CN100594287C - 对加热的含烃地层流体进行就地氢化处理的方法 - Google Patents

对加热的含烃地层流体进行就地氢化处理的方法 Download PDF

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CN100594287C
CN100594287C CN02821042A CN02821042A CN100594287C CN 100594287 C CN100594287 C CN 100594287C CN 02821042 A CN02821042 A CN 02821042A CN 02821042 A CN02821042 A CN 02821042A CN 100594287 C CN100594287 C CN 100594287C
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斯科特·L·韦林顿
阿贾伊·M·马德加夫卡尔
罗伯特·C·瑞安
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Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij BV
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
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    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/16—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
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    • E21B43/24—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection
    • E21B43/243—Combustion in situ
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    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/30—Specific pattern of wells, e.g. optimizing the spacing of wells
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    • E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
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    • E21B47/0224—Determining slope or direction of the borehole, e.g. using geomagnetism using seismic or acoustic means
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    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
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    • G01V3/18—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation specially adapted for well-logging
    • G01V3/26—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation specially adapted for well-logging operating with magnetic or electric fields produced or modified either by the surrounding earth formation or by the detecting device
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
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    • Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
    • Y10T137/0318—Processes
    • Y10T137/0391—Affecting flow by the addition of material or energy

Abstract

本发明描述了一种在受热地层内对流体进行就地氢化处理的方法。该就地处理方法包括自一个或多个加热器给至少一部分地层提供热量；允许热量自一个或多个加热器传递给地层的一部分；给该地层部分提供流体；控制地层内该地层部分的温度和氢压力以对流体进行氢化处理；自地层中采出所得到的经氢化处理的流体；分离所采出的经氢化处理的流体；可将所得到产品例如氨转化为其它产品。

Description

对加热的含烃地层流体进行就地氢化处理的方法
技术领域
本发明一般涉及自各种含烃地层中开采出烃、氢气和/或其它产品的方法及系统。本发明一般涉及在对采出的流体进行进一步处理之前，从采自含烃地层的流体中分离出特定产品。
背景技术
自地下(例如，沉积的)地层中获取的烃常常用作能源、原料以及消费品。人们担心可用烃资源会耗尽以及采出烃的综合质量会下降，因此已转向研究能更有效地回收、处理和/或使用可用烃资源的方法。就地处理法可用以移出地下地层中的烃物质。可能需要改变地下地层中烃物质的化学和/或物理特性，以更容易地移除地下地层中的烃物质。该化学和物理变化包括地层内烃物质的就地反应以生成可移动流体、烃物质的成分变化、溶解性变化、密度变化、相位变化和/或粘度变化。该流体可以是但并不限于气体、液体、乳剂、泥浆和/或其流动特性类似于液体流的固体颗粒流。
自地下(例如，沉积)地层中获取的烃常常用作能源、原料以及消费品。人们担心可用烃资源会耗尽以及采出烃的综合质量会下降，因此已转向研究能更有效地回收、处理和/或使用可用烃资源的方法。就地处理法可用以移出地下地层中的烃物质。可能需要改变地下地层中烃物质的化学和/或物理特性，以更容易地移除地下地层中的烃物质。该化学和物理变化包括地层内烃物质的就地反应以生成可移动流体、烃物质的成分变化、溶解性变化、密度变化、相位变化和/或粘度变化。该流体可以是但并不限于气体、液体、乳剂、泥浆和/或其流动特性类似于液体流的固体颗粒流。
为研究自含烃地层中经济地开采出烃、氢气和/或其它产品的方法及系统，人们已经投出了大量精力。但目前仍然存在许多含烃地层，这些含烃地层中含有的烃、氢气和/或其它产品的经济价值低。因此，需要这样一种方法，该方法将烃和/或其它产品改良为较高经济价值的流体。
发明内容
在一种实施例中，在地层内就地转换含烃地层(例如，含有煤、油页岩、重烃或其组合的地层)内的烃，以获取较高质量的烃产品、氢气和/或其它产品的混合物。利用一个或多个加热器将部分含烃地层加热至烃可以热解的温度。经由一个或多个开采井移出地层内的烃、氢气及其它地层流体。在某些实施例中，所移除的地层流体为气相。在其它实施例中，所移除的地层流体为液相及气相或者为液相。在热解过程中控制至少一部分地层内的温度和压力，以自该地层内获取改良产品。
在某些实施例中，就地氢化处理受热地层内的流体。就地处理包括给地层的选定部分提供流体。就地处理包括控制地层选定部分内的H2分压。通过给部分地层提供氢气来控制H2分压。控制该部分地层内的温度，使得温度维持在大约200℃至大约450℃的范围内。在该部分地层内氢化处理至少一些流体。自地层内采出包括经氢化处理的流体在内的混合物。采出混合物包括重量比小于大约1％的氨气。采出混合物包括重量比小于大约1％的硫化氢。采出混合物包括重量比小于大约1％的氧化化合物。控制加热操作以使采出混合物为气相。
在一个实施例中，就地氢化处理受热地层内化合物的方法包括控制地层选定部分内的H2分压，使得该地层选定部分内存在足够的H2以进行氢化处理。该方法还包括至少给地层的选定部分提供进行氢化处理的化合物，以及自这样一种地层内采出混合物，该地层包含至少一些经氢化处理的化合物。
在一个实施例中，从自含烃地层就地采出的流体中分离出氨的方法包括自采出流体中分离出至少一部分氨。在某些实施例中，对自地层采出的流体进行氢化处理以生成氨。在某些实施例中，可将氨转换为其它产品。
附图说明
利用以下对优选实施例的详细描述并参照附图，本发明的优点对本领域技术人员而言将变得明显，其中：
图1表示对含烃地层进行加热的阶段示意图。
图2表示对含烃地层进行处理的一种就地转换系统实施例的一部分的示意图。
图3表示位于含烃地层内的加热井的一种实施例。
图4表示用以采出及分离氨的一种表面处理构造实施例的示意图。
图5表示用以就地采出氨的一种表面处理构造实施例的示意图。
图6表示用以合成尿素的一种表面处理构造实施例的示意图。
图7表示用以合成硫酸铵的一种表面处理构造实施例的示意图。
尽管附图中以例子形式表示了本发明的特定实施例，并在此详细描述了本发明的特定实施例，但可对本发明作出各种改变以得到各种可供选择的形式。附图并不是等比例的。应认识到的是，附图及其详细说明并不意味着将本发明限定为所公开的特定形式，相反，本发明覆盖了落在所附权利要求书限定的本发明实质与范围内的全部变形、等效方案及可供选择的方案。
具体实施方式
以下说明书一般涉及对含烃地层(例如，含有煤(包括褐煤、腐泥煤等)、油页岩、碳质页岩、不纯石墨、油母质、沥青、原油、低渗透性母岩内的油母质和原油、重烃、沥青岩、天然矿物蜡的地层，油母质阻碍开采其它烃的地层等)进行处理的系统和方法。对这种地层进行处理以得到较高质量的烃产品、氢气及其它产品。
“烃”通常被定义为主要由碳原子和氢原子构成的分子。烃还可包括其它成分，例如但不限于卤素、金属元素、氮、氧和/或硫。
“地层”包括一层或多层含烃层、一层或多层非烃层、上盖地层和/或下伏地层。“上盖地层”和/或“下伏地层”包括一种或多种不同类型的非渗透性物质。例如，上盖地层和/或下伏地层可以包括岩石、页岩、泥岩、或者湿/致密碳酸盐(即，不含烃的非渗透性碳酸盐)。在就地转换处理的几种实施例中，上盖地层和/或下伏地层包括一层或多层含烃层，该含烃层相对不能渗透，且不会受到就地转换处理过程中温度的影响而使该上盖地层和/或下伏地层的含烃层发生明显的特性变化。例如，上盖地层可以包括页岩或泥岩。在某些情况中，上盖地层和/或下伏地层稍微可以渗透。
“热源”指主要通过传导和/或辐射热传递给至少地层的一部分提供热量的任何系统。例如，热源包括电热器，比如绝缘导体、细长件、和/或设置在管道内的导体。热源还包括通过在地层外部或内部燃烧燃料来产生热量的热源，例如表面燃烧器、井底气体燃烧器、无火焰分布燃烧器(flameless distributed combustors)、以及自然分布燃烧器。另外，在某些实施例中设想，利用其它能源供应该提供给一个或多个热源或在该一个或多个热源内生成的热量。该其它能源可直接加热地层、或者将能量供给传递介质而该传递介质直接或间接地加热地层。应认识到的是，给地层提供热量的一个或多个热源可以采用不同的能源。例如，对于某种给定地层，某些热源可供应来自电阻加热器的热量，某些热源可提供来自燃烧器的热量，以及某些热源可提供来自一个或多个其它能源(例如，化学反应、太阳能、风能、生物燃料、或其它可再生能源)的热量。化学反应包括放热反应(例如，氧化反应)。热源包括给加热位置附近的某个区域和/或围绕该加热位置的某个区域提供热量的加热器，例如加热器井。
“加热器”是在井内或井孔区域附近产生热量的任何系统。加热器可以是但不限于电热器、燃烧炉、与地层内的物质或与由该地层生成的物质发生反应的燃烧器(例如，自然分布燃烧器)、和/或它们的组合。“热源单元”指形成一种模板的大量热源，重复该模板以在地层内形成一种热源布局。
“可冷凝烃”是在25℃以及一个大气绝对压力下可冷凝的烃。可冷凝烃包括碳原子数目大于4的烃的混合物。“不可冷凝烃”是在25℃以及一个大气绝对压力下不可冷凝的烃。不可冷凝烃包括碳原子数目小于5的烃。
“改良”指提高烃的质量。例如，对重烃进行改良可使得重烃的API比重增大。
采用各种方法对地层内的烃进行处理以采出若干不同产品。在某些实施例中，分阶段地对这种地层进行处理。图1说明对含烃地层进行加热的几个阶段。图1还表示了含烃地层内地层流体产量(桶油当量/吨)(y轴)相对于地层温度(℃)(x轴)的比较例子。
在第1阶段的加热操作过程中，解吸甲烷并蒸发水。尽可能迅速地执行对地层的第1阶段加热操作。例如，在最初加热含烃地层时，地层内的烃将释放出被吸附的甲烷。被解吸的甲烷可自地层中采出。如果进一步加热含烃地层，该含烃地层内的水会蒸发。在某些含烃地层内，水会占据该地层内大约10％至大约50％之间的孔隙空间。在其它地层中，水会占据更多或更小部分的孔隙空间。地层内的水通常在大约6绝对巴至70绝对巴的压力下以及大约160℃至大约285℃之间的温度下蒸发。在某些实施例中，在就地转换处理过程中维持地层内的压力在大约2绝对巴至大约70绝对巴之间。在某些实施例中，蒸发水可使地层的润湿性发生变化和/或增大地层压力。润湿性变化和/或压力增大会影响地层内的热解反应或其它反应。在某些实施例中，蒸发水可自地层中采出。在其它实施例中，蒸发水用于地层内或地层外的蒸气提取和/或蒸馏。移除地层内的水并增大地层内的孔隙空间，可增大该孔隙空间中用于烃的储存空间。
在第1阶段加热操作之后，进一步加热地层，使该地层温度(至少)到达初始热解温度(例如，第2阶段所示温度范围最下端的温度)。经由整个第2阶段热解地层内的烃。热解温度范围依据地层内的烃类型而变。热解温度范围可为大约250℃至大约900℃之间的温度。用于开采预期产品的热解温度范围可仅延伸整个热解温度范围的一部分。在某些实施例中，用于开采预期产品的热解温度范围为大约250℃至大约400℃之间的温度。如果经由自大约250℃至大约400℃的温度范围缓慢升高地层内的烃温度，当温度到达400℃时，可基本完成热解产品的开采。利用多个热源对含烃地层进行加热，可形成围绕该热源的热梯度，该热源经由热解温度范围缓慢升高地层内的烃温度。
在某些就地转换实施例中，可以不经由自大约250℃至大约400℃的整个温度范围缓慢升高进行热解的烃的温度。而是将地层内的烃加热至预期温度(例如，大约325℃)。也可选择其它温度作为预期温度。来自热源的热量允许在地层内迅速且高效地实现预期温度。调节自热源输入地层内的能量，以维持地层温度基本上处于预期温度。维持烃基本上处于预期温度直至热解减退，热解减退使得自该地层采出预期地层流体变得不经济。
热源布局包括多个热源单元。热源布局内可具有若干受热部分即若干选定部分。在某些实施例中，提供较大的热源间隔，以使烃物质的加热速率较缓慢。缓慢的加热速率允许在烃物质热解的同时，远离热源附近区域的地层内焦化最小或者没有焦化。来自热源的热量允许选定部分到达热解温度，使该选定部分内的全部烃都可进行热解反应。在某些就地转换实施例中，绝大多数热解流体从距离热源大约0m至大约25m范围内的选定部分中采出。
依据多种因素改变热源之间的间距。这些因素包括但不限于：含烃地层的种类、选定的加热速率、和/或受热部分内将要获得的预定平均温度。在某些井布局实施例中，热源之间的间距在大约5m至大约25m的范围内。在某些井布局实施例中，热源之间的间距在大约8m至大约15m的范围内。
热量由设置在敞开井孔(open wellbore)内的加热器生成。所生成的热量辐射加热该加热器附近的含烃地层部分。利用敞开的完并孔(a open wellbore completion)，可减少与利用某种材料填充开口以提供绝缘导体与地层之间传导热传递相关的封装和包装费用。另外，利用地层内辐射的热传递比利用地层内传导的热传递更有效，这样利用辐射热传递可在较低温度下操作加热器。在较低温度下操作能够延长热源的寿命和/或减小形成热源所需要的材料成本。
如图2所示，除热源100以外，含烃地层部分内通常还设置有一个或多个开采井102。地层流体经由开采井102采出。在某些实施例中，开采井102包括热源。该热源加热开采井处或其附近的部分地层，并允许气相移除地层流体。减少或避免需要自开采井高温抽运流体。避免或限制高温抽运流体可极大地减小开采成本。给开采井提供热量或经由该开采井提供热量可以：(1)防止开采流体在上盖地层附近的开采井内移动时冷凝和/或回流，(2)增大输入地层内的热量，和/或(3)增大开采井处或其附近地层的渗透性。在某些就地转换处理实施例中，供应给开采井的热量远远少于供应给用以加热地层的热源的热量。
由于受热地层的渗透性和/或孔隙度增大，采出蒸气在较低压差下流过地层内相当长的距离。渗透性增大是由于水的蒸发、烃的移除和/或裂口的生成而使受热部分质量减小所导致的。在某些实施例中，开采井可设置在烃层的上部。
图3表示一种含烃层104的实施例，该含烃层104相对于上地面106成近似水平角。但是，含烃层104的角度可以改变。例如，含烃层104可以倾斜或急剧倾斜。如图3所示，开采井102在利用加热井110加热的受热部分108的顶部附近伸入含烃地层内。开采井伸入受热烃层内的深度不需要相当深。
含烃地层内产生的流体作为蒸气经由该含烃地层移动相当长的距离。该相当长距离取决于多种因素(例如，地层的渗透性、流体性质、地层温度、以及允许流体移动的压力梯度)，其可超过1000m。由于进行就地转换的地层的渗透性增大以及地层流体的移除，仅需要每隔一个热源单元或每三个、四个、五个或六个热源单元设置开采井。
在就地处理过程中，操纵开采井使该开采井的压力低于地层其它部分的压力。在某些实施例中，在开采井处抽真空。维持开采井处于较低压力下可防止地层内的流体移至就地处理区域的外部。
某些实施例包括控制提供给至少一部分地层的热量，从而基本上阻止自该部分内采出不怎么需要的产品。控制提供给至少一部分地层的热量还能够提高地层内的渗透均匀性。例如，在某些实施例中，为防止采出不怎么需要的产品，控制对地层的加热操作包括控制加热速率至每天少于预定量(例如，10℃，5℃，3℃，1℃，0.5℃或0.1℃)。
基本均匀地加热含烃地层可使渗透性基本均匀的提高。例如，均匀的加热操作将在受热部分内生成一系列基本均匀的裂口，该裂口是由于地层内产生的热应力所导致的。基本均匀的加热操作将以一种基本均匀的方式自该部分生成热解流体。由于蒸发和开采所移除的水可导致受热部分的渗透性增大。除了由于热应力而生成裂口之外，由于流体压力增大也会生成裂口。由于受热部分内生成流体，因而该受热部分内的流体压力也增大。当该流体压力达到受热部分的静岩压力时，就产生裂口。基本均匀的加热操作以及基本均匀地生成流体，可在受热部分内基本均匀地生成裂口。在某些实施例中，含烃地层受热部分的渗透性变化不大于10倍左右。
用于在渗透性较低的地层内处理重烃的某些实施例包括：自一个或多个热源提供热量以热解一些重烃，然后蒸发一部分重烃。热源可热解地层选定部分内的至少一些重烃，并给该选定部分的至少一部分加压。在加热过程中，地层内的压力基本上增大。控制地层内的压力，从而为采出一种预期成分的流体而维持该地层内的压力。利用由于加热地层所产生的负压，经由一个或多个加热井移出地层内的气相热解流体。
在烃热解之后，地层内仍然存在大量碳和一些氢气。地层内残留的绝大部分碳可以合成气体的形式自地层内采出。合成气体生成发生在图1所示的第3阶段加热操作过程中。第3阶段包括加热含烃地层至足以生成合成气体的温度。例如，可在大约400℃至大约1200℃的温度范围内采出合成气体。
图2表示对含烃地层进行处理的一种就地转换系统实施例的一部分的示意图。热源100设置在至少一部分含烃地层内。热源100包括例如：绝缘导体一类的电热器、导体位于管道内的加热器(conductor-in-conduit heaters)、表面燃烧器、无火焰分布燃烧器(flameless distributed combustors)和/或自然分布燃烧器。热源100还可包括其它类型的加热器。热源100给至少一部分含烃地层提供热量。能量经由供给管路112供应给热源100。供给管路的构造依据给地层进行加热的一个或多个热源的种类而有所不同。用于热源的供给管路可为电热器输送电流、为燃烧器输送燃料、或者可以输送在地层内流通的热交换流体。
可以利用开采井102移出地层内的地层流体。自开采井102采出的地层流体经由收集管114输送至处理设备116。也可自热源100采出地层流体。例如，自热源100采出流体，以控制该热源附近的地层内的压力。自热源100采出的流体可经由导管或管路输送至收集管114，或者所采出流体经由导管或管路直接输送至处理设备116。处理设备116包括分离单元、反应单元、改良单元、燃料电池、涡轮机、储存容器及其它用于对所采出的地层流体进行处理的系统和单元。
一种用于对烃进行处理的就地转换系统包括阻挡井118。在某些实施例中，利用阻挡层来防止流体(例如，生成流体和/或地下水)移入和/或移出进行就地转换处理的一部分地层。阻挡层包括但不限于：本身存在的部分(例如，上盖地层和/或下伏地层)、冷冻井、冻结阻挡区、低温阻挡区、水泥浆井、硫井、排水井、注入井、由地层内生成的凝胶形成的阻挡层、由地层内的盐沉淀形成的阻挡层、由地层内的聚合反应形成的阻挡层、驱使其进入地层内的板状物、或它们的组合。
一种用于烃的就地转换处理包括给一部分含烃地层提供热量，以及控制受热部分的温度、温度升高速率和/或压力。通过改变供应给地层内热源的能量来控制受热部分的温度和/或温度升高速率。
在某些实施例中，设置有一条或多条管路，以给地层孔供应额外成分(例如，氮、二氧化碳、还原剂例如含有氢气的气体，等等)以排出流体和/或以控制压力。热源附近的地层压力倾向于最高。有利的是，在热源内提供压力控制设备。在某些实施例中，给热源附近添加还原剂，有助于提供一种更有利的热解环境(例如，较高的氢分压)。由于热源附近的渗透性和孔隙度增长较快，因此最好给热源附近添加还原剂，这样还原剂更易于移入地层内。
包括热解流体的地层流体可自地层内采出。热解流体包括但不限于：烃、氢气、二氧化碳、硫化氢、氨气、氮气、水、及它们的组合物。随着地层温度的升高，所采出的地层流体中可冷凝烃的数量越来越少。在高温下，主要自地层中采出甲烷和/或氢气。如果经由整个热解范围加热含烃地层，朝向该热解范围的上限，自地层中仅采出小量氢气。在可获得的全部氢气都提空之后，通常将自地层中采出最少量的液体。
在一种就地转换处理实施例中，利用受热地层来改良物质。被改良的物质自地层的相同部分采出、再流通、自其它地层采出或自相同地层的其它部分采出。
改良包括但不限于：改变产品的成分、沸点或凝固点。可被改良的物质例子包括但不限于：重烃、焦油、乳剂(例如，自砂中表面分离焦油的乳剂)、石脑油、沥青质和/或原油。在某些实施例中，表层采出焦油(surface mined tar)被注入地层内以进行改良。在将这种表层采出焦油提供给地层之前，可部分地处理、加热或乳化这种表面采出焦油。被改良物质可提供给地层的受热部分。在地层内改良该物质。例如，改良包括给地层受热部分提供API比重小于大约20°，15°，10°或5°的重烃。在该受热部分内裂化或蒸馏重烃。经改良的重烃具有大于20°左右(或者大于25°左右或者大于30°左右)的API比重。经改良的重烃中含有硫和/或氮的数量也减少。测量经改良烃的性质(例如，API比重或硫含量)，以确定烃的相对等级。
在一种就地转换处理实施例中，自受热地层内采出重烃。然后，该重烃可反向循环入相同地层中以进行改良。最后，自该地层中采出经改良产品。在另一种实施例中，自一个地层中采出重烃，然后在不同温度下以及在另一地层内改良该重烃。控制停留时间和地层温度，以生成预期产品。例如，自进行就地转换处理的沥青砂地层内最初采出的一部分流体是重烃，特别是在从沥青砂地层的含烃层内较深的深度处开采烃的情况下。所采出的重烃可经由热源或该热源附近被再次引入地层内，以便于改良该重烃。
在一个就地转换处理实施例中，在就地转换处理系统的受热地层内改良利用传统方法自地层中采出的原油。原油被提供给地层的受热部分以改良该原油。在某些实施例中，仅将原油的重馏分引入受热地层内。地层的受热部分能够提高所引入原油部分的质量和/或移除所引入原油部分内一些不需要的组分(例如，硫和/或氮)。
在某些实施例中，向注入受热地层的重烃内添加氢气或任何其它供氢流体。氢气或供氢体能够增强受热地层内重烃的裂化和改良。在某些实施例中，重烃与气体(例如，氢气或二氧化碳)被一起注入以增大和/或控制受热地层内的压力。
含烃地层的氢含量可极大影响着自地层中采出的烃流体成分。热解地层受热部分内的烃生成具有双键或游离基的烃流体。地层内的氢气可将双键还原为单键。并阻止所生成的地层流体相互反应和/或与地层内的其它组分反应。例如，将所生成烃流体的双键还原为单键，可减少所生成烃之间的聚合。这种聚合会减少采出流体的量，并可降低自地层中采出的流体质量。
地层内的氢能够中和所生成烃流体中的游离基。地层内存在的氢能够阻止烃碎片(hydrocarbon fragments)发生反应，这种反应将烃碎片转化为链节较短的烃流体。使烃流体成为气态。气态烃较易于经由地层移动至开采井。增大气相的烃流体，可显著降低自地层选定部分内采出不怎么需要产品的可能性。
地层内缺乏键和自由氢会负面影响自该地层中采出的流体数量和质量。如果本身存在的氢过少，那么就需要向地层内添加氢或其它还原流体。
在一个就地转换处理实施例中，地层的受热部分作为氢化处理区。控制一部分地层的温度和压力，使氢化处理区内存在氢分子。例如，在高温下操纵热源或选定热源以产生氢气和焦炭。由该热源或选定热源生成的氢气扩散到氢化处理区内或者依靠开采井产生的压力梯度被抽入氢化处理区内。通过控制该热源或选定热源的温度来控制氢分子的数量。在某些实施例中，将氢气或产生氢气的流体(例如，被引导经过高温区或其附近的烃)引入地层内以给氢化处理区提供氢气。
在一个就地转换处理实施例中，给氢化处理区提供一种或多种化合物以氢化处理该一种或多种化合物。在某些实施例中，该一种或多种化合物利用天然碳氢化合物的热解反应在地层内生成。在其它实施例中，该一种或多种化合物被引入氢化处理区。可用于氢化处理的化合物例子包括但不限于：氧化剂、石蜡、含有氮的碳化合物、含有硫的碳化合物、原油、合成原油、沥青、烃混合物、和/或它们的组合物。
对受热地层进行氢化处理与传统氢化处理相比具有若干优点。受热储集层作为一种较大的氢化处理单元提供了一个较大的反应器容积，在该反应器容积内对物质进行氢化处理。氢化处理条件允许反应在较低的氢分压和/或较低的温度下进行(例如，小于从大约0.007巴至大约1.4巴或者从大约0.14巴至大约0.7巴的氢分压和/或从大约200℃到大约450℃或者从大约200℃到大约250℃)。地层内的焦化产生用于氢化处理的氢气。尽管产生焦炭，但这种焦化不会导致地层产量的降低，因为储集层具有较大的孔隙空间。
与市场上可获得的氢化处理催化剂相比，受热地层对氢化处理具有较低的催化活性。这种地层提供长停留时间、大容积以及大表面积，使得即使在较低的催化活性下处理也很经济。某些地层中存在金属。这些本身存在的金属可被合入焦炭中，并在氢化处理过程中提供一些催化活性。优选的，不需要监测在氢化处理区内生成或引入氢化处理区内的蒸气中是否存在催化剂的钝化剂或破坏剂。
在一个实施例中，自就地氢化处理区中采出的氢化处理产品包括烃混合物和无机混合物。所采出产品依据例如所提供的化合物而变。经由就地氢化处理采出的产品例子包括但不限于：烃、氨气、硫化氢、水或它们的混合物。在某些实施例中，氨气、硫化氢和/或氧化化合物占采出产品的重量比小于大约40％。
在处理过程中自含烃地层中采出的地层流体包括不同组分的混合物。为提高自地层中生成产品的经济价值，利用各种处理工艺对地层流体进行处理。用于处理地层流体的工艺包括：蒸馏(例如，常压蒸馏、分馏和/或真空蒸馏)、冷凝(例如，分级冷凝)、裂化(例如，热裂化、催化裂化、液体床催化裂化、加氢裂化、渣油加氢裂化和/或蒸汽裂化)、重整(例如，热重整、催化重整和/或氢蒸汽重整)、氢化、焦化、溶剂萃取、溶剂脱腊、聚合(例如，催化聚合和/或催化异构化)、减粘裂化、烷化、异构化、脱沥青、加氢脱硫、催化脱腊、脱盐、萃取(例如，苯酚或其它芳香族化合物等)和/或汽提。
地层流体可在生成并采出该地层流体的第一就地处理区域内受到处理、在进行特定处理工艺的第二处理区域内受到处理、和/或在表面处理单元内受到处理。“表面处理单元”是用于在表面处对至少一部分地层流体进行处理的一种单元。表面处理单元包括但不限于：反应器(例如，氢化单元、焦化单元、氨生成单元、肥料生成单元和/或氧化单元)、分离单元(例如，空气分离单元、液液萃取单元、吸附单元、吸收器、氨回收和/或生成单元、气/液分离单元、蒸馏塔、反应蒸馏塔和/或冷凝单元)、再沸腾单元、热交换器、泵、导管、储存单元、和/或能量产生单元(例如，燃料电池和/或燃气涡轮)。串联、并行和/或串并结合采用的多个表面处理单元称为地面设备构造。地面设备构造可依据地层流体的成分和要生成的产品而发生显著变化。
地面设备构造可与各种表面处理系统的处理工艺相结合以生成多种产品。就地生成的产品随着本地和/或全球的市场行情、地层性质、地层附近的购买者、和/或可获取的原料而变。所生成产品可在现场使用、输送至其它位置以供使用、和/或出售给购买者。
用于表面处理单元的原料可在处理区域和/或表面处理单元内生成。“原料”是含有至少一种处理工艺所需要组分的流体。原料包括但不限于：地层流体、合成冷凝物、气流、水流、气馏分、轻馏分、中间馏分、重馏分、蒸馏残渣、石脑油馏分、喷气燃料馏分、柴油馏分、和/或含有特定组分的馏分(例如，中心馏分、含有苯酚的馏分等)。某些实施例中，在原料进入表面处理单元之前，对该原料进行氢化处理。例如，用于对合成冷凝物进行氢化处理的一种氢化处理单元可生成硫化氢，该硫化氢用在肥料例如硫酸铵的合成中。选择性的，在地层流体进入表面处理单元之前，移除该地层流体中的一种或多种组分(例如，重金属)。
可供选择的实施例中，在表面处理单元的表面处生成用于就地转换处理的原料。例如，在表面处理单元内自地层流体中分离出氢气流，然后将该氢气流提供给就地处理区域以促进改良产品的生成。此外，可将原料注入处理区域内以储存作将来使用。选择性的，原料储存在表面上的存储单元内。
通过控制处理区域内和/或一个或多个表面处理单元内的条件来改变所生成产品的成分。处理区域内和/或一个或多个表面处理单元内的条件影响着产品成分，该条件包括但不限于：平均温度、流体压力、H2分压、温度梯度、地层物质的成分、加热速率、以及进入处理区域和/或表面处理单元的流体成分。存在若干不同的地面设备构造以用于自地层流体合成和/或分离特定组分。
控制地层条件以控制采出流体的氢压力，可提高采出流体的质量。在某些实施例中，可取的是控制地层条件以使开采井处测量的采出流体的氢分压大于0.5绝对巴左右。
在一个实施例中，加热一部分含烃地层以增大H2分压。在某些实施例中，H2分压增大至大约0.5巴至大约7巴的范围内。选择性的，H2分压增大至大约5巴至大约7巴的范围内。例如，在大约5巴至大约7巴的H2分压范围内，可采出绝大多数烃流体。热解H2分压范围内的H2分压范围可以依据例如地层受热部分的温度和压力而变化。
维持地层内的H2分压大于大气压强能够提高所采出的可冷凝烃流体的API值。维持增大的H2分压，能够将所采出的可冷凝烃流体的API值提高至大于25°左右，或者在某些情况下大于30°左右。维持含烃地层受热部分的增大H2分压，可增大该受热部分内的H2浓度。H2能够与烃的热解组分反应。H2与烃的热解组分反应会减少烯族烃与高粘重质原油的聚合以及交联，这种聚合和交联会使得难以改良产品。由此，可防止生成API比重值小的烃流体。
就地转换处理能在地层内生成相当数量的H2和烃流体。在地层内生成氢，同时地层内的压力足以迫使氢气在该地层内转换为液态，这就能够在地层内创造一种还原环境，而不需要向该地层内加入还原流体(例如，H2和/或不可冷凝的饱合烃)。可分离自地层中采出的地层流体中的氢气组分，并用作预期目的。该预期目的包括但不限于：燃料电池的燃料、燃烧器的燃料、和/或用于表面氢化处理单元的原料流。
在一种实施例中，一种就地处理含烃地层的方法包括：当地层的选定部分处于或经受特定条件时，向该选定部分添加氢气。例如，经由位于选定部分内或其附近的加热井或开采井添加氢气。由于氢气有时会相对供应不足(或者制造或获取较昂贵)，因此当地层条件能够最佳地使用所添加氢气时，添加氢气。例如，将从进行合成气体生成的一部分地层内采出的氢气加入进行热解的一部分地层内。加入地层热解部分内的氢气能够促使形成脂肪族化合物而防止形成烯烃族化合物，烯烃族化合物会降低自地层中采出的烃流体的质量。
在某些实施例中，在地层平均温度达到热解温度之后(例如，当选定部分至少为270℃左右时)，向选定部分内添加氢气。在某些实施例中，当平均温度至少达到290℃，320℃，375℃或者400℃左右时，向选定部分内添加氢气。在地层平均温度达到大约400℃之前，向选定部分内添加氢气。某些实施例中，在平均温度达到大约300℃或大约325℃之前，向选定部分内添加氢气。
通过向地层选定部分选择性地添加氢气能够控制该地层的平均温度。加入地层内的氢气会发生放热反应。放热反应可加热地层，从而减少需要自热源供应给地层的能量。在某些实施例中，向地层选定部分加入一定量的氢气，以使该地层的平均温度不超过400℃左右。
可利用阀来维持、改变和/或控制含烃地层受热部分内的压力。例如，设置在含烃地层内的热源可与阀连接。该阀能够经由热源释放来自地层的流体。另外，压力阀可与含烃地层内的开采井连接。在某些实施例中，收集利用阀释放的流体，并将它们输送至表面单元以进行进一步的加工和/或处理。
在传统处理工艺中，自地层中采出的烃流体被分离为至少两股流体，包括气流和合成冷凝流。气流包含一种或多种组分，可利用一个或多个表面处理单元将该气流进一步分离为组分流。
可在地层流体分离为气流和液烃冷凝流之前氢化处理该地层流体。选择性的，可在进一步分离为组分流之前，在单独的氢化处理单元内氢化处理气流和/或液烃冷凝流。“合成冷凝物”是冷凝的地层流体的液体组分。
对流体进行氢化处理会改变该流体的若干性质。氢化处理能够增大流体和/或流体体积内烃的氢含量。此外，氢化处理能够减少流体中杂原子例如氧、氮或硫原子的含量。例如，在氢化处理过程中自流体中移除的氮可被转化为氨。所移除的硫可被转化为硫化氢。用于氢化处理单元的原料包括但不限于：地层流体和/或在表面处理单元内生成或分离的任何流体(例如，合成冷凝物、轻馏分、中间馏分、重馏分、蒸馏残渣、中心馏分、裂解汽油、和/或在烯烃生产工厂处生成的分子氢)。
就地转换处理过程中会生成氨。热解阶段过程中，可由烃物质中存在的某些氮就地生成氨。还可由含烃物质内存在的某些硫，在地层内生成硫化氢。就地生成的氨和硫化氢可溶解在由地层流体凝结的水中。
在某些实施例中，当对流体进行氢化处理时，自烃内存在的氮形成氨。图4表示了一种表面处理单元的构造，该单元可从自地层内采出的水中分离出氨和其它气体。地层流体124在井头126处分离为气流128、合成冷凝物130和水流132。气体处理单元134将气流128分离为气体混合物136、轻烃混合物138和/或氢馏分140。气体混合物136包括但不限于：硫化氢、二氧化碳和/或氨气。气体混合物136可与水流132混合以形成水成混合物142。水成混合物142流入汽提单元144，在这里该水成混合物142分离为氨流146和水成混合物148。水成混合物148流入汽提单元144’，在这里该水成混合物148分离为气流150和水流152。可以水溶液或者无水形式储存氨流146。选择性的，将氨流146提供给需要氨的表面处理单元，例如，尿素合成单元或硫酸铵合成单元。合成冷凝物130可流至氢化处理单元154以形成含氨流146’和经氢化处理的合成冷凝物156。在含氨流146’进入汽提单元144之前，其可与水流132混合。
在某些实施例中，利用图5所示氨合成工艺可在表面处理单元内就地生成氨。空气流160流至空气分离单元162以自该空气流160分离出氮流164和气流166。利用热交换器168加热该氮流164以形成受热氮原料140’，然后该受热氮原料140’流入氨生成单元172。氢馏分140’流至氨生成单元172以与氮流164反应从而形成氨流174。就地处理工艺或表面处理工艺过程中生成的氨可储存在水溶液中或者作为无水氨储存。在某些情况中，可商业销售任一种形式的氨。选择性的，就地采用氨以生成具有商业价值的大量不同产品(例如，硫酸铵或尿素一类的肥料)。肥料产品可提高用于处理地层的处理系统的经济生存能力。肥料产品的母体可就地生成或在地面设备内处理地层流体时生成。
就地处理过程中或在表面处理单元处的处理过程中生成的氨和二氧化碳可用于生成用作肥料的尿素，如图6所示，氨流174和二氧化碳流176在尿素生成单元178内反应以形成尿素流180。
如图7所示，通过在表面处理单元内处理地层流体来生成硫酸铵。井孔126将地层流体124分离为不可冷凝烃流体182与合成冷凝物130的混合物。利用分离单元184将不可冷凝烃流体182分离为氢气流140’、硫化氢流186、甲烷流188、二氧化碳流178’以及不可冷凝烃流体182’。
硫化氢流186可流至氧化单元190，以将其转化为硫酸流192。在某些实施例中，还经由硫化氢流186’给氧化单元190提供额外的硫化氢。在某些实施例中，自氢化处理单元提供硫化氢流186’。该氢化处理单元可以是位于处理系统不同部分内或不同构造处理系统的一部分内的一种地面设备。氨流174和硫酸流192可流入肥料合成单元194以生成硫酸铵流196。选择性的，可商业销售在氧化单元内生成的一部分硫酸。
在某些实施例中，利用地层处理过程中生成的氨来制造碳酸铵、碳酸氢铵、氨基甲酸铵和/或尿素。分离出的氨可提供给含有二氧化碳的流体(例如，自地层流体中分离出的合成气体和/或二氧化碳)，以使该分离出的氨与流体中的二氧化碳反应，从而生成碳酸铵、碳酸氢铵、氨基甲酸铵和/或尿素。按照这种方式利用分离出的氨，能够减少处理工艺所释放的二氧化碳。可将碳酸铵、碳酸氢铵、氨基甲酸铵和/或尿素商业出售给本地市场以供使用(例如，作为肥料或制造肥料的原料)。碳酸铵、碳酸氢铵、氨基甲酸铵和/或尿素可捕获或螯合地质地层内的二氧化碳。
鉴于本说明书，本发明各个方面的进一步改变和可供选择的实施例对本领域技术人员而言将变得明显。相应的，本说明书应被认为仅是示意性的，其目的是为了启示本领域技术人员实施本发明的一般方式。应认识到的是，这里所表示及描述的本发明形式应视为当前优选实施例。这里所表示及描述的那些部件和材料都可被替换、元件和步骤可以颠倒、本发明某些特征可以独立使用，在获益于本说明书之后这些对本领域技术人员而言都变得明显。在不脱离如以下权利要求书所述本发明实质和范围的情况下，可对这里所述的部件做出改变。另外，应认识到的是，在某些实施例中，其中独立描述的特征可以相互组合。

Claims (18)

1.一种对加热的含烃地层内的流体进行就地氢化处理的方法，包括：
自一个或多个热源给一部分所述含烃地层提供热量，其中，所述热源中的至少一个设置在所述地层内的至少一个井孔中，该至少一个热源在井孔中或在井孔区域附近产生热量，并基本上通过传导和/或辐射热传递将热量提供给所述地层的至少一部分；
允许所述热量自所述一个或多个热源传递给所述地层的一部分；
给所述地层部分提供流体；
控制所述地层部分内的H2分压；
对所述地层部分内的至少一些所述流体进行氢化处理；
当所述地层部分内的氢分压为至少0.5巴时，自所述地层中采出包括经氢化处理的流体的混合物；以及
通过选择性地给所述地层添加氢气控制所述地层部分的大部分的温度，其中，控制该温度，从而使该温度保持小于375℃。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，由所述一个或多个热源中的至少一个提供的热量基本上通过传导传递给至少所述部分地层，该至少一个热源是电热器、燃烧炉、与地层内的物质或与由该地层生成的物质发生反应的燃烧器、和/或它们的组合。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，提供给所述地层的流体包括氢气。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法，还包括，控制所述热量，从而使所述地层部分内的温度在200℃至450℃的范围内。
5.如权利要求1所述的方法，还包括，当所述地层部分的温度在270℃和400℃之间后，给地层的所述地层部分提供氢气。
6.如权利要求1所述的方法，还包括，控制加热速率，从而使所述地层部分内的温度小于400℃。
7.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所提供的流体包括石蜡、沥青、氧化化合物、含硫化合物、含氮化合物和/或原油。
8.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所采出的混合物包括烃混合物、小于1％重量比的氨气，小于1％重量比的硫化氢和/或小于1％重量比的氧化化合物。
9.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所采出的混合物通过开采井自所述地层中采出；所述加热操作是可控制的，从而使所述混合物可以呈气相采出。
10.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所采出的混合物包括氨，该方法还包括自所述经氢化处理的流体中分离出至少一部分所述氨。
11.如权利要求10所述的方法，还包括，利用至少一部分所述分离出的氨生成硫酸铵。
12.如权利要求10所述的方法，还包括，利用至少一部分所述分离出的氨生成尿素。
13.如权利要求10所述的方法，其特征在于，所采出的混合物包括二氧化碳，该方法还包括自所采出的混合物中分离出一部分所述二氧化碳，并使所述一部分二氧化碳中的一些与一部分所述氨反应以形成尿素。
14.如权利要求10所述的方法，其特征在于，所采出的混合物包括硫化氢，该方法还包括自所采出的混合物中分离出一部分所述硫化氢，将一些所述硫化氢转化为硫酸，并使一些所述硫酸与一部分所述氨反应以形成硫酸铵。
15.如权利要求10所述的方法，其特征在于，所采出的混合物包括硫化氢，该方法还包括自所采出的混合物中分离出一部分所述硫化氢，并将一些所述硫化氢转化为硫酸。
16.如权利要求10所述的方法，还包括，利用至少一部分所述氨生成碳酸氢铵。
17.如权利要求10所述的方法，还包括，将至少一部分所述氨提供给含有二氧化碳的流体以生成碳酸氢铵。
18.如权利要求10所述的方法，还包括，使一部分所述氨与合成气体结合以生成碳酸氢铵。
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WO2022015207A1 (en) * 2020-07-13 2022-01-20 Surguchev Leonid Mikhailovich Process of separation and production of hydrogen generated in situ of oil and gas fields by heterogeneous catalysis conversion, acquathermolysis or oxidation reactions

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