CN100524296C - 利用虚拟文件夹的系统和方法 - Google Patents

利用虚拟文件夹的系统和方法 Download PDF

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CN100524296C
CN100524296C CNB038262134A CN03826213A CN100524296C CN 100524296 C CN100524296 C CN 100524296C CN B038262134 A CNB038262134 A CN B038262134A CN 03826213 A CN03826213 A CN 03826213A CN 100524296 C CN100524296 C CN 100524296C
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CN1759389A (zh
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J·F·穆尔
D·德沃契克
S·C·查里文德拉
N·H·巴卢
C·J·古扎克
S·A·卡斯坦
R·M·班克斯
D·J·谢尔登
P·L·迈纳
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Microsoft Technology Licensing LLC
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06FELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F16/00Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor
    • G06F16/10File systems; File servers
    • G06F16/16File or folder operations, e.g. details of user interfaces specifically adapted to file systems
    • G06F16/168Details of user interfaces specifically adapted to file systems, e.g. browsing and visualisation, 2d or 3d GUIs
    • GPHYSICS
    • G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06FELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F16/00Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor
    • G06F16/10File systems; File servers
    • G06F16/18File system types
    • G06F16/188Virtual file systems
    • G06F16/192Implementing virtual folder structures
    • GPHYSICS
    • G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06FELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F16/00Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor
    • G06F16/20Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor of structured data, e.g. relational data
    • G06F16/24Querying
    • G06F16/248Presentation of query results

Abstract

一种利用虚拟文件夹的系统和方法(图3)。该虚拟文件夹基于其元数据而不是磁盘上实际物理底层文件系统结构,在不同的视图中向用户展示常规的文件和文件夹(图3)。虚拟文件夹(308)包含项目的集合。该系统包括从用户(302)获得查询的文件夹处理器和用于存储关于项目的信息的关系型数据库(304)。该文件夹处理器首先从用户获得查询(302),并将该查询传递给关系型数据库(304)。关系型数据库将结果返回给文件夹处理器(306),并且基于来自关系型数据库的结果,文件夹处理器将该结果作为虚拟文件夹(308)提供给用户。用户能够通过直接操纵(例如,点击和拖曳、复制、粘贴、等等)对虚拟文件夹进行操作。

Description

利用虚拟文件夹的系统和方法
发明领域
本发明涉及文件系统,尤其涉及一种利用虚拟文件夹的系统和方法。
发明背景
目前的计算机文件系统具有若干不合需要的限制。一个限制是用户一般不能控制向他们显示的结构。换言之,当组织文件夹时,用户必需选择一种结构,而随后该结构就难以改变。举个具体例子,对于“music”(音乐)文件夹,用户可选择按照艺术家/唱片专辑的格式组织音乐文件,其中每个艺术家所有的唱片专辑文件夹都集合到该特定艺术家的文件夹中,某特定唱片专辑上的所有歌曲都集合到该唱片专辑的文件夹中。艺术家/唱片专辑的格式是无助于播放某类音乐(例如,播放来自两个不同艺术家的两首爵士歌曲),或播放来自不同艺术家的各张唱片专辑的选集。
另一方面,用户可能有大量难以组织的文件。某些用户实现严格意义的文件放置,因此为其创建严格的分层结构。随着可用文档数量增长,对此类文件的管理也变得越来越复杂和困难,这使得搜索和检索也很困难。当利用诸如共享文件等来自其它位置的额外文件时,这个问题就更加严重。
用户还必须处理诸如在不同的设备上、在其它PC上、或在线等位于不同位置的文件。例如,用户可选择聆听他们计算机上的音乐(可由某个音乐程序访问),或可联机并聆听来自Web站点的音乐,但是在这两个源之间有严格的区分。来自不同位置的音乐的组织是不同的,并且不以同样方式或在同一位置存放。另举一例,存储在公共网络上的文件与用户在当前机器上所有的文件可能本质上就是分离的。
用户不仅必须跟踪存储了哪个文件数据,还必须跟踪它存储在哪里。例如,对于音乐文件,用户被迫在各个系统上保存副本,并设法对哪些音乐文件定位在哪里进行跟踪。这会使文件难以定位,即使是在它们存储在本地时。
有时还难以找到并回到用户所拥有的文件。用户可能发现难以回想起他们将某些文件存储在哪里,以及怎样存储这些文件。给定一组文件夹或甚至一组类似的文件,用户常常发现难以迅速找到他们在寻找的那个文件。对于存储在难以找到的位置的文件,要对其进行定位更要复杂得多。此外,一旦用户在某个文件夹中有了足够多的文件,快速分析该文件夹就变得越来越困难,特别是如果内容相似的情况下。
有时用户还难以找到并回到网络上的文件。共享和发表文件常常是很难实行的,而从使这样一个文件可用的某人处检索该文件常常甚至更加困难。用户通常必须记住或标记他们在网络上寻找文件所需的各种站点和名字。
名字空间可能改变,这使用户对什么是“正确的”产生混淆。这在具有不同的命名习惯、限制等的网络上尤其为真。例如,某些操作系统可能要求不带空格的短名字,以使其可见。
各种程序还常常将文件保存到其本身的目录中或其它名字空间中,这可能使用户难以找到回到这些文件的途径。各种程序常常具有其保存文档的默认目录和位置。用户常常不得不搜索其整个硬盘,并作出关于某个文件存储在哪里的猜测。
相关的项目也常常存储在分开的位置。某用户所拥有的相关文件可能存储在硬盘的不同部分,等等。随着具有多种内容类型(例如,图片、音乐、视频)的数字媒体服务的发展,这个问题越来越普遍。
本发明旨在提供一种克服前述及其它缺点的系统和方法。更具体而言,本发明针对一种利用虚拟文件夹的文件系统。
发明概述
提供了一种利用虚拟文件夹的系统和方法。根据本发明的一个方面,虚拟文件夹基于其元数据而不是磁盘上实际物理底层文件系统结构,在不同的视图中向用户展示常规的文件和文件夹(也称为目录)。因此,该系统能够采取存储在数据库中的某个属性并将其表示为类似于文件夹的容件。因为用户已经熟悉对文件夹进行操作,所以通过以类似方式呈现虚拟文件夹,用户可更快地适应于该新系统。
根据本发明的另一个方面,根据一种在具有显示和用于存储项目的存储器的计算机系统中使用的方法提供虚拟文件夹。根据该方法,选择一种元数据属性。系统随即搜索具有该被选择的元数据属性的项目,提供一种表示具有该元数据属性的项目集合的虚拟文件夹显示对象。
根据本发明的另一个方面,系统包括从用户获得查询的文件夹处理器和用于存储关于项目的信息的关系型数据库。文件夹处理器首先从用户获得查询,并将该查询传递给关系型数据库。关系型数据库将结果返回给文件夹处理器,并且基于来自关系型数据库的结果,文件夹处理器将该结果作为虚拟文件夹提供给用户。在一个实施例中,返回给文件夹处理器的结果包括数据库行和列。数据库行和列由文件夹处理器转换为枚举器结构,随即使用该结构以所得的虚拟文件夹填充显示。
根据本发明的另一个方面,用户能够通过直接操纵来对虚拟文件夹进行操作。换言之,所提供的用于操纵虚拟文件夹的机制类似于那些当前用于操纵常规物理文件夹的机制(例如,点击和拖曳、复制、粘贴、等等)。
根据本发明的另一个方面,在具有显示和用于存储项目的存储器的计算机系统中提供执行虚拟文件夹的直接操纵的方法。根据该方法,将项目组表示为虚拟文件夹。提供定义的动作,可执行这些动作以直接操纵虚拟文件夹,其中当执行所定义的动作,即如由该定义的动作直接操纵虚拟文件夹。定义的动作的一个例子可以是点击并拖曳虚拟文件夹。在一个实施例中,点击和拖曳第一虚拟文件夹到第二虚拟文件夹的动作执行将来自第一虚拟文件夹的项目复制到第二虚拟文件夹中的功能。将项目复制到虚拟文件夹中可能涉及添加或者改变与这些项目相关联的所选择的元数据属性。
根据本发明的另一个方面,提供过滤器以供操纵虚拟文件夹。过滤器本质上是缩减一组项目的工具。在一个实施例中,基于个别项目的属性动态地生成过滤器。例如,对于一组项目,过滤器机制可检查属性,如果这些项目通常将“authors”(作者)作为属性,则过滤器可提供作者的列表。然后通过点击某特定作者,不具有该作者的项目即消失。这允许用户缩减内容。
根据本发明的另一个方面,提供快捷链接。在一个实施例中,快捷链接是一组预定义的链接(例如,位于显示的左边),点击这些链接可生成各组项目的有用视图。这些可由程序预定义,或由用户设置。例如,点击“all authors”(所有作者)将返回罗列作者的视图。“All documents”(所有文档)可返回所有存储区域中所有文档的平面视图。用户还可创建自己的快捷链接。例如,用户可以过滤出所有他们在2003年1月修改过的文档,随即可将此保存为快捷链接。
根据本发明的另一个方面,提供各种库。库由可相互关联的大组可用类型的文件组成。例如,相片可以是一个库,音乐可以是另一个库,而文档可以是又一个库。各个库提供涉及特定类型的项目的工具和行为。例如,在相片库中,有涉及操纵相片的工具和过滤器,诸如用于创建幻灯片或共享图片的工具等。
根据本发明的另一个方面,可使大范围的文件或项目可用。换言之,该系统能够表示来自多个物理位置(例如,不同的硬盘驱动器、不同的计算机、不同的网络位置、等等)的文件/项目,从而对于用户来说,所有项目看起来都是来自一个位置。例如,可在单个屏幕上向用户呈现他们所有的音乐文件,并且可从一个视图操纵所有这些文件,即使物理上这些文件可能存储在不同的硬盘驱动器、不同的计算机、或不同的网络位置上。
根据本发明的另一个方面,虚拟文件夹中可表示非文档的项目。换言之,存储在存储器中的文件是位于某个物理存储器中。可使虚拟文件夹包括当前没有在物理存储器中表示的项目。非文档项目的例子有电子邮件和联系人。
附图简述
当通过结合附图参考以下具体描述更好地理解时,将能更容易地理解本发明前述的各个方面和伴随的优点,其中:
图1是适合实现本发明的通用计算机系统的框图;
图2是根据本发明的虚拟文件夹系统的框图;
图3所示是一个例程的流程图,用户通过该例程提供取回所选择的文件和文件夹的查询;
图4所示是一个例程的流程图,通过该例程,根据默认查询或来自用户的查询构造虚拟文件夹并将其显示在屏幕上;
图5是根据硬盘驱动器上的物理文件夹排列的文件夹结构树状图;
图6是虚拟文件夹结构的树状图;
图7是图6的虚拟文件夹结构的树状图,其中client(客户)栈由contracts(合同)和year(年)进一步过滤;
图8是图7的虚拟文件夹结构的树状图,其中client(客户)栈的contracts(合同)由year(年)进一步过滤;
图9是图6的虚拟文件夹结构的树状图,其中contracts(合同)栈由client(客户)和year(年)进一步过滤,其client(客户)又由year(年)进一步过滤;
图10所示是显示文档库的栈的屏幕显示;
图11所示是显示图10的ABC Corp.(ABC公司)栈中的文档的屏幕显示;
图12所示是为图11中的文档选择堆栈功能的屏幕显示;
图13所示是为图12的堆栈功能选择“stack by author”(按作者堆栈)参数的屏幕显示;
图14所示是图13的文件按作者堆栈的屏幕显示;
图15所示是选择堆栈功能,并进一步选择“stack by category”(按类别堆栈)以对图14的文件进行重新堆栈的屏幕显示;
图16所示是图14的文件按类别重新堆栈的屏幕显示;
图17所示是选择显示物理文件夹的快捷链接的屏幕显示;
图18所示是示出包含图17各个虚拟文件夹栈的文件的物理文件夹的屏幕显示;
图19示出一种例程的流程图,通过该例程用户可直接操纵虚拟文件夹;
图20所示是新的“West Coast”(西海岸)栈被添加到图10的栈中的屏幕显示;
图21所示是用直接操纵将文件从“ABC Corp.”栈复制到图20的“West Coast”栈的屏幕显示;
图22所示是一种使系统动态生成新的过滤器术语的例程的流程图;
图23所示是一种使系统基于对过滤器术语的选择来过滤项目的例程的流程图;
图24所示是图10的各个栈由术语“AB”过滤的屏幕显示;
图25所示是图10的各个栈由术语“ABC”过滤的屏幕显示;
图26所示是为图10的各个栈选择了过滤器术语“year 2002”(年份2002)的屏幕显示;
图27所示是用“year 2002”过滤了图10的各个栈、并进一步选择了过滤器术语“month”(月)的屏幕显示;
图28所示是呈现列表供选择一个月份进行过滤的屏幕显示;
图29所示是图10的各个栈进一步由一月份过滤、并进一步显示过滤器术语“day”(日)的屏幕显示;
图30所示是一个创建新的快捷链接的例程的流程图;
图31所示是基于图29的过滤来创建称为“January Work”(一月份的工作)的新的快捷链接的屏幕显示;
图32所示是选择了“All Authors”(所有作者)的快捷链接的屏幕显示;
图33所示是呈现了图32的所有作者的列表的屏幕显示;
图34所示是从图33的列表选择了“Author 1”(作家1)并且显示了作家1的所有文档的屏幕显示;
图35所示是一种创建新库的例程的流程图;
图36所示是示出各种可用库的集合的屏幕显示;
图37所示是一种用于定义虚拟文件夹集合范围的例程的流程图;
图38所示是可构成虚拟文件夹集合的范围的各种源的框图;
图39所示是一种用于将非文档项目包括到虚拟文件夹集合中的例程的流程图;
图40所示是显示包括在虚拟文件夹中的各种非文档项目的屏幕显示。
较佳实施例的具体描述
本发明针对虚拟文件夹。虚拟文件夹利用与当前用于文件系统的相同或类似的用户界面。虚拟文件夹基于其元数据而不是磁盘上实际物理底层文件系统结构,在不同的视图中向用户展示常规的文件和文件夹(也称为目录)。创建独立于位置的视图,它们允许用户利用与当前用于管理文件系统的控件相似的控件来操纵他们的文件和文件夹。一般而言,这意味着用户能够基于文件本身的固有属性来组织和重新排列他们的文件,而不是将管理和组织作为系统的一个单独部分来完成。虚拟文件夹可以表示来自不同物理位置的文件或项目,诸如来自同一个计算机内的多个磁盘驱动器、多个计算机、或不同的网络位置,从而一个文件或项目的视图能够显示位于不同物理位置的文件或项目。在一个实施例中,这些不同的项目或文件仅需经由IP网络链接即可被包括。
虚拟文件夹建模还可用于传统的非文档实体。这样一个应用程序要具有一组类似于文件和文件夹(即,对象和容件)的用户界面以显示传统的非文档实体。此类非文档实体的一个例子是电子邮件,另一个例子是来自联系人数据库的联系人信息。以此方式,虚拟文件夹提供一种不管所示数据是来自文件或是非文档实体而运作的独立于位置、基于元数据的视图系统。一般而言,这些方面同时使用两种普通用户界面技术(拖放、双击、等等),还提升了各种数据类型的丰富集成,从而在允许在用户操纵其文件和数据方面有更大的灵活性。
图1及以下讨论旨在提供可实现本发明的合适计算环境的简要、一般的描述。将在个人计算机上执行的诸如程序模块等计算机可执行指令的通用上下文中描述本发明,尽管这并非必需。一般而言,程序模块包括执行特定任务或实现特定抽象数据类型的例程、程序、字符、组件、数据结构、等等。如本领域技术人员可以理解,可以在其它计算机系统配置中实施本发明,包括手持式设备、多处理器系统、基于微处理器或可编程的消费者电子设备、网络PC、小型计算机、大型计算机、等等。本发明还可在分布式计算环境中实施,其中任务由通过通信网络连接的远程处理设备执行。在分布式计算环境中,各程序模块可同时位于本地和远程记忆存储设备两者中。
参考图1,用于实现本发明的示例性系统包括常规个人计算机20形式的通用计算设备,它包括处理单元21、系统存储器22、和将包括系统存储器22在内的各种系统组件耦合到处理单元21的系统总线23。系统总线23可以是若干种总线结构中的任何一种,包括存储器总线或存储器控制器、外围总线、和使用各种总线体系结构中的任何一种的局部总线。系统存储器包括只读存储器(ROM)24和随机存取存储器(RAM)25。包含在诸如启动期间帮助在个人计算机20内部的各个元件之间传输信息的基本例程的基本输入/输出系统(BIOS)26存储在ROM24中。个人计算机20还包括用于读或写硬盘39的硬盘驱动器27、用于读或写可移动磁盘29的磁盘驱动器28、以及读或写诸如CD-ROM或其它光介质等可移动光盘31的光盘驱动器30。硬盘驱动器27、磁盘驱动器28以及光盘驱动器30分别由硬盘驱动器接口32、磁盘驱动器接口33以及光盘驱动器接口34连接到系统总线23。这些驱动器和相关的计算机可读介质为个人计算机20提供了计算机可读指令、数据结构、程序模块及其它数据的非易失性存储。尽管本文所描述的示例环境使用磁硬盘39、可移动磁盘29和可移动光盘31,本领域技术人员应当理解,还可在示例性操作环境中使用可存储计算机可访问的数据的其它类型的计算机可读介质,诸如磁带盒、闪存卡、数字视频盘、贝努利盒式磁带、随机存取存储器(RAMs)、只读存储器(ROMs)等等。
若干程序模块可存储在硬盘39、磁盘29、光盘31、ROM 24或RAM 25中,包括操作系统35、一个或多个应用程序36、其它程序模块37以及程序数据38。用户可以通过诸如键盘40和定位设备42的输入设备将命令和信息输入到个人计算机20。其它输入设备(未图示)可包括话筒、操纵杆、游戏垫、圆盘式卫星天线、扫描仪等。这些及其它输入设备常常通过耦合到系统总线23的串行端口46连接到处理单元21,但也可由诸如并行端口、游戏接口、通用串行总线(USB)等其它接口连接。监视器47形式的显示器也经由诸如视频卡或适配器48等接口连接到系统总线23。一个或多个扬声器57也可经由诸如音频适配器56等接口连接到系统总线23。除了显示器和扬声器之外,个人计算机通常包括诸如打印机等其它外围输出设备(未图示)。
个人计算机20可使用到诸如远程计算机49等一个或多个个人计算机的逻辑连接在联网环境中操作。远程计算机49可以是另一个个人计算机、服务器、路由器、网络PC、对等设备或其它公共网络节点,并通常包括以上相对于个人计算机20所描述的许多或全部元件。图1中所示的逻辑连接包括局域网(LAN)51和广域网(WAN)52。此类网络环境常见于办公室、企业范围的计算机网络、内联网和因特网。
当用于LAN网络环境中时,个人计算机20通过网络接口或适配器53连到局域网51。当用于WAN网络环境中时,个人计算机20通常包括调制解调器54或用于通过诸如因特网等广域网52建立通信的其它装置。可以是内置或外置的调制解调器54可经由串行端口接口46连到系统总线23。在联网环境中,相对于个人计算机20所描绘的程序模块或其部分可存储在远程记忆存储设备中。应当理解,所示网络连接是示例性的,且可使用在计算机之间建立通信链路的其它手段。
如在图1中所示类型的系统上所实现的,本发明利用虚拟文件夹,它使用户较易执行以文件操纵和文件夹导航(浏览)为中心的基本任务,并提供可在新特征中影响的较高级别的存储性能。该虚拟文件夹基于其元数据而不是磁盘上实际物理底层文件系统结构,在不同的视图中向用户展示文件和项目。
图2根据本发明示出虚拟文件夹系统200的框图。如将在下文详细描述,虚拟文件夹允许用户改变控制查看数据的方式的“枢纽”(pivot)。举例来说,用户能以所有歌曲的平面列表的形式查看他们的音乐,而这些歌曲可按唱片专辑分组。替换地,用户可将视图切换成仅显示风格或艺术家或年份等等。用户可定制视图,从而仅看到与手头的任务合适的对象。这允许改良的浏览体验,无需进一步浏览所有文件夹(向下或返回上层)。同样的经验和性能适用于对并非作为文件存储的其它数据类型进行建模。例如,可以此方式向用户展示联系人,赋予其常见的界面性能、以及比平面地址簿所提供更丰富的基础结构,用以对其进行操纵。
如图2中所示,虚拟文件夹系统200包括文件夹处理器210、关系型数据库230、虚拟文件夹描述数据库232、其它外壳文件夹组件234、文件夹处理器组件236、和外壳浏览器和视图组件240。文件夹处理器210包括本地处理代码组件212、处理器工厂组件214、属性编写器组件216、行组解析器组件218、查询构造器组件220、枚举器组件222和属性工厂组件224。
关系型数据库230存储关于该系统中所有文件的属性。它还完整地存储某些项目,如联系人(即,非文档项目)。一般而言,它存储关于其所包含的文件和项目的类型的元数据。关系型数据库230从查询构造器220接收SQL查询。关系型数据库230还向行组解析器组件218发送SQL行组,其中每个项目列有一行,列是项目的属性。
虚拟文件夹描述数据库232包括虚拟文件夹的描述。虚拟文件夹描述数据库232向查询构造器组件220发送数据,包括要在文件夹中显示的类型的列表、初始过滤器和显示结果来源的物理位置(范围)。
关于其它外壳文件夹组件234,文件夹处理器210将处理器或属性委托给来自许多类型的项目的现有外壳文件夹,包括所有文件。其它外壳文件夹组件234将来自其它文件夹的属性发送给属性工厂224。其它外壳文件夹组件还将处理器发送给处理器工厂214。
文件夹处理器组件236为如联系人等仅存在于数据库中的项目提供代码行为。这就是允许非文档项目表现得类似于文件的方法。文件夹处理器组件236将处理器发送到处理器工厂214。
对于本地处理代码组件212,文件夹处理器210基于项目的属性直接实现某些处理器。本地处理代码组件212将处理器发送到处理器工厂214。对于本地处理代码组件212和文件夹处理器组件236,与所有名字空间一样,虚拟文件夹必须为它们的项目提供一组处理器(上下文菜单、图标、缩略图、消息提示、……)。对于处理器中的大部分(信息提示、数据对象、拖放处理器、背景上下文菜单……),虚拟文件夹为其所持有的所有类型提供一种公共(本地)处理器。但是还存在其它类型,其作者必须提供(对项目本身的上下文菜单、可写属性存储、……)。默认处理器还可被覆盖。虚拟文件夹为文件重复使用此机制,并允许非文档项目也这样做。
处理器工厂214取ID列表并生成提供上下文菜单、图标等的代码行为。一般而言,文件夹处理器210可使用本地处理器、外部处理器、或指派其它外壳文件夹来获取处理器,如以上关于本地处理代码组件212、其它外壳文件夹组件234和文件夹处理器组件236所述。处理器工厂组件214如视图所要求地将处理器发送到视图240中的外壳浏览器。处理器工厂组件214将属性处理器发送到属性编写器216。
属性编写器将诸如剪切、复制和粘贴等用户目的转换成对文件或项目的属性权利。外壳浏览器和视图组件240将包括直接操纵(剪切/复制/粘贴)或对元数据的编辑在内的数据发送到属性编写器216。一般而言,因为虚拟文件夹基于项目的属性来呈现组织,所以诸如移动和复制(拖放)等操作成为对那些属性的编辑。例如,在按作者堆栈的视图中将文档从作者1移到作者2意味着改变作者。属性编写器组件216实现此功能。
行组解析器218取数据库行组并将所有项目属性存储到外壳ID列表结构中。行组取虚拟文件夹的分段定义,并构造随即可发给数据库的SQL串。行组解析器组件218将ID列表发送到枚举组件222。如上所述,行组解析器组件218还从关系型数据库230接收包括SQL行组在内的数据,其中每个项目有一行,列是项目的属性。
查询构造器组件220构造SQL查询。查询构造器组件220从枚举组件222接收包括来自导航的新的过滤器的数据。查询构造器组件220还从虚拟文件夹描述数据库232接收包括要在文件夹中显示的类型的列表、初始过滤器和显示结果来源的物理位置(范围)在内的数据。查询构造器组件220将SQL查询发送到关系型数据库230。
一般而言,查询构造器组件220包括一组行(换言之即一个表)。这就是运行查询所产生的结果。行组解析器组件218取每一行并用列名将该行转换成ID列表。ID列表是公知的外壳结构,它用于在名字空间中引用项目。这样做允许虚拟文件夹对外壳的其余部分来说就像是任何其它名字空间一样。高速缓存此数据还有助于将成本可能很高的数据库访问保持最少。
枚举器组件222响应于对虚拟文件夹的导航而进行操作。如上所述,枚举器组件222从行组解析器组件218接收ID列表,并将来自导航的新过滤器发送到查询构造器组件220。枚举器222还将数据发送到外壳浏览器和视图组件240,其中包括在导航之后返回成插入到视图中的ID列表。
属性工厂组件224取ID列表和属性标识符,并为那些属性返回值。属性工厂组件224从处理器工厂组件214接收包括属性处理器在内的数据。如上所述,属性工厂组件224还从其它外壳文件夹组件234接收包括来自其它文件夹属性在内的数据。属性工厂组件224还如视图所要求,将包括项目属性在内的数据发送到外壳浏览器和视图组件240。
外壳浏览器和视图组件240在窗口中显示文件夹的内容,并处理所有用户与所显示的文件或项目的交互,诸如点击、拖曳和导航。因此,外壳浏览器和视图组件240接收用户动作。外壳浏览器和视图组件240还从文件夹获取关于其所需的代码行为的数据,在此例中为文件夹处理器210。
如上所述,虚拟文件夹基于其元数据而不是磁盘上实际物理底层文件系统结构,在不同的视图中向用户展示常规的文件和文件夹(也称为目录)。因此,系统能够取某个存储在数据库中的属性,并将其表示为类似于文件夹的容件。因为用户已经熟悉对文件夹进行操作,所以通过以类似方式呈现虚拟文件夹,用户可更快地适应于该新系统。
图3所示是一个例程300的流程图,用户通过该例程提供取回所选择的项目的查询。在框302,文件夹处理器从用户获取查询。在框304,文件夹处理器将查询传递给关系型数据库。在框306,关系型数据库将结果返回给文件夹处理器。在框308,文件夹处理器将结果以虚拟文件夹和项目的形式提供给用户。
图4所示是一个例程320的流程图,通过该例程,根据默认查询或来自用户的查询构造虚拟文件夹并将其显示在屏幕上。在框322,当用户起初打开虚拟文件夹时,使用默认的查询。此默认查询是从注册表取得的。例如,对某个音乐库的默认查询可为显示按唱片专辑分组的所有歌曲。在框324,文件夹处理器为此查询构造查询对象,并随即将此查询传递给关系型数据库。在框326,关系型数据库生成查询的结果,并将这些结果以数据库行和列的形式返回给文件夹处理器。
在框328,文件夹处理器取这些结果并将其从数据行和列转换成枚举结构,文件夹使用该枚举结构,用所得的虚拟文件夹和项目填充屏幕,以供用户与其交互。在判定框330,用户决定是否要改变视图(通过发布不同的查询或“枢纽”)。例如,用户可发布“show all artists”(显示所有艺术家)的枢纽。如果用户不想改变视图,那么该例程返回框324,文件夹处理器将此新查询传递给关系型数据库,并收回新的结果行和列,并构造新的枚举结构。该过程随后如上述继续前进,当文件夹视图清除并更新时,使用枚举器将“artist”(艺术家)对象画到屏幕上。
在一个例子中,提供表示用户可定位的容件的唱片专辑对象。例如,双击“Beatles”唱片专辑会将视图导航为看到所有Beatles的歌曲。文件夹处理器向关系型数据库发布“show all Beatles’songs”(显示所有Beatles的歌曲)的查询,关系型数据库为那些歌曲返回数据行和列。文件夹处理器创建所有这些歌曲的枚举器,随即该枚举器被画到屏幕上。
当浏览虚拟文件夹时,用户还可在任何点选择视图。从上例中,在缩小至仅显示Beatles歌曲之后,用户可将视图改变成仅显示歌曲作为唱片专辑。将项目的视图改变成另一个表示的过程称为“堆栈”。这是因为项目在概念上排列成基于该表示的“栈”。在此例中,歌曲被重新排列到各个唱片专辑中的每一个的栈中。用户随即可定位这些栈之一,仅看到来自该特定唱片专辑的歌曲。同样,用户可将这些其余歌曲的视图重新排列成基于某个属性(例如,评分)的栈中。如果选择了评分的属性,则可在一星、二星、三星评分的栈中显示来自该Beatles唱片专辑的歌曲。
每个查询的结果取决于范围中包括的那些物理位置。例如,可使范围仅包括用户的“my documents”(我的文档)文件夹中的文件夹。替换地,范围可包括计算机上的所有文件夹,或甚至多个网络连接的计算机上的所有文件夹。用户能够通过范围属性表单查看并改变范围。在一个例子中,可通过右击虚拟文件夹并选择“properties”(属性)来展示范围属性表单。用户可将新文件夹添加到范围中,或移除先前所添加的文件夹。
虚拟文件夹将提供特定实用程序的一组用户是知识的作者。虚拟文件夹允许知识的作者在按文件类型、项目、案例号、作者等查看文档之间容易地切换。因为每个知识的作者都倾向于有不同的组织文档的方法,所以虚拟文件夹可用于适应这些不同的偏好。
图5是根据硬盘驱动器上的物理文件夹排列的文件夹结构树状图。此物理文件夹的排列是基于文件夹的传统实现,它可能基于NTFS或其它现有文件系统。此类文件夹称为物理文件夹,因为它们的构成是基于磁盘上实际的物理底层文件系统结构。如以下将详述,这与虚拟文件夹形成对比,后者创建独立于位置的视图,允许用户以类似于当前用于操纵物理文件夹的方式来操纵文件和文件夹。
如图5中所示,文件夹400是“my documents”(我的文档)文件夹。在第一级,文件夹400包括分别对应于Client(客户)1、2和3的文件夹410、420和430。在第二级,文件夹410、420和430中的每一个分别包含各自对应于所选客户的合同的文件夹411、421和431。在第三级,文件夹411、421和431分别包含各自对应于2001年的文件夹412、422和432。在第三级,文件夹411、421和431还分别包含各自对应于2002年的文件夹413、423和433。
可以理解,对于希望定位诸如图5中所示的物理文件夹文件结构的用户来说面前有若干障碍。例如,如果用户希望对该用户所生成的所有合同进行操作,该用户首先需要导航到文件夹411以对客户1的合同进行操作,随后将重新导航到文件夹421以到达客户2的合同,并将为客户3的合同,再次不得不重新导航到文件夹431。此排列使用户难以访问所有的合同,一般而言还阻止同时查看和操纵所有这些合同。类似地,如果用户希望查看所有在2001年中生成的合同,该用户将不得不分别导航及重新导航到文件夹412、422和432。如以下将具体描述,本发明的虚拟文件夹提供一种改良的文件系统结构。
图6是虚拟文件夹结构的树状图。如以下将具体描述,虚拟文件夹创建允许用户以便利的方式操纵他们的文件和文件夹的独立于位置的视图。如图6中所示,虚拟文件夹以栈的形式表示。虚拟文件夹500是“all items”(所有项目)文件夹。在第一级,虚拟文件夹500包含分别对应于客户、合同和年份的虚拟文件夹510、520和530。如以下将具体描述,此结构允许用户根据合乎需要的参数访问文件。
图7是图6的虚拟文件夹结构的树状图,其中在第二级,虚拟文件夹510还包括分别对应于合同和年份的虚拟文件夹511和512。换言之,虚拟文件夹510的客户栈进一步由合同和年份过滤。判定每个虚拟文件夹中包含哪些文件和项目的过程将在以下具体描述。
图8是图7的虚拟文件夹结构的树状图,其中在第三级,虚拟文件夹511包含对应于年份的虚拟文件夹513。换言之,虚拟文件夹511的合同栈进一步由年份过滤。尽管虚拟文件夹510、511和513的虚拟文件夹结构是根据客户、合同和年份构造的,可以理解虚拟文件夹允许发生其它构造序列,如以下将参考图9详细描述。
图9是图6的虚拟文件夹结构的树状图,其中在第二级,虚拟文件夹520被进一步过滤成对应于客户和年份的虚拟文件夹521和522。在第三级,虚拟文件夹521被进一步过滤成对应于某个年份的虚拟文件夹523。图8和图9的组织结构之间的对比帮助说明虚拟文件夹系统的灵活性。换言之,在虚拟文件夹系统中,用户能够根据合乎需要的参数来导航虚拟文件夹,而不是依赖于诸如图5中所示等物理文件结构依赖于位置的视图。
图10所示是显示文档库的栈的屏幕显示600。如上面所提及,栈可用于表示一类虚拟文件夹。如以下将具体描述,屏幕显示600包括快捷连接元素610-613、过滤器元素620-626、行为元素630-633、信息和控件元素640—645、和虚拟文件夹栈651-655。
快捷连接元素包括“all categories”(所有类别)快捷连接610、“all authors”(所有作者)快捷连接611、“January work”(一月份的工作)快捷连接612、和显示其它快捷连接613的选项。如以下将具体描述,用户可选择快捷连接以对虚拟文件夹执行合乎需要的导航。快捷连接可由系统提供,某些快捷连接可由用户创建和保存。
过滤器元素包括“filter by”(按……过滤)指示符620、输入空格621、“bydate”(按日期)指示符622、“year”(年份)选择器623、“pick an author”(选取作者)选择器624、“pick a category”(选取类别)选择器625、和“more filters”(更多过滤器)选择器626。“filter by”(按……过滤)指示符620使用户知道以下项目可用来过滤虚拟文件夹或项目。输入空格621提供用户可输入合乎需要的新过滤器术语的区域。“by date”指示符622使用户知道通过从“year”选择器623选择某个日期,虚拟文件夹或项目可由所选择的年份过滤。“pick an author”选择器624允许用户根据特定作者进行过滤。“pick a category”选择器625允许用户根据所选择的类别进行过滤。“more filters”选择器626允许用户在显示上拖出其它过滤器。
行为选择器包括“create a new category”(创建一个新类别)选择器630、“activity”(行为)选择器631和632、和“more activities”(更多行为)选择器633。如以下将具体描述,所呈现的行为可以是关于一般合乎需要的功能,或可以更具体地针对于对当前所显示的类型的虚拟文件夹有用的行为。例如,用户可选择“create a new category”选择器630以创建由新的栈所表示的新的类别。
如以上所提及,行为选择器631和632可以更具体地针对正显示的类型的文件夹或项目。例如,当前显示是关于文档库,则“activity”选择器631和632可为此而针对于特地为文档所定制的行为,诸如编辑或创建附件。如果当前库是相片库,则“activity”选择器631和632可用于特地针对于相片的动作,诸如构成相簿或与其他用户共享相片。
信息和控件元素包括信息行640和641、控件行642、退格控件643、和信息行644和645。信息行640和641提供关于当前对虚拟文件夹或项目的导航的信息。在本例中,信息行640指示当前是对某文档库进行导航,而信息行641指示更完全的导航,显示该文档库是在存储区域内部。控件行642提供若干标准控制,而退格按键643允许用户在导航中倒退。信息行644提供关于本次导航的内容的数字信息。在本例中,信息行644指示在该文档库的栈中有共占100兆字节的41个项目。信息行645可用于提供其他信息,诸如关于所选择的文件的附加信息。
该文档库的栈包括“ABC Corp.”栈651、“backups”栈652、“business plans”栈653、“XYZ Corp.”栈654、和“marketing reports”栈655。每个栈顶部的数字指示在每个栈中有多少个项目。例如,“ABC Corp.”栈651显示为包括8个项目。各个栈的项目总数累积为信息行644中所指示的项目数,在本例中如上述为41。提供了选择框SB,用户可用它来选择合乎需要的项目。对“ABC Corp.”栈651的选择产生该栈项目的视图,如以下关于图11所述。
图11所示是显示图10的“ABC Corp.”栈651中的项目的屏幕显示。应当注意信息行640和641现在指示当前导航正显示“ABC Corp.”栈。“ABC Corp.”栈651显示为包括分别对应于文档1-8的8个文档751-758。信息行644对应地指示有共占20兆字节存储器的8个项目。图11的文档还可在ABC Corp.栈内进一步排列成若干个栈。换言之,在ABC Corp.栈651所表示的虚拟文件夹内,可组织其他虚拟文件夹来持有文档,如以下关于图12-16所述。
图12所示是为图11中的文档选择堆栈功能的屏幕显示。如图12所示,用户能够拖出功能框760。功能框760包括“view”(视图)选择761、“arrange iconsby”(按……排列图标)选择762、“stacks”(栈)选择763、“refresh”(刷新)选择764、“open containing folders”(打开包含文件夹)选择765、“cut”(剪切)选择766、“copy”(复制)选择767、“undo”(撤消)选择768、“new”(新建)选择769、和“properties”(属性)选择770。显示选择框SB围住“stacks”选择763。
图13所示是为图12的堆栈功能选择“stack by author”(按作者堆栈)参数的屏幕显示。如图13中所示,显示了呈现各种堆栈选项的框780。堆栈选项包括“unstack”(撤消堆栈)选项781、“stack by category”(按类别堆栈)选项782、“stack by author”(按作者堆栈)选项783、和“stack by a user”(按用户堆栈)选项784。显示选择框SB围住“stack by author”选项783。
图14所示是图13的文件按作者堆栈的屏幕显示。如图14中所示,栈791和792分别对应于作者Bob和Lisa。如每个栈顶部的数字所指示,Bob栈791包括2个项目,而Lisa栈792包括5个项目。项目758(对应于文档8)没有作者,因此没有包括在某个“作者”栈中。栈791和792示意可在多个级别组织栈,诸如在“ABCCorp.”栈651内部。因此可在多个级别构造虚拟文件夹,诸如“Lisa”栈792在“ABCCorp.”栈651内部,而“ABC Corp.”栈651在文档库内部。
图15所示是进一步选择“stack by category”(按类别堆栈)选项以对图14的文件进行重新堆栈的屏幕显示。如图15中所示,选择框SB围着“stack bycategory”选项782。因为某些项目已经在栈791和792中堆栈,对“stack by category”选项782的选择将对项目进行重新堆栈,如以下参考图16所具体描述。
图16所示是图14的文件按类别重新堆栈的屏幕显示。如图16中所示,栈793和794分别对应于“XYZ Corp.”和“marketing reports”类别。对应于文档1和2的项目751和752未被指派给任何其它类别,因此不落入其它类别栈中的任何一个。
图17所示是选择显示物理文件夹的快捷链接的屏幕显示。显示选择框SB围着“all folders”(所有文件夹)快捷链接616。如以下将参考图18具体描述,“allfolders”快捷链接616提供到物理文件夹视图的切换。
图18所示是显示物理文件夹的屏幕显示。所示物理文件夹包含图17的虚拟文件夹栈的文件。换言之,图17的栈651-655内所包含的项目也包含在系统中的某些物理文件夹中。图18中显示这些物理文件夹为位于当前计算机上的“MyDocuments”文件夹851、位于当前计算机上的“Desktop”文件夹852、位于硬盘驱动器C:上的“Foo”文件夹853、位于某个服务器上的“My Files”文件夹854、位于某个外部驱动器上的“External Drive”文件夹855、位于另一个计算机上的“MyDocuments”文件夹856、和位于另一个计算机上的“Desktop”文件夹857。
如图18中所示,用户能够从图17的虚拟文件表示切换到图18的物理文件表示。这允许用户根据当前任务的需要在虚拟文件表示和物理文件表示之间转换。物理文件夹851-857的不同位置也说明虚拟文件系统的范围可以相对很广,如以下将具体描述。
图19示出一种例程880的流程图,通过该例程用户可直接操纵虚拟文件夹。如以下将具体描述,所提供的用来操纵虚拟文件夹的机制类似于当前用于操纵常规文件夹的机制(例如,点击和拖曳、复制、粘贴、等等)。如图19中所示,在框882,系统提供定义的动作,用户可执行这些动作以直接操纵表示为显示对象的虚拟文件夹。在框884,用户执行某个定义的动作。如以上所提及,此行为的一个例子可以是用户点击并拖曳某个虚拟文件夹以将其内容拷贝到另一个虚拟文件夹中。在框886,虚拟文件夹和/或内容如由用户所执行的动作直接受到操纵。
图20所示是新的West Coast栈656被添加到图10的栈中的屏幕显示。用户通过创建新的“West Coast”类别来构成West Coast栈656。在其初始创建时,新West Coast栈656将是空的并具有0个项目。在图20的实施例中,2个项目被添加到West Coast栈656中。将项目添加到栈的一个方法是选择某个特定项目,并修改或添加额外类别到该项目的类别元数据中,诸如如图20的实施例中所做的将类别“West Coast”添加到两个项目中。此过程说明类别数据是项目的一种特定类型属性的元数据属性。换言之,此类属性不具有任何隐式意义,且用户可对其赋予任意值。例如,类别“property”(属性)可有任何值,而“author”(作者)属性应当为人名。如以下将参考图21具体描述,还可点击和拖曳项目以将其从其它栈复制到West Coast栈656中(在这种情况中项目的类别被自动更新成包括“WestCoast”)。就此而言,图20显示选择框SB围着ABC Corp.栈651,为其内容被复制作准备。
图21所示是用直接操纵将文件从“ABC Corp.”栈651复制到West Coast栈656的屏幕显示。换言之,如图20中所示,用户选择了ABC Corp.栈651,随后如图21中所示,用户点击并拖曳该栈以将其复制到West Coast栈656。因此,图20中具有2个项目的West Coast栈656现在显示为包括总共10个项目,包括来自ABC Corp.栈651的另外8个项目。当来自ABC Corp.栈651的项目被复制到WestCoast栈656时,这是通过将这8个项目的类别描述修改成在包括原来的“ABCCorp.”类别以外还包括“West Coast”类别来完成的。这示意了可进行的一类直接操纵。
直接操纵的另一个例子是右击某个项目并选择删除。在一个实施例中,当用户选择删除功能,则向该用户查询应一并删除该项目,还是仅仅将其从当前的虚拟文件夹中移除。如果只要如上述将该项目从当前虚拟文件夹类别栈中移除,这可通过将合乎需要的类别从该项目的元数据中移除来完成。换言之,如果要将从ABCCorp.栈651复制到West Coast栈656的项目中的一个随后从West Coast栈656中移除,这可通过将特定文件的类别数据修改成不再包括“West Coast”类别来完成。
图22所示是一种使系统动态生成新的过滤器术语的例程900的流程图。过滤器术语用于操纵虚拟文件夹。过滤术语本质上作为缩减一组项目的一组工具来使用。在一个实施例中,过滤器由元数据类别及其值组成(在用户界面中以可点击链接或下拉菜单形式向用户呈现)。用户点击某个过滤器术语在显示上过滤出当前结果项目组。
图22示出如何动态生成过滤器。如图22中所示,在框902,检查当前显示上集合形式的项目属性(来自元数据)。在框904,基于项目的共同属性动态地生成拟用的过滤器术语。在框906,为用户可能对过滤术语作出的选择向用户呈现拟用的过滤器术语。举此过程的一个例子,系统可检查一组项目的属性,如果这些项目普遍以“Authors”(作者)为属性,则过滤器可提供作者的列表供按之进行过滤。然后,通过点击某个特定作者,不具有该作者的项目就从显示上的组中移除。此过滤过程向用户提供一种缩减显示上的项目组的机制。
图23所示是一种使系统基于对过滤器术语的选择来过滤项目的例程920的流程图。在框922,用户输入新的过滤器术语或者系统所呈现的过滤器术语中的一个。如以上所提及,过滤器术语可由系统动态生成,或者也可以是预设的。在框924,来自显示上的集合的项目受到关于其所选择的属性是否匹配该过滤器术语的估价。例如,如果过滤器术语是作者为“Bob”的项目,那么各个项目根据其作者属性是否包括“Bob”受到评价。在框926,所选择的属性不匹配过滤器术语的项目被从显示上的集合中移除。
图24所示是图10的各个栈由术语“AB”过滤的屏幕显示。如图所示,在过滤器区域621,用户输入了术语“AB”。信息行640和641指示显示中的项目如今是已由术语“AB”过滤后的项目。如图所示,ABC Corp.栈651仍然包含8个项目,而Backups栈652如今包含3个项目,XYZ Corp.栈654也包含3个项目。信息行644因而指示共有14个项目,占35兆字节存储器。
图25所示是图10的各个栈由术语“ABC”过滤的屏幕显示。关于图24的过滤器术语“AB”,用户仅输入额外的“C”来构成整个过滤器术语“ABC”。如图25中所示,信息行640和641如今指示显示上的项目是包含术语“ABC”的项目。ABC Corp.栈651仍显示为包含8个项目,而Backups栈652如今仅包含2个项目。信息行644如今指示显示上的各个栈中共有10个项目,总共占25兆字节存储器。图24和25因而提供了用户如何输入新的过滤器术语、及那些过滤器术语随后如何用于过滤显示上所示出的项目。
图26所示选择了系统所提供的过滤器术语“year 2002”(年份2002)的屏幕显示。如以上所提及,在日期指示符622下,年份选择器623包括年份2000、2001或2002。显示选择框SB围着年份2002,指示用户选择其作为合乎需要的过滤器术语。
图27所示是应用了过滤器术语“2002”的屏幕显示。还显示了“pick a month”(选择月份)选择器632A的进一步的选择。如图27中所示,在应用了过滤器术语“2002”之后,各个栈中的项目数减少了。更具体地,ABC Corp.栈651如今包含6个项目,Backups栈652如今包含8个项目,Business Plans栈653如今包含3个项目,XYZ Corp.栈654如今包含5个项目。信息行644如今指示共有22个项目,总共占50兆字节存储器。信息行640和641如今指示显示上所示的项目是已被过滤成包含过滤器术语“2002”的项目。
图28所示是呈现列表供选择一个月份进行过滤的屏幕显示。提供包括月份列表的框950。在显示上提供框950是由于用户选择了“pick a month”选择器623A。显示选择框SB围着一月。
图29所示图28的各个栈进一步由一月份过滤、并进一步显示过滤器术语“day”(日)的屏幕显示。如图29中所示,信息行640和641如今指示显示上的项目是已由术语“January”(一月)过滤的项目。Backups栈652如今显示为包含2个项目,而Business Plans栈653也显示为包含2个项目。信息行644指示显示上共有4个项目,总共占10兆字节存储器。提供“pick by day”(选择一天)选择器623B,万一用户希望进一步过滤结果到具体的某天。
图30所示是一个创建新的快捷链接的例程940的流程图。如以下将具体描述,快捷链接是可由用户点击以创建项目组的用户选择视图的预定义链接。在一个实施例中,快捷链接可视为一类枢纽(pivot)。快捷链接提供一种检索虚拟文件夹的机制。点击快捷链接可将用户带到某个合乎需要的文件夹(和点击“favorites”(收藏夹)可将用户带到某个Web站点是同样的方式)。快捷链接可由系统预定义,或可由用户设置。例如,点击“all authors”(所有作者)可返回按作者堆栈的视图。点击“all documents”(所有文档)可返回所有存储区域的所有文档的平面视图。用户还可创建其自己的快捷链接。
如图30中所示,在框942,用户在显示上作出某个选择以指示要从当前过滤器术语或导航构造新的快捷链接。在框944,用户为新的快捷链接提供新的名字。在框946,保存新的快捷链接,并在显示上的快捷链接区域中提供新的快捷链接名。
图31所示是基于图29的过滤来创建称为“January Work”(一月份的工作)的新的快捷链接的屏幕显示。如上所述,在图29中,各个栈已按一月份过滤。在图31中,用户指示应将图29的过滤保存为新的快捷链接,并将该新的快捷链接命名为“January work”。因此,在显示上的快捷链接区域中显示了新的January work快捷链接612。关于构造新的快捷链接,一般向用户提供“save this collection as aquick link”(将此集合保存为快捷链接)的选项。
图32所示是选择了“All Authors”(所有作者)的快捷链接的屏幕显示。如图32中所示,显示选择框SB围着All Author选项611。其它快捷链接可访问的集合的例子包括“all authors”(所有作者)、“recent documents”(最近的文档)、“all documents I’ve shared”(我所共享的所有文档)、“all documents I’ve authored”(作者是我的所有文档)、“all documents not authored by me”(作者不是我的所有文档)、“desktop”(桌面)和“all types”(所有类型)。
图33所示是呈现了图32项目的所有作者的列表的屏幕显示。如图33中所示,提供了信息行950,它指示列用于显示项目名、作者、修改日期、类型、大小、和项目的位置。示出了分别对应于Author 1—4的作者951-954的列表。
图34所示是从图33的列表选择了“Author 1”(作家1)的屏幕显示。作家1的文档包括分别对应于document 1和2的文档951A和951B。文档951A显示作者为Author 1,在11 July,2001(2001年7月11日)被修改,属于Microsoft Excel文件,占282千字节存储器、并且是从位置\\server1\folder2处获得。文档951B显示作者为Author 1,在22 December,2002(2002年12月22日)被修改,属于MicrosoftWord文件,占206千字节存储器,物理上存储在My Documents\folder1处。文档951A和951B的位置还说明本发明的虚拟文件夹可包含来自不同物理位置的项目,如以下将具体描述。
图35所示是一种创建新库的例程960的流程图。参考图10,库的一个例子是上述的文档库。一般而言,库由可相互关联的大组可用类型的文件组成。例如,相片可以是一个库,音乐可以是另一个库,而文档可以是又一个库。各个库提供涉及特定类型的项目的工具和行为。例如,在相片库中,有涉及操纵相片的工具和过滤器,诸如用于创建幻灯片或共享图片的工具等。如图35中所示,在框962,创建要包括具有所选择的特性的项目的新库。在框964,所选择的项目被分组到库中。在框966,提供涉及所选择的项目特性、或涉及其它合乎需要的功能的工具和/或动作。
图36所示是示出各种可用库的集合的屏幕显示。如图36中所示,这些库包括文档库971、相片和视频库972、音乐库973、消息库974、联系人库975、及电视和电影库976、以及所有项目库977。所有项目库977显示为包括275个项目,这是来自所有其它库的项目合起来的总数。信息行644指示共计275个项目,总共占700兆字节存储器。应当注意,文档库971是以上关于图10所描述的库。
图37所示是一种用于定义虚拟文件夹集合范围的例程990的流程图。如以下将具体描述,虚拟文件夹系统能够表示来自多个物理位置(例如,不同的硬盘驱动器、不同的计算机、不同的网络位置、等等)的项目,从而对于用户来说,所有这些项目都可轻易访问。例如,可在单个显示上向用户呈现来自多个物理位置的音乐文件,并且用户能够同时操纵这些文件。
如图37中所示,在框992,定义了可从哪些物理位置取项目的范围。在框994,响应于某个查询,如该范围中所定义地从物理位置取项目。在框996,在单个显示上呈现该查询所取的所有项目。
图38所示是可构成虚拟文件夹集合的范围的各种源的框图。如图38中所示,系统1000可包括当前计算机1010、另一个计算机1020、外部和可移动存储1030、和网络上的位置1040。整个范围1001描述成包括从其取用户的项目来创建集合的所有位置。该范围可由用户设置和修改。如以上所提及,其它附图已示意项目可来自不同的物理位置,诸如图34示出来自某个服务器和当前计算机上的MyDocuments文件夹的不同文档,在图18中示出物理上存储在多个位置的物理文件夹。
图39所示是一种用于将非文档项目包括到虚拟文件夹集合中的例程1080的流程图。非文档项目是对比于通常存储在物理文件存储器上的文件项目而言的。非文档项目的例子可以是诸如电子邮件或联系人等事物。如图39中所示,在框1082,利用数据库来将非文档项目随可能受到查询搜索的文件项目包括在一起。在框1084,响应于某个查询,同时取非文档项目和文件项目两者来匹配该查询。在框1086,匹配该查询的非文档项目和文件项目两者同时在显示上呈现。
图40所示是显示各种非文档项目的屏幕显示。如图40中所示,项目已被过滤成包括“John”的项目。这些项目显示为包括联系人项目1101、电子邮件项目1102、和文档项目1103和1104。联系人项目1101和电子邮件项目1102是非文档项目。本系统允许此类非文档项目与常规文件项目包括在一起,从而它们可由用户按需要进行组织和操纵。如以上关于图2所述,此类非文档项目可完整包含在关系型数据库230内,而关系型数据库在其它情况下包括关于文件属性的信息。
尽管示意并描述了本发明较佳的实施例,可以理解可在本发明中作出各种修改而不会偏离本发明的精神和范围。

Claims (47)

1.在具有显示器和用于存储项目的存储器的计算机系统中,所述项目具有相关联的元数据属性,一种向用户展示所述项目的方法,所述方法包括:
提供一存储有项目的元数据属性的数据库;
选择第一元数据属性,其中所述第一元数据属性描述至少一个项目的至少一部分,所述至少一个项目包括文件或文件夹;
基于所述第一元数据属性从所述数据库中搜索具有所选择的第一元数据属性的项目;以及
在文件系统用户界面中提供表示具有所述第一元数据属性的项目集合的第一虚拟文件夹显示对象,其中所述第一虚拟文件夹显示对象展示所述项目而不管所述项目的物理位置。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述虚拟文件夹显示对象被表示为栈。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,选择第二元数据属性以在所述第一虚拟文件夹内创建第二虚拟文件夹,所述创建第二虚拟文件夹是通过进一步搜索所述第一虚拟文件夹中的项目以判定它们是否具有所述第二元数据属性来实现的,所述第二虚拟文件夹表示所述第一虚拟文件夹内具有所述第二元数据属性的项目。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,在所述显示器上提供多个虚拟文件夹显示对象,每个虚拟文件夹显示对象表示具有一所选择的元数据属性的项目的集合。
5.如权利要求4所述的方法,其特征在于,所述多个项目物理上还存储在物理文件夹中。
6.如权利要求5所述的方法,其特征在于,用户可选择查看所述物理文件夹。
7.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,还包括选择另一个元数据属性以添加到项目中。
8.如权利要求7所述的方法,其特征在于,将另一个元数据属性添加到项目中还使所述项目被添加到一基于该另一个元数据属性的虚拟文件夹中。
9.如权利要求8所述的方法,其特征在于,所选择的元数据属性是一指定类别。
10.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述用户可通过对所述虚拟文件夹显示对象的直接操纵来对所述虚拟文件夹作出改变。
11.如权利要求10所述的方法,其特征在于,至少一类直接操纵包括点击和拖曳虚拟文件夹。
12.如权利要求11所述的方法,其特征在于,点击和拖曳可用于将所述项目从第一虚拟文件夹复制到第二虚拟文件夹,并且所述复制是至少部分地通过将所述第二虚拟文件夹的所选择的元数据属性添加到每个来自所述第一虚拟文件夹的项目来实现的。
13.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,在所述显示器上提供过滤器,用户可选择所述过滤器,以基于所述过滤器所指定的元数据属性来过滤项目。
14.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,在所述显示器上提供快捷链接,用户可选择所述快捷链接以查看一指定的项目集合。
15.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,提供库,所述库包括一项目集合和一组用于操纵所述库的项目的工具。
16.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述第一虚拟文件夹显示对象中的项目物理上可以存储在不同物理文件夹中。
17.如权利要求16所述的方法,其特征在于,所述不同的物理文件夹存储在包括当前计算机,以及不同的计算机、网络上的位置、和外部存储设备中的至少一个的不同物理位置中。
18.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述项目包括文件项目和非文档项目两者。
19.如权利要求18所述的方法,其特征在于,所述非文档项目包括合同或电子邮件中的至少一种。
20.一种用于显示项目的系统,所述系统包括:
用于提供一存储有项目的元数据属性的数据库的装置;
用于选择第一元数据属性的装置,其中所述第一元数据属性描述至少一个项目的至少一部分,所述至少一个项目包括文件或文件夹;
用于基于所述第一元数据属性从所述数据库中搜索具有所选择的第一元数据属性的项目的装置;以及
用于在文件系统用户界面中提供表示具有所述第一元数据属性的项目集合的第一虚拟文件夹显示对象的装置,其中所述第一虚拟文件夹显示对象展示所述项目而不管所述项目的物理位置。
21.如权利要求20所述的系统,其特征在于,还包括用于在所述第一虚拟文件夹内创建第二虚拟文件夹的装置。
22.如权利要求20所述的系统,其特征在于,还包括用于将另一元数据属性添加到项目中的装置。
23.如权利要求22所述的系统,其特征在于,用于将另一元数据属性添加到项目中的装置包括用于选择项目的元数据属性并输入新属性的装置。
24.如权利要求20所述的系统,其特征在于,还包括用于实现对第一虚拟文件夹显示对象进行直接操纵的装置。
25.如权利要求20所述的系统,其特征在于,还包括用于将来自不同物理文件夹的项目包括在对具有所选择的第一元数据属性的项目的搜索中的装置。
26.如权利要求25所述的系统,其特征在于,所述不同的物理文件夹存储在不同的物理位置中。
27.如权利要求20所述的系统,其特征在于,还包括用于同时将文件项目和非文档项目两者包括在对具有所选择的第一元数据属性的项目的搜索中的装置。
28.一种向用户展示存储在存储器中的项目的系统,所述项目具有元数据属性,其特征在于,包含:
从用户获得查询的文件夹处理器,所述查询包括用户所选择的元数据属性;
用于存储关于项目的信息的关系型数据库,所述信息包括项目的元数据属性;以及
其中:
所述文件夹处理器从用户获得查询并将所述查询传递给所述关系型数据库;
所述关系型数据库将具有所选择的元数据属性的项目作为结果返回给所述文件夹处理器;以及
基于来自所述关系型数据库的结果,所述文件夹处理器将所述结果作为虚拟文件夹提供给用户,其中所述虚拟文件夹展示所述项目而不管所述项目的物理位置。
29.如权利要求28所述的方法,其特征在于,所述查询是注册表中所标识的默认查询。
30.如权利要求28所述的方法,其特征在于,所述查询是从决定改变所述虚拟文件夹视图的枢纽的用户处获得的。
31.如权利要求28所述的方法,其特征在于,传递给所述数据库的查询包括由所述文件夹处理器构造的数据库查询对象。
32.如权利要求28所述的方法,其特征在于,返回给所述文件夹处理器的结果包括数据库行和列。
33.如权利要求28所述的方法,其特征在于,在从所述数据库接收所述结果之后,所述文件夹处理器取所述结果并将其转换成一枚举结构。
34.如权利要求33所述的方法,其特征在于,所述枚举结构用于以所得的虚拟文件夹来填充显示。
35.一种用于显示项目的系统,所述项目具有元数据属性,其特征在于,包括:
文件夹处理器装置;
关系型数据库装置;
其中:
所述文件夹处理器装置从用户获得查询并将所述查询传递给所述关系型数据库,所述查询包括用户所选择的元数据属性;
所述关系型数据库装置将具有所选择的元数据属性的项目作为结果返回给所述文件夹处理器;以及
基于来自所述关系型数据库装置的结果,所述文件夹处理器装置将所述结果作为虚拟文件夹提供给用户,其中所述虚拟文件夹展示所述项目而不管所述项目的物理位置。
36.如权利要求35所述的系统,其特征在于,所述文件夹处理器装置还包括用于提供数据库行和列作为返回给所述文件夹处理器的结果的装置。
37.如权利要求35所述的系统,其特征在于,所述文件夹处理器装置还包括用于将来自所述数据库的结果转换成一枚举结构的装置。
38.如权利要求37所述的系统,其特征在于,还包括用于以得自所述枚举结构的虚拟文件夹来填充显示的装置。
39.在具有显示器和用于存储项目的存储器的计算机系统中,一种操纵项目的方法,其特征在于,包括:
根据权利要求1所述的方法将项目组表示为虚拟文件夹;以及
至少提供可被执行以对虚拟文件夹进行直接操纵的第一定义动作,其中,当执行所述第一定义动作时,所述虚拟文件夹如所执行的动作所指导地来操纵。
40.如权利要求39所述的方法,其特征在于,所述定义动作是点击和拖曳所述虚拟文件夹。
41.如权利要求40所述的方法,其特征在于,点击和拖曳第一虚拟文件夹到第二虚拟文件夹执行将所述第一虚拟文件夹的项目复制到所述第二虚拟文件夹中的功能。
42.如权利要求41所述的方法,其特征在于,项目在具有作为一虚拟文件夹的基础的所选择元数据属性的基础上,被包含在所述虚拟文件夹内,且将所述项目从第一虚拟文件夹复制到第二虚拟文件夹的动作至少部分地通过将所述第二虚拟文件夹的元数据属性添加到每个来自所述第一虚拟文件夹的项目中来实现。
43.如权利要求42所述的方法,其特征在于,添加到所述第一虚拟文件夹的项目中的元数据属性是类别。
44.一种用于操纵项目的系统,其特征在于,包括:
如权利要求20所述的系统,用于将项目组表示为虚拟文件夹;以及
用于为对所述虚拟文件夹的操纵而实现定义的直接操纵动作的装置。
45.如权利要求44所述的系统,其特征在于,用于实现直接操纵的装置包括用于实现对虚拟文件夹的点击和拖曳的装置。
46.如权利要求45所述的系统,其特征在于,点击和拖曳第一虚拟文件夹到第二虚拟文件夹执行将所述第一虚拟文件夹的项目复制到所述第二虚拟文件夹中的功能。
47.如权利要求46所述的系统,其特征在于,项目在具有作为一虚拟文件夹的基础的所选择元数据属性的基础上,被包含在所述虚拟文件夹内,且将所述项目从第一虚拟文件夹复制到第二虚拟文件夹的动作至少部分地通过将所述第二虚拟文件夹的元数据属性添加到每个来自所述第一虚拟文件夹的项目中来实现。
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US8117226B2 (en) 2012-02-14
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US20090171983A1 (en) 2009-07-02
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AU2003230422A1 (en) 2004-11-23
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