710a,其位于具有固定介电常数的电介质712之下;以及第二层710b,其设置在含有铁电材料的电介质712之上。这两个固定的电介质层不必一定要具有相同的介电常数或厚度。另外,也可以使用三层或多层固定的电介质层.没有图示的另一种可选方式是,可以在固定的电介质层周围形成多个铁电层,或者可以使用多层的固定电介质和铁电层。多个铁电电介质层可以具有不同的厚度,由不同的铁电材料制成,或者可以相应于相同的电压而具有不同的介电常数。
图7d是说明图7a所示圆形波导缝隙天线的另一实施例的剖面图,该实施例具有铁电材料的内层。如图所示,含有铁电材料的电介质712形成在具有固定介电常数的电介质710的内部。注意,尽管图示显示的是一个,但可以设置形成多个内部区域。没有图示的另一种可选方式是,具有固定介电常数的电介质710形成在铁电电介质712的内部。还应当注意,虽然内部区域在图中显示为矩形,但是其它的形状也是等同可行的,如圆环形、圆柱形、椭圆形等。
图7e和7f是圆形波导缝隙天线700的另外的实施例。狭缝不是必需的,因为辐射体704不需要承受偏压。相反,偏压是由面板714和716提供的。偏压面板714/716可以以各种位置形式设置在铁电电介质任意一侧。一个面板甚至可以设置位于缝隙中。
在一些实施例中,含有铁电材料的电介质712是由钛酸钡锶BaxSr1-xTiO3(即BSTO)形成的。但是,也可以选用所起作用相同的其它许多公知的铁电材料。例如返过来参看图7b,含有铁电材料的电介质712可以被形成在具有一定厚度的薄膜层714中,薄膜层的厚度范围为0.15-2微米。可另选地,含有铁电材料的电介质712被形成在厚度范围为1.5-1000微米的厚膜层714中。在一些实施例中,含有铁电材料的电介质具有的介电常数在零伏特处的范围在100-5000之间。在另一些实施例中,由具有固定介电常数的第一材料形成的电介质和由铁电材料形成的电介质具有的复合介电常数在零伏特处的范围在2-100之间。
通过掺杂并控制居里温度(Tc)可以操控铁电材料的介电常数。一些常用的掺杂材料是以氧化物形式引入的钨(W)、锰(Mn)和镁(Mg)。但是,也可以使用位于元素周期表中同一列的其它同族元素。铁电材料在Tc下其介电常数达到最大值,随着温度沿正负两个方向的变化其介电常数迅速下降。但是,典型地高于Tc的一侧温度变化引致的介电常数的改变幅度较小。因此,作为电介质材料人们通常选择Tc小于工作温度的铁电材料。
利用介电常数为1(空气)的材料形成的天线的损耗小于利用较高介电常数材料形成的天线的损耗。但是,人们经常使用较高的介电常数材料以便减小天线的尺寸大小(有效波长)。通常,天线的设计者寻找介电常数小于100的电介质材料。通过加入掺杂剂可以减小铁电材料的介电常数,其代价是减小了介电常数的变化性(即在每伏特作用下的介电常数的变化量变小了)。在Tc和掺杂之间寻求适当折中,从而可以相应于不足一伏特的偏压变化而在铁电材料电介质中实现大于2:1的变化。
图8a是本发明所述矩形波导缝隙天线800的立体图。图中所示的矩形波导天线包括辐射体804与电介质806。但是,辐射体和地网是任意指定的。如图所示,缝隙808相对于辐射体804横向设置,但不是必须如此设置。铁电电介质806设置位于缝隙808附近。可以在远离缝隙808处使用具有固定介电常数的材料807。在矩形波导缝隙天线800的其它实施例中使用了多个缝隙(未示出)。
图8b是说明图8a所示矩形波导缝隙天线的另一实施例的剖面图。如图所示,电介质806包括:至少一个电介质层810,其由具有固定介电常数的第一材料制成;以及电介质812,其由具有可变介电常数的铁电材料制成,并且与具有固定介电常数的电介质层810相邻。如图所示,含有铁电材料的电介质812覆盖在具有固定介电常数的电介质810上。通常电压被施加到铁电电介质层812附近的导体上以便产生所期望的介电常数。可以提供以“+”、“-”符号表示的电压。在一些实施例中,可以在层812与导电辐射体804之间插入电绝缘体(未示出),以将偏压和交流信号电压分隔开。但是,通常需要通过一片导体将偏压均匀分布到铁电电介质812上,而这将对天线调谐产生干扰。因此,可以在辐射体804中形成(起电隔离作用的)狭缝809以分隔这两个偏压的极性。通常在辐射体传送的交流信号上叠加以直流电压。没有图示的另一种可选方式是,具有固定介电常数的电介质810覆盖在含有铁电材料的电介质812上。注意,在天线的一些实施例中,偏压的极性与图示的极性相反。
图8c是说明图8a所示矩形波导缝隙天线的另一实施例的剖面图,该实施例具有多个固定的介电常数层。具有固定电介质的电介质层形成了第一层810a,其位于具有固定介电常数的电介质812之下;以及第二层810b,其设置在含有铁电材料的电介质812之上。这两个固定的电介质层不必一定要具有相同的介电常数或厚度。另外,也可以使用三层或多层固定的电介质层。没有图示的另一种可选方式是,可以在固定的电介质层周围形成多个铁电层,或者可以使用多层的固定电介质和铁电层。多个铁电电介质层可以具有不同的厚度,由不同的铁电材料制成,或者可以相应于相同的电压而具有不同的介电常数。
图8d是说明图8a所示矩形波导缝隙天线的另一实施例的剖面图,该实施例具有铁电材料的内层。如图所示,含有铁电材料的电介质812形成在具有固定介电常数的电介质810的内部。注意,尽管图示显示的是一个,但可以设置形成多个内部区域。没有图示的另一种可选方式是,具有固定介电常数的电介质810形成在铁电电介质812的内部。还应当注意,虽然内部区域在图中显示为矩形,但是其它的形状也是等同可行的,如圆环形、圆柱形、椭圆形等。在没有图示说明的其他变型实施例中,与图7e和7f相等同地,直流偏压是由辐射体804内部的面板提供的,因此不需要形成缝隙809。
在一些实施例中,含有铁电材料的电介质812是由钛酸钡锶BaxSr1-xTiO3(即BSTO)形成的。但是,也可以选用所起作用相同的其它许多公知的铁电材料。例如返过来参看图8b,含有铁电材料的电介质812可以被形成在具有一定厚度的薄膜层814中,薄膜层的厚度范围为0.15-2微米。可另选地,含有铁电材料的电介质812被形成在厚度范围为1.5-1000微米的厚膜层814中。在一些实施例中,含有铁电材料的电介质具有的介电常数在零伏特处的范围在100-5000之间。在另一些实施例中,由具有固定介电常数的第一材料形成的电介质和由铁电材料形成的电介质具有的复合介电常数在零伏特处的范围在2-100之间。
通过掺杂并控制居里温度(Tc)可以操控铁电材料的介电常数。一些常用的掺杂材料是以氧化物形式引入的钨(W)、锰(Mn)和镁(Mg)。但是,也可以使用位于元素周期表中同一列的其它同族元素。铁电材料在Tc下其介电常数达到最大值,随着温度沿正负两个方向的变化其介电常数迅速下降。但是,典型地高于Tc的一侧温度变化引致的介电常数的改变幅度较小。因此,作为电介质材料人们通常选择Tc小于工作温度的铁电材料。
利用介电常数为1(空气)的材料形成的天线的损耗小于利用较高介电常数材料形成的天线的损耗。但是,人们经常使用较高的介电常数材料以便减小天线的尺寸大小(有效波长)。通常,天线的设计者寻找介电常数小于100的电介质材料。通过加入掺杂剂可以减小铁电材料的介电常数,其代价是减小了介电常数的变化性(即在每伏特作用下的介电常数的变化量变小了)。在Tc和掺杂之间寻求适当折中,从而可以相应于不足一伏特的偏压变化而在铁电材料电介质中实现大于2:1的变化。
图9a和图9b分别是本发明所述喇叭形切口天线(flare-notch antenna)的局部剖面图和平面图。喇叭形切口天线900包括地网902、辐射体904以及电介质906a和906a,电介质906a和906a中至少一个包含有铁电材料。地网和辐射体的是任意指定的。缝隙或切口907如图所示。铁电电介质906a和906b设置位于切口907附近。图中还示出了含有中心导体908和地909的馈送装置(feed)。
图9c是说明图9b所示喇叭形切口天线的另一实施例的视图。如图所示,铁电电介质906a和906b包括:至少一个由具有固定介电常数的第一材料构成的电介质层910;以及由具有可变介电常数的铁电材料构成的电介质912,其与具有固定介电常数的电介质层910相邻。如图所示,含有铁电材料的电介质912覆盖在具有固定介电常数的电介质910上。通常电压被施加到铁电电介质层912附近的导体上以便产生所期望的介电常数。可以提供以“+”、“-”符号表示的电压。在一些实施例中,可以在层912和辐射体/地网904/902之间插入电绝缘体(未示出),以便将偏压和交流信号电压分隔开。但是,通常需要通过一片导体将偏压均匀分布到铁电电介质912上,而这将对天线调谐产生干扰。因此,通常在辐射体/地网904/902传送的交流信号上叠加以直流电压。没有图示的另一种可选方式是,具有固定介电常数的电介质910覆盖在含有铁电材料的电介质912上。注意,在天线的一些实施例中,偏压的极性与图示的极性相反。
图9d是说明图9b喇叭形切口天线的另一实施例的平面图,该实施例具有多个固定的介电常数层。具有固定电介质的电介质层形成了第一层910a,其位于具有固定介电常数的电介质912之下;以及第二层910b,其设置在含有铁电材料的电介质912之上。这两个固定的电介质层不必一定要具有相同的介电常数或厚度。另外,也可以使用三层或多层固定的电介质层。没有图示的另一种可选方式是,可以在固定的电介质层周围形成多个铁电层,或者可以使用多层的固定电介质和铁电层。多个铁电电介质层可以具有不同的厚度,由不同的铁电材料制成,或者可以相应于相同的电压而具有不同的介电常数。
图9e是说明图9b所示喇叭形切口天线的另一实施例的平面图,该实施例具有铁电材料的内层。如图所示,含有铁电材料的电介质912形成在具有固定介电常数的电介质910的内部。注意,尽管图示显示的是一个,但可以设置形成多个内部区域。没有图示的另一种可选方式是,具有固定介电常数的电介质910形成在铁电电介质912的内部。还应当注意,虽然内部区域在图中显示为矩形,但是其它的形状也是等同可行的,如圆环形、圆柱形、椭圆形等。在没有图示说明的其他变型实施例中,铁电材料只在辐射体的一侧上形成内部区域,例如是电介质906a。
在一些实施例中,含有铁电材料的电介质912是由钛酸钡锶BaxSr1-xTiO3(即BSTO)形成的。但是,也可以选用所起作用相同的其它许多公知的铁电材料。例如返过来参看图9c,含有铁电材料的电介质912可以被形成在具有一定厚度的薄膜层914中,薄膜层的厚度范围为0.15-2微米。可另选地,含有铁电材料的电介质912被形成在厚度范围为1.5-1000微米的厚膜层914中。在一些实施例中,含有铁电材料的电介质具有的介电常数在零伏特处的范围在100-5000之间。在另一些实施例中,由具有固定介电常数的第一材料形成的电介质和由铁电材料形成的电介质具有的复合介电常数在零伏特处的范围在2-100之间。
通过掺杂并控制居里温度(Tc)可以操控铁电材料的介电常数。一些常用的掺杂材料是以氧化物形式引入的钨(W)、锰(Mn)和镁(Mg)。但是,也可以使用位于元素周期表中同一列的其它同族元素。铁电材料在Tc下其介电常数达到最大值,随着温度沿正负两个方向的变化其介电常数迅速下降。但是,典型地高于Tc的一侧温度变化引致的介电常数的改变幅度较小。因此,作为电介质材料人们通常选择Tc小于工作温度的铁电材料。
利用介电常数为1(空气)的材料形成的天线的损耗小于利用较高介电常数材料形成的天线的损耗。但是,人们经常使用较高的介电常数材料以便减小天线的尺寸大小(有效波长)。通常,天线的设计者寻找介电常数小于100的电介质材料。通过加入掺杂剂可以减小铁电材料的介电常数,其代价是减小了介电常数的变化性(即在每伏特作用下的介电常数的变化量变小了)。在Tc和掺杂之间寻求适当折中,从而可以相应于不足一伏特的偏压变化而在铁电材料电介质中实现大于2:1的变化。
图10a-10d显示了本发明所述的末端开口的波导天线1000。图10a是本发明所述具有可选工作频率的末端开口的波导天线的局部剖面图。末端开口的波导天线1000包括辐射体1002和铁电材料电介质1006,电介质1006含有铁电材料并且与辐射体1002相邻。电介质1006具有可变介电常数,其介电常数可根据施加到铁电材料上的电压的改变而改变。地网和辐射体的是任意指定的。开口端1007通常接地。在远离开口端107处可以使用介电常数为常量的电介质材料1005。末端开口的天线的原理与设计是本领域普通技术人员众所周知的,因此为简明起见这里不再赘述。尽管使用铁电材料会给末端开口的天线带来更广范围的可选工作频率,但是设计的通用原理并不因本发明使用铁电材料而有所不同。
天线1000具有预先设定的与谐振频率无关的固定特性阻抗。另选地,天线1000具有预先设定的与谐振频率无关的近似常量的增益。
图10b是说明图10a所示末端开口的波导天线的另一实施例的剖面图。如图所示,电介质1006包括:至少一个由具有固定介电常数的第一材料构成的电介质层1010;以及由具有可变介电常数的铁电材料构成的电介质1012,其与具有固定介电常数的电介质层1010相邻。如图所示,含有铁电材料的电介质1012覆盖在具有固定介电常数的电介质1010上。通常电压被施加到铁电电介质层1012附近的导体上以便产生所期望的介电常数。可以提供以“+”、“-”符号表示的电压。在一些实施例中,可以在层1012和辐射体1002之间插入电绝缘体(未示出),以便将偏压和交流信号电压分隔开。但是,通常需要通过一片导体将偏压均匀分布到铁电电介质1012上,而这将对天线调谐产生干扰。因此,可以在辐射体1002中形成电绝缘的狭缝1009以隔离两个偏置电压的极性。直流电压通常被叠加在由辐射体的一半(halves)传导的交流信号上。没有图示的另一种可选方式是,具有固定介电常数的电介质1010覆盖在含有铁电材料的电介质1012上。注意,在天线的一些实施例中,偏压的极性与图示的极性相反。
图10c是说明图10a所示末端开口的波导天线的另一实施例的剖面图,该实施例具有多个固定的介电常数层。具有固定电介质的电介质层形成了第一层1010a,其位于具有固定介电常数的电介质1012之下;以及第二层1010b,其设置在含有铁电材料的电介质1012之上。这两个固定的电介质层不必一定要具有相同的介电常数或厚度。另外,也可以使用三层或多层固定的电介质层。没有图示的另一种可选方式是,可以在固定的电介质层周围形成多个铁电层,或者可以使用多层的固定电介质和铁电层。多个铁电电介质层可以具有不同的厚度,由不同的铁电材料制成,或者可以相应于相同的电压而具有不同的介电常数。
图10d是说明图10a所示末端开口的波导天线的另一实施例的剖面图,该实施例具有铁电材料的内层。如图所示,含有铁电材料的电介质1012形成在具有固定介电常数的电介质1010的内部。注意,尽管图示显示的是一个,但可以设置形成多个内部区域。没有图示的另一种可选方式是,具有固定介电常数的电介质1010形成在铁电电介质1012的内部。还应当注意,虽然内部区域在图中显示为矩形,但是其它的形状也是等同可行的,如圆环形、圆柱形、椭圆形等。在没有图示说明的其他变型实施例中,与图7e和7f相等同地,直流偏压是由辐射体1002内部的面板提供的,因此不需要形成缝隙1009。
在一些实施例中,含有铁电材料的电介质1012是由钛酸钡锶BaxSr1-xTiO3(即BSTO)形成的。但是,也可以选用所起作用相同的其它许多公知的铁电材料。例如返过来参看图10b,含有铁电材料的电介质1012可以被形成在具有一定厚度的薄膜层1014中,薄膜层的厚度范围为0.15-2微米。可另选地,含有铁电材料的电介质1012被形成在厚度范围为1.5-1000微米的厚膜层1014中。在一些实施例中,含有铁电材料的电介质具有的介电常数在零伏特处的范围在100-5000之间。在另一些实施例中,由具有固定介电常数的第一材料形成的电介质和由铁电材料形成的电介质具有的复合介电常数在零伏特处的范围在2-100之间。
通过掺杂并控制居里温度(Tc)可以操控铁电材料的介电常数。一些常用的掺杂材料是以氧化物形式引入的钨(W)、锰(Mn)和镁(Mg)。但是,也可以使用位于元素周期表中同一列的其它同族元素。铁电材料在Tc下其介电常数达到最大值,随着温度沿正负两个方向的变化其介电常数迅速下降。但是,典型地高于Tc的一侧温度变化引致的介电常数的改变幅度较小。因此,作为电介质材料人们通常选择Tc小于工作温度的铁电材料。
利用介电常数为1(空气)的材料形成的天线的损耗小于利用较高介电常数材料形成的天线的损耗。但是,人们经常使用较高的介电常数材料以便减小天线的尺寸大小(有效波长)。通常,天线的设计者寻找介电常数小于100的电介质材料。通过加入掺杂剂可以减小铁电材料的介电常数,其代价是减小了介电常数的变化性(即在每伏特作用下的介电常数的变化量变小了)。在Tc和掺杂之间寻求适当折中,从而可以相应于不足一伏特的偏压变化而在铁电材料电介质中实现大于2:1的变化。
返回去参看图10a和10b,尽管图中描绘出的是末端开口的矩形波导,但是上述分析与描述说明也适用于末端开口的圆形波导以及末端开口的平行板天线。另外,末端开口的波导天线1000的信号馈送装置可以选择自同轴电缆、平行板、或任意种类的波导。
图11a至11e是本发明具有可选工作频率的喇叭天线(horn antenna)的视图。如图11a所示,喇叭天线1100包括辐射体喇叭1102电介质1106,电介质1106含有铁电材料并且与辐射体喇叭1102相邻。电介质1006具有可变介电常数,其介电常数根据施加到铁电材料上的电压的改变而改变。图中示出了具有中心导体1005的同轴馈送线1004。喇叭1102的电长度1109响应于所述介电常数。该电长度相对于谐振频率恒定。喇叭可以接地也可以开路。而且地网和辐射体是任意指定的。喇叭天线的原理与设计是本领域普通技术人员众所周知的,因此为简明起见这里不再赘述。尽管使用铁电材料会给喇叭天线带来更广范围的可选工作频率,但是设计的通用原理并不因本发明使用铁电材料而有所不同。
喇叭天线1100具有预先设定的与谐振频率无关的固定特性阻抗。另选地,天线1100具有预先设定的与谐振频率无关的近似常量的增益。
图11b是说明图11a所示喇叭天线的另一实施例的剖面图。如图所示,电介质1106包括:至少一个由具有固定介电常数的第一材料构成的电介质层1110;以及由具有可变介电常数的铁电材料构成的电介质1112,其与具有固定介电常数的电介质层1110相邻。如图所示,含有铁电材料的电介质1112覆盖在具有固定介电常数的电介质1110上。通常电压被施加到铁电电介质层1112附近的导体上以便产生所期望的介电常数。可以提供以“+”、“-”符号表示的电压。在一些实施例中,可以在层1112和辐射体喇叭1102之间插入电绝缘体(未示出),以便将偏压和交流信号电压分隔开。但是,通常需要通过一片导体将偏压均匀分布到铁电电介质1112上,而这将对天线调谐产生干扰。因此,可以在辐射体1102中形成电绝缘的狭缝1108以隔离两个偏置电压的极性。直流电压通常被叠加在由辐射体的一半(halves)传导的交流信号上。没有图示的另一种可选方式是,具有固定介电常数的电介质1110覆盖在含有铁电材料的电介质1112上。注意,在天线的一些实施例中,偏压的极性与图示的极性相反。
图11c和11d是说明图11a所示喇叭天线1100的另一实施例的剖面图,该实施例具有多个固定的介电常数层。具有固定电介质的电介质层形成了第一层1110a,其位于具有固定介电常数的电介质1112之下;以及第二层1110b,其设置在含有铁电材料的电介质1112之上。这两个固定的电介质层不必一定要具有相同的介电常数或厚度。另外,也可以使用三层或多层固定的电介质层。没有图示的另一种可选方式是,可以在固定的电介质层周围形成多个铁电层,或者可以使用多层的固定电介质和铁电层。多个铁电电介质层可以具有不同的厚度,由不同的铁电材料制成,或者可以相应于相同的电压而具有不同的介电常数。
图11e是说明图10a所示喇叭天线的另一实施例的剖面图,该实施例具有铁电材料的内层。如图所示,含有铁电材料的电介质1112形成在具有固定介电常数的电介质1110的内部。注意,尽管图示显示的是一个,但可以设置形成多个内部区域。没有图示的另一种可选方式是,具有固定介电常数的电介质1110形成在铁电电介质1112的内部。还应当注意,虽然内部区域在图中显示为矩形,但是其它的形状也是等同可行的,如圆环形、圆柱形、椭圆形等。在没有图示说明的其他变型实施例中,与图7e和7f相等同地,直流偏压是由辐射体1002内部的面板提供的,因此不需要形成缝隙1108。
在一些实施例中,含有铁电材料的电介质1112是由钛酸钡锶BaxSr1-xTiO3(即BSTO)形成的。但是,也可以选用所起作用相同的其它许多公知的铁电材料。例如返过来参看图11d,含有铁电材料的电介质1112可以被形成在具有一定厚度的薄膜层1114中,薄膜层的厚度范围为0.15-2微米。可另选地,含有铁电材料的电介质1112被形成在厚度范围为1.5-1000微米的厚膜层1114中。在一些实施例中,含有铁电材料的电介质具有的介电常数在零伏特处的范围在100-5000之间。在另一些实施例中,由具有固定介电常数的第一材料形成的电介质和由铁电材料形成的电介质具有的复合介电常数在零伏特处的范围在2-100之间。
通过掺杂并控制居里温度(Tc)可以操控铁电材料的介电常数。一些常用的掺杂材料是以氧化物形式引入的钨(W)、锰(Mn)和镁(Mg)。但是,也可以使用位于元素周期表中同一列的其它同族元素。铁电材料在Tc下其介电常数达到最大值,随着温度沿正负两个方向的变化其介电常数迅速下降。但是,典型地高于Tc的一侧温度变化引致的介电常数的改变幅度较小。因此,作为电介质材料人们通常选择Tc小于工作温度的铁电材料。
利用介电常数为1(空气)的材料形成的天线的损耗小于利用较高介电常数材料形成的天线的损耗。但是,人们经常使用较高的介电常数材料以便减小天线的尺寸大小(有效波长)。通常,天线的设计者寻找介电常数小于100的电介质材料。通过加入掺杂剂可以减小铁电材料的介电常数,其代价是减小了介电常数的变化性(即在每伏特作用下的介电常数的变化量变小了)。在Tc和掺杂之间寻求适当折中,从而可以相应于不足一伏特的偏压变化而在铁电材料电介质中实现大于2:1的变化。
返回去看图11a,上述关于喇叭天线的论述同样适合于矩形波导、圆形波导、以及平行板的喇叭天线,其使用的信号可以来自同轴电缆、圆形波导、矩形波导、或平行板信号馈送装置。
图12a至12f描绘的是本发明所述具有可选工作频率的单极天线。在图12a中,单极天线1200包括辐射体1202、地网1204、以及至少部分地环绕辐射体1202的电介质1206。电介质包含具有可变介电常数的铁电材料,其介电常数可根据施加到铁电材料上的电压的改变而改变。辐射体1202的电长度1208根据该介电常数的改变而改变。没有图示的另一种可选方式是,辐射体1202可以形成为螺线形。单极天线的原理与设计是本领域普通技术人员众所周知的,因此为简明起见这里不再赘述。尽管使用铁电材料会给单极天线带来更广范围的可选工作频率,但是设计的通用原理并不因本发明使用铁电材料而有所不同。
天线1200具有预先设定的与谐振频率无关的固定特性阻抗。即,辐射体的电长度相对于谐振频率是恒量。另选地,天线1200具有预先设定的与谐振频率无关的近似常量的增益。
图12b是说明图12a所示单极天线的另一实施例的视图。如图所示,电介质1206包括:至少一个电介质层1210,其由具有固定介电常数的第一材料制成;以及电介质1212,其由具有可变介电常数的铁电材料制成,并且与具有固定介电常数的电介质层1210相邻。如图所示,含有铁电材料的电介质1212覆盖在具有固定介电常数的电介质1210上。通常电压被施加到铁电电介质层1212附近的导体上以便产生所期望的介电常数。可以提供以“+”、“-”符号表示的电压。在一些实施例中,可以在层1212与辐射体1202之间插入电绝缘体(未示出),以便将偏压和交流信号电压分隔开。但是,通常需要通过一片导体将偏压均匀分布到铁电电介质1212上,而这将对天线调谐产生干扰。因此,通常在辐射体1202传送的交流信号上叠加以直流电压,并且为导电面板1214提供参考地。注意,在天线的一些实施例中,偏压的极性与图示的极性相反。在其它一些实施例中,辐射体1202不再承载直流偏压,两个偏压的极性改由面板1214承受。
图12c是说明图12a单极天线1200的另一实施例的视图,该实施例具有多个固定的介电常数层。具有固定电介质的电介质层形成了第一层1210a,其位于具有固定介电常数的电介质1212之下;以及第二层1210b,其设置在含有铁电材料的电介质1212之上。这两个固定的电介质层不必一定要具有相同的介电常数或厚度。另外,也可以使用三层或多层固定的电介质层。没有图示的另一种可选方式是,可以在固定的电介质层周围形成多个铁电层,或者可以使用多层的固定电介质和铁电层。多个铁电电介质层可以具有不同的厚度,由不同的铁电材料制成,或者可以相应于相同的电压而具有不同的介电常数。
图12d是说明图12a所示单极天线的另一实施例的剖面图,该实施例具有铁电材料的内层。如图所示,含有铁电材料的电介质1212形成在具有固定介电常数的电介质1210的内部。注意,尽管图示显示的是一个,但可以设置形成多个内部区域。没有图示的另一种可选方式是,具有固定介电常数的电介质1210形成在铁电电介质1212的内部。还应当注意,虽然内部区域在图中显示为矩形,但是其它的形状也是等同可行的,如圆环形、圆柱形、椭圆形等。
图12e和12f示出了本发明所述单极天线的其它一些实施例。
在一些实施例中,含有铁电材料的电介质1212是由钛酸钡锶BaxSr1-xTiO3(即BSTO)形成的。但是,也可以选用所起作用相同的其它许多公知的铁电材料。例如返过来参看图12b,含有铁电材料的电介质1212可以被形成在具有一定厚度的薄膜层1214中,薄膜层的厚度范围为0.15-2微米。可另选地,含有铁电材料的电介质1212被形成在厚度范围为1.5-1000微米的厚膜层1214中。在一些实施例中,含有铁电材料的电介质具有的介电常数在零伏特处的范围在100-5000之间。在另一些实施例中,由具有固定介电常数的第一材料形成的电介质和由铁电材料形成的电介质具有的复合介电常数在零伏特处的范围在2-100之间。
通过掺杂并控制居里温度(Tc)可以操控铁电材料的介电常数。一些常用的掺杂材料是以氧化物形式引入的钨(W)、锰(Mn)和镁(Mg)。但是,也可以使用位于元素周期表中同一列的其它同族元素。铁电材料在Tc下其介电常数达到最大值,随着温度沿正负两个方向的变化其介电常数迅速下降。但是,典型地高于Tc的一侧温度变化引致的介电常数的改变幅度较小。因此,作为电介质材料人们通常选择Tc小于工作温度的铁电材料。
利用介电常数为1(空气)的材料形成的天线的损耗小于利用较高介电常数材料形成的天线的损耗。但是,人们经常使用较高的介电常数材料以便减小天线的尺寸大小(有效波长)。通常,天线的设计者寻找介电常数小于100的电介质材料。通过加入掺杂剂可以减小铁电材料的介电常数,其代价是减小了介电常数的变化性(即在每伏特作用下的介电常数的变化量变小了)。在Tc和掺杂之间寻求适当折中,从而可以相应于不足一伏特的偏压变化而在铁电材料电介质中实现大于2:1的变化。
图13a至13f描绘的是本发明所述具有可选工作频率的双极天线。在图13a中,双极天线1300包括辐射体1302、地网1304、以及至少部分地环绕辐射体1302的电介质1306。电介质1306包含具有可变介电常数的铁电材料,其介电常数根据施加到铁电材料上的电压的改变而改变。辐射体和地网具有的电长度1308根据该介电常数的改变而改变。没有图示的另一种可选方式是,辐射体1302、地网1304、或者它们两者同时可以形成为螺线形。双极天线的原理与设计是本领域普通技术人员众所周知的,因此为简明起见这里不再赘述。尽管使用铁电材料会给双极天线带来更广范围的可选工作频率,但是设计的通用原理并不因本发明使用铁电材料而有所不同。
天线1300具有预先设定的与谐振频率无关的固定特性阻抗。即,辐射体的电长度相对于谐振频率是恒量。通常辐射体1302和地网1304的电长度相对于电介质为二分之一或者四分之一的谐振频率波长。另选地,该天线具有预先设定的与谐振频率无关的近似常量的增益。
图13b是说明图13a所示单极天线的另一实施例的视图。如图所示,电介质1306包括:至少一个电介质层1310,其由具有固定介电常数的第一材料制成;以及电介质1312,其由具有可变介电常数的铁电材料制成,并且与具有固定介电常数的电介质层1310相邻。如图所示,含有铁电材料的电介质1312覆盖在具有固定介电常数的电介质1310上。通常电压被施加到铁电电介质层1312附近的导体上以便产生所期望的介电常数。可以提供以“+”、“-”符号表示的电压。在一些实施例中,可以在层1312与辐射体1302之间插入电绝缘体(未示出),以便将偏压和交流信号电压分隔开。但是,通常需要通过一片导体将偏压均匀分布到铁电电介质1312上,而这将对天线调谐产生干扰。因此,通常在辐射体1302传送的交流信号上叠加以直流电压,并且为导电面板1314提供参考地。注意,在天线的一些实施例中,偏压的极性与图示的极性相反。在其它一些实施例中,辐射体1302不再承载直流偏压,两个偏压的极性改由面板1314承受。
图13c是说明图13a所示单极天线1300的另一实施例的视图,该实施例具有多个固定的介电常数层。具有固定电介质的电介质层形成了第一层1310a,其位于具有固定介电常数的电介质1312之下;以及第二层1310b,其设置在含有铁电材料的电介质1312之上。这两个固定的电介质层不必一定要具有相同的介电常数或厚度。另外,也可以使用三层或多层固定的电介质层。没有图示的另一种可选方式是,可以在固定的电介质层周围形成多个铁电层,或者可以使用多层的固定电介质和铁电层。多个铁电电介质层可以具有不同的厚度,由不同的铁电材料制成,或者可以相应于相同的电压而具有不同的介电常数。
图13d是说明图13a双极天线的另一实施例的视图,该实施例具有铁电材料的内层。如图所示,含有铁电材料的电介质1312形成在具有固定介电常数的电介质1310的内部。注意,尽管图示显示的是一个,但可以设置形成多个内部区域。没有图示的另一种可选方式是,具有固定介电常数的电介质1310形成在铁电电介质1312的内部。还应当注意,虽然内部区域在图中显示为矩形,但是其它的形状也是等同可行的,如圆环形、圆柱形、椭圆形等。
图13e和13f示出了本发明所述单极天线的其它一些实施例。
含有铁电材料的电介质1212是由钛酸钡锶BaxSr1-xTiO3(即BSTO)形成的。但是,也可以选用所起作用相同的其它许多公知的铁电材料。例如返过来参看图12b,含有铁电材料的电介质1212可以被形成在具有一定厚度的薄膜层1214中,薄膜层的厚度范围为0.15-2微米。可另选地,含有铁电材料的电介质1212被形成在厚度范围为1.5-1000微米的厚膜层1214中。在一些实施例中,含有铁电材料的电介质具有的介电常数在零伏特处的范围在100-5000之间。在另一些实施例中,由具有固定介电常数的第一材料形成的电介质和由铁电材料形成的电介质具有的复合介电常数在零伏特处的范围在2-100之间。
通过掺杂并控制居里温度(Tc)可以操控铁电材料的介电常数。一些常用的掺杂材料是以氧化物形式引入的钨(W)、锰(Mn)和镁(Mg)。但是,也可以使用位于元素周期表中同一列的其它同族元素。铁电材料在Tc下其介电常数达到最大值,随着温度沿正负两个方向的变化其介电常数迅速下降。但是,典型地高于Tc的一侧温度变化引致的介电常数的改变幅度较小。因此,作为电介质材料人们通常选择Tc小于工作温度的铁电材料。
利用介电常数为1(空气)的材料形成的天线的损耗小于利用较高介电常数材料形成的天线的损耗。但是,人们经常使用较高的介电常数材料以便减小天线的尺寸大小(有效波长)。通常,天线的设计者寻找介电常数小于100的电介质材料。通过加入掺杂剂可以减小铁电材料的介电常数,其代价是减小了介电常数的变化性(即在每伏特作用下的介电常数的变化量变小了)。在Tc和掺杂之间寻求适当折中,从而可以相应于不足一伏特的偏压变化而在铁电材料电介质中实现大于2:1的变化。
图14是说明用于对单频带无线通信天线进行频率调谐的本发明方法的流程图。尽管为了清楚起见用一系列编号步骤表述该方法,但是除了有明确说明之外不应以步骤的数字编号来推断步骤的执行次序。应能理解,这些步骤的一些是可以跳过去不予执行的,一些是可以并行执行的,还有一些是可以不必依严格顺序而执行的。该方法起始于步骤1400。步骤1402形成了单辐射体。在一些实施例中,步骤1404形成到辐射体的地网。步骤1406形成了邻近辐射体的含有铁电材料的电介质。步骤1408施加电压到铁电材料。在步骤1410中,根据所施加的电压而产生介电常数。在步骤1412中,根据所产生的介电常数而在谐振频率上进行电磁场传播。
在该方法的一些实施例中还包括以下步骤,即,改变施加电压的步骤1414。然后,在步骤1416中根据施加电压的改变而改变谐振频率。在一些实施例中,改变谐振频率包括形成具有可根据施加电压而变化的工作频率的天线。
形成具有可变工作频率的天线包括形成具有预先设定的与谐振频率无关的固定特性阻抗的天线。在其它实施例中,形成具有可变工作频率的天线包括形成具有预先设定的与谐振频率无关的近似恒定增益的天线。
在一些实施例中,形成含有铁电材料的电介质的步骤1406包含以下子步骤。步骤1406a形成了由具有固定介电常数的第一材料制成的电介质。步骤1406b形成了由具有可变介电常数的铁电材料制成的电介质。然后,根据可变介电常数改变谐振频率的步骤1416包括根据铁电材料的介电常数的改变而改变谐振频率。
在其它实施例中,形成含有铁电材料电介质的步骤1406包括形成含有多种介电材料的电介质,所述每种介电材料都由具有固定介电常数的材料制成。另选地,步骤1406包括形成具有多种铁电材料的电介质,所述每种铁电材料都具有可变的介电常数。
在一个实施例中,步骤1406包括形成与含有铁电材料的电介质相邻的具有固定介电常数的电介质。在该方法的一个实施例中,步骤1406a包括形成与辐射体相邻的具有固定介电常数的电介质。另选地,步骤1406b包括形成与辐射体相邻的含有铁电材料的电介质。
在另一个实施例中,形成具有固定介电常数电介质的步骤1406a包括从下列材料构成的组中选择材料用于制造形成电介质,该组包括:泡沫材料、空气、FR4、氧化铝(Aluminina)、和TMM。步骤1406b包括由钛酸钡锶BaxSr1-xTiO3(BSTO)制造形成含有铁电材料的电介质。
在一些实施例中,步骤1406中形成含有铁电材料的电介质包括在厚度范围为0.15-2微米的薄膜中形成铁电材料。另选地,也可形成厚度范围为1.5-1000微米的厚膜。在一些实施例中,步骤1406包括形成介电常数范围在零伏特处为100-5000的电介质。在另一些实施例中,形成含有铁电材料的电介质包括形成铁电电介质层(步骤1406b)和固定介电常数电介质层(步骤1406a),其复合介电常数范围在零伏特处为2-100。
在一些实施例中,步骤1412在谐振频率上进行电磁场传播包括在诸如824和894MHz以及1850和1990MHz的谐振频率上进行电磁场传播。
在一些实施例中,步骤1410施加电压给铁电材料包括施加范围为0-3.3伏特的相对直流电压。
图15是说明图14所示方法的另一替代方式的流程图。该方法起始于步骤1500。步骤1502在邻近含有铁电材料的电介质附近提供了单辐射体。步骤1504施加电压到铁电材料。在步骤1506中根据施加的电压来改变铁电材料的介电常数。在步骤1508中响应铁电材料的介电常数的改变而改变辐射体的谐振频率。
上文已经提供了一系列制造含有铁电电介质材料的天线。并且也已经阐述了一些天线型式的基本概念。但是,本发明并不仅仅局限于这些天线设计。实际上,本发明的铁电电介质材料能够被应用到所有使用电介质的天线上。类似地,上文已经给出了一些铁电材料电介质布设方式的实施例,但是本发明仍然并不仅仅局限于这些实施例。本发明的其它变型与实施例对于本领域普通技术人员而言是显而易见的。

Claims (31)

1.一种对单频带无线通信天线进行频率调谐的方法,所述方法包括:
形成单辐射体和地网;
在所述辐射体附近形成含有铁电材料的电介质,所述铁电材料由具有固定介电常数的电介质环绕;
将所述铁电材料限制在所述单辐射体和所述地网之间的电磁场最密的区域;
施加电压给所述铁电材料;
根据所施加的电压,产生介电常数;以及,
根据所述介电常数,在谐振频率处进行电磁场传播。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其还包括:
改变所述施加的电压;以及
根据所述施加的电压的改变而改变所述谐振频率。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于,改变所述谐振频率包括形成具有可根据所述施加电压的改变而改变的可变工作频率的天线。
4.根据权利要求3所述的方法,其特征在于,形成具有可变工作频率的天线包括形成具有预先设定的与谐振频率无关的固定特性阻抗的天线。
5.根据权利要求3所述的方法,其特征在于,形成具有可变工作频率的天线包括形成具有预先设定的与谐振频率无关的近似恒定增益的天线。
6.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于,形成含有铁电材料的电介质包括:
由具有固定介电常数的第一材料形成含有电介质材料的电介质;及,
形成含有具有可变介电常数的铁电材料的电介质;并且,
其中,根据所述介电常数的改变而改变所述谐振频率包括根据所述铁电材料的介电常数的改变而改变所述谐振频率。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法,其特征在于,形成含有铁电材料的电介质包括形成含有多个具有固定介电常数的电介质材料的电介质。
8.根据权利要求6所述的方法,其特征在于,形成含有铁电材料的电介质包括形成含有多种铁电材料的电介质,每种所述铁电材料都具有可变的介电常数。
9.根据权利要求6所述的方法,其特征在于,形成含有铁电材料的电介质包括在含有铁电材料的电介质附近形成具有固定介电常数的电介质。
10.根据权利要求6所述的方法,其特征在于,形成含有铁电材料的电介质包括在辐射体附近形成具有固定介电常数的电介质。
11.根据权利要求6所述的方法,其特征在于,形成含有铁电材料的电介质在辐射体附近形成含有铁电材料的电介质。
12.根据权利要求6所述的方法,其特征在于,形成具有固定介电常数的电介质包括从由泡沫材料、空气、FR4、氧化铝(Aluminina)以及TMM构成的组中选择材料以形成电介质。
13.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于,形成含有铁电材料的电介质包括由钛酸钡锶BaxSr1-xTiO3(BSTO)形成含有铁电材料的电介质。
14.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于,形成含有铁电材料的电介质包括在厚度范围为0.15至2微米的薄膜中形成铁电材料。
15.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于,形成含有铁电材料的电介质包括在厚度范围为1.5至1000微米的厚膜中形成铁电材料。
16.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于,在谐振频率处进行电磁场传播包括在从824和894MHz以及1850和1990MHz中选出的谐振频率处进行电磁场传播。
17.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于,施加电压到所述铁电材料包括施加在0-3.3伏特范围内的相对直流电压。
18.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于,形成含有铁电材料的电介质包括形成介电常数在零伏特处在100-5000范围内的铁电电介质层。
19.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于,形成含有铁电材料的电介质包括形成复合介电常数在零伏特处在2-100范围内的铁电电介质层和具有固定介电常数的电介质层。
20.一种具有可选工作频率的单频带天线,所述天线包括:
单辐射体和地网;
含有铁电材料的电介质,其与所述辐射体邻近并被限制在所述单辐射体和所述地网之间的电磁场最密的区域,所述铁电材料具有可变的介电常数并由具有固定介电常数的电介质环绕;并且,
其中所述辐射体在与所述铁电材料的介电常数相应的频率处产生谐振。
21.根据权利要求20所述的天线,其特征在于,所述辐射体具有预先设定的与谐振频率无关的固定特性阻抗。
22.根据权利要求20所述的天线,其特征在于,所述辐射体具有预先设定的与谐振频率无关的近似恒定的增益。
23.根据权利要求20所述的天线,其还包括:
用于施加电压给含有所述铁电材料的电介质的装置;且,
其中含有所述铁电材料的电介质的介电常数根据所施加电压的改变而改变。
24.根据权利要求23所述的天线,其特征在于,所述含有铁电材料的电介质在零伏特处的介电常数的范围是100-5000。
25.根据权利要求23所述的天线,其特征在于,所述由具有固定介电常数的第一材料形成的电介质和所述由铁电材料形成的电介质在零伏特处的复合介电常数的范围是2-100。
26.根据权利要求20所述的天线,其特征在于,所述含有铁电材料的电介质是由钛酸钡锶BaxSr1-xTiO3(BSTO)形成的。
27.根据权利要求20所述的天线,其特征在于,所述含有铁电材料的电介质形成在厚度范围为0.15-2微米的薄膜中。
28.根据权利要求20所述的天线,其特征在于,所述含有铁电材料的电介质形成在厚度范围为1.5-1000微米的厚膜中。
29.根据权利要求26所述的接线天线,其特征在于,所述BSTO铁电材料包括从含有钨、锰、镁的组中选出的氧化物掺杂剂。
30.根据权利要求26所述的接线天线,其特征在于,所述含有铁电材料的电介质的介电常数两倍响应于1伏特以下的偏压改变。
31.根据权利要求20所述的接线天线,其特征在于,所述辐射体的有效波长选自由四分之一波长和二分之一波长组成的组。
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