CN101001690A - 使用织构形膜和滤芯的电化学离子交换 - Google Patents
使用织构形膜和滤芯的电化学离子交换 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN101001690A CN101001690A CNA2005800254007A CN200580025400A CN101001690A CN 101001690 A CN101001690 A CN 101001690A CN A2005800254007 A CNA2005800254007 A CN A2005800254007A CN 200580025400 A CN200580025400 A CN 200580025400A CN 101001690 A CN101001690 A CN 101001690A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- film
- filter core
- peak
- electrochemical cell
- shell
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 82
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 title claims description 40
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 55
- 238000005341 cation exchange Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 238000005349 anion exchange Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 50
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 41
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 38
- 238000003475 lamination Methods 0.000 claims description 37
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 24
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 244000273618 Sphenoclea zeylanica Species 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000003292 glue Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000012943 hotmelt Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 14
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 abstract description 8
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000003014 ion exchange membrane Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 63
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 44
- 238000002242 deionisation method Methods 0.000 description 14
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 14
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 13
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 12
- -1 anionic ion Chemical class 0.000 description 11
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 11
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 10
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 9
- NWUYHJFMYQTDRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-bis(ethenyl)benzene;1-ethenyl-2-ethylbenzene;styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1.CCC1=CC=CC=C1C=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C NWUYHJFMYQTDRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000003456 ion exchange resin Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229920003303 ion-exchange polymer Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000010606 normalization Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000001172 regenerating effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Alumina Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 3
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000006061 abrasive grain Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003957 anion exchange resin Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920006302 stretch film Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- KXDHJXZQYSOELW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbamic acid Chemical compound NC(O)=O KXDHJXZQYSOELW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JPVYNHNXODAKFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cu2+ Chemical compound [Cu+2] JPVYNHNXODAKFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphine Chemical compound P XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000007516 brønsted-lowry acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000007528 brønsted-lowry bases Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 2
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003729 cation exchange resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000739 chaotic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000009920 chelation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001431 copper ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007717 exclusion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005405 multipole Effects 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003746 surface roughness Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000037303 wrinkles Effects 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 239000004604 Blowing Agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004801 Chlorinated PVC Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000370738 Chlorion Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000287680 Garcinia dulcis Species 0.000 description 1
- VSNHCAURESNICA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydroxyurea Chemical compound NC(=O)NO VSNHCAURESNICA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HEFNNWSXXWATRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ibuprofen Chemical compound CC(C)CC1=CC=C(C(C)C(O)=O)C=C1 HEFNNWSXXWATRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004727 Noryl Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001207 Noryl Polymers 0.000 description 1
- FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium cation Chemical compound [Na+] FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004026 adhesive bonding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012670 alkaline solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- HAYXDMNJJFVXCI-UHFFFAOYSA-N arsenic(5+) Chemical compound [As+5] HAYXDMNJJFVXCI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005422 blasting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001680 brushing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 244000309464 bull Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003490 calendering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 210000005056 cell body Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229920000457 chlorinated polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000994 depressogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003989 dielectric material Substances 0.000 description 1
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003651 drinking water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020188 drinking water Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000012777 electrically insulating material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009296 electrodeionization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005187 foaming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000383 hazardous chemical Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 description 1
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
- 230000008595 infiltration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001764 infiltration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001746 injection moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002386 leaching Methods 0.000 description 1
- RVPVRDXYQKGNMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead(2+) Chemical compound [Pb+2] RVPVRDXYQKGNMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000962 organic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229920000620 organic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002572 peristaltic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- PTMHPRAIXMAOOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoramidic acid Chemical compound NP(O)(O)=O PTMHPRAIXMAOOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940061584 phosphoramidic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910000073 phosphorus hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013138 pruning Methods 0.000 description 1
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012797 qualification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012492 regenerant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008439 repair process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007665 sagging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001415 sodium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004634 thermosetting polymer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000101 thioether group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000012498 ultrapure water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004065 wastewater treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/42—Electrodialysis; Electro-osmosis ; Electro-ultrafiltration; Membrane capacitive deionization
- B01D61/44—Ion-selective electrodialysis
- B01D61/445—Ion-selective electrodialysis with bipolar membranes; Water splitting
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D63/00—Apparatus in general for separation processes using semi-permeable membranes
- B01D63/10—Spiral-wound membrane modules
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D63/00—Apparatus in general for separation processes using semi-permeable membranes
- B01D63/10—Spiral-wound membrane modules
- B01D63/107—Specific properties of the central tube or the permeate channel
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D65/00—Accessories or auxiliary operations, in general, for separation processes or apparatus using semi-permeable membranes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D69/06—Flat membranes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D69/06—Flat membranes
- B01D69/061—Membrane bags or membrane cushions
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
- C02F1/469—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrochemical separation, e.g. by electro-osmosis, electrodialysis, electrophoresis
- C02F1/4693—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrochemical separation, e.g. by electro-osmosis, electrodialysis, electrophoresis electrodialysis
- C02F1/4695—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrochemical separation, e.g. by electro-osmosis, electrodialysis, electrophoresis electrodialysis electrodeionisation
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
- Water Treatment By Electricity Or Magnetism (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
- Treatment Of Water By Ion Exchange (AREA)
Abstract
电化学池(101)包含具有阴离子和阳离子交换材料的离子交换膜(10)。膜(10)可以具有分离的阴离子和阳离子交换层(12,14),在它们之间限定了异相水分解界面。在一种情况中,膜(10)具有织构形表面,其具有包含相距一定间隔的峰(28)和谷(30)的织构特征(26)的图案。膜(10)还可以具有插在电化学池(102)的外壳(129)中的整体间隔物(80)。外壳(129)还具有固定在滤芯(cartridge)(100)上的可拆卸的盖子(96)。电化学池(102)可以是离子控制设备(120)的一部分。
Description
技术领域
本发明的实施方案涉及电化学离子交换。
背景技术
离子交换池用于除去或者替代溶液中的离子,例如用于通过去离子作用生产高纯水、用于废水处理,以及选择性地替代溶液中的离子。离子交换材料包括阳离子交换材料和阴离子交换材料,其含有可交换离子或可与特定离子发生化学反应从而分别从液流中交换阳离子或阴离子的离子。典型的传统离子交换池包含压成柱状的离子交换树脂珠并且使要处理的液流通过该柱子。溶液中的离子由离子交换材料除去或者替代,并且产物溶液或废液从柱子的出口排出。当离子交换材料被来自溶液的离子饱和时,用适当的溶液再生树脂珠。阳离子交换树脂一般用酸性溶液或盐水(例如用于软水剂)再生,而阴离子交换树脂最常用碱性溶液或盐水再生。
电化学离子交换使用位于两个面对的电极之间的水分解离子交换膜(也称作双极、复极或层状膜),在膜之间具有绝缘间隔物,举例来说如普通转让的美国专利第5,788,812号(Nyberg)中所述,该专利全部内容以参考的方式引入本文。水分解膜具有阳离子交换层和阴离子交换层。当通过向两个电极施加电压而对膜施加足够高的电场时,在阳离子和阴离子交换层之间的边界处水不可逆地解离或“分解”为组成离子H+和OH-。所得到的H+和OH-在具有相反极性的电极方向上迁移并扩散通过离子交换层(例如,H+向阴极方向迁移)。在再生步骤期间,在膜界面处形成的H+和OH-离子引起对在前面的去离子化步骤中除去的阳离子和阴离子的排斥,使阳离子交换材料和阴离子交换材料再形成为酸和碱的形式。这种电学再生避免了使用用来再生传统离子交换珠的危险药品以及随后的处理问题。
现有技术的离子交换膜典型地是光滑且平坦的,并且经常还具有均匀的剖面厚度,从而使穿过电化学池中膜的电流密度的变化最小。另外,在膜之间典型地布置分离的绝缘间隔,例如塑料网材料,从而维持膜彼此相距均匀的距离以进一步降低电流密度变化并且在膜间的间隙两侧维持一致的传质速率和压降。维持膜的厚度均匀,从而在离子交换膜间提供恒定的间隔以穿过膜的表面产生均匀的电流密度。可以使用许多方法来在膜上维持均匀的厚度。膜还应该是平坦和光滑的以便于在电去离子化装置中反洗离子交换树脂以及这些树脂的定期更换。膜具有光滑平坦的表面还降低了相邻膜间的压降。但是,传统的离子交换膜通常提供了比传统的离子交换珠系统更慢的离子交换速率,因此更慢的溶液处理流速和产量。因此,全局考虑膜系统由于相对溶液处理的空间体积而已经限制了其使用。
此外,用来分隔电化学池中膜的介电隔离层具有足够厚度,以能够自支撑并且结构上要经得起在电化学池的制造中插在膜间的处理。典型地,从聚合物,例如聚乙烯或聚丙烯制造隔离层,并且可以具有常规图案。隔离层的典型厚度为约0.25-约1mm(10-40mils)。薄于0.25mm的隔离层难以处理并且可能在池的装配中导致间隔线的拉伸、撕裂或折皱,并且一般它们还更昂贵并且难以制造。因为需要增加通过池的溶液的压力来输送相同的溶液流速,所以试图降低间隔厚度引起另一个问题。因此,通常在电化学池中使用较厚的隔离层,进一步增加了池的总体积并且降低了每单位体积池空间的溶液处理量。
在清洗或更换时,膜和间隔的叠层也难以装配到化学池中或从池中取出。典型地,在池中使用大量膜和间隔,并且优选能够更容易地处理膜的堆叠。在池的装配期间或者使用期间膜的堆叠也会变得容易取向混乱(disorient)。另外,当将膜封入不漏水的电化学池中时,难以打开池取出膜而不损坏池或膜。可以容易装配或打开的池结构是理想的。
因此,希望能够提供良好的离子交换速率的离子交换电化学池。还希望拥有对处理和使用表现出足够的强度并且不是过厚的水分解膜和间隔。而且希望限制制造这种池所需的步骤数量、减少装配部件的数量,并降低装配错误。还希望拥有能够容易地装配或拆卸而不会损坏或使膜取向混乱的池。
发明内容
织构形(textured)水分解膜,其包含:邻接阳离子交换层的阴离子交换层,从而在它们之间形成异相水分解界面(heterogeneouswater-splitting interface),以及织构形表面,其具有包含彼此间隔的峰和谷的织构特征图案。
所述膜还在织构形表面上包含整体间隔物(integral spacer)。所述整体间隔物例如可以是在膜的织构形表面上的细丝或者织构特征峰上的涂层。所述间隔物使膜彼此分开。
用于离子交换电化学池的滤芯(cartridge)包含多个彼此邻接的织构形膜,每个膜具有(i)邻接阳离子交换层的阴离子交换,从而在它们之间形成异相水分解界面层,以及(ii)织构形表面,其具有包括彼此间隔的峰和谷的织构特征图案。
制造滤芯的方法包括形成多个织构形膜,形成织构形膜的偏离膜叠层,其中织构形膜彼此偏离,提供芯管并且在芯管周围缠绕所述偏离膜叠层以形成滤芯卷,以及将顶端帽和底端帽连接至滤芯卷。
举例来说,可以通过在彼此的顶部上布置膜,使得膜的顶端在相同方向上彼此偏离来形成偏离膜叠层。使偏离膜的顶端彼此连接。可以任选地绕着滤芯卷卷绕外套筒使其自身重叠。
一种用于电化学池的外壳,所述电化学池包含端帽延伸部具有凸缘的滤芯,所述外壳包含侧壁与底壁、溶液入口和溶液出口连接的容器。提供与容器的侧壁可移动连接的可拆卸的盖子。所述可拆卸的盖子包含具有贯穿其中的栓孔(keyhole)的板。所述栓孔具有:尺寸大于端帽延伸部的第一孔;以及开向第一孔并且尺寸小于端帽延伸部凸缘的第二孔。在另一个实施方案中,所述容器的可拆卸的盖子包含板,该板具有从其中向外延伸的中空杆,调整中空杆的尺寸,使其可以滑入电化学池滤芯的端帽延伸部中或者在其上滑动
从液流中除去或交换离子的电化学池包含滤芯和在滤芯周围的具有第一和第二电极的外壳。可以通过在具有溶液入口和出口的外壳内安置滤芯卷,使得芯管与外壳的溶液出口流体连接来形成电化学池。所述电化学池可以用于电化学离子交换系统,其还具有向所述第一和第二电极供应电压的电源和使液流流过电化学池的泵。
附图说明
图1A是织构形水分解离子交换膜的示意透视图,其具有的织构特征是峰和凹陷的图案,并且高宽比约为1。
图1B是高宽比约为0.5的图1A中的离子交换膜另一个实施方案的示意透视图。
图1C是图1A中的离子交换膜的另一个实施方案的示意透视图,其中阴离子和阳离子交换层的边界随着织构形表面的轮廓形成波纹层。
图1D是图1A中的离子交换膜的另一个实施方案的示意透视图,其中越过脊和沟切有通道。
图1E是图1A中的离子交换膜的另一个实施方案的示意透视图,其中显示了脊上的介电涂层。
图2是离子交换膜的另一个实施方案的示意透视图,其具有包含从平坦表面延伸的圆锥形突起的织构特征。
图3是离子交换膜的另一个实施方案的示意透视图,其具有包含从平坦表面伸出的台面的织构特征。
图4是离子交换膜的另一个实施方案的示意透视图,其具有在所述织构特征上形成的喷制细丝的整体间隔物。
图5是用于形成所述织构特征的设备的示意透视图。
图6是电化学池的示意截面俯视图,所述电化学池包含滤芯,其中膜具有绕着芯管缠绕的整体间隔物。
图7是表示制造具有螺旋缠绕膜的滤芯中涉及的步骤的流程图。
图8A是表示膜叠层装配方法的示意透视图。
图8B是表示在装配的偏离膜叠层上的胶层以及在芯管上缠绕该叠层的示意透视图。
图8C是表示具有外壳并且使用具有卷曲的膜、端帽和顶板的滤芯的电化学池的装配的示意透视图。
图9A是在将盖子安装到滤芯端帽延伸部上时,可拆卸盖子和滤芯的透视分解图。
图9B是在将盖子安装到滤芯上后图9A的可拆卸盖子和滤芯的透视图。
图9C是与安装在容器中的图9B的滤芯连接的可拆卸盖子的示意截面侧视图。
图10A是在将盖子安装到滤芯芯管上时,另一种实施方案的可拆卸盖子和滤芯的透视分解图。
图10B是在将盖子安装到滤芯上后图10A的可拆卸盖子和滤芯的透视图。
图10C是与安装在容器中的图10B的滤芯连接的可拆卸盖子的示意截面侧视图。
图10D是用来接收图10A的盖子销钉的容器侧壁中凹槽的示意部分截面侧视图。
图10E是包含伸入滤芯芯管中的杆的盖子的示意部分截面侧视图。
图11是包含含有在板框式池中堆叠的膜的滤芯的电化学池的示意剖视图。
图12是具有电化学池的离子控制设备的示意图,所述电化学池具有膜滤芯并且能够在液流中提供选择的离子浓度。
具体实施方式
电化学池包含离子交换膜10(也称作双极、复极或层状膜),图1A中显示了其示例性实施方案。离子交换膜包含可以是固体或凝胶形式的阴离子和阳离子交换材料,并且包含可由其它离子交换的离子或者可与特定离子化学反应以从液流20中除去离子的离子。举例来说,适当的阳离子交换材料和阴离子交换材料可以包括交联的或非交联的有机聚合物或无机结构如沸石。阴离子交换材料交换阴离子而不使它们的结构有永久性的改变,并且例如可以是碱性基团。其它适当的阴离子交换材料可以包括能够交换阴离子的碱性官能团,如-NR3A、NR2HA、-PR3A、-SR2A或者C5H5NHA(吡啶),其中R是烷基、芳基或者其它有机基团,并且A为阴离子(例如氢氧根、碳酸氢根、氯离子或磺酸根)。阳离子交换材料交换阳离子而不使该材料的结构有永久性的改变,并且例如可以包括酸性基团。适当的阳离子交换材料可以包括能够交换阳离子的酸性官能团,如-COOM、-SO3M、PO3M2和-C6H4OM,其中M为阳离子(例如氢、钠、钙或铜离子)。阳离子交换材料还包括那些含有中性基团或通过配位而不是通过静电或离子键与阳离子结合的配体(例如吡啶、膦和硫化物基团),以及含有配合或螯合基团的基团(例如,那些从氨基磷酸、氨基羧酸和异羟肟酸衍生得到的)的材料。
用于离子交换膜10的适当的阳离子交换材料和阴离子交换材料的选择取决于膜的应用。在一个实施方案中,膜10包含邻接阳离子交换层14以形成异相水分解界面18的阴离子交换层12。阴离子交换层12包含阴离子交换材料并且阳离子交换层14包含阳离子交换材料。例如,在水基液流的去离子化中,膜10可以具有包含-NR3A基团(如三乙铵(-N(C2H5)3))基团的阴离子交换层12,以及包含-SO3M或羧酸(-COOH)基团的阳离子交换层14。这种膜10在宽的pH值范围内在水中溶胀,具有更低的电阻和更高的传质速率。当需要特别有效的离子交换再生作用时包含弱碱或弱酸基团的阴离子交换材料是优选的。例如,-NR2HA将与OH-发生非常有益的反应生成-NR2、H2O,并放出A-。作为另一个例子,对于从含有其他离子如钠离子的液体中选择性地除去铜离子的情况,离子交换基团如-COOM或螯合基团如氨基羧酸是优选的。这些弱酸基团提供了又一优点,即由于-(COO)nM与H+的非常有益的反应生成-COOH并放出M+n,其中M是一种金属离子,从而导致特别有效的再生作用。
优选地,使膜10织构化从而至少一个具有织构特征26的暴露表面24,其包含重复三维形状的图案,如峰28和谷30的阵列,图1A-1E、2和3中显示了它们的示例性实施方案。织构特征26通常具有如下面解释的微米或更大量级的尺寸,并且大小不在次微米的范围内。在一个实施方案中,织构特征26可以具有:峰28形状的脊36a,b,其彼此间隔并且与液流20的流路平行;以及包含位于相邻的脊36之间的沟38a,b的谷20,如图1A中所示。
脊36a,b和沟38a,b可以在膜10的表面24a,b或层12,14上面。例如,在图1B中所示的实施方案中,脊36a,b和沟38a,b位于膜10的两侧上,使得膜10一侧(或层)上的脊36a通常与膜10的另一侧(或层)上的沟38a相对。这种布置对提供更均匀的电流密度是更好的,因此更好地使用离子交换容量。
在再另一个实施方案,如图1C中所示,随着第一表面24a上的沟38a跟随膜10的第二表面24b上的脊36b的轮廓,以及第一表面24a上的脊36a跟随膜10的第二表面24b上的沟38b的轮廓,整个膜10起伏。在该实施方案中,波纹状的膜10具有由在膜10的相对两侧上沿液流20的方向的一排排的脊28形成的波纹,即膜10一侧上的峰28a与膜10另一侧上的谷30b相对。与可以提供如图1B中所示的薄和厚的阴离子和/或阳离子层的其它膜设计相反,波纹状的膜10横跨阴离子和阳离子交换层12、14分别提供了均匀的距离。这就提供了再更加均匀的电流密度和离子交换容量利用。也可以使用脊36a,b和沟38a,b的其它布局,例如,一个表面24a上的脊36a和沟38a与另一个表面24b上的脊36b和沟38b不对称,从而基本是不平行的或者甚至彼此垂直的(未显示)。
还可以用于仅织构化水分解膜10的一侧,例如如图1D中所示的表面24来增加阳离子或者阴离子的提取。在此实施方案下,从阴离子层12形成的表面24a具有脊36和沟38,而另一个表面24b是平坦的。该膜10具有平行脊36,跨越脊36切出通道40。通道40沿着与脊36(或者沟38)的取向不同的方向取向以促进湍流和/或增加表面积。例如,通道40的取向通常可与脊36和沟38的取向垂直,使得它们限定了使液流20的流向横穿膜10的附加通道。通道40还可在与脊36或沟38成任意角度的方向上取向。
织构特征26的峰28和谷30也可以是脊36和沟38以外的其它结构。例如,如图2中所示,峰28可以包含从基本上平坦的表面区49中伸出的圆锥形突起48,所述表面区在峰28之间限定了谷30。在此实施方案下,圆锥形突起48相距随意的距离并且跨越膜表面分布。圆锥形突起48穿过膜10的暴露表面24产生液流20的湍流回旋流,其增加了液流20在膜10上的保留时间。可以通过磨擦、发泡、压印或者任意其它适当的方法形成圆锥形突起48。代替圆锥形形状,圆锥形突起48还可以具有其它形状和尺寸。
在再另一个实施方案中,膜10包含织构特征26,该织构特征含有台面50形状的峰28,所述台面从基本上平坦的表面区49中伸出,该表面区在峰28之间限定了谷30,如图3中所示。台面50具有平坦的削去的顶部并且一般是具有圆形底边的圆柱形。举例来说,可以通过压力机,例如水压机将具有圆孔图案的网筛压印入新形成的膜片中,或者通过使膜片运转通过其中具有孔图案的辊来形成台面50。当液流具有大量的溶解固体时这种实施方案是特别有用的,否则所述溶解固体将陷入细的孔和其它类型织构特征26之间的空间中。
据信膜10的暴露表面24上的织构特征26可以增加膜10和液流20间的离子传质,并且也可以用来使膜彼此分离同时允许溶液通过织构形谷在膜间流动。在解释膜10的暴露表面24上的织构的作用中,区分几何面积、表面积和表面粗糙度是有益的。几何面积是当将膜平坦地铺在平的表面上时用尺子测量的面积。在增加物质(例如离子)从溶液向膜表面的传质的尺度上测量表面积。提供织构特征26来增加给定几何面积的表面积。测量表面积必须考虑的织构特征26的尺寸由溶液停滞层的厚度确定,如下所述其典型地大于1微米。表面粗糙度指微织构特征42,如下所述其一般是小于溶液停滞层厚度的次微米级的特征,并且因此基本上不会影响从溶液向膜10的传质。
因此,随着织构特征26某些尺寸增加,膜10的暴露表面24的表面积也成比例地增加。如果织构化特征26的尺寸大于停滞层厚度,向膜10内和外传质的速率将增加。从溶液向膜10或者其它表面的传质与停滞层的表面积成正比。在表面和搅拌的或流动的溶液间界面处,存在以明显慢于体相液流的速率流动或搅拌的溶液层,停滞层。以溶液速度的形式说明流速,其随着从体相溶液内接近停滞层而降低,并且在表面处该速度为零。因为溶液速度从体相溶液边缘至不动的表面是平滑的连续函数,所以停滞层厚度在数学上可以定义为从表面起溶液速度增加至体相溶液的99%或者自由流溶液速度的距离:
停滞层厚度,δ≌5/√Rex.....................................(2)
其中Re是通道中溶液的雷诺数,并且当Re小(≤2000)时粘性流占优势并且当Re大(>2000)时湍流占优势。当织构化特征26的尺寸大于停滞层厚度δ时,停滞层开始跟随膜10的暴露表面24上的特征26的轮廓,因此停滞层的表面积随着膜表面积增加而增加。当织构特征26具有小于停滞层厚度δ的尺寸时,停滞层在膜10的表面24上基本上是平坦的,从而具有降低的表面积。因此,对于给定的几何面积,通过使用尺寸大于停滞层厚度δ的特征,增加停滞层的有效面积导致向膜10的阳离子和阴离子交换层12,14内和外的传质更快。然后,织构形膜10具有传质的有效表面积,其包括因织构形特征26的回旋形貌引起的较大的面积。对于通过膜10的表面24的液流的典型溶液速度,停滞层厚度δ通常为约2微米或更大,层厚δ随着液流的流速降低而增加。因此,膜10的织构特征26适当的尺寸应该至少为约1微米,并且更典型地至少约10微米。
如上述实施方案所述,织构特征26根据它们的应用具有不同的形状,例如可以包括形状为脊36、圆锥形突起48或者台面50的峰28,以及由沟38、沟槽46或者平的表面区49形成的谷30。这些峰28和谷30的尺寸可以适当地例如以峰高或谷深、距离dpv(峰到谷)(它是从峰28的顶点44到谷30的基部52的距离)、或者dpp(峰到峰)(它是从一个峰28a到相邻的峰28b的距离)来描述。参考图2,峰28的顶点44是峰在膜10的两个离子交换层12,14之间距离水分解界面18最远的那些点,并且谷30的基部52是谷最接近界面18的那些点。所选的绝对尺寸取决于应用,因为具有较小尺寸织构特征26的越薄的膜10在给定体积的池中提供了更大的表面积,并且由于液流在特征26之间可获得的小的通道而表现出过量的压降。在一个实施方案中,织构特征26包含至少约10微米或更优选至少约100微米的距离dpv,并且距离dpp可以为至少约10微米或更优选至少约100微米。
膜10的织构特征26还可以由宽高比(aspect ratio)定义,其取决于电化学池所需性质的平衡。因此:
织构特征宽高比=dpv/dpp……………………………………(1)
在等式(1)中,距离dpv(峰到谷的距离)指从峰28x的顶点44x到相邻的谷30x的基部52x的平均距离;并且dpp(峰到峰的距离)指相邻的峰44x,y的顶点44x,y之间的平均距离。对于给定类型的织构特征26,例如脊、沟、沟槽、通道或者突起,可以从dpv和dpp的平均值估计宽高比。膜的表面积随着织构特征宽高比增加而增加。dpv/dpp的适当比例为至少约0.10,更优选至少0.5,并且最优选至少1.0。过高的宽高比可能提供在池的装配期间折叠或者拱起的织构形膜10或者高的溶液压力,因此是不希望的。
可以使用许多方法制造水分解膜10上的织构特征26。可以根据织构特征26的形状、尺寸和间隔选择制造方法。例如,可以通过使作为卷62安装到辊64上的未织构化的平滑膜片60经过一对辊68a,b,其中至少一个辊68a具有刻印的辊表面70,形成包含形状为平行且相距一定间隔的脊36的峰28以及形状为脊36间沟38的谷30的织构特征26,如图1A中所示,其中用与所述脊36和沟38相应的周围突起部分72a和周围的槽72b的所需图案刻印所述辊表面70,如图5中所示。当平滑膜片60经过一对辊68a,b时,辊表面70上的刻印图案压印到与刻印的辊表面70接触的平滑膜片60上,形成具有相应的脊36和沟38图案的织构形膜10。形成膜10的其它方法包括例如通过将所需织构图案压到板或辊之间的平滑膜片60上,而由热成形形成台面50的图案,如图3中所示。可以通过喷砂处理膜片60、用硬刷磨擦膜片60、或者使用发泡剂向膜片60的材料内引起开孔来形成圆锥形突起48的图案。能够在膜10上形成峰-谷和峰-峰尺寸大于停滞层,例如约1微米的织构特征26的其它方法也是合适的。
在另一个实施方案中,在宏观织构特征26的顶上叠加微织构特征42,例如磨擦或者刮擦到峰28上的细沟槽74,如图1D所示。在所示实施方案中,作为二次挤压的图案在峰28的整个表面上形成细沟槽74。当微织构特征42的尺寸大于停滞层时,这就增加了传质速率。例如,通过向膜10喷砂可以在膜10上形成包含作为磨擦划痕的细沟槽74的微织构特征42。可以用安装在管76上的一系列喷嘴75来实施喷砂,每个喷嘴75将磨料颗粒喷射流78引导到膜10,如图5中所示。可以由加压的空气或者其它气体喷出磨料颗粒喷射流78。适当的磨料颗粒包括氧化铝、二氧化硅或者碳化硅。例如通过在膜10的制造期间向膜10中添加成孔材料,可以在已经具有峰28和谷30的粗糙织构形膜10的表面上形成孔或者其它细的织构特征。成孔材料可以在膜10的制造期间从膜10中溶解出来,从而在膜表面上形成孔。
在本发明的另一个方面,整体间隔物80在相邻的膜10之间提供间隔,允许液流20基本上流过膜10所有暴露的表面24。整体间隔物80与织构形膜10粘接,形成整体的物品,使得膜10和整体间隔物80形成一个结构。有利地,通过与膜10粘接,整体间隔物80在膜10作为卷或片的运输过程期间或者使用水分解膜10的滤芯或电化学池的制造期间,不会从其在膜10上的位置脱离。整体间隔物80可以粘附到膜10暴露的表面24a,b任一个或者两个上。整体间隔物80应该由在要处理的溶液中保持其形状的非导电材料,例如介电材料形成。整体间隔物80的厚度可以根据具体的离子除去应用在宽的范围内改变。例如,较厚的间隔物80可以提供较硬的膜10,其不能用于制备螺旋卷绕的池设计,但是既使在高的流速下其也表现出特别低的压降。较薄的间隔物80允许在给定的体积内卷绕较多同心层的水分解膜10,从而提供更大的比体积容量。间隔物80的厚度足够高以基本上防止相邻膜间的物理接触,其典型地为至少约10微米。出于实用原因,最大的间隔物厚度低于约1000微米。大于1000微米的间隔物厚度降低了比体积容量,并且在大多数应用中很少有利于降低压降。避免阻塞由织构特征26限定的谷30,从而允许液流20穿过膜10的暴露表面24和峰28之间而不受限制也是重要的。
通过给相邻的膜10提供间隔的任意方法,可以将整体间隔物80用于水分解膜10。向膜10施加整体间隔物80的适当方法包括使用借助进料管88与聚合物罐85连接的喷嘴86将连续的聚合物细丝喷到膜10的织构形表面24上。通过加压的热空气迫使熔化的细丝聚合物从进料阀92控制的罐90通过进料管88。冷却时热喷射的细丝形成作为随意散布的细丝网的整体间隔物。聚合物罐85可以包含未固化的流体聚合物前体或者熔化的热塑性或热固性聚合物。选择空气温度、空气流速、距膜表面的距离和聚合物软化温度来形成所需厚度的整体间隔物,同时避免热聚合物/纤维层下垂入谷30中或者在膜10的暴露表面24上形成的织构特征26的其它凹陷处一同时提供了整体间隔物80与膜10的良好粘附。在另一种方法中,可以将涂有织构形膜10通过的溶液的细丝82施用到膜10,形成整体间隔物80。在再另一种方法中,可以使用织构特征42的峰28的顶点44的凹版涂布来形成整体间隔物80。还可以通过举例来说如那些用于制备无纺织物的方法来制造整体间隔物80。当织构形膜10可以只具有一个织构形表面时,为了获得液流穿过膜表面24a,b的均匀流动,优选使用在两个表面上具有用于整体间隔物80的表面织构的织构形膜10;否则相对膜表面上平坦布置的间隔物80可能阻止液流的流动或者使溶液优选流过织构形表面24a,并且潜在地防止它有效地流过膜10相对的或者相邻的平表面24b。
膜10之间的整体间隔物80对电化学池102的体积提供了显著的降低。传统的隔离层,尽管它们仍在使用时,必须足够厚从而能够自支撑并且结构上要经得起当在池102的制造中插在织构形膜10之间时的处理。典型地,常规的隔离层从聚合物(例如聚乙烯和聚丙烯)制得,并且厚度为约0.25-约1mm。薄于0.25mm的隔离层难以处理并且可能导致在池的装配中间隔线的拉伸、撕裂或折皱,并且它们还一般是更难以制造的。因为需要增加通过池的溶液的压力来输送相同的溶液流速,所以试图降低间隔物厚度引起另一个问题。因此,常规上在池102中使用较厚的隔离层,增加了池的总体积并且降低了每单位体积池空间的溶液处理量。但是,仍可以与织构形膜10一起使用常规隔离层以提供有效的电化学池102,尤其是当空间和电池体积不是主要关心的时,或者例如当膜10之间的空间需要大于整体间隔物80提供的空间时。
将织构形膜10和任选的整体间隔物80,或者单独的隔离层组装成便于安装并且便于从电化学池102中除去膜10的滤芯100,图6和7中显示了其实施方案。可以容易地从池102中除去滤芯100,在相邻的膜10与其整体间隔物80之间的空间被例如被碳酸钙污垢或者其它固体材料堵塞时,这是必要的。滤芯100还便于向分发者或者最终用户运送更换膜10。另外,滤芯100还允许制造促进高效离子交换的特殊的膜结构。
在一个实施方案中,滤芯100包含几个具有整体间隔物80的膜10,该膜绕着典型地是圆柱形的芯管106螺旋缠绕,如图6中所示。螺旋缠绕膜10可以由外套筒110包封,并且在两端由两个端帽114a,b密封。当膜10不具有整体间隔物80时,制造滤芯100,使之在每个膜10之间具有间隔筒(未显示),例如普通转让的2003年8月8日递交的标题为“Selectable Ion Concentration with Electrolytic IonExchange”的美国专利第10/637,186号中所述,该专利全部内容引入本文作参考。在从池102的入口116流向出口118的过程中,外套筒110、芯管106和端帽114a,b的表面引导液流20通过穿过织构形膜10的暴露表面24的溶液通路115。可以设计滤芯100用于许多流动实施方案,例如端-端流动(与芯管106平行)或者内-外流动(径向流向芯管106或从中流出)。
滤芯100的每个端帽114a,b可以是安装在芯管106任一端上的平板。设计芯管106、外套筒110和端帽114a,b提供溶液通路115,其提供了基本上穿过整个膜表面的所需流动型式。例如,对于径向流向芯管106或从中流出的液流20,穿过每个织构形膜10的内和外表面,端帽114a,b密封螺旋缠绕膜的端部来阻止溶液在从入口到出口的过程中绕开膜表面。也可以在滤芯100中布置织构形膜10以提供溶液通路115,其形成流过每个膜10的阴离子和阳离子交换层12,14的单一且邻近的溶液通道。优选地,该单一通道以不中断的顺序从入口116至出口118连续延伸,并且分别流过水分解膜10的阴离子和阳离子交换层12,14。因此,单一且连续的通道周边至少包含滤芯100内膜10的所有阳离子和阴离子交换层12,14的一部分。
可以用在阳离子交换层14的内表面上形成的整体间隔物80螺旋包裹膜10,所述整体间隔物使阳离子交换层14与相邻的阴离子交换层12分开,在其间提供溶液通路115。在这个实施方案中,螺旋包裹三个膜10,形成平行的流动布置,这意味着溶液可以在膜层之间的三个等价的通路中从入口流向出口。对于任何流动型式,例如与芯管106平行或者成径向的流动型式,以平行布置包裹一个或多个膜10,从而改变穿过滤芯100的压降,选择以平行流动布置包裹的膜10的数量来提供通过池102的所需压降。膜10一般彼此紧密缠绕,但是为了绘图清晰,图中显示了松散缠绕的膜10,其间有间隔物。在该实施方案中,包裹的滤芯100没有电极,电极位于池中滤芯的外面。
如图7的流程图中所示,一种滤芯制造方法减少了制造具有螺旋缠绕膜10的滤芯100所需的时间和劳动。在该方法中,从多个膜10,例如约2-100个膜制造滤芯100。在一种实施方案中,以平行流动布置包裹六个织构形膜10a-f。平行流动布置允许流入滤芯100的流入液流20同时流过大量平行的流路,每个流路位于平行的膜10之间。膜10a-f在平台表面上一个叠在另一个的上面,并且膜10的顶端113a-f彼此偏移,如图8A中所示。在一个实施方案中,膜10a-f的顶端113a-f偏移距离do=3.14*dc/n,其中dc是上面包裹了膜10a-f的芯管106的外径。偏移的膜保证膜10a-f的顶端113a-f接触芯管106,从而在膜10a-f的间隙中为流体进入并且流过所有膜提供了入口或进入口。如果膜10a-f不偏移,流体流可能会被局限于某些膜10a-f,从而降低了滤芯的性能。所有膜10a-f不一定均匀地间隔距离do,但是顶端113a-f应该在同一方向上偏移,并且应该布置成所有膜都落在芯管106的周围。在形成组装体时均匀地间隔膜10a-f的顶端113a-f有利于更均匀地流入和流出滤芯,从而在内池和外池体积中提供了更彻底的溶液替代。
然后,将装配的膜10a-f彼此连接,形成装配的偏移膜叠层119。举例来说,可以通过夹片、胶接、热熔(heat staking)、铆接、缝接、卡钉、超声接合或者焊接来连接膜10a-f。在优选的连接方法中,通过胶水(如均购自Henkel的Macromelt Q5353或Technomelt Q5305)将膜10a-f的叠层119连接到芯管106上。对于饮水应用,胶水应该满足FDA 21 CFR 175.105的浸出要求。在优选的实施方案中,从多头施用器中分送出胶水,沿着所有n个膜10a-f的顶端113a-f施用狭线或者之字形胶水线,从而仅粘接膜的端部,如图8B中所示。这种粘合方法保证膜10a-f在随后绕着芯网管缠绕时可以彼此滑动,从而在将装配的叠层缠绕到芯管106上时避免结块。
然后,将装配叠层的第一个膜10a的顶表面123置于芯管106上,使得顶端113a-f与管最接近。通过在叠层119的底膜10a的顶表面边缘上施用胶水线可以将叠层119连接到芯管106上。然后,在向膜110施加压力下绕着芯管106缠绕叠层119,从而制得缠绕的滤芯100。在缠绕期间,通过在叠层119上施加压力可以将叠层119维持在拉应变或压应变下,就像例如通过如用一个或多个辊挤压叠层119而绕着芯管106缠绕它一样。可选地,还可以拉出膜10a-f相反的底端117a-f,从而在绕着芯管106缠绕叠层119时维持膜处于张力下。
也可以使用次级装配体来减少装配滤芯110所需的部件的数量,所述次级装配体包含的膜10的数量小于滤芯中所需膜的数量n。例如,可以堆叠两个或多个膜的子组装叠层,并且如上所述彼此连接膜,每个次级装配体包含n/x片(未显示),其中n是所需片的总数,并且x是次级装配体的数量。然后,将x个次级装配体叠层单独连接到芯管106上,或者在连接到芯网管上之前彼此连接。该工序还允许单个膜10在缠绕期间可以彼此滑动,而不会在膜的缠绕过程期间聚集形成与芯管表面相邻的块。任何聚集的膜块将干扰流体流过池102并且还增加了最终滤芯100的直径。
在另一个实施方案中,将膜10的顶端或底端连接到外套筒110上,从而提供更强的组装。外套筒110可以是多孔的片,例如由介电的、或者液力可渗透的材料制成的间隔网,如购自Delstar,Texas的Ultraflow 3725。间隔网包含允许溶液渗入卷曲的膜叠层中的孔网络133。例如,外套筒110可以具有尺寸(例如宽度和高度或直径)大小为0.1-10mm的孔洞。如果使用易碎或更重的膜,与套筒110的连接提供了更强固的组装。
在一个实施方案中,外套筒110与一个上层膜10d的底端135连接,例如如图8B中所示,它与首先缠绕在芯管106上的顶端113d相对。套筒110用作包含式包裹,从而包含缠绕在芯管106上的膜10以形成滤芯100。套筒110用胶水线或点,或者其它方式与膜10d连接。套筒110的长度足够长以完全包裹缠绕的叠层的膜,直至它自身重叠,绕着螺旋缠绕的膜形成多孔片管。然后,用胶水、焊接、纤维或者其它方式使套筒110自身连接,封闭叠层119,从而形成如图8C所示的装配的滤芯卷136。在制造后,将滤芯卷136切成安装入电化学池102的外壳129中所需的长度。然后,将顶和底端帽114a,b安置在滤芯卷136的端部上,并且也粘合到卷136上,形成装配的滤芯100。每个端帽114a,b具有孔洞133a,b,允许流体进入芯管106中。
将滤芯100安置在电化学池102的外壳129中。外壳128典型地,但不一定是由聚合物制成的圆柱体,它是非导电的、在水、酸和碱中耐水解的并且具有良好的结构性质。用于外壳的适当的聚合物包括例如聚氯乙烯(PVC)、CPVC、聚丙烯或者NORYLTM,General Electric,New York。可以通过注模或者其它方法来制造外壳。外壳129具有通孔,该通孔用作将流入液流20引入池102中的溶液入口116和提供流出液流的溶液出口118。外壳129典型地包含两部分或者多部分,例如包含具有底壁95的管状侧壁94的容器93、以及安装在该容器侧壁94上的可拆卸盖子96。将滤芯100滑入外壳129中,使得滤芯100的芯管106在外壳129中的通孔上方滑动,从而在外壳129中形成溶液出口118。典型地,溶液出口118位于外壳底表面145的中央,使得底端帽114b中的孔133b与溶液出口118流体连接。溶液出口118可以是如图所示的孔或者伸出来滑入芯管106的孔洞133中的短圆柱体(未显示)。可以使用O-圈密封和垫圈来密封孔洞133。有利地,为了清洗或者更换,可以容易地从外壳129中除去滤芯100。然后,使用顶板147覆盖在外壳129的另一端上。
还在滤芯100和外壳129之间布置其它的层,例如外电极124、电极载体等,如图6中所示。例如,外电极124和中央电极128位于外壳129中,使得膜10的阳离子交换层14面对第一电极124,并且膜10的阴离子交换层12面对第二电极128。从导电材料(例如金属)制造电极124,128,所述材料优选在池102的操作期间在电极的正极极化和负极极化期间产生的低或高的pH化学环境下耐腐蚀。适当的电极124,128可以从耐腐蚀的材料(例如钛或铌)制造,并且可以具有贵金属(例如铂)的外涂层。电极124,128的形状取决于电化学池102的设计和流过池102的液流20的电导率。适当的电极124,128包含经布置以穿过滤芯提供均匀电压的线。但是,电极124,128还可以具有其它形状,例如圆柱形、板形、螺旋形、盘形、或者甚至是圆锥形形状。在该实施方案中,芯管106还用作内电极124。
在一个实施方案中,如图9A和9B中所示,外壳包含在上面滑动的可拆卸盖子96并且在池102的装配期间保持滤芯100。可拆卸盖子96包含具有侧表面98的板97,其具有用于拧入池102外壳129中的接收阴螺纹136中的外阳螺纹99、以及辅助操作者拧入和拧出盖子96的把手137。可拆卸盖子96还包含在整个板97上延伸以接收伸出盖子96顶部的端帽延伸部143(它是顶端帽114a的突出部分)的栓孔140。滤芯顶端帽在其周边上包含O-圈,当完全插入时与外壳形成密封。盖子96在处于压力下时使滤芯就位。端帽延伸部143还包含从该延伸部的未端伸出的凸缘148。栓孔140包含尺寸大于端帽延伸部143的凸缘148的第一孔洞146,使得具有凸缘148的延伸143可以通过孔洞146滑动。当端帽延伸部143是圆形时,第一孔洞146的直径大于端帽延伸部143直径例如约5%或更多。第一孔洞146开向第二孔洞149,其可以是以半圆形轮廓结束的延长孔洞的形状,其尺寸小于凸缘148的尺寸以紧密地配合延伸部143的圆形周边。为了装配池102,操作者在端帽延伸部143的凸缘148上方插入滑动可拆卸盖子96的栓孔140的较大的第一个孔洞146,如图9A中所示。然后,将盖子96向前滑动,使得端帽延伸部143进入栓孔的较小的第二孔洞149,如图9B中所示。现在,可以将盖子96拧到容器93的侧壁94上,因为凸缘148将滤芯100保持到盖子94上,从而滤芯100牢固地连接到盖子96上。图9C中显示了拧到容器上的连接有滤芯100的盖子96的完整型式。
在再另一个实施方案中,如图10A和10B中所示,可拆卸的盖子96包含具有侧表面98的板97,其至少具有一对向外突出的销钉152。销钉可以在容器93的侧壁94中的凹槽154内滑动以锁入位置中。但是,在该实施方案中,短的中空杆156伸出板97中。在一个实施方案中,中空杆156从板97的底表面91向下延伸,并且调整求其大小以在端帽延伸部143的上方在箭头方向上滑动,如图10A中所示;并且在此实施方案中,杆156的内径大小紧密符合延伸部143的外径,杆156的内径大小约大于延伸部143外径的2%。在另一个实施方案中,中空杆156从板97向上延伸,如图10C中所示。在再另一个实施方案中,调整中空杆156的大小以滑入端帽延伸部143中,如图10E中所示,并且在该实施方案中,中空杆156的尺寸(例如外径)小于端帽延伸部143的内径以紧密装入所述延伸部中。使用紧密配合将滤芯100保持到盖子96上,同时将盖子96锁入容器侧壁94中的位置中并且旋转使销钉进入凹槽154中,以形成紧密的密封。凹槽154还可以具有带有下锁通道105的倾斜部分101,如图10D中所示,从而可以向下推动盖子96并且旋入下锁通道105中,将盖子96锁入容器93中。另外,可以在中空杆156基底周围安置凹陷的第一沟槽158来保持O-圈密封160,其配入芯管106顶表面上的相应第二沟槽162中,从而形成中空杆156的更加不漏水的密封,如图10A中所示。在端帽114a周围由O-圈提供密封。
池102还可以具有其它实施方案,例如图11中所示的板和框结构。在该实施方案中,电化学池102包含具有大量矩形形状的织构形膜10a-g的滤芯100,膜堆叠在彼此的上面并且连接到池的侧壁122上,形成叉指型布置。由相邻的膜对间的垫圈104和间隔物108分开膜10a-g。只在垫圈104的轮廓内部,向每个膜10a-g的一端钻入开口121,并且安置膜10a-g,使得开口安置在叠层的交替端部上,从而形成穿过滤芯100的单一且连续的溶液通路115。垫圈104是柔性的以防止溶液通过滤芯100的侧壁122泄漏,并且由电绝缘材料制成以防止短路或者电流通道通过侧壁122分流。这就迫使电流通道或者电极124,128间的电场基本上垂直通过膜10a-g的平面,从而提供更有效的除去或置换。间隔物108可以是整体间隔物(未显示)或者可分离的间隔物108(如图所示),例如由绝缘材料(例如塑料制成)的网。间隔物108分开膜10a-g,以提供更均匀的液流,并且在液流通路115中产生湍流以提供更高的离子传输速率。将例如包含涂有贵金属催化剂的钛板的两个电极124,128安置在堆叠的膜10a-g的任一端上。在电极124,128上布置由塑料制成的刚性板125,126。使用通过刚性板125,126边缘的金属螺栓127a,b压缩电极124,128、膜10a-g和垫圈104,所述刚性板125,126延伸超出膜/垫圈/电极组的边缘。螺栓127a,b与螺栓端部的螺帽131a-d拧紧。对电极接线端132a,b进行电连接。当需要穿过所有膜10a-g均匀的电流密度时,本实施方案是有利的。由于与液流20接触的膜10a-g更大的总比表面积,这种具有整体间隔物的池设计还允许更高的离子除去或替代速率,同时由于更大的离子交换容量而允许处理更大体积的溶液。
图12表示了离子控制设备20的实施方案,该设备使用装有滤芯的电化学池在产物流中提供所选择的离子浓度。可以使用泵130泵抽液流通过池102,例如是蠕动泵或与流量控制装置组合的来自城市水供应的水压。电源134给第一和第二电极124,128供电。在离子交换阶段期间,电源134能够使第一和第二电极124,128维持在单个电压下,或者多个电压水平下。如在下述专利申请第10/637,186号中所述,电源134可以是可变的直流电压源或者相位控制电压源。在一个实施方案中,电源134包含可变电压源,其提供时间调制的或者脉冲直流(DC)电压,所述电压具有在离子除去步骤期间或者在离子排斥步骤期间保持为正或者负的单极性。相反,非DC电压,例如交流(AC)电源电压具有将约为0的时间平均AC电压。在电解离子交换池102操作中的离子除去(去离子化)或者离子排斥(再生)步骤过程中,使用一种极性允许要处理的溶液20中的离子在朝向或者离开电极124,128之一的单方向上移动,从而提供了进入水分解膜10或从中出来的净离子传质。通过在一段时间上对电压数学积分,然后将该积分除以时间,获得平均DC电压的数值。积分的极性告知了是离子除去模式还是排斥模式,并且该计算的数值与可用于离子除去或排斥的电能成正比。
还可以在出口118外部(如图所示)或者外壳内部的液流中安置输出离子传感器144,从而确定处理溶液的离子浓度。离子传感器144可以测量例如浓度、物质或者处理溶液中的离子浓度比。在一个实施方案中,离子传感器144是电导传感器,它用来确定并且控制处理过的流出溶液20中总溶解固体(TDS)的浓度。可选地,离子传感器144可以是对特定离子,例如硝酸根、砷离子或铅离子具有特异性的传感器。离子特异性的传感器可以是例如ISE(离子选择性电极)。通常,优选尽可能向更上游处布置离子传感器144以获得最早的测量。在本实施方案中越早确定离子传感器的测量,可以越精确地控制处理溶液的离子浓度。
借助闭合的控制反馈回路142,响应从离子传感器144收到的离子浓度信号,控制器138可以操作电源134。控制器138是能够接收、处理并且向电源134转发离子传感器信号从而调整电压水平的任何器件,举例来说如具有CPU、内存、输入装置和显示器的通用计算机,或者甚至是具有适当电路的硬件控制器。在一个实施方案中,控制器向电源134发送控制信号来控制对电极124,128的电压输出。控制器138包含电子电路和接收、评价并发送信号的程序代码。例如,控制器可以包含(i)可编程的集成电路芯片或者中央处理单元(CPU),(ii)随机存取器和存储内存,(iii)外围输入和输出装置,例如键盘和显示器,以及(iv)包含模拟、数字输入和输出板和通讯板的硬件接口板。控制器还可以包含能够控制并监视电化学池102、离子传感器144和电源134的存储在内存中的程序代码指令。程序代码可以用任意传统的计算机编程语言编写。使用传统的文本编辑器将适当的程序代码输入一个或多个文件中并且存储或者体现在内存。如果输入代码的文本是高级语言,编译代码,并且然后将所得的编译器代码与预编译的库程序的目标代码连接。为了执行连接的、编译的目标代码,用户调用目标代码,使CPU读取并且执行该代码,完成程序中确定的任务。与传统的电化学池相比,具有织构形膜10以及任选的压在膜10上面的整体间隔物80的电化学池102提供了对处理液流的离子组成更好的控制,并且闭环控制系统可以进一步改善处理液流中的离子浓度。
比较从具有非织构形膜的传统池获得的离子交换结果与从具有织构形膜10的池102获得的结果的一种方法是使用如等式(3)所提供的幂律等式。在该等式中,L是通过N段每段具有几何面积A的织构形膜10后溶液中剩下的离子分数。因此,如果膜段A在溶液中留下50%离子,那么两个顺序膜段A将在溶液中留下A2=0.52=0.25或25%的离子(TDS降低75%)。关键是在良好限定并且一致的再生和去离子化条件(包括去离子的水体积)下,从实验中测量A的值。
L=AN……………………………………(3)
等式(3)允许归一化分别具有不同总膜面积和/或使用不同膜的池102的结果。例如,假定第一个池具有0.070m2的总膜面积;使用等式3,必须定义面积A,对于所有计算和比较将同一使用该定义,让A=0.1m2(它可以是任意值)。对于根据该实例的池,N=0.70(实际的池是0.070m2,所以它包含0.7个单位的定义的膜面积A)。在指定条件下完成离子除去或替代实验,包括去离子的溶液体积,对于本实例是1升。实验测量L,留在处理溶液中的离子分数。假定对于该池L=0.6(60%离子留在溶液中),N=0.70,那么计算A=0.482。现在,可以确定可以处理至任意TDS降低水平的水的升数,对于本实例说是由每平方米该膜降低90%(90%的TDS降低和一平方米用作归一化因子)。设L=0.1,A=0.482,并且计算出N=3.16。因此,将1升水处理至90%TDS降低的膜的几何面积是0.316m2;并且在指定条件下可以降低90%TDS降低的水的升数是3.16升/m2。然后,作为实例,可以对于每1m2膜可以处理至90%TDS降低的水的体积,比较各种膜,织构形膜和非织构形膜。
实施例
下面的实施例展示了根据本发明制造的离子控制设备120、电化学池102和膜10的效果。在这些实施例中,通过不同方法制造膜10并且评价它们在电化学池中的离子交换性能来进行比较。
实施例1和2
实施这些实施例来比较具有非织构形膜的传统第一电化学池的性能与用织构形膜10制造的第二电化学池102的性能。在两种池中,通过将一对阳离子和阴离子交换层层叠在一起来制备膜。由72重量%可从Resintech获得的商标名为CG8-25 PWD的强酸离子交换树脂粉末与例如获自Exxon的SLX9090聚乙烯粘结剂混合的混合物制备阳离子交换层。从65重量%也从Resintech获得的商标名为SBG1P-PWD的强碱性离子交换树脂粉末和相同的聚乙烯粘结剂的混合物制备阴离子交换层12。在Banbury混合器上单独混合每种阴离子和阳离子交换材料。然后,单独将每种混合的组合物压成平板,在水中溶胀,然后切成7×14cm片。将阴离子和阳离子交换平板成对放在彼此的上面,形成膜片。
在实施例1中,使用板和框结构建造与图7中所示相似的第一个传统电化学池。七片每片约2mm厚的未织构化(平面)的水溶胀膜片提供了约0.0702m2的总几何面积。就在垫圈轮廓内的角处向每个膜片的一端钻出孔洞,并且将膜片彼此堆叠,将孔洞置于叠层的交替的端部,从而构造出板和框池。用具有介电网(1mm厚)的橡胶垫圈(也是1mm厚)隔离膜片,从而防止膜彼此接触。
在叠层的两端上安置两个电极,每个包含相似的涂有专有贵金属催化剂的钛片,其称作DSA电极,可从Electrode Corporation获得的。将该叠层放在两个尺寸为17cm×10cm且2.5cm厚的刚性的塑料板之间。使用穿过板边缘的金属螺栓压缩板、膜和垫圈。使用金属弹簧在安装在塑料板外面上的电极和垫圈之间进行电连接。
使用电源向第一个池的电极供应电流,所述第一个池在120V电压下限制于不高于240mA。然后,用电导率为60μS/cm的水在总共30分钟内以20ml/min再生所述池。在池中去离子化流速为50ml/min的包含380ml 750ppm NaCI(电导率为1550μS/cm)的水液流。测得从第一个池中从处理的溶液中除去的总溶解固体(TDS)为89%。使用幂律归一化技术计算在这些流量和功率条件下得到90%R,每平方米膜处理的水的体积,对于该去离子化体积,使用非织构形膜在所述再生和去离子化条件下获得4.7升/m2膜几何面积。
在实施例2中,用通过压印用于实施例1的干的平坦水分解膜片制造的织构形膜10制造第二个电化学池102。在热压机中在两个刚性金属织构化板之间挤压阳离子和阴离子交换板对,在膜10的两侧上形成平行的彼此间隔的脊36和沟38形状的织构特征26,并且与液流将穿过膜的方向平行运行。织构特征26具有约0.08cm的dpv(峰到谷)尺寸和约0.15cm的dpp(峰到峰)尺寸。将这些织构形膜10在水中溶胀并且切成7cm×14cm的板,提供了约0.0702m2的总几何面积。提供了同实施例1中一样的池结构和操作。该第二个池102对于在池中去离子化相同的0.38升750ppmNaCI提供了95%的TDS降低;当使用这些织构形膜时,对于90%的TDS降低这等于6.8升/m2。
因此,与具有非织构形膜的实施例1的第一个池相比,具有织构形膜的实施例2的第二个池102在膜性能方面提供了45%的改进。这代表了对于相同的膜几何面积和工艺条件,在膜性能方面显著且意外的改进。
实施例3和4
在这些实施例中,比较具有螺旋缠绕的非织构形膜的池的性能与具有螺旋缠绕的织构形膜的池102的性能。在两种池中,从60重量%的强酸离子交换树脂粉末(CG8 PWD,获自Resintech)与40重量%聚乙烯(SLX-9090,获自Exxon)的混合物制备的阳离子交换层14,以及从65重量%的阴离子交换树脂粉末(SBG1P-PWD;Resintech)和34重量%聚乙烯制备阴离子交换层12。离子交换树脂粉末<150μm并且包含<2%水。在Banbury混合器上混合每种阴离子和阳离子交换材料,注意避免热降解离子交换树脂。通过使用25.4cm宽的挤压模的片挤压形成膜片。首先挤压阳离子交换层,形成0.025cm厚的片,并且在该片上挤压阴离子交换层,产生水分解膜。借助使用挤压辊组的第二压延步骤,使片变薄成0.028cm厚,并且在水中溶胀时平坦的水分解膜片为约0.038cm厚。
在实施例3中,通过绕着芯管螺旋缠绕六片膜片形成用于第三个池的滤芯,每个100cm长并且15cm宽,并且其间具有六个塑料网间隔(0.010英寸)厚(网4122;Delstar)。通过将它们以交替的方式一个在另一个上面地放置到平的表面上缠绕12层,每片膜由间隔网隔开,并且膜端部偏移1cm。使用15cm长的刚性塑料网管(RN 2540;Intemet,Inc.)作为芯管,绕其缠绕膜和间隔物。在绕着芯管卷绕12片膜和隔离层后,缠绕的组装体含有从平坦网(XN 1678;Intemet,Inc.)制备的更大的网管。将该缠绕的组装体切成13.0cm长,并且用热塑性粘合剂粘接两个端帽。一个端帽包含O-圈,以为流入和流出滤芯的水提供密封的水路。最终的具有端帽的滤芯高13.8cm且直径是8.9cm,并且包含0.78m2的水分解膜。
根据实施例3的滤芯的特征为将其放置在圆柱形外壳中,其包含内电极和外电极、作为一个外壳端口的央升管和在外壳外壁的顶部附近的第二个端口。首先在由内向外的方向中用水流(给水电导率为50μS/cm)在20分钟内再生滤芯,功率限制为在250伏最大电流0.5安,并且流速为0.1升/min,从而产生2升废水体积(平均电导率1750μS/cm)。对于去离子化,反转电极极性和流动方向,并且将给水(950μS/cm)以0.60升/min泵入池中,产生表现出67%TDS降低的6.4升。使用幂律归一化技术计算在这些流量和功率条件下得到90%R(TDS降低),每平方米膜可以处理的水的体积,对于这种非织构形膜,对这种去离子化体积获得4.9升/m2。
在实施例4中,从具有织构特征26的织构形膜10制造第四个池102的滤芯,所述织构特征具有平行的、彼此间隔的脊36和沟38的形状,dpv(峰到谷)尺寸为约0.020cm并且dpp(峰到峰)尺寸为0.030cm。如图5中所示,通过使与在前面的池中使用的相同的平坦的0.028cm厚的两层膜片通过具有所需结构图案的两个金属辊之间,从所述膜片制备织构形膜10。在织构化步骤中,使平的膜片穿过短的预加热器以软化膜10,然后通过织构形辊自身之间,也将该辊加热至将结构图案刻印成膜片的足够高的温度(约100℃)下。随后,在水中溶胀织构形膜片,提供用于螺旋缠绕成滤芯的织构形膜10。
同实施例3中完全一样地制造实施例4中的滤芯,并且在相同条件下的相同电池中表征。因此,膜的几何表面积保持0.78m2。再生水体积为2450μS/cm。6.4升去离子化体积表现出90%TDS降低。借助幂律归一化,对于使用这种织构形膜的去离子化体积,这等于7.4升/m2以获得90%的TDS降低。
因此,与从具有相同几何面积的非织构形膜制造的实施例3的螺旋缠绕电池相比,具有织构形膜的实施例4的螺旋缠绕池在膜性能方面实现了51%的改进。
实施例5和6
与具有由单独的隔离层隔开的织构形膜10的滤芯相比,这些实施例表明了包含具有整体间隔物80的织构形膜10的滤芯的优异性能。在实施例5中,从包含约50重量%的弱酸阳离子交换树脂(获自Rohm andHaas的HP333)和强碱阴离子交换树脂(获自Resintech的SIR100)的织构形膜10制备滤芯100。构造六个膜筒,每个筒约85cm长和0.064cm厚,并且缠绕和修齐6个0.0254cm(10mil)厚的网间隔至总长度为13.8cm,然后安装端帽。因此,总的膜表面积几何面积为0.70m2并且直径为8.9cm。在如图3和4中所述的电化学池中表征该滤芯,从6.4升的初始电导率为950μS/cm的水液流提供90%的TDS降低。提供0.60升/min流速的压降为6psi。
在实施例6中,在用水溶胀织构形膜10之前,通过从装配到膜10的阳离子交换层14上的热塑性喷枪中喷制细丝82,在膜10上形成间隔物80。用从Hot Melt Technologies,Michigan获得的Pro-Flex应用系统制造细丝82。细丝82直径约为50微米(0.002英寸)并且以随机图案喷制。喷制过程条件导致落在膜10的织构特征26顶部上的整体间隔物80,如图4中所示。每个整体间隔物80具有约0.0175cm(0.007英寸)的平均厚度。不使用单独的间隔物,将每个75cm长的8个膜筒自身缠绕,将缠绕的膜修整成13.8cm并且施加端帽。滤芯中的总膜面积为0.83m2并且直径为8.9cm(比实施例5相同体积中膜面积大19%)。实施例5中对该滤芯进行了表征,从6.4升测试水提供了84%的TDS降低。提供0.60升/min流速的压降为9psi。
这些结果表明整体间隔物80提供了与织构形膜10之间的单独间隔物几乎相同的TDS降低,同时使滤芯的体积降低约7%。另外,发现整体间隔物80与膜10具有优异的粘附性,从而便于将膜和隔离层装配成滤芯结构。
本发明的电化学池提供了几个优点。具有整体间隔物80的表面织构形膜10在膜10之间维持了小的、均匀的并且相等的间隙,同时降低了电化学池102占据的总体积。此外,具有整体间隔物80的表面织构形膜10之间一致且小的间距降低了电流密度的变化并且提供了一致的传质速率和穿过膜10间间隙的压降。织构形膜10还提供良好的离子交换速率和高的溶液处理流速和输出。此外,膜10上的织构特征26显著改善了膜的性能,从而为膜10和电化学池102提供了意外的好处。
已经参考本发明的示例性实施方案非常详细地说明了本发明。但是,本领域技术人员很清楚其它实施方案也是可能的。例如,也可以根据液流的离子浓度、要处理的溶液体积或者所需的离子交换处理,使用滤芯中膜或者电化学池中电极的其它布置。此外,提供相关的术语(例如第一、第二、外、内)只是举例说明本发明并且彼此是可互换的,例如第一电极可以是第二电极。因此,所附的权利要求的精神和范围不应局限于本文中所含的对优选实施方案的说明。
Claims (39)
1.一种织构形水分解膜,其包含:
(a)邻接阳离子交换层的阴离子交换层,从而在它们之间形成异相水分解界面,以及
(b)织构形表面,其具有包含彼此间隔的峰和谷的织构特征图案。
2.根据权利要求1的膜,其中:
(i)所述峰是脊,并且所述谷包含相邻脊间的沟,所述脊和沟一般与膜使用期间溶液流过膜的方向平行;或者
(ii)所述峰包含圆锥形突起或台面,并且所述峰从限定所述谷的基本上平的表面区中伸出。
3.根据权利要求1的膜,其特征在于所述织构特征包括以下至少之一:
(i)大于由穿过膜表面的溶液在膜表面上形成的停滞层的厚度的尺寸;
(ii)至少约2微米的尺寸;
(iii)至少约10微米的峰-峰距离dpp;
(iv)至少约10微米的峰-谷距离dpv;
(v)至少约0.1的宽高比dpv/dpp;或
(vi)大于约0.1的宽高比dpv/dpp。
4.根据权利要求1的膜,其还包含穿过所述峰切出的通道。
5.根据权利要求1的膜,其中阴离子交换层包含-NR3A基团,并且阳离子交换层包含-SO3M基团。
6.根据权利要求1的膜,其还包含在所述织构形表面上的整体间隔物,所述整体间隔物的特征为如下之一:
(i)织构形表面上的细丝;
(ii)织构特征峰上的涂层;
(iii)小于约1000微米的厚度;或者
(iii)小于约500微米的厚度。
7.一种用于离子交换电化学池的滤芯,所述滤芯包含:
(a)多个彼此邻接的织构形膜,每个膜具有
(i)邻接阳离子交换层的阴离子交换,从而在它们之间形成异相水分解界面层,以及
(ii)织构形表面,其具有包括彼此间隔的峰和谷的织构特征图案。
8.根据权利要求7的滤芯,其中:
(i)所述峰是脊,并且所述谷包含相邻脊间的沟,所述脊和沟一般与膜使用期间溶液流过膜的方向平行;或者
(ii)所述峰包含圆锥形突起或台面,并且所述峰从限定所述谷的基本上平的表面区中伸出。
9.根据权利要求7的滤芯,其特征在于所述织构特征包括以下至少之一:
(i)大于由穿过膜表面的溶液在膜表面上形成的停滞层的厚度的尺寸;
(ii)至少约2微米的尺寸;
(iii)至少约10微米的峰-峰距离dpp;
(iv)至少约10微米的峰-谷距离dpv;
(v)至少约0.1的宽高比dpv/dpp;或
(vi)大于约0.1的宽高比dpv/dpp。
10.根据权利要求7的滤芯,其包含在所述织构形表面上的整体间隔物,所述整体间隔物的特征为如下至少之一:
(i)织构形表面上的细丝;
(ii)织构特征峰上的涂层;
(iii)小于约1000微米的厚度;或者
(iii)小于约500微米的厚度。
11.根据权利要求7的滤芯,其中所述织构形膜螺旋缠绕在芯管上并且由端帽封闭。
12.根据权利要求11的滤芯,其中至少一个端帽具有电极可以穿过的孔洞。
13.根据权利要求11的滤芯,其中所述螺旋缠绕的织构形膜彼此偏离。
14.根据权利要求13的滤芯,其中所述织构形膜彼此偏离的距离do=3.14*dc/n,其中dc是上面缠绕膜的芯管的外径。
15.根据权利要求13的滤芯,其中所述偏离膜区的顶端彼此连接。
16.根据权利要求11的滤芯,其中所述两个端帽都具有O形圈密封。
17.一种从液流中除去或交换离子的电化学池,所述电化学池包含根据权利要求7的滤芯,并且还包含外壳,该外壳含有在滤芯周围的第一和第二电极。
18.一种包含权利要求16的电化学池的电化学离子交换系统,其还包含:
(a)向所述第一和第二电极供应电压的电源;及
(b)使液流流过电化学池的泵。
19.一种用于离子交换电化学池的滤芯的制造方法,所述方法包括:
(a)形成多个织构形膜,每个膜具有:(i)阳离子交换材料和阴离子交换材料;以及(ii)织构形表面,其具有包括彼此间隔的峰和谷的织构特征图案;
(b)形成织构形膜的偏离膜叠层,其中织构形膜彼此偏离;
(c)提供芯管并且在芯管周围缠绕所述偏离膜叠层以形成滤芯卷,以及
(d)将顶端帽和底端帽连接至滤芯卷。
20.根据权利要求19的方法,其包括用具备以下至少之一的织构特征来形成织构形膜:
(i)大于由穿过膜表面的溶液在膜表面上形成的停滞层的厚度的尺寸;
(ii)至少约2微米的尺寸;
(iii)至少约10微米的峰-峰距离dpp;
(iv)至少约10微米的峰-谷距离dpv;
(v)至少约0.1的宽高比dpv/dpp;
(vi)大于约0.1的宽高比dpv/dpp。
21.根据权利要求19的方法,其中(b)包括在彼此的顶部上布置膜,使得膜的顶端在相同的方向上彼此偏离。
22.根据权利要求21的方法,其包括使膜的顶端偏离距离do=3.14*dc/n,其中dc是上面缠绕膜的芯管的外径。
23.根据权利要求19的方法,其中(b)包括形成一个或多个次级装配的膜叠层。
24.根据权利要求19的方法,其包括通过夹片、胶水、热熔、铆接、缝接、卡钉、超声接合或者焊接使偏离膜的顶端彼此连接。
25.根据权利要求19的方法,其中(c)包括使偏离膜叠层的底表面定位到芯管上并且绕着该芯管缠绕,同时通过拉所述膜叠层或者施加径向力维持叠层上的张力。
26.根据权利要求19的方法,其中(c)还包括在滤芯卷上连接外套筒。
27.根据权利要求26的方法,其还包括在缠绕前将外套筒连接到膜上,并且用胶水、焊接或纤维使外套筒自身连接。
28.一种形成电化学池的方法,所述方法包括提供具有溶液入口和出口的电化学池外壳,并且在该外壳中安置根据权利要求16形成的滤芯卷,使得芯管与外壳的溶液出口流体连接。
29.一种用于离子交换电化学池的滤芯的制造方法,所述方法包括:
(a)形成多个织构形膜,每个膜具有:(i)阳离子交换材料和阴离子交换材料;以及(ii)织构形表面,其具有包括彼此间隔的峰和谷的织构特征图案;
(b)通过在彼此的顶部上布置膜,使得膜的顶端在相同方向上彼此偏离来形成织构形膜的偏离膜叠层,并且使偏离膜的顶端彼此连接;
(c)提供芯管,并且在芯管周围缠绕所述偏离膜叠层,以形成滤芯卷,
(d)在所述滤芯卷周围卷绕外套筒以使外套筒自身重叠;以及
(e)在滤芯卷上施用顶端帽和底端帽。
30.一种形成电化学池的方法,所述方法包括:
(a)提供具有溶液入口和出口的外壳;
(b)通过如下方法形成滤芯:
(1)通过在彼此的顶部上布置膜,使得膜的顶端在相同方向上彼此偏离来形成织构形膜的偏离膜叠层,并且使偏离膜的顶端彼此连接;
(2)提供芯管,并且在芯管周围缠绕所述偏离膜叠层,以形成滤芯卷;
(3)在滤芯卷的端上施用顶端帽和底端帽。
(c)将所述滤芯卷安装入电化学池的外壳内,使得芯管与外壳的溶液出口流体连接。
31.一种用于离子交换电化学池的外壳,所述离子交换电化学池包含端帽延伸部具有凸缘的滤芯,所述外壳包括:
(a)侧壁与底壁、溶液入口和溶液出口连接的容器;
(b)可以与容器的侧壁可移动连接的可拆卸的盖子,所述可拆卸的盖子包含具有贯穿其中的栓孔的板,所述栓孔具有:尺寸大于端帽延伸部的第一孔;以及开向所述第一孔并且尺寸小于端帽延伸部凸缘的第二孔。
32.根据权利要求31的外壳,其中所述栓孔包含圆形的第一孔和作为具有半圆形端部的拉长孔的第二孔。
33.根据权利要求31的外壳,其中所述板包含具有螺线的侧表面,所述螺线用于拧入所述容器侧壁中的接收螺线中。
34.根据权利要求31的外壳,其中所述板包含辅助操作者拧盖子的把柄。
35.一种包含权利要求31的外壳的电化学池,其还包含:具有多个螺旋缠绕的膜的滤芯,所述膜具有织构形表面;以及膜周围的电极。
36.一种用于离子交换电化学池的外壳,所述离子交换电化学池包含具有芯管的滤芯,所述外壳包括:
(a)侧壁与底壁、溶液入口和溶液出口连接的容器;
(b)可以与容器的侧壁可移动连接的可拆卸的盖子,所述可拆卸的盖子包含板,该板具有从其中向外延伸的中空杆,调整中空杆的尺寸,使其可以滑入电化学池滤芯的端帽延伸部中或者在其上滑动。
37.根据权利要求36的外壳,其还包括在中空杆基部周围的沟槽和沟槽中的O形圈。
38.根据权利要求36的外壳,其中所述板的多个侧面具有向外延伸的销钉,所述销钉的大小使其可安装在容器侧壁中的凹陷沟槽内。
39.一种包含权利要求36的外壳的电化学池,其还包含:具有多个螺旋缠绕的膜的滤芯,所述膜具有织构形表面;以及膜周围的电极。
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/900,256 US7959780B2 (en) | 2004-07-26 | 2004-07-26 | Textured ion exchange membranes |
US10/900,256 | 2004-07-26 | ||
PCT/US2005/026617 WO2006015034A2 (en) | 2004-07-26 | 2005-07-26 | Elctrochemical ion exchange with textured membranes and cartridge |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CN101001690A true CN101001690A (zh) | 2007-07-18 |
CN101001690B CN101001690B (zh) | 2011-04-06 |
Family
ID=35062999
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CN2005800254007A Active CN101001690B (zh) | 2004-07-26 | 2005-07-26 | 使用织构形膜和滤芯的电化学离子交换 |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7959780B2 (zh) |
EP (1) | EP1768768B1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP5123662B2 (zh) |
KR (1) | KR101359925B1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN101001690B (zh) |
BR (1) | BRPI0513753A (zh) |
ES (1) | ES2473599T3 (zh) |
WO (1) | WO2006015034A2 (zh) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN102316956A (zh) * | 2009-02-10 | 2012-01-11 | 曼·胡默尔有限公司 | 滤芯和陶瓷滤芯的生产方法 |
CN103243346A (zh) * | 2012-02-13 | 2013-08-14 | 旭化成化学株式会社 | 阳离子交换膜和使用了该阳离子交换膜的电解槽 |
CN103469241A (zh) * | 2012-06-06 | 2013-12-25 | 曼弗雷德·弗尔克尔 | 电化学臭氧发生器 |
CN106999925A (zh) * | 2014-11-19 | 2017-08-01 | 豪威株式会社 | 两极离子交换板和其制造方法 |
Families Citing this family (82)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP4418699B2 (ja) * | 2004-03-24 | 2010-02-17 | キヤノン株式会社 | 露光装置 |
US7959780B2 (en) | 2004-07-26 | 2011-06-14 | Emporia Capital Funding Llc | Textured ion exchange membranes |
US20060137986A1 (en) | 2004-12-23 | 2006-06-29 | Pionetics Corporation | Fluid flow controlling valve having seal with reduced leakage |
US20060219635A1 (en) * | 2005-03-30 | 2006-10-05 | Special Membrane Technologies, Inc. | High-density filtration module |
US7780833B2 (en) * | 2005-07-26 | 2010-08-24 | John Hawkins | Electrochemical ion exchange with textured membranes and cartridge |
KR101333243B1 (ko) | 2005-10-06 | 2013-11-26 | 파이오네틱스 코포레이션 | 유체의 전기화학적 이온교환 처리 |
DE102007015171A1 (de) * | 2007-03-27 | 2008-10-02 | Rwth Aachen | Membranvorrichtung und Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Membranvorrichtung |
EP1982757A1 (de) * | 2007-04-10 | 2008-10-22 | Stichting Voor De Technische Wetenschappen | Ionendurchlässige Membran und ihre Herstellung |
NL1035190C2 (nl) * | 2008-03-18 | 2009-09-21 | Redstack B V | Membraan, cel, inrichting en werkwijze voor (omgekeerde) elektrodialyse. |
FR2938121B1 (fr) * | 2008-10-30 | 2011-04-01 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Plaque d'electrolyte a rigidite augmentee, et systeme electrochimique comportant une telle plaque d'electrolyte |
JP5009941B2 (ja) * | 2009-01-16 | 2012-08-29 | パナソニック株式会社 | 袋状分離膜および袋状分離膜の製造方法 |
JP5292414B2 (ja) * | 2009-02-09 | 2013-09-18 | パナソニック株式会社 | 給湯機 |
JP5494644B2 (ja) * | 2009-02-23 | 2014-05-21 | 旭硝子株式会社 | 陽イオン交換膜およびその製造方法、並びにこれを用いた電解槽 |
NL2003106C2 (en) * | 2009-06-30 | 2011-01-04 | Stichting Wetsus Ct Excellence Sustainable Water Technology | Membrane, stack of membranes for use in an electrode-membrane process, and device and method therefore. |
AU2010286605B2 (en) | 2009-08-26 | 2015-08-13 | Evoqua Water Technologies Pte. Ltd. | Ion exchange membranes |
JP5146437B2 (ja) * | 2009-10-09 | 2013-02-20 | パナソニック株式会社 | 給湯機 |
WO2011118486A1 (ja) * | 2010-03-23 | 2011-09-29 | 東レ株式会社 | 分離膜およびその製造方法 |
NL2004510C2 (en) * | 2010-04-06 | 2011-10-10 | Redstack B V | Membrane stack for a membrane based process and a device and method therefor. |
EP2420478A1 (en) * | 2010-08-17 | 2012-02-22 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Method and device for purifying water |
JP5817330B2 (ja) * | 2010-08-24 | 2015-11-18 | 東レ株式会社 | 分離膜および分離膜エレメント |
JP2012061419A (ja) * | 2010-09-16 | 2012-03-29 | Hitachi Ltd | 水分離膜モジュール |
CN103118783B (zh) * | 2010-09-21 | 2016-01-27 | 松下知识产权经营株式会社 | 多孔质离子交换体、水处理装置、供热水装置和多孔质离子交换体的制造方法 |
EP2627447B1 (en) | 2010-10-15 | 2019-12-11 | Evoqua Water Technologies LLC | Anion exchange membranes and process for making |
EP2627436B1 (en) | 2010-10-15 | 2018-01-17 | Evoqua Water Technologies LLC | Process for making a monomer solution for making cation exchange membranes |
EP2633901A4 (en) * | 2010-10-26 | 2014-09-17 | Toray Industries | SEPARATE MEMBRANE, SEPARATE MEMBRANE ELEMENT AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING THE SEPARATE MEMBRANE |
CA2817706A1 (en) | 2010-11-12 | 2012-05-18 | Siemens Pte. Ltd. | Electrical purification apparatus having a blocking spacer |
KR20140016876A (ko) * | 2010-12-28 | 2014-02-10 | 도레이 카부시키가이샤 | 분리막 엘리먼트 |
US9656886B2 (en) * | 2011-02-04 | 2017-05-23 | Evoqua Water Technologies Llc | Electrical purification apparatus and methods of manufacturing same |
CN103502155B (zh) * | 2011-05-13 | 2015-12-23 | 松下知识产权经营株式会社 | 再生式软水化装置 |
AU2012271341B2 (en) | 2011-06-15 | 2017-07-13 | The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc. | Systems, methods, and devices relating to a biomimetic cellularized nephron unit |
US20140251824A1 (en) * | 2011-08-03 | 2014-09-11 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Rechargeable electrochemical cells |
US9302922B2 (en) | 2012-01-30 | 2016-04-05 | California Institute Of Technology | Filtration membranes and related compositions, methods and systems |
US20130112618A1 (en) * | 2011-08-08 | 2013-05-09 | Mamadou S. Diallo | Filtration membranes, related nano and/or micro fibers, composites methods and systems |
US10369529B2 (en) | 2012-01-30 | 2019-08-06 | California Institute Of Technology | Mixed matrix membranes with embedded polymeric particles and networks and related compositions, methods, and systems |
US9266066B2 (en) | 2011-12-13 | 2016-02-23 | Pall Corporation | Membrane with localized asymmetries |
CA2865795A1 (en) * | 2012-03-02 | 2013-09-06 | The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc. | Porous structure with independently controlled surface patterns |
WO2013137260A1 (ja) | 2012-03-12 | 2013-09-19 | ナノシータ株式会社 | 高分子超薄膜及び多孔質高分子超薄膜 |
AU2013325234B2 (en) | 2012-10-04 | 2017-09-28 | Evoqua Water Technologies Llc | High-performance Anion exchange membranes and methods of making same |
ES2816948T3 (es) | 2012-10-11 | 2021-04-06 | Evoqua Water Tech Llc | Membranas de intercambio iónico revestidas |
JP6175647B2 (ja) | 2012-12-14 | 2017-08-09 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | イオン交換体及びそれを備えた水処理装置、及び、給湯装置 |
US10040018B2 (en) | 2013-01-09 | 2018-08-07 | Imagine Tf, Llc | Fluid filters and methods of use |
WO2014142944A1 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2014-09-18 | Evoqua Water Technologies Llc | Flow distributors for electrochemical separation |
WO2015026747A1 (en) * | 2013-08-20 | 2015-02-26 | Trish Choudhary | Separating and demineralizing biomolecule solutions by electrodialysis |
ITPD20130280A1 (it) * | 2013-10-09 | 2015-04-10 | Idropan Dell Orto Depuratori S R L | Apparecchiatura per il trattamento di un fluido |
WO2015066021A1 (en) * | 2013-10-28 | 2015-05-07 | Cambrian Innovation Inc | System and method for waste treatment |
US10294267B2 (en) | 2013-12-04 | 2019-05-21 | Pall Corporation | Membrane with surface channels |
US20150190760A1 (en) * | 2014-01-06 | 2015-07-09 | Pall Corporation | Membrane with plurality of charges |
GB201401308D0 (en) * | 2014-01-27 | 2014-03-12 | Fujifilm Mfg Europe Bv | Process for preparing membranes |
GB201403551D0 (en) | 2014-02-28 | 2014-04-16 | Fujifilm Mfg Europe Bv | Membrane stacks |
JP6455775B2 (ja) | 2014-04-24 | 2019-01-23 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | イオン交換膜、前記イオン交換膜を備えるイオン交換膜積層体、前記イオン交換膜積層体を備える電気化学セル、及び前記電気化学セルを備える水処理装置 |
US9861920B1 (en) | 2015-05-01 | 2018-01-09 | Imagine Tf, Llc | Three dimensional nanometer filters and methods of use |
US10730047B2 (en) | 2014-06-24 | 2020-08-04 | Imagine Tf, Llc | Micro-channel fluid filters and methods of use |
US10864484B2 (en) | 2014-07-18 | 2020-12-15 | Sartorius Stedim Biotech Gmbh | Membrane with increased surface area |
EP3169424B1 (en) | 2014-07-18 | 2020-10-28 | Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH | Membrane with performance enhancing multi-level macroscopic cavities |
US10124275B2 (en) | 2014-09-05 | 2018-11-13 | Imagine Tf, Llc | Microstructure separation filters |
WO2016080642A1 (ko) * | 2014-11-19 | 2016-05-26 | 코웨이 주식회사 | 바이폴라 이온교환시트 및 그 제조방법 |
US10177401B2 (en) | 2014-11-20 | 2019-01-08 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Method of establishing physical and electrical connections between a battery and a circuit |
US9757695B2 (en) | 2015-01-03 | 2017-09-12 | Pionetics Corporation | Anti-scale electrochemical apparatus with water-splitting ion exchange membrane |
US10758849B2 (en) | 2015-02-18 | 2020-09-01 | Imagine Tf, Llc | Three dimensional filter devices and apparatuses |
WO2016149365A1 (en) * | 2015-03-16 | 2016-09-22 | Calera Corporation | Ion exchange membranes, electrochemical systems, and methods |
US10118842B2 (en) | 2015-07-09 | 2018-11-06 | Imagine Tf, Llc | Deionizing fluid filter devices and methods of use |
US10479046B2 (en) | 2015-08-19 | 2019-11-19 | Imagine Tf, Llc | Absorbent microstructure arrays and methods of use |
KR102446528B1 (ko) * | 2015-09-23 | 2022-09-23 | 코웨이 주식회사 | 바이폴라 이온교환시트 및 그 제조방법 |
JP2017121612A (ja) | 2016-01-08 | 2017-07-13 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 電気化学セル、それを備える水処理装置、及び水処理装置の運転方法 |
EP3954807A3 (en) | 2016-05-03 | 2022-06-29 | Opus 12 Incorporated | Reactor with advanced architecture for the electrochemical reaction of co2, co, and other chemical compounds |
WO2018226823A1 (en) | 2017-06-07 | 2018-12-13 | Erix Solutions Llc | Electrochemical ion exchange treatment of fluids |
KR102066239B1 (ko) * | 2017-09-18 | 2020-01-14 | 롯데케미칼 주식회사 | 분리막 복합체 및 레독스 흐름 전지 |
WO2019144135A1 (en) | 2018-01-22 | 2019-07-25 | Opus-12 Incorporated | System and method for carbon dioxide reactor control |
KR102079005B1 (ko) * | 2018-05-18 | 2020-02-19 | 한국에너지기술연구원 | 일가이온 선택성 패턴을 갖는 이온 교환막 및 이를 포함하는 역전기투석장치 |
EP3887578A1 (en) | 2018-11-28 | 2021-10-06 | Opus 12 Incorporated | Electrolyzer and method of use |
US11417901B2 (en) | 2018-12-18 | 2022-08-16 | Twelve Benefit Corporation | Electrolyzer and method of use |
KR102210951B1 (ko) * | 2019-02-19 | 2021-02-02 | 주식회사 이노켐텍 | 유로를 가지는 교환막/수처리필터/정수장치 |
CN114096341A (zh) * | 2019-07-12 | 2022-02-25 | 斯瓦蒙卢森堡公司 | 氟塑料支撑膜 |
WO2021045963A1 (en) * | 2019-09-03 | 2021-03-11 | Imagine Tf, Llc | Rolled film with structures for fluid separation |
KR102091645B1 (ko) * | 2019-10-11 | 2020-03-20 | 주식회사 이노켐텍 | 이온교환판, 정수모듈, 정수시스템 |
CN115380132A (zh) | 2019-11-25 | 2022-11-22 | 十二益公司 | 用于COx还原的膜电极组件 |
US20210163319A1 (en) * | 2019-12-03 | 2021-06-03 | Iucf-Hyu (Industry-University Cooperation Foundation Hanyang University) | Water treatment apparatus and water treatment method using same |
US11450920B2 (en) * | 2020-09-30 | 2022-09-20 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Temperature and spark reduction device |
US20220347603A1 (en) * | 2021-04-30 | 2022-11-03 | Pall Corporation | Filter disk segments |
WO2023278666A2 (en) * | 2021-07-01 | 2023-01-05 | The Board Of Trustees Of The University Of Illinois | System and method for redox-mediated electrodialysis |
CN114847955B (zh) * | 2022-07-05 | 2022-10-11 | 诺尔医疗(深圳)有限公司 | 脑电极制造方法及脑电极 |
WO2024035474A1 (en) | 2022-08-12 | 2024-02-15 | Twelve Benefit Corporation | Acetic acid production |
Family Cites Families (471)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US558003A (en) * | 1896-04-07 | Wagon | ||
US2470741A (en) | 1945-05-26 | 1949-05-17 | Premier Crystal Lab Inc | Automatic agitator for apparatus subjecting liquid to electrical potential between electrodes |
US2726356A (en) | 1952-09-24 | 1955-12-06 | Robotron Corp | High voltage regulator |
NL102991C (zh) | 1955-05-12 | |||
US2829095A (en) | 1955-09-03 | 1958-04-01 | Noguchi Kenkyu Jo | Process for the production of acidic and alkaline solution from salt solution by multi-compartment electrolysis |
US2974681A (en) | 1956-07-18 | 1961-03-14 | Whitehurst George | Rotary fluid distributor valves |
US2863813A (en) | 1956-09-14 | 1958-12-09 | Ionics | Method of electrodialyzing aqueous solutions |
US3003940A (en) | 1961-01-05 | 1961-10-10 | Ionics | Method of preventing fouling of anion selective membranes |
US3398069A (en) | 1961-01-09 | 1968-08-20 | Ionics | Electrolysis of aqueous electrolyte solutions |
US3233732A (en) | 1962-02-28 | 1966-02-08 | Tait Mfg Co The | Water softening system |
US3284333A (en) | 1962-05-22 | 1966-11-08 | Ionics | Stable lead anodes |
US3433726A (en) | 1962-06-08 | 1969-03-18 | Ionics | Method and apparatus for treating liquid milk products |
US3250695A (en) | 1962-07-12 | 1966-05-10 | Petrolite Corp | Voltage control system |
US3454472A (en) | 1962-09-05 | 1969-07-08 | Ionics | Stable anode and method for making the same |
US3412006A (en) | 1965-01-11 | 1968-11-19 | Ionics | Ion-exchange membranes |
US3475143A (en) | 1965-02-10 | 1969-10-28 | Ionics | Metal to metal bonds with cuprous halide melts |
US3502429A (en) | 1965-04-02 | 1970-03-24 | Ionics | Regeneration of an enclosed atmosphere |
US3446724A (en) | 1965-07-26 | 1969-05-27 | Petrolite Corp | Energization of electric emulsion treaters |
US3440159A (en) | 1965-08-26 | 1969-04-22 | Ionics | Separation of un-ionized substances by electro-osmosis |
US3420773A (en) | 1966-03-03 | 1969-01-07 | Ionics | Treatment of water |
US3476600A (en) | 1966-03-08 | 1969-11-04 | Ionics | Rinsing machine-washed dishes |
US3496091A (en) | 1966-04-15 | 1970-02-17 | Ionics | Electrolytic-electrodialysis apparatus |
US3616312A (en) | 1966-04-15 | 1971-10-26 | Ionics | Hydrazine manufacture |
US3480495A (en) | 1966-07-11 | 1969-11-25 | Ionics | Process for cementing ion-exchange material |
US3398091A (en) | 1966-08-09 | 1968-08-20 | Ionics | Membrane separation apparatus and process |
US3883383A (en) * | 1966-09-21 | 1975-05-13 | Ionics | Method of fabricating embossed membranes |
US3368871A (en) | 1966-12-05 | 1968-02-13 | Ionics | Fluidized bed process for the preparation of colloidal silicon carbide |
US3475122A (en) | 1967-03-22 | 1969-10-28 | Ionics | Recovery of sulfur dioxide from gas streams |
US3496453A (en) | 1967-04-04 | 1970-02-17 | Ionics | Voltage sensing device |
US3558279A (en) | 1967-06-20 | 1971-01-26 | Ionics | Electrochemical sensor device |
US3485576A (en) | 1967-06-29 | 1969-12-23 | Ionics | Ultraviolet process and apparatus for disinfection of aqueous liquids |
US3607706A (en) | 1967-08-04 | 1971-09-21 | Ionics | Method of making stable laminated cation-exchange membranes |
US3518174A (en) | 1967-08-10 | 1970-06-30 | Inoue K | Method and apparatus for purification of water containing organic contaminants |
US3607417A (en) | 1967-12-04 | 1971-09-21 | Ionics | Battery cell |
US3523880A (en) | 1967-12-27 | 1970-08-11 | Ionics | Electrolytic cell for removal and recovery of so2 from waste gases |
US3661762A (en) | 1967-12-27 | 1972-05-09 | Ionics | Electrolytic cell for removal and recovery of so2 from waste gases |
US3524801A (en) | 1968-02-09 | 1970-08-18 | Ionics | Process for producing sulfuric acid from so2 containing waste gas |
US3567864A (en) | 1968-02-23 | 1971-03-02 | Culligan Inc | Monitoring and reporting system |
US3523755A (en) | 1968-04-01 | 1970-08-11 | Ionics | Processes for controlling the ph of sulfur dioxide scrubbing system |
US3896015A (en) | 1968-07-24 | 1975-07-22 | Ionics | Method and apparatus for separating weakly ionizable substances from fluids containing the same |
US3562139A (en) | 1968-08-05 | 1971-02-09 | Ionics | Cationic-anionic ion-exchange membrane |
US3547801A (en) | 1968-08-08 | 1970-12-15 | T O Paine | Water management system and an electrolytic cell therefor |
USRE27701E (en) | 1968-08-09 | 1973-07-17 | Filter frame seal | |
US3589999A (en) | 1968-10-25 | 1971-06-29 | Ionics | Deionization process |
DE1926907C3 (de) | 1968-12-05 | 1975-07-10 | Veb Filmfabrik Wolfen, X 4440 Wolfen | Vielkammerzelle für Elektrodialyse |
US3520803A (en) | 1968-12-24 | 1970-07-21 | Ionics | Membrane fluid separation apparatus and process |
US3542205A (en) | 1969-01-22 | 1970-11-24 | United States Filter Corp | Filter leaf |
US3515513A (en) | 1969-02-03 | 1970-06-02 | Ionics | Carbonation process for so2 removal |
US3817703A (en) | 1969-03-03 | 1974-06-18 | Filtering Materials Inc | Laser energized sterilization method and apparatus |
US3643806A (en) | 1969-03-24 | 1972-02-22 | United States Filter Corp | Adjustable knife blade for dry filter cake discharge |
US3775135A (en) | 1969-04-24 | 1973-11-27 | J Harper | Non-ferrous lithographic printing plate glassing composition |
US3645884A (en) | 1969-07-10 | 1972-02-29 | Edwin R Gilliland | Electrolytic ion exchange apparatus |
US3664832A (en) | 1969-07-25 | 1972-05-23 | Ionics | Lead alloy |
US3608610A (en) | 1969-10-01 | 1971-09-28 | Ionics | Apparatus for evaporative separation of liquids through microporous panels |
US3627133A (en) | 1970-03-16 | 1971-12-14 | Culligan Int Co | Chlorine generator for water softeners |
US3645882A (en) | 1970-04-01 | 1972-02-29 | Ionics | Carbonation process for so2 removal |
US3669857A (en) | 1970-07-30 | 1972-06-13 | Ionics | ELECTROLYTIC CHLORINATION AND pH CONTROL OF WATER |
US3654103A (en) | 1970-08-03 | 1972-04-04 | Ionics | Processes for controlling the ph of a sulfur dioxide scrubbing system |
US3621173A (en) | 1970-08-27 | 1971-11-16 | United States Filter Corp | Mounting means for electrical devices |
US3661647A (en) | 1970-08-31 | 1972-05-09 | Gould Ionics Inc | Solid state electric cell having stabilized resistance |
US3663299A (en) | 1970-08-31 | 1972-05-16 | Gould Sonics Inc | Solid state electric cell having stabilized resistance |
US3826614A (en) | 1970-09-28 | 1974-07-30 | Ionics | Total mercury monitor |
US3826618A (en) | 1970-09-28 | 1974-07-30 | Ionics | Automatic mercury monitor |
US3774763A (en) | 1970-10-15 | 1973-11-27 | Culligan Int Co | Water purification system |
US3695446A (en) | 1970-10-15 | 1972-10-03 | Culligan Int Co | Membrane module assembly |
US3657104A (en) | 1970-11-05 | 1972-04-18 | Ionics | Bifunctional cation exchange membranes and their use in electrolyticcells |
US3717256A (en) | 1970-12-11 | 1973-02-20 | American Air Filter Co | Filter frame construction |
US3672841A (en) | 1970-12-14 | 1972-06-27 | Ionics | Analysis of organic and inorganic water pollutants |
US3675041A (en) | 1970-12-28 | 1972-07-04 | Culligan Int Co | Regeneration control and timer system |
US3720329A (en) | 1971-03-16 | 1973-03-13 | American Air Filter Co | Palletized cargo trailer |
US3774802A (en) | 1971-05-06 | 1973-11-27 | Filter Corp | Attachment apparatus for pressure vessels |
FR2138310B1 (zh) | 1971-05-24 | 1973-05-25 | Herbert Jean Jacques | |
US3701360A (en) | 1971-06-03 | 1972-10-31 | Culligan Int Co | Water softener valve |
US3749655A (en) | 1971-06-21 | 1973-07-31 | Ionics | Ion exchange membranes having a macroporous surface area |
US3926864A (en) | 1971-06-21 | 1975-12-16 | Ionics | Ion exchange membranes having a macroporous surface area |
US3738812A (en) | 1971-07-27 | 1973-06-12 | Ionics | Automatic chemical analyzer |
US3700934A (en) | 1971-09-23 | 1972-10-24 | Ionics | Temperature-compensated current reference |
BE789739A (fr) | 1971-10-05 | 1973-04-05 | Lock Peter M | Pansement chirurgical |
US3805833A (en) | 1971-10-20 | 1974-04-23 | G Teed | Back-suction diverter valve |
US3887499A (en) | 1971-12-06 | 1975-06-03 | Ionics | Cation exchange membranes having carboxylic and sulfonic acid functionality |
US3766712A (en) | 1971-12-14 | 1973-10-23 | American Air Filter Co | Fabric tube type dust collector method |
US3914116A (en) | 1972-01-21 | 1975-10-21 | American Air Filter Co | High efficiency unit filter |
US3772189A (en) | 1972-01-27 | 1973-11-13 | Culligan Inc | Iodine treated activated carbon and process of treating contaminated water therewith |
US3840341A (en) | 1972-03-03 | 1974-10-08 | Ionics | Organic carbon method and analyzer |
US3843523A (en) | 1972-05-24 | 1974-10-22 | Dresen Doing Business As Sfd O | Oil filter |
US3765035A (en) | 1972-07-12 | 1973-10-16 | American Air Filter Co | Disposal system for human waste |
US3814688A (en) | 1972-08-30 | 1974-06-04 | Hydromation Filter Co | Liquid filter apparatus |
US3787339A (en) | 1972-09-07 | 1974-01-22 | Ionics | Process for defouling anion exchange resins with chlorine dioxide |
US3794460A (en) | 1972-10-03 | 1974-02-26 | American Air Filter Co | Control arrangement for air ventilating and air heating systems having automatic reset and manual reset safety devices |
US3978266A (en) | 1972-10-05 | 1976-08-31 | Ionics Lyo Products Company | Surgical dressings |
US3765225A (en) | 1972-10-30 | 1973-10-16 | American Air Filter Co | Carbon filter leak detector |
US3847765A (en) | 1972-12-20 | 1974-11-12 | Mitsubishi Petrochemical Co | Method for the treatment of cyanide-containing wastes |
US3827564A (en) | 1973-01-12 | 1974-08-06 | Culligan Int Co | Reverse osmosis membrane module |
AR205152A1 (es) | 1973-02-02 | 1976-04-12 | United States Filter Corp | Precipitador electrostatico humedo |
US3958961A (en) | 1973-02-02 | 1976-05-25 | United States Filter Corporation | Wet electrostatic precipitators |
US3869376A (en) | 1973-05-14 | 1975-03-04 | Alvaro R Tejeda | System for demineralizing water by electrodialysis |
US3850797A (en) | 1973-06-12 | 1974-11-26 | Culligan Int Co | Method of sterilizing reverse osmosis water treatment units |
US3954592A (en) | 1974-07-03 | 1976-05-04 | Beeston Company Limited | Electrolysis apparatus |
US3964985A (en) | 1974-10-29 | 1976-06-22 | Ionics, Incorporated | Electrodialysis apparatus and process for ion modification |
US3926071A (en) | 1974-11-04 | 1975-12-16 | Culligan Int Co | Control device |
US3972815A (en) | 1975-01-09 | 1976-08-03 | United States Filter Corporation | Mixing apparatus |
US3978855A (en) | 1975-01-17 | 1976-09-07 | Ionics Lyo Products Company | Polyurethane foam surgical dressing |
US4073632A (en) | 1975-07-07 | 1978-02-14 | United States Filter Corporation | Filter bag assembly |
US4012310A (en) | 1975-09-11 | 1977-03-15 | Progressive Equipment Corporation | Electrostatic water treatment system |
US3993517A (en) | 1975-10-31 | 1976-11-23 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Interior | Thin cell electromembrane separator |
US4032452A (en) | 1975-11-13 | 1977-06-28 | Sybron Corporation | Electrically regenerated ion exchange system |
US3997927A (en) | 1975-11-28 | 1976-12-21 | Culligan Robert L | Sunbathing mat assembly |
US4024043A (en) | 1975-12-31 | 1977-05-17 | Allied Chemical Corporation | Single film, high performance bipolar membrane |
USD248157S (en) | 1976-05-19 | 1978-06-13 | Ionics, Inc. | Electrode frame for use in an electrolytic filter press cell apparatus or the like |
US4031918A (en) | 1976-05-24 | 1977-06-28 | Sahlin International, Inc. | Rotary spool valve |
SU874090A1 (ru) | 1976-06-15 | 1981-10-23 | Предприятие П/Я М-5885 | Электродиализатор |
US4067794A (en) | 1977-01-14 | 1978-01-10 | Ionics, Inc. | Sealing gasket for chamber wall |
US4124478A (en) | 1977-02-07 | 1978-11-07 | Tsien Hsue C | Thin sheet apparatus and a fluid flow device |
GB1551538A (en) | 1977-02-24 | 1979-08-30 | Balavadze E M | Device for automatically controlling desalination of electrolytic fluids in directflow electrodialysis |
US4110265A (en) | 1977-03-01 | 1978-08-29 | Ionics Inc. | Ion exchange membranes based upon polyphenylene sulfide |
US4191811A (en) | 1977-03-01 | 1980-03-04 | Ionics, Incorported | Ion exchange membranes based upon polyphenylene sulfide and fluorocarbon polymeric binder |
US4062756A (en) | 1977-03-07 | 1977-12-13 | Ionics, Inc. | Liquid flow distribution screen |
US4270935A (en) | 1977-06-27 | 1981-06-02 | United States Filter Corporation | Filter assembly for high temperature glass fiber filter media |
US4107015A (en) | 1977-07-18 | 1978-08-15 | Allied Chemical Corporation | Method for removal of SO2 from gases |
US4148708A (en) | 1977-07-22 | 1979-04-10 | The Babcock & Wilcox Company | Combination ion exchange and electrodialysis fluid purification apparatus |
US4115225A (en) | 1977-07-22 | 1978-09-19 | Ionics, Inc. | Electrodialysis cell electrode reversal and anolyte recirculation system |
US4202772A (en) | 1977-08-04 | 1980-05-13 | Ionics, Incorporated | Fluid distribution cell module |
US4140591A (en) | 1978-01-03 | 1979-02-20 | Purdue Research Foundation | Photoelectrolytic apparatus for water splitting |
US4133641A (en) | 1978-04-12 | 1979-01-09 | Ionics Inc. | Combustion cone for chemical analysis instrument |
US4180451A (en) | 1978-04-19 | 1979-12-25 | Ionics Inc. | Apparatus for treating whey |
US4146455A (en) | 1978-04-19 | 1979-03-27 | Ionics Inc. | Process for treating whey |
US4183399A (en) | 1978-07-19 | 1980-01-15 | Ionics, Inc. | Heat pipe recuperator |
US4173524A (en) | 1978-09-14 | 1979-11-06 | Ionics Inc. | Chlor-alkali electrolysis cell |
US4217186A (en) | 1978-09-14 | 1980-08-12 | Ionics Inc. | Process for chloro-alkali electrolysis cell |
JPS5553710A (en) | 1978-10-18 | 1980-04-19 | Ricoh Co Ltd | Power unit |
US4225412A (en) | 1978-12-04 | 1980-09-30 | Occidental Research Corporation | Apparatus for separating neutral molecules using a bipolar membrane as a molecular sieve |
US4231855A (en) | 1979-03-02 | 1980-11-04 | Ionics, Incorporated | Electrodialysis membranes of high interstitial molality based upon methacrylate ester derivatives |
US4216073A (en) | 1979-05-29 | 1980-08-05 | Ionics Inc. | Ion exchange resin containing activated carbon |
US4255012A (en) | 1979-06-25 | 1981-03-10 | Ionics, Incorporated | Corrosion resistant electrode connector assembly |
US4528173A (en) | 1979-08-17 | 1985-07-09 | Ionics, Incorporated | Electrolytic process for desulphurization and seed regeneration in coal fired magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) power generation systems |
US4230544A (en) | 1979-08-31 | 1980-10-28 | Ionics Inc. | Method and apparatus for controlling anode pH in membrane chlor-alkali cells |
US4242185A (en) | 1979-09-04 | 1980-12-30 | Ionics Inc. | Process and apparatus for controlling impurities and pollution from membrane chlor-alkali cells |
US4257887A (en) | 1979-09-26 | 1981-03-24 | Culligan International Company | Circuit and apparatus for controlling a water softener |
US4275227A (en) | 1979-10-12 | 1981-06-23 | Ionics Inc. | Synthesis of water soluble cross-linkers and their use in the manufacture of anionic polymers |
US4310631A (en) | 1979-10-12 | 1982-01-12 | Ionics Inc. | Synthesis of water soluble cross-linkers and their use in the manufacture of anionic polymers |
US4284492A (en) | 1979-12-05 | 1981-08-18 | Karn William S | Reverse osmosis electrodialysis combined means |
US4322275A (en) | 1980-01-10 | 1982-03-30 | Ionics Incorporated | Fractionation of protein mixtures |
US4426323A (en) | 1980-01-10 | 1984-01-17 | Ionics, Incorporated | Selected recovery of proteins from fermentation broths |
US4351710A (en) | 1980-01-10 | 1982-09-28 | Ionics, Incorporated | Fractionation of protein mixtures |
US4321192A (en) | 1980-01-10 | 1982-03-23 | Ionics Incorporated | Fractionation of protein mixtures by salt addition followed by dialysis treatment |
US4276140A (en) | 1980-01-10 | 1981-06-30 | Ionics Inc. | Electrodialysis apparatus and process for fractionating protein mixtures |
US4332680A (en) | 1980-04-14 | 1982-06-01 | United States Filter Fluid Systems Corporation | Filter sluicing apparatus |
US4298442A (en) | 1980-08-04 | 1981-11-03 | Ionics, Incorporated | Electrodialysis process for silica removal |
US4446352A (en) | 1980-08-11 | 1984-05-01 | United States Filter Fluid Systems Corp. | Filter leaf |
US4461945A (en) | 1980-08-11 | 1984-07-24 | United States Filter Fluid Systems Corporation | Filter leaf and method and apparatus for making same |
US4373031A (en) | 1980-09-25 | 1983-02-08 | Ionics, Incorporated | Synthesis of anion exchange polymers employing ditertiary amines |
US4299698A (en) | 1980-10-21 | 1981-11-10 | Culligan International Company | Circuit and apparatus for controlling a water softener |
US4299677A (en) | 1980-11-03 | 1981-11-10 | The Hubinger Co. | Process for the preferential separation of fructose from glucose |
US4374720A (en) | 1980-12-13 | 1983-02-22 | Ionics, Incorporated | Synthesis of water soluble cross-linkers and their use in the manufacture of anionic polymers |
US4344781A (en) | 1981-02-03 | 1982-08-17 | United States Filter Corporation | Filter bag with protective cuff |
US4374206A (en) | 1981-02-23 | 1983-02-15 | Ionics Incorporated | Synthesis of base-stable aliphatic anion exchange polymers |
US4465573A (en) | 1981-05-12 | 1984-08-14 | Hare Harry M O | Method and apparatus for the purification of water |
US4435318A (en) | 1981-05-22 | 1984-03-06 | Ionics, Incorporated | Electrodialysis preparation of purified AHF concentrate |
US4441978A (en) | 1981-06-29 | 1984-04-10 | Ionics Incorporated | Separation of proteins using electrodialysis - isoelectric focusing combination |
US4396477A (en) | 1981-06-29 | 1983-08-02 | Ionics, Incorporated | Separation of proteins using electrodialysis-isoelectric focusing combination |
US4381232A (en) | 1981-08-24 | 1983-04-26 | Ionics, Incorporated | Multi-stage electrodialysis stack electrode reversal system and method of operation |
US4372821A (en) | 1981-08-31 | 1983-02-08 | United States Filter Corporation | Emission control apparatus |
US4391680A (en) | 1981-12-03 | 1983-07-05 | Allied Corporation | Preparing alkali metal hydroxide by water splitting and hydrolysis |
DE3218410A1 (de) | 1982-05-15 | 1983-11-17 | Accumulatorenwerke Hoppecke Carl Zoellner & Sohn GmbH & Co KG, 5790 Brilon | Galvanisches element, insbesondere metall-luft-zelle |
DE3373632D1 (en) | 1982-05-27 | 1987-10-22 | Geesthacht Gkss Forschung | Membrane stack assembly |
US4504373A (en) | 1982-06-01 | 1985-03-12 | Allied Corporation | Electrodialytic water splitting process and apparatus for conversion of alkali metal sulfate values derived from spent rayon spin baths |
US4461693A (en) | 1982-07-06 | 1984-07-24 | Ionics Incorporated | Polarity reversal electrodes |
US4606943A (en) | 1983-03-18 | 1986-08-19 | Culligan International Company | Method for preparation of semipermeable composite membrane |
US4505797A (en) | 1983-03-24 | 1985-03-19 | Ionics, Incorporated | Ion-exchange membranes reinforced with non-woven carbon fibers |
US4636289A (en) | 1983-05-02 | 1987-01-13 | Allied Corporation | Solution mining of sodium minerals with acids generated by electrodialytic water splitting |
US4534867A (en) | 1983-08-24 | 1985-08-13 | Culligan International Company | System for removing iron and/or other chemically reducing substances from potable water |
US4536845A (en) | 1983-08-31 | 1985-08-20 | Culligan International Company | Self-programmable controller for water conditioner recharging |
US4609007A (en) | 1983-10-27 | 1986-09-02 | Sterling Faucet Company | Mixing valve for connection to hot and cold water supply lines for feeding a variably proportioned mixture of hot and cold water to a shower head or the like |
US4613422A (en) | 1984-01-19 | 1986-09-23 | Integrated Ionics Inc. | Ambient sensing devices |
US4739380A (en) | 1984-01-19 | 1988-04-19 | Integrated Ionics, Inc. | Integrated ambient sensing devices and methods of manufacture |
US4551209A (en) | 1984-01-19 | 1985-11-05 | Integrated Ionics, Inc. | Method of calibrating conductive metal oxide electrodes |
WO1986000237A1 (en) | 1984-06-18 | 1986-01-16 | Permutit - Boby Limited | Fluid separation cells and spacers for use in these |
US4925541B1 (en) | 1984-07-09 | 1994-08-02 | Millipore Corp | Electrodeionization apparatus and method |
US4629424A (en) | 1984-08-30 | 1986-12-16 | Integrated Ionics, Inc. | Intraoral ambient sensing device |
JPS6178405A (ja) * | 1984-09-27 | 1986-04-22 | Toyo Soda Mfg Co Ltd | 透析セルおよび透析モジユ−ル |
US4645625A (en) | 1984-11-26 | 1987-02-24 | Ionics, Incorporated | Decontamination of a radioactive waste liquid by electrodialysis |
US4661224A (en) | 1984-11-26 | 1987-04-28 | Ionics, Incorporated | Process and apparatus for electrically desorbing components selectively sorbed on an electrolytically conducting barrier |
US4584075A (en) | 1984-11-26 | 1986-04-22 | Ionics Incorporated | Process and apparatus for electrically desorbing components selectively sorbed on an electrolytically conducting barrier |
US4668402A (en) | 1984-12-03 | 1987-05-26 | Culligan International Company | System for treating fluids |
US4592817A (en) | 1984-12-03 | 1986-06-03 | Allied Corporation | Electrodialytic water splitting process for gaseous products |
US4643814A (en) | 1985-02-20 | 1987-02-17 | Ionics, Incorporated | Structure selective fibrous sorbents and method and apparatus for using the same |
US4594135A (en) | 1985-02-20 | 1986-06-10 | Ionics Incorporated | Process and apparatus for electrically desorbing components selectively sorbed on granules |
US4608140A (en) | 1985-06-10 | 1986-08-26 | Ionics, Incorporated | Electrodialysis apparatus and process |
US4622123A (en) | 1985-06-17 | 1986-11-11 | Ionics, Incorporated | Device for compressing a pair of plates |
US4617321A (en) | 1985-07-02 | 1986-10-14 | Ionics, Incorporated | Synthesis of highly cross-linked cation-exchange polymers from an aqueous solution |
JPS628499A (ja) | 1985-07-04 | 1987-01-16 | Toshiba Corp | 高電圧発生装置 |
US4587269A (en) | 1985-09-16 | 1986-05-06 | Ionics Incorporated | One step process for preparing anion exchange polymers |
US4614576A (en) | 1985-10-22 | 1986-09-30 | Ionics, Incorporated | Microliter scale electrodialysis apparatus |
US4671863A (en) | 1985-10-28 | 1987-06-09 | Tejeda Alvaro R | Reversible electrolytic system for softening and dealkalizing water |
US4663144A (en) | 1985-11-25 | 1987-05-05 | Ga Technologies Inc. | Water-splitting cycle with graphite intercalation compounds |
US4678565A (en) | 1986-01-17 | 1987-07-07 | Culligan International Company | Purified water storage system with accumulator tank and diaphragm responsive valves |
US5007989A (en) | 1986-02-20 | 1991-04-16 | Raychem Corporation | Method and articles employing ion exchange material |
US4888098A (en) | 1986-02-20 | 1989-12-19 | Raychem Corporation | Method and articles employing ion exchange material |
US5019235A (en) | 1986-02-20 | 1991-05-28 | Raychem Corporation | Method and articles employing ion exchange material |
US4673483A (en) | 1986-03-20 | 1987-06-16 | Ionics Incorporated | Isoelectric focusing apparatus |
US4864229A (en) | 1986-05-03 | 1989-09-05 | Integrated Ionics, Inc. | Method and apparatus for testing chemical and ionic sensors |
US4760328A (en) | 1986-05-05 | 1988-07-26 | Integrated Ionics, Inc. | Particle counter having electrodes and circuitry mounted on the pane of the orifice |
US4678553A (en) | 1986-07-11 | 1987-07-07 | Ionics, Incorporated | Renaturing reversibly denatured polypeptides and proteins by electrodialysis of solutions thereof in denaturants |
US4781809A (en) | 1986-07-21 | 1988-11-01 | Ionics, Incorporated | Recovering free organic acids from solutions in which they occur with other organic matter |
US4707240A (en) | 1986-09-15 | 1987-11-17 | Ionics Incorporated | Method and apparatus for improving the life of an electrode |
US4804451A (en) | 1986-10-01 | 1989-02-14 | Millipore Corporation | Depletion compartment for deionization apparatus and method |
US4731049A (en) | 1987-01-30 | 1988-03-15 | Ionics, Incorporated | Cell for electrically controlled transdermal drug delivery |
US4769135A (en) | 1987-03-02 | 1988-09-06 | Culligan International Company | Automatic metering system |
US4795537A (en) | 1987-04-10 | 1989-01-03 | H.P.G. Research Ltd. | Electrical conditioning system for electrodes in an electrolysis cell |
US4735717A (en) | 1987-05-18 | 1988-04-05 | Ionics Incorporated | Spiral wound pressure membrane module |
US4764315A (en) | 1987-08-12 | 1988-08-16 | Ionics, Incorporated | Water cooler and carbonator |
DE3730419A1 (de) | 1987-09-11 | 1989-03-30 | Avt Anlagen Verfahrenstech | Drehschieber |
DE3731754A1 (de) | 1987-09-22 | 1989-04-20 | B & S Metalpraecis Gmbh | Dreiwegearmatur |
US4882050A (en) | 1987-10-02 | 1989-11-21 | Kopf Henry B | Filter plate, filter plate element, and filter comprising same |
DE3739580A1 (de) | 1987-11-23 | 1989-06-01 | Battelle Institut E V | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur spaltung eines dispersen systems in einer elektrochemischen zelle |
US4940667A (en) | 1987-12-28 | 1990-07-10 | Ionics, Incorporated | Apparatus for monitoring the quality of water |
US4977094A (en) | 1987-12-28 | 1990-12-11 | Ionics, Incorporated | Process for monitoring the quality of water |
US4806291A (en) | 1988-02-22 | 1989-02-21 | Ionics, Incorporated | Process for preparing microporous polyvinylidene fluoride membranes |
US4775703A (en) | 1988-02-22 | 1988-10-04 | Ionics, Incorporated | Process for preparing microporous polyvinylidene fluoride membranes |
USD313330S (en) | 1988-04-01 | 1991-01-01 | Ionics, Incorporated | Bottled water dispenser |
US5045171A (en) | 1988-04-05 | 1991-09-03 | Ionics, Incorporated | Acid efficient membrane for use in electrodialysis for recovery of acid |
US4822471A (en) | 1988-04-05 | 1989-04-18 | Ionics, Incorporated | Acid efficient membrane for use in electrodialysis for recovery of acid |
GB2217103B (en) | 1988-04-06 | 1992-09-23 | Graseby Ionics Ltd | Ion mobility detector |
US4851100A (en) | 1988-05-02 | 1989-07-25 | Ionics, Incorporated | Novel bipolar membranes and process of manufacture |
US4802984A (en) | 1988-05-04 | 1989-02-07 | Ionics, Incorporated | Composite semipermeable membrane |
US5147553A (en) | 1988-05-04 | 1992-09-15 | Ionics, Incorporated | Selectively permeable barriers |
US4913816A (en) | 1988-05-04 | 1990-04-03 | Ionics Incorporated | Chlorine tolerant composite semipermeable membrane |
US5116473A (en) | 1988-05-25 | 1992-05-26 | Resources Conservation Co. | Apparatus for controlling solid particle flow in an evaporator |
US4900450A (en) | 1988-07-01 | 1990-02-13 | Culligan International Company | Removing residual alkali metal ions from demineralized water |
US4969983A (en) | 1988-07-11 | 1990-11-13 | Ionics, Incorporated | Apparatus and process for the removal of acidic and basic gases from fluid mixtures using bipolar membranes |
US4871431A (en) | 1988-07-11 | 1989-10-03 | Ionics, Incorporated | Apparatus for the removal of dissolved solids from liquids using bipolar membranes |
DE3926642C2 (de) | 1988-08-11 | 1998-02-26 | Fraunhofer Ges Forschung | Verfahren zur Gewinnung einer Säure aus ihrem Salz |
US5006211A (en) | 1989-04-19 | 1991-04-09 | Pulp And Paper Research Institute Of Canada | Electrodialylic water splitting process for the treatment of aqueous electrolytes |
JP2668087B2 (ja) | 1989-05-02 | 1997-10-27 | 株式会社イナックス | イオン水生成器の濃度設定装置 |
US5026465A (en) | 1989-08-03 | 1991-06-25 | Ionics, Incorporated | Electrodeionization polarity reversal apparatus and process |
US5045198A (en) | 1989-08-04 | 1991-09-03 | Culligan International Company | Faucet-mounted microbial filter |
US4980056A (en) | 1989-08-04 | 1990-12-25 | Culligan International Company | Faucet-mounted microbial filter |
US5066393A (en) | 1989-08-28 | 1991-11-19 | Culligan International Company | Slotted flow collector/distributor for water treatment tank with one-way valves |
US5264125A (en) | 1989-09-08 | 1993-11-23 | Ionics' Incorporated | Process for manufacturing continuous supported ion selective membranes using non-polymerizable high boiling point solvents |
US5194189A (en) | 1989-09-08 | 1993-03-16 | Ionics, Incorporated | Process for manufacturing continuous, supported polymeric sheet from polymerizable liquid starting materials |
US5145618A (en) | 1989-09-08 | 1992-09-08 | Ionics, Incorporated | Process for manufacturing continuous supported ion selective membranes using non-polymerizable high boiling point solvents |
US5056996A (en) | 1989-09-08 | 1991-10-15 | Ionics, Incorporated | Apparatus for manufacturing continuous, supported polymeric sheets from polymerizable liquid starting materials |
US5073255A (en) | 1989-10-05 | 1991-12-17 | Culligan International Company | Water treatment apparatus |
US5273070A (en) | 1989-10-05 | 1993-12-28 | Culligan International Company | Water treatment apparatus |
US6638413B1 (en) | 1989-10-10 | 2003-10-28 | Lectro Press, Inc. | Methods and apparatus for electrolysis of water |
US5203982A (en) | 1989-10-16 | 1993-04-20 | Ionics, Incorporated | Cation exchange membranes |
USD325740S (en) | 1989-11-02 | 1992-04-28 | Ionics, Incorporated | Extrusion canister |
US4970003A (en) | 1990-01-12 | 1990-11-13 | Culligan International Company | Water softening process with preservice rinse |
US5118717A (en) | 1990-02-13 | 1992-06-02 | Ionics, Incorporated | High ion exchange capacity polyelectrolytes having high crosslink densities and caustic stability |
US5203976A (en) | 1990-03-19 | 1993-04-20 | Ionics, Incorporated | Introducing and removing ion-exchange and other particulates rom an assembled electrodeionization stack |
US5066375A (en) | 1990-03-19 | 1991-11-19 | Ionics, Incorporated | Introducing and removing ion-exchange and other particulates from an assembled electrodeionization stack |
US5120416A (en) | 1990-03-19 | 1992-06-09 | Ionics, Incorporated | Introducing and removing ion-exchange and other particulates from an assembled electrodeionization stack |
US5415768A (en) * | 1990-04-23 | 1995-05-16 | Andelman; Marc D. | Flow-through capacitor |
US5075011A (en) | 1990-04-26 | 1991-12-24 | Ionics, Incorporated | Composite semipermeable membrane created by precipitation of emulsion polymers onto base film microporous surfaces |
JP2524012B2 (ja) * | 1990-05-31 | 1996-08-14 | 株式会社トクヤマ | バイポ―ラ膜及びその製造方法 |
CA2043583C (en) * | 1990-05-31 | 1999-01-05 | Fumio Hanada | Bipolar membrane and method for its production |
US5127427A (en) | 1990-06-18 | 1992-07-07 | Culligan International Company | Drinking water faucet |
US5037858A (en) | 1990-06-21 | 1991-08-06 | Ionics, Incorporated | Anion selective polymers prepared from concentrated solutions of N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide |
US6472223B1 (en) | 1990-07-09 | 2002-10-29 | United States Filter Corporation | Method and system for continuously monitoring and controlling a process stream |
US5152901A (en) | 1990-09-14 | 1992-10-06 | Ionics, Incorporated | Polyamine-polyamide composite nanofiltration membrane for water softening |
US5239285A (en) | 1990-09-21 | 1993-08-24 | Culligan International Company | Low salt level sensor |
US5160608A (en) | 1990-10-11 | 1992-11-03 | Culligan International Company | High efficiency water treatment system |
US5089192A (en) | 1990-10-22 | 1992-02-18 | Ionics, Incorporated | Asymmetric semipermeable poly(aryletherketone) membranes and method of producing same |
US5118424A (en) | 1990-11-30 | 1992-06-02 | Ionics Incorporated | Thin film composite membranes from vinyl and related nomomers |
US5061372A (en) | 1990-12-11 | 1991-10-29 | Culligan International Company | Water treatment system with preservice rinse |
JP3009221B2 (ja) | 1990-12-17 | 2000-02-14 | ユー・エス・フィルター/アイオンピュア・インコーポレーテッド | 電気脱イオン化装置 |
US5141717A (en) | 1990-12-24 | 1992-08-25 | Ionics, Incorporated | Carbon monitor containing anion exchange resin |
US5228962A (en) | 1991-02-01 | 1993-07-20 | Allied-Signal Inc. | Separation/recovery of ammonium salts via electrodialytic water splitting |
US5510394A (en) | 1991-02-19 | 1996-04-23 | Ionics Incorporated | High ionic conductance ion exchange membranes and their preparation |
US5137925A (en) | 1991-03-11 | 1992-08-11 | Ionics, Incorporated | Aliphatic anion exchange polymeric membranes having improved resistance to fouling |
US5102547A (en) | 1991-06-21 | 1992-04-07 | Ionics, Incorporated | Anti-fouling semi-permeable membrane system |
US5184906A (en) | 1991-10-01 | 1993-02-09 | Pitney Bowes Inc. | Adjustable envelope cassette |
JP2804656B2 (ja) | 1991-10-11 | 1998-09-30 | ミズ株式会社 | 連続式電解イオン水生成器の制御装置 |
US5290443A (en) | 1991-10-24 | 1994-03-01 | Culligan International Co. | Faucet with microbial filter |
US5227052A (en) | 1991-11-29 | 1993-07-13 | Ilves Juhani E | Water conditioning apparatus having reaction plates coupled to an astable oscillator |
US6004438A (en) | 1991-12-31 | 1999-12-21 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Biofilm reduction sterilizer |
US5275206A (en) | 1992-03-18 | 1994-01-04 | Teledyne Industries, Inc. | Valve system for beverage filling machines |
US5282935A (en) | 1992-04-13 | 1994-02-01 | Olin Corporation | Electrodialytic process for producing an alkali solution |
US5298164A (en) | 1992-07-28 | 1994-03-29 | United States Filter Corporation | Emission reduction of organic volatiles from aerobic biological reactors |
US5788721A (en) | 1992-08-04 | 1998-08-04 | Scaltech, Inc. | Fuel composition |
US5281317A (en) | 1992-10-15 | 1994-01-25 | Alliedsignal Inc. | Electrodialytic water splitting process for removing SO2 from gases |
US5322604A (en) | 1992-11-02 | 1994-06-21 | Olin Corporation | Electrolytic cell and electrodes therefor |
EP0600470A3 (en) * | 1992-12-04 | 1995-01-04 | Asahi Glass Co Ltd | Bipolar membrane. |
JPH06263896A (ja) * | 1993-03-16 | 1994-09-20 | Asahi Glass Co Ltd | バイポーラ膜 |
US5254257A (en) | 1993-01-19 | 1993-10-19 | Culligan International Company | Reclaiming of spent brine |
US5384813A (en) | 1993-03-05 | 1995-01-24 | Ionics, Inc. | Highly damped storage rack for nuclear fuel assemblies |
US5472622A (en) | 1993-04-20 | 1995-12-05 | Ionics, Incorporated | Salt basket for crystallizer and method of use in zero liquid discharge industrial facilities |
DE4315380A1 (de) | 1993-05-08 | 1994-11-10 | Solvay Interox Gmbh | Stabilisierte Alkalimetallperoxosalze und Verfahren zu deren Herstellung |
US5616249A (en) | 1993-05-20 | 1997-04-01 | Ionics, Incorporated | Nanofiltration apparatus and processes |
US5413749A (en) | 1993-06-04 | 1995-05-09 | Wheelabrator Engineered Systems Inc. | Process of making beads for a liquid purification bed |
DE4326854A1 (de) | 1993-08-11 | 1995-02-16 | Heraeus Elektrochemie | Verfahren zur Regenerierung einer Metallionen und Schwefelsäure enthaltenden wässrigen Lösung sowie Vorrchtung |
DE4329802A1 (de) | 1993-09-03 | 1995-03-09 | Mueller Hans Guenter | Verfahren zur Entsalzung von Salzwasser und Entkeimung mittels eines Elektrodialysators |
SK99293A3 (en) | 1993-09-14 | 1995-04-12 | Alexander Cumakov | Method of adjustment of ph of water on ph value regulated in range 1 to 13 and device for realization of this method |
JP2828881B2 (ja) | 1993-10-04 | 1998-11-25 | 沖電気工業株式会社 | 高圧電源回路 |
CA2139558A1 (en) | 1994-01-14 | 1995-07-15 | Robert B. Watkin | Oscillating blast cleaner |
US5577890A (en) | 1994-03-01 | 1996-11-26 | Trilogy Controls, Inc. | Solid state pump control and protection system |
US5503729A (en) | 1994-04-25 | 1996-04-02 | Ionics Incorporated | Electrodialysis including filled cell electrodialysis (electrodeionization) |
US5514284A (en) | 1994-05-12 | 1996-05-07 | Wheelabrator Engineered Systems Inc. | Method and apparatus for water treatment |
US5480555A (en) | 1994-06-06 | 1996-01-02 | Robertshaw Controls Company | Control system for a water softener, control device therefor and methods of making the same |
US5662802A (en) | 1994-07-07 | 1997-09-02 | Ionics, Incorporated | Solvent extraction process using water absorbing solvent at preselected temperature |
US5693227A (en) | 1994-11-17 | 1997-12-02 | Ionics, Incorporated | Catalyst mediated method of interfacial polymerization on a microporous support, and polymers, fibers, films and membranes made by such method |
US6280601B1 (en) | 1995-02-28 | 2001-08-28 | Falk Doring | Electrolytic method for sterilization of microorganisms and/or mineralization of organic and/or inorganic substances in ground soil |
WO1996029133A1 (en) | 1995-03-23 | 1996-09-26 | Ionics, Incorporated | Improvements in membrane processes including electrodialysis |
US6428677B1 (en) | 1995-05-04 | 2002-08-06 | United States Filter Corporation | Bromide removal |
US5957669A (en) | 1995-06-15 | 1999-09-28 | United States Filter Corporation | Diaphragm pump including improved drive mechanism and pump head |
JP2881558B2 (ja) * | 1995-07-12 | 1999-04-12 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | 一時保護塗膜の剥離方法 |
US5611918A (en) | 1995-08-02 | 1997-03-18 | Amway Corporation | Electronic driver for water treatment system UV bulb |
JPH0994288A (ja) | 1995-09-28 | 1997-04-08 | Rimoderingu Touentei One:Kk | 微生物の不活化・破壊方法 |
US5620601A (en) | 1995-09-18 | 1997-04-15 | Fmc Corporation | Wear strip assembly for use in a waste water treatment facility |
US5667686A (en) | 1995-10-24 | 1997-09-16 | United States Filter Corporation | Hydrocyclone for liquid - liquid separation and method |
US5810049A (en) | 1995-11-15 | 1998-09-22 | Raque Food Systems, Inc. | Rotary coupling for an article handler |
US5585003A (en) | 1995-11-30 | 1996-12-17 | Culligan International Company | Treatment of dialysis feedwater using ozone |
US5833867A (en) | 1995-12-01 | 1998-11-10 | United States Filter Corporation | System and method for backwashing multiple filtration vessels |
US5658459A (en) | 1995-12-29 | 1997-08-19 | Unites States Filter Corporation | Dual velocity strainer |
US5702582A (en) | 1996-01-11 | 1997-12-30 | Ionics, Incorporated | Multi-port multi-stream valve apparatus |
US5665239A (en) | 1996-01-16 | 1997-09-09 | Culligan International Company | Processes for deionization and demineralization of fluids |
JP3426072B2 (ja) | 1996-01-17 | 2003-07-14 | オルガノ株式会社 | 超純水製造装置 |
US5895570A (en) | 1996-02-09 | 1999-04-20 | United States Filter Corporation | Modular filtering system |
USD394697S (en) | 1996-02-09 | 1998-05-26 | United States Filter Corporation | Filter cap |
USD389400S (en) | 1996-02-09 | 1998-01-20 | United States Filter Corporation | Filter connector clip |
US5798040A (en) | 1996-02-09 | 1998-08-25 | United States Filter Corporation | Water purification cartridge assembly with unidirectional flow through filter media |
AU712455B2 (en) | 1996-02-15 | 1999-11-04 | Siemens Industry, Inc. | Granular media filter including media settler assembly |
US5699272A (en) | 1996-02-22 | 1997-12-16 | Culligan International Company | Water softening system with self adjusting rinse cycle |
US5751598A (en) | 1996-02-22 | 1998-05-12 | Culligan International Company | Water softening apparatus with microprocessor control |
US5837203A (en) | 1996-04-09 | 1998-11-17 | Sievers Instruments, Inc. | Device to alternately supply a fluid to an analyzer |
US6105598A (en) | 1996-06-14 | 2000-08-22 | United States Filter Corporation | Low capacity chlorine gas feed system |
US6354819B1 (en) | 1996-06-14 | 2002-03-12 | United States Filter Corporation | Diaphragm pump including improved drive mechanism and pump head |
JPH1043764A (ja) | 1996-08-06 | 1998-02-17 | First Ocean Kk | 水電気分解用電極及びそれを用いて水を滅菌する方法 |
US5738170A (en) | 1996-09-03 | 1998-04-14 | United States Filter Corporation | Compact double screen assembly |
US5759412A (en) | 1996-09-20 | 1998-06-02 | United States Filter Corporation | Control method and apparatus for backwash of filter media bed based water volume in filter basin |
US5868915A (en) | 1996-09-23 | 1999-02-09 | United States Filter Corporation | Electrodeionization apparatus and method |
US6093329A (en) | 1996-10-04 | 2000-07-25 | United States Filter Corporation | Air scour/backwash apparatus for celless traveling bridge filter |
IL119613A (en) | 1996-11-14 | 1998-12-06 | Riskin Yefim | Method and apparatus for the generation of ions |
US5770037A (en) | 1996-11-21 | 1998-06-23 | Konica Corporation | Water processing method |
US5762774A (en) | 1996-12-20 | 1998-06-09 | Glegg Water Conditioning, Inc. | Apparatus for the purification of liquids and a method of manufacturing and of operating same |
US6019892A (en) | 1997-01-21 | 2000-02-01 | United States Filter Corporation | Guide tracking for cog rake bar screens |
US6086757A (en) | 1997-01-21 | 2000-07-11 | United States Filter Corporation | Guide rollers for cog rake bar screens |
USD387656S (en) | 1997-01-28 | 1997-12-16 | United States Filter Corporation | Filter connector clip |
US5788826A (en) * | 1997-01-28 | 1998-08-04 | Pionetics Corporation | Electrochemically assisted ion exchange |
US6287431B1 (en) | 1997-03-21 | 2001-09-11 | Lynntech International, Ltd. | Integrated ozone generator system |
US6047768A (en) | 1997-05-06 | 2000-04-11 | United States Filter Corporation | Process and apparatus for treating waste |
US5888381A (en) | 1997-05-16 | 1999-03-30 | United States Filter Corporation | Water filter with pressure actuated flow monitor |
JPH10314740A (ja) | 1997-05-19 | 1998-12-02 | Permelec Electrode Ltd | 酸性水製造用電解槽 |
US5925240A (en) | 1997-05-20 | 1999-07-20 | United States Filter Corporation | Water treatment system having dosing control |
USD398368S (en) | 1997-05-20 | 1998-09-15 | United States Filter Corporation | Filter cartridge assembly |
US5919357A (en) | 1997-05-20 | 1999-07-06 | United States Filter Corporation | Filter cartridge assembly |
US5961796A (en) * | 1997-06-03 | 1999-10-05 | Lynntech, Inc. | Bipolar membranes with fluid distribution passages |
US5885141A (en) | 1997-07-25 | 1999-03-23 | United States Filter Corporation | Portable blast wheel cleaning machine |
US5800705A (en) | 1997-08-07 | 1998-09-01 | United States Filter Corporation | Heat exchanger for aeration tank |
US5881809A (en) | 1997-09-05 | 1999-03-16 | United States Filter Corporation | Well casing assembly with erosion protection for inner screen |
US6109778A (en) | 1997-09-22 | 2000-08-29 | United States Filter Corporation | Apparatus for homogeneous mixing of a solution with tangential jet outlets |
JPH11114381A (ja) * | 1997-10-16 | 1999-04-27 | Nitto Denko Corp | スパイラル型膜エレメント |
US5934971A (en) | 1997-10-28 | 1999-08-10 | United States Filter Corporation | Fiber optic deadman control |
US5906436A (en) | 1997-11-03 | 1999-05-25 | United States Filter Corporation | Composting system |
US6076543A (en) | 1997-11-06 | 2000-06-20 | United States Filter Corporation | Gas handling device |
US6139714A (en) | 1997-12-02 | 2000-10-31 | Gemma Industrial Ecology Ltd. | Method and apparatus for adjusting the pH of a liquid |
CA2228886A1 (en) | 1998-02-06 | 1999-08-06 | David F. Tessier | Apparatus for the purification of liquids and a method of manufacturing and of operating same |
US6009136A (en) | 1998-02-09 | 1999-12-28 | Ionics, Incorporated | Damped storage rack for nuclear fuel assemblies |
US6146538A (en) | 1998-02-23 | 2000-11-14 | United States Filter Corporation | Method of inhibiting scale formation |
EP1089808B1 (en) | 1998-03-02 | 2005-09-21 | USFilter Corporation | Dual diffuser assembly |
US6221248B1 (en) | 1998-03-23 | 2001-04-24 | Ionics Incorporated | Styrene sulfonate cation exchange membrane |
US6398965B1 (en) | 1998-03-31 | 2002-06-04 | United States Filter Corporation | Water treatment system and process |
US6308724B1 (en) | 1998-04-03 | 2001-10-30 | United States Filter Corporation | Low capacity chlorine gas feed system |
US6328896B1 (en) | 1998-04-24 | 2001-12-11 | United States Filter Corporation | Process for removing strong oxidizing agents from liquids |
US5979551A (en) | 1998-04-24 | 1999-11-09 | United States Filter Corporation | Well screen with floating mounting |
US5931196A (en) | 1998-04-29 | 1999-08-03 | United States Filter Corporation | Bypass valve |
US6074551A (en) | 1998-04-30 | 2000-06-13 | Culligan Water Conditioning Of Fairfield County | Automatic cleaning system for a reverse osmosis unit in a high purity water treatment system |
US6176258B1 (en) | 1998-04-30 | 2001-01-23 | United States Filter Corporation | Dual cam drive for water conditioner valve |
US6267855B1 (en) | 1998-05-07 | 2001-07-31 | Sanden Corporation | Water purifying apparatus |
US6032821A (en) | 1998-06-03 | 2000-03-07 | United States Filter Corporation | Center opening treatment tank |
US6110385A (en) | 1998-06-05 | 2000-08-29 | United States Filter Corporation | System and method for removing volatile compounds from a waste stream |
US6315906B1 (en) | 1998-07-10 | 2001-11-13 | United States Filter Corporation | Removing metal ions from wastewater |
US6110342A (en) | 1998-07-21 | 2000-08-29 | Archer Daniels Midland Company | Process for production of amino acid hydrochloride and caustic via electrodialysis water splitting |
US6180002B1 (en) | 1998-08-03 | 2001-01-30 | United States Filter Corporation | Filter press with alternating diaphragm squeeze chamber plates and filtration chamber plates |
JP2000051671A (ja) * | 1998-08-06 | 2000-02-22 | Nitto Denko Corp | スパイラル型分離膜エレメント |
JP2000070679A (ja) * | 1998-08-26 | 2000-03-07 | Japan Organo Co Ltd | 電気式脱イオン水製造装置 |
US6051131A (en) | 1998-09-30 | 2000-04-18 | United States Filter Corporation | Flow modifier for submerged intake screen |
US6190564B1 (en) | 1998-10-01 | 2001-02-20 | United States Filter Corporation | Two-stage separation process |
US6315886B1 (en) | 1998-12-07 | 2001-11-13 | The Electrosynthesis Company, Inc. | Electrolytic apparatus and methods for purification of aqueous solutions |
US6132176A (en) | 1999-01-08 | 2000-10-17 | United States Filter Corporation | Flow control sensor and method for filling of a filter press |
WO2000040513A1 (en) | 1999-01-08 | 2000-07-13 | United States Filter Corporation | Method and apparatus for microfiltration |
JP4106788B2 (ja) | 1999-01-18 | 2008-06-25 | 松下電工株式会社 | アルカリイオン整水器 |
US6206200B1 (en) | 1999-01-19 | 2001-03-27 | United States Filter Corporation | Mounting system for modular panels used in a screen deck |
US6284124B1 (en) | 1999-01-29 | 2001-09-04 | United States Filter Corporation | Electrodeionization apparatus and method |
JP2002537105A (ja) | 1999-02-26 | 2002-11-05 | ユナイテッド・ステイツ・フィルター・コーポレイション | 膜を評価する方法及び装置 |
US6149819A (en) | 1999-03-02 | 2000-11-21 | United States Filter Corporation | Air and water purification using continuous breakpoint halogenation and peroxygenation |
US6409926B1 (en) | 1999-03-02 | 2002-06-25 | United States Filter Corporation | Air and water purification using continuous breakpoint halogenation and peroxygenation |
US6143184A (en) | 1999-03-02 | 2000-11-07 | United States Filter Corporation | Air and water purification using continuous breakpoint halogenation |
US6153105A (en) | 1999-04-05 | 2000-11-28 | United States Filter Corporation | Ice-maker treatment system |
US6217729B1 (en) | 1999-04-08 | 2001-04-17 | United States Filter Corporation | Anode formulation and methods of manufacture |
US6733636B1 (en) | 1999-05-07 | 2004-05-11 | Ionics, Inc. | Water treatment method for heavy oil production |
US6126516A (en) | 1999-05-10 | 2000-10-03 | United States Filter Corporation | Centrifugal blasting apparatus |
JP2000334272A (ja) * | 1999-05-31 | 2000-12-05 | Nitto Denko Corp | スパイラル型分離膜エレメント |
JP3956262B2 (ja) * | 1999-06-08 | 2007-08-08 | 日東電工株式会社 | 液体分離膜モジュール |
US6410672B1 (en) | 1999-07-28 | 2002-06-25 | Ionics, Incorporated | Ion exchange and electrochemical methods and devices employing one-step quaternized and polymerized anion selective polymers |
US6379518B1 (en) | 1999-08-11 | 2002-04-30 | Kurita Water Industries Ltd. | Electrodeionization apparatus and pure water producing apparatus |
US6464211B1 (en) | 1999-08-31 | 2002-10-15 | United States Filter Corporation | Diffuser assembly |
US6482305B1 (en) | 1999-09-01 | 2002-11-19 | Archer-Daniels-Midland Company | Electrodialysis water splitting process |
US6342163B1 (en) | 1999-11-12 | 2002-01-29 | United States Filter Corporation | Apparatus and method for sanitizing and cleaning a filter system |
US6343752B1 (en) | 1999-12-07 | 2002-02-05 | Environment One Corporation | Indoor wastewater disposal system and tank therefor |
US6337014B1 (en) | 1999-12-30 | 2002-01-08 | United States Filter Corporation | Nonsolvent, sealed septum connection for a water treatment cartridge |
FR2803284B1 (fr) | 2000-01-03 | 2002-04-12 | Michel Bernard | Dispositif automatique de purification d'eau potable |
CA2334409A1 (en) | 2000-02-08 | 2001-08-08 | United States Filter Corporation | Grit washer and bearing assembly therefore |
US6263900B1 (en) | 2000-02-17 | 2001-07-24 | United States Filter Corporation | Low capacity chlorine gas feed system |
DE60115156T2 (de) * | 2000-02-25 | 2006-12-14 | Tokuyama Corp., Shunan | Bipolare membran |
DE10013457A1 (de) | 2000-03-17 | 2001-09-20 | Andreas Noack | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Reinigung von Wasser |
JP2001259634A (ja) | 2000-03-23 | 2001-09-25 | Zojirushi Corp | イオン水生成器 |
US6273937B1 (en) | 2000-03-29 | 2001-08-14 | Trans Ionics Corporation | Membrane pervaporation and vapor permeation system |
US6305555B1 (en) | 2000-03-31 | 2001-10-23 | United States Filter Corporation | Wear shoe for sludge collector |
JP4618468B2 (ja) | 2000-04-07 | 2011-01-26 | ソニー株式会社 | 電源装置 |
US6510959B1 (en) | 2000-04-18 | 2003-01-28 | United States Filter Corporation | Center opening treatment tank for use with metal tank flanges |
US6358421B1 (en) | 2000-04-18 | 2002-03-19 | United States Filter Corporation | Method for countercurrent regeneration of an ion exchange resin bed |
ES2184554B1 (es) | 2000-04-26 | 2004-08-01 | Valvules I Racords Canovelles, S.A. | Distribuidor para liquidos. |
US6375851B1 (en) | 2000-05-05 | 2002-04-23 | United States Filter Corporation | Continuous liquid purification process |
US6524469B1 (en) | 2000-05-16 | 2003-02-25 | Trans Ionics Corporation | Heavy oil upgrading process |
US20030019790A1 (en) | 2000-05-16 | 2003-01-30 | Trans Ionics Corporation | Heavy oil upgrading processes |
US6457698B2 (en) | 2000-06-16 | 2002-10-01 | United States Filter Corporation | Bypass valve |
MXPA02012886A (es) | 2000-06-22 | 2003-05-14 | United States Filter Corp | Control de la corrosion utilizando un donador de peroxido de hidrogeno. |
US6419817B1 (en) | 2000-06-22 | 2002-07-16 | United States Filter Corporation | Dynamic optimization of chemical additives in a water treatment system |
US6355157B1 (en) | 2000-06-22 | 2002-03-12 | United States Filter Corporation | Process for real-time detection and inhibition of localized corrosion |
US6613230B2 (en) | 2000-07-07 | 2003-09-02 | Ionics, Incorporated | Method for simultaneous removal of arsenic and fluoride from aqueous solutions |
US6582605B2 (en) | 2000-07-07 | 2003-06-24 | Ionics, Incorporated | Method of treating industrial waste waters |
KR100465580B1 (ko) | 2000-07-13 | 2005-01-13 | 쿠리타 고교 가부시키가이샤 | 전기 탈이온 장치 및 그 운전 방법 |
CN100522323C (zh) * | 2000-08-11 | 2009-08-05 | 艾奥尼克斯公司 | 电渗析装置和方法 |
DE20013926U1 (de) | 2000-08-12 | 2000-10-05 | Judo Wasseraufbereitung | Anschlusszwischenstück für Wasserleitungen mit Bypass |
US6716359B1 (en) | 2000-08-29 | 2004-04-06 | United States Filter Corporation | Enhanced time-based proportional control |
US6723246B2 (en) | 2000-09-26 | 2004-04-20 | Ionics, Incorporated | Filter cleaning method |
US6652758B2 (en) | 2000-09-26 | 2003-11-25 | Ionics, Incorporated | Simultaneous ammonia and fluoride treatment for wastewater |
US6645385B2 (en) | 2000-09-26 | 2003-11-11 | Ionics, Incorporated | System and method for removal of fluoride from wastewater using single fluoride sensing electrode |
US6485641B1 (en) | 2000-10-23 | 2002-11-26 | United States Filter Corporation | Water filter cartridge having a proportional flow feeder |
US6674249B1 (en) | 2000-10-25 | 2004-01-06 | Advanced Lighting Technologies, Inc. | Resistively ballasted gaseous discharge lamp circuit and method |
US6607175B1 (en) | 2000-11-10 | 2003-08-19 | United States Filter Corporation | Media control valve |
US6468412B2 (en) | 2000-12-20 | 2002-10-22 | United States Filter Corporation | Apparatus and method for venting hydrogen from an electrolytic cell |
US6546685B2 (en) | 2001-01-03 | 2003-04-15 | United States Filter Corporation | Bracket for use in securing collector flight support tracks in a wastewater treatment tank |
US6572758B2 (en) | 2001-02-06 | 2003-06-03 | United States Filter Corporation | Electrode coating and method of use and preparation thereof |
US6620315B2 (en) | 2001-02-09 | 2003-09-16 | United States Filter Corporation | System for optimized control of multiple oxidizer feedstreams |
US6383389B1 (en) | 2001-02-15 | 2002-05-07 | United States Filter Corporation | Wastewater treatment system and method of control |
ITTO20010314A1 (it) | 2001-04-02 | 2002-10-02 | Eltek Spa | Apparato elettrodomestico utilizzante un liquido, comprendente un sistema di purificazione del tipo in cui almeno una sostanza deve essere s |
JP4371601B2 (ja) * | 2001-04-11 | 2009-11-25 | 株式会社トクヤマ | バイポーラ膜 |
US6660307B2 (en) | 2001-04-16 | 2003-12-09 | United States Filter Corporation | Process for generating stabilized bromine compounds |
US6607647B2 (en) | 2001-04-25 | 2003-08-19 | United States Filter Corporation | Electrodeionization apparatus with expanded conductive mesh electrode and method |
US20020172871A1 (en) | 2001-05-18 | 2002-11-21 | Trans Ionics Corporation | Thin film composite electrolytes, sodium-sulfur cells including same, processes of making same, and vehicles including same |
USD456876S1 (en) | 2001-05-21 | 2002-05-07 | United States Filter Corporation | Water softener cabinet |
US6649037B2 (en) | 2001-05-29 | 2003-11-18 | United States Filter Corporation | Electrodeionization apparatus and method |
WO2003008336A2 (en) | 2001-07-20 | 2003-01-30 | Microbar, Inc. | Reverse osmosis pretreatment using low pressure filtration |
US6536606B2 (en) | 2001-07-24 | 2003-03-25 | United States Filter Corporation | Sludge collector with entrapment plate |
US6796436B2 (en) | 2001-07-25 | 2004-09-28 | Ionics, Incorporated | Method and apparatus for preparing pure water |
US6763846B2 (en) | 2001-08-20 | 2004-07-20 | United States Filter Corporation | Fluid distribution device |
US6592762B2 (en) | 2001-08-29 | 2003-07-15 | United States Filter Corporation | Process for treating BOD-containing wastewater |
US6644349B2 (en) | 2001-08-31 | 2003-11-11 | Usf Consumer & Commercial Watergroup, Inc. | In-tank water conditioner valve |
ITTO20010848A1 (it) | 2001-09-05 | 2003-03-05 | Eltek Spa | Disposizione e metodo di purificazione o trattamento elettrochimico. |
US6693139B2 (en) | 2001-09-06 | 2004-02-17 | United States Filter Corporation | Treated ion exchange resin and method for treatment thereof |
US6579450B2 (en) | 2001-10-11 | 2003-06-17 | United States Filter Corporation | Non-metallic tooth segment and bar rack design |
US6709578B2 (en) | 2001-10-31 | 2004-03-23 | United States Filter Corporation | Tilt-out frame for a filter screen |
JP3768160B2 (ja) | 2001-12-25 | 2006-04-19 | 三洋電機株式会社 | 水処理装置 |
US6736275B2 (en) | 2002-01-22 | 2004-05-18 | United States Filter Corporation | Flocculating energy dissipating well arrangement (FEDWA) |
US6740235B2 (en) | 2002-03-04 | 2004-05-25 | Culligan International Company | Swivelling filter head assembly |
JP2003275545A (ja) * | 2002-03-22 | 2003-09-30 | Nitto Denko Corp | スパイラル型膜エレメント及びその製造方法 |
DE10217885A1 (de) | 2002-04-22 | 2003-11-06 | Wme Ges Fuer Windkraftbetr Ene | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur elektrochemischen Konditionierung eines Mediums wie Meerwasser o. dgl. für dessen Entsalzung |
CN2565531Y (zh) | 2002-08-07 | 2003-08-13 | 浙江欧美环境工程有限公司 | 一种带恒电流输出直流电源的卷式电除盐器 |
US6726893B2 (en) | 2002-09-17 | 2004-04-27 | The University Of Chicago | Hydrogen production by high-temperature water splitting using electron-conducting membranes |
US7087211B2 (en) | 2002-09-17 | 2006-08-08 | The University Of Chicago | Hydrogen production by high temperature water splitting using electron conducting membranes |
US7163964B2 (en) * | 2002-10-16 | 2007-01-16 | Aquatech International Corporation | Method for preparing an ion exchange media |
DE10332789A1 (de) | 2003-07-18 | 2005-02-17 | Universität Stuttgart | Membrananordnung, Elektrodialysevorrichtung und Verfahren zur kontinuierlichen elektrodialytischen Entsalzung |
US7344629B2 (en) | 2003-08-08 | 2008-03-18 | Pionetics Corporation | Selectable ion concentrations with electrolytic ion exchange |
US7959780B2 (en) | 2004-07-26 | 2011-06-14 | Emporia Capital Funding Llc | Textured ion exchange membranes |
US20060137986A1 (en) | 2004-12-23 | 2006-06-29 | Pionetics Corporation | Fluid flow controlling valve having seal with reduced leakage |
US20060138997A1 (en) | 2004-12-28 | 2006-06-29 | Pionetics Corporation | Power supply for electrochemical ion exchange |
US7780833B2 (en) | 2005-07-26 | 2010-08-24 | John Hawkins | Electrochemical ion exchange with textured membranes and cartridge |
KR101333243B1 (ko) | 2005-10-06 | 2013-11-26 | 파이오네틱스 코포레이션 | 유체의 전기화학적 이온교환 처리 |
US7338590B1 (en) | 2005-10-25 | 2008-03-04 | Sandia Corporation | Water-splitting using photocatalytic porphyrin-nanotube composite devices |
-
2004
- 2004-07-26 US US10/900,256 patent/US7959780B2/en active Active
-
2005
- 2005-07-26 JP JP2007523765A patent/JP5123662B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-07-26 WO PCT/US2005/026617 patent/WO2006015034A2/en active Application Filing
- 2005-07-26 CN CN2005800254007A patent/CN101001690B/zh active Active
- 2005-07-26 BR BRPI0513753-5A patent/BRPI0513753A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2005-07-26 KR KR1020077004572A patent/KR101359925B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2005-07-26 ES ES05775536.5T patent/ES2473599T3/es active Active
- 2005-07-26 EP EP05775536.5A patent/EP1768768B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN102316956A (zh) * | 2009-02-10 | 2012-01-11 | 曼·胡默尔有限公司 | 滤芯和陶瓷滤芯的生产方法 |
CN102316956B (zh) * | 2009-02-10 | 2016-02-24 | 曼·胡默尔有限公司 | 滤芯和陶瓷滤芯的生产方法 |
CN103243346A (zh) * | 2012-02-13 | 2013-08-14 | 旭化成化学株式会社 | 阳离子交换膜和使用了该阳离子交换膜的电解槽 |
CN103243346B (zh) * | 2012-02-13 | 2015-08-19 | 旭化成化学株式会社 | 阳离子交换膜和使用了该阳离子交换膜的电解槽 |
CN103469241A (zh) * | 2012-06-06 | 2013-12-25 | 曼弗雷德·弗尔克尔 | 电化学臭氧发生器 |
CN106999925A (zh) * | 2014-11-19 | 2017-08-01 | 豪威株式会社 | 两极离子交换板和其制造方法 |
CN111495437A (zh) * | 2014-11-19 | 2020-08-07 | 豪威株式会社 | 制造两极离子交换板的方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1768768B1 (en) | 2014-05-14 |
WO2006015034A2 (en) | 2006-02-09 |
JP5123662B2 (ja) | 2013-01-23 |
WO2006015034A3 (en) | 2006-07-13 |
KR101359925B1 (ko) | 2014-02-10 |
ES2473599T3 (es) | 2014-07-07 |
CN101001690B (zh) | 2011-04-06 |
US20060016685A1 (en) | 2006-01-26 |
BRPI0513753A (pt) | 2008-05-13 |
JP2008507406A (ja) | 2008-03-13 |
EP1768768A2 (en) | 2007-04-04 |
KR20070052285A (ko) | 2007-05-21 |
US7959780B2 (en) | 2011-06-14 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
CN101001690B (zh) | 使用织构形膜和滤芯的电化学离子交换 | |
US8293085B2 (en) | Cartridge having textured membrane | |
RU2170141C2 (ru) | Пористый и проницаемый ионообменник и способ его изготовления | |
US7591933B2 (en) | Spiral electrodeionization device with segregated ionic flows | |
US5788826A (en) | Electrochemically assisted ion exchange | |
KR101410642B1 (ko) | 축전식 탈염전극 제조방법, 이로부터 제조된 탈염전극 및 이를 포함하는 cdi 모듈 | |
CN102844097B (zh) | 用于基于膜的工艺的膜堆叠物以及用于生产由此的膜的方法 | |
US7306709B2 (en) | Spiral electrodeionization device with flow distribution profiling | |
JP2008507406A5 (zh) | ||
WO2008036461A1 (en) | Arrangement of ion exchange material within an electrodeionization apparatus | |
JP2004314070A (ja) | 電気脱イオン化装置 | |
US7927478B2 (en) | Spiral wound module having axial dilution chamber flow | |
JP2016135480A (ja) | 電気透析装置 | |
JP2009112925A (ja) | スパイラル型電気式脱イオン水製造装置 | |
CN106715339A (zh) | 用于在电化学分离装置中向电池对提供入口和出口的方法和系统 | |
US20230201775A1 (en) | Design of Fluid Manifolds in Electrodialysis Devices | |
KR0161345B1 (ko) | 이온교환수지 재생장치 | |
ITPD20120037A1 (it) | Elettrodializzatore per la dissalazione di acque ad alta concentrazione di sali disciolti | |
MXPA99005767A (en) | Apparatus for electrically producing deionized water |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
C06 | Publication | ||
PB01 | Publication | ||
C10 | Entry into substantive examination | ||
SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
C14 | Grant of patent or utility model | ||
GR01 | Patent grant | ||
TR01 | Transfer of patent right |
Effective date of registration: 20230425 Address after: Delaware Patentee after: POS Technology Co. Address before: California, USA Patentee before: PIONETICS Corp. |
|
TR01 | Transfer of patent right |