CN101043844A - 监视生物组织中的葡萄糖水平的方法和装置 - Google Patents

监视生物组织中的葡萄糖水平的方法和装置 Download PDF

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CN101043844A
CN101043844A CNA2005800342830A CN200580034283A CN101043844A CN 101043844 A CN101043844 A CN 101043844A CN A2005800342830 A CNA2005800342830 A CN A2005800342830A CN 200580034283 A CN200580034283 A CN 200580034283A CN 101043844 A CN101043844 A CN 101043844A
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tissue
blood
glucose
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M·J·舒尔曼
W·J·沙克斯皮尔
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GlucoLight Corp
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/0059Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons using light, e.g. diagnosis by transillumination, diascopy, fluorescence
    • A61B5/0062Arrangements for scanning
    • A61B5/0066Optical coherence imaging
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/0059Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons using light, e.g. diagnosis by transillumination, diascopy, fluorescence
    • A61B5/0062Arrangements for scanning
    • A61B5/0064Body surface scanning
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/145Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue
    • A61B5/14532Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue for measuring glucose, e.g. by tissue impedance measurement
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/44Detecting, measuring or recording for evaluating the integumentary system, e.g. skin, hair or nails
    • A61B5/441Skin evaluation, e.g. for skin disorder diagnosis

Abstract

根据本发明,通过将光投射在人或动物组织的表面区域上、以该光持续扫描该表面的二维区域、收集来自该组织的反射光和将该反射光与沿用于深入扫描该组织的参考路径反射的光进行相长干涉,使用低相干性的干涉计以非侵入的方式监视血液中的葡萄糖浓度。因为反射光谱在某些波长处对葡萄糖浓度敏感,因而对反射光的测量和分析提供了对血液中葡萄糖水平的测度。从富含血的组织内的多个深度处收集葡萄糖测量值,且最好通过使用多个波长提高敏感度。通过持续扫描被照射组织的区域和深度,与本技术相关的噪声和散斑被最小化。

Description

监视生物组织中的葡萄糖水平的方法和装置
技术领域
本发明涉及用于监视生物组织中的血液葡萄糖水平的方法和装置。它尤其适用于非侵入地对患有糖尿病的人或动物中的血液葡萄糖进行监视。具体地,它涉及使用具有持续的区域扫描和同时的深度扫描以减少散斑(噪声)效应的光相干干涉测量法来非侵入地监视血液葡萄糖的方法和装置。
背景技术
长期以来,监视血液葡萄糖(血糖)浓度水平在人类的糖尿病治疗中都是至关重要的。目前的血液葡萄糖监视涉及血清与测试片的化学反应,需要通过小刀或刺孔进行侵入性的采血。已经开发了小型的手持式监视器来使患者能够在任何地点、任何时间执行这一程序。但是这一程序的不方便之处-具体来说是采血和测试片的使用与处置--导致了低水平的依从。这种较低的依从能导致严重的医疗并发症。因此,需要用于监视血液葡萄糖的非侵入式方法。
研究表明,光学方法可以检测与血糖水平变化相关的生物组织的光散射方面的微小变化。尽管非常复杂,由生物组织散射的单色光的一阶近似仍可用以下的简化公式来描述:
IR=IO exp[-(μas)L]
其中,IR是从皮肤反射的光的强度,IO是照射皮肤的光的强度,μa是皮肤对特定波长的光的吸收系数,μs是皮肤对特定波长的光的散射系数,L是光穿越的总路径。从这一关系可以看出,光的强度随组织的吸收或散射的增强而成指数衰减。
已经确认,血浆/间质液(血液/IF)的折射率和血细胞与皮肤细胞之类的细胞的膜的折射率之间存在差异。(见R.C.Weast等人的,CRC化学和物理学手册(CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics),第70版,(CRC Cleveland,Ohio 1989))。这一差异将造成透射光的特征散射。不同形式的葡萄糖是血液/IF的主要成分。血液/IF中的葡萄糖水平的变化将改变其折射率,并因此改变富含血液的组织的特征散射。在近红外光波长范围(NIR)内,血液葡萄糖对在改变散射系数方面多于其对吸收系数的改变。因此,血液/IF和细胞的混合物的光散射随血液葡萄糖水平的变化而变化。相应地,可以将一种光学方法用于对血液的葡萄糖浓度进行非侵入的测量。
正在研究的用于血液葡萄糖应用的非侵入式光学技术包括偏振测定法、拉曼光谱法、近红外光吸收法、散射光谱法、光声学方法和。尽管已付出了大量的努力,这些技术仍然具有一些缺点,如灵敏度低、精确度低(小于目前的侵入式家用监视器)以及相关生理范围内的葡萄糖浓度测量结果(4-30Mm或72-540mg/dL)的特异性(specificity)不足。因此,需要一种改进的用于非侵入地监视葡萄糖的方法。
光学相干层析技术,或称OCT,是一种利用光波的生成生物组织的高分辨率影像的光学成像技术。OCT通过以干涉测量的方式深入扫描一系列处于直线上的点而生成图像,并测量每个连续点的不同深度处的吸收和/或散射。然后对数据进行处理,并呈现线性截面的图像。已有人建议将OCT用于测量血液葡萄糖。
然而,将OCT用于葡萄糖监视存在较严重的缺点。首先,OCT流程需要进行长时间扫描来减少光学噪声(“散斑”)。散斑源于当相干光从组织散射时的波前失真。OCT试图通过对多个测量值求平均来将散斑最小化。然而,OCT的这种方法要求较长的时间,而这么长的时间对家用监视仪而言不实际,并且,即使这样处理,对于获得足够精确的葡萄糖水平测量值而言,OCT中的散斑仍然是一个问题。
OCT的第二个缺点在于,它需要进行复杂的处理来形成图像,并且还需要进一步进行处理来分析图像数据,以确定葡萄糖水平。
OCT的第三个缺点在于,它需要昂贵、庞大、高精度的设备,既不适于运输,也不适于在实验室以外使用。因此,需要改进的、用于非侵入式的血液葡萄糖监视的方法和装置。
发明内容
根据本发明,通过提供具有对组织内的葡萄糖浓度敏感的散射特性的光,进行生物组织内的血液葡萄糖浓度监视,并以该光持续扫描组织的二维区域,同时,以相干测量的方式深入扫描组织,监视了生物组织内的血液葡萄糖浓度。收集和分析从被扫描组织反射的光,以确定组织中的葡萄糖浓度。在一个优选实施例中,将来自一个或多个光源的光分成样本光束和参考光束。用样本光束持续扫描上述表面,并改变参考光束的相位,以及用其与反射光发生干涉,以实现相干测量方式的深度扫描。在一个优选实施例中,提供的光由至少两种不同波长组成,这些波长具有对含有葡萄糖的组织或关于这类组织的指示物而言不同的散射特性。
一种用于测量生物组织中的血液葡萄糖水平的装置,包括一个或多个提供光的光源。光纤或透镜引导的路径将光引至组织,区域扫描仪用该光持续扫描组织的二维区域,且干涉计有效地深入扫描该组织。该干涉计也收集、分析和测量从组织内反射的光。然后,处理器响应光测量结果而计算组织的富含血液区域的葡萄糖水平。优选地,该装置使用低相干光源(发光二极管(LED)或超辐射发光二极管(SLED)),低相干干涉计(LCI),以及光束聚焦光学器件。持续扫描二维区域和深度扫描能减少噪声或散斑,并优化扫描的富含血液的组织的数量。
附图说明
在了解将结合附图进行详细说明的说明性实施例后,可以更全面地了解本发明的优点、实质和各种其他特征。在附图中:
图1a和1b示出了皮肤的解剖学构造和所得的OCT信号;
图2a和2b图示了从OCT信号收集的数据与血液测量结果以及二者之间的相关性;
图3的示意图示出了根据本发明的血液葡萄糖监视方法;
图4示意地示出了可用于实施图3中的方法的装置;
应当懂得,这些图用于说明本发明的概念,除曲线图外,均未按比例绘制。
具体实施方式
图1a是皮肤的示意的截面图,示出了皮肤表面1,表皮层2和真皮层3。其中标出了各种其他的结构。某些结构,如毛发及其附属的毛囊,会以与葡萄糖浓度无关的方式散射光。其他区域,如接近毛细血管的真皮区域,充满了血液和间质液(富含血液的组织),且从这些区域散射的光与葡萄糖浓度高度相关。
图1b示出了皮肤内散射的光与深度的函数关系。曲线的区域1与从皮肤表面反射的光对应。区域2示出了表皮内散射的光,区域3则示出了从真皮散射的光。正如我们将要知道的,曲线在组织充满血液的(如接近毛细血管)深度处的斜率与血液的葡萄糖水平高度相关。
图2a绘出了人类对象摄取了葡萄糖饮品后,作为时间的函数的富含血液的组织反射的光信号的斜率(连续线)与测量的血液葡萄糖浓度(矩形点)。从图中可以看出,反射信号的斜率紧密地跟随葡萄糖浓度。
图2b示出了图2a中的反射的光信号的斜率与测量的血液葡萄糖浓度之间的最优拟合的线性关系。从图中可以看出,富含血液的组织区域中的反射光的斜率与葡萄糖浓度高度相关。这些数据表明了0.95的相关度。
申请人已经确定:在不生成和分析图像的情况下,可使用包含在散射光信号中的信息来测量葡萄糖浓度。在波长约为1.3μm时,散射系数μs为吸收系数μa的几倍,且对对数数据进行简单的线性拟合将产生真皮层内的散射系数。对富含血液的区域而言,可以将该散射系数与血液中的葡萄糖浓度变化进行关联。
理想地,非侵入式的葡萄糖监视仪克服了三个问题。首先,应当在合理的测试时间内克服散斑(噪声)。第二,应当最小化富含血液的组织之外的那些组织的影响,第三,应当分析尽可能多的富含血液的组织。申请人通过在以干涉测量的方式扫描不同深度的同时持续扫描待监视的组织的二维区域(最好是皮肤),解决了这些问题。将区域扫描可选地与多层深度扫描进行结合便可允许测量富含血液的组织的许多不同的局部区域,从而最小化了散斑的影响。优选地,该光包括至少两种不同波长的光,所述光对葡萄糖、血液或关于富含血液的组织的其它生物指示物而言具有可测得的不同吸收与散射特性。这两种不同的波长允许识别出哪些测量结果与富含血液的组织有关。
在某些方面,可以将本发明视为对OCT技术的修改:从一种成像技术变为一种非成像技术。由于不形成图像,因而大大简化了收集用光学器件和数据处理。另外,表面扫描从逐步的线性扫描变为持续的或接近持续的二维区域扫描,以更快和高效的减少散斑。
将OCT系统调整用于血液葡萄糖感测而非成像,这提供了对人类或动物对象的非侵入式的葡萄糖浓度监视,因为可以更容易地收集和处理散射的光信号数据,并可以将所得的数据与葡萄糖水平进行线性的关联。另外,入射光束在皮肤表面上的二维区域(而非传统的一维直线)的持续扫描显著地改善了信号稳定性,同时在很大程度上减少了与组织的不均质性相关的噪声。有利地,扫描了一般形状为圆形的区域。
更具体地,本发明使用干涉测量法,最好是低相干干涉测量法(LCI),来测量人或动物的富含血液的组织中的葡萄糖浓度。LCI可以用常规的低相关光源实现,并有利地提供了少量的可用于将读数局部化到富含血液的组织的相长干涉(“光相互作用区”)。可以用光束聚焦来进一步局部化光相互作用区。LCI使用由低相干光源照射的标准干涉计。该干涉计可以是各种标准形式的干涉计(如迈克尔逊干涉计、马赫-曾德干涉计等)中的任何一种。所述光源可以是LED或SLED。
有利地,本发明针对测量处于皮肤的真皮层中的组织(图1a和1b中的3)的血液葡萄糖浓度。在该层中,光强度衰减的速率是散射和吸收系数μs和μa的函数。富含血液的组织在皮肤中的位置随对象的不同而不同。通常可以在真皮/表皮连接部分下方(100-350微米深)和皮肤表面下方的较深区域(大于600微米)发现这样的组织。
利用低相关源,生成了有关小体积的干涉图,可通过参考光束的相位确定该小体积在对象中的深度。而该相位又可通过移相器(如可移动的参考反射镜,最好是镜面)进行控制。因此,可以实现关于所测散射现象的高度的局部化。例如,对于典型的工作于1.3μm波长的发光二极管,容易在生物组织中实现10μm的深度分辨率。通常在生物组织中,光的散射发生在细胞膜和包围该细胞的液体(如血液或间质液)的界面处。测量该散射允许确定葡萄糖水平,如图2b中的线性拟合所示。
图3是测量人或动物对象中的血液葡萄糖浓度的方法的示意框图。第一步,如框A所示,是提供具有对组织内的葡萄糖浓度敏感的散射或吸收特性的光。优选地,提供的光包括至少两种不同波长。不同的波长意味着这些光的波长应具有足够的不同,使得它们具有对不同水平的葡萄糖和/或指示物成分(如血液)而言的可测得的不同吸收和散射特性。典型地,发光二极管由多个单一波长光源(如波长处于红外光/近红外光范围(RNIR)的低相干的超辐射发光二极管(SLED))提供。或者,可以由经过适当的陷波滤波的单一宽带光源来提供所述的光。
下一步,如框B所示,是把光的单一光束分成参考光束和样本光束。参考光束沿称为参考光束路径(参考臂)的可调节相位路径行进,且样本光束沿样本光束路径(样本臂)行进,其中,样本光束路径指向待监视的组织,如人类糖尿病患者的皮肤。参考光束中的光被引导到可调节的相位路径上,且随后将与从组织内反射的样本光发生干涉。
在第三步中,如框C所示,样本光束持续或近似持续地扫描组织的二维区域,同时,以干涉测量的方式进行深度扫描。框D示出了改变参考光束的相位(路径长度),以便使来自参考光束的光与来自组织的连续不同深度的反射的样本光发生相长干涉的做法。框E示出了收集反射光并用参考光束与之发生干涉的做法。随着干涉计在深度上进行扫描,表面扫描也持续进行。这样可以“涂抹”扫描和减少散斑的影响。
随后的步骤(框F、G和H)是处理所得的数据来计算葡萄糖浓度。实际上,这是通过计算含有葡萄糖的组织的散射系数来实现的。框F指明将扫描数据输入数字处理器。框G(可选但是是有利的)是确定那些来自富含血液的组织(位于血管中或靠近血管)的散射测量结果。例如,可以通过提供两种不同波长的光来实现所述识别,所述两种波长的光中的至少一种以特征方式从富含血液的组织散射出去。最后,在框H中,计算含有葡萄糖的组织的散射系数,并确定了血液中的相关的葡萄糖水平。
图4示意地示出了用于实施图3中的方法的装置400。该装置400包括基于光纤的低相干干涉仪(LCI)。用2×2的光纤分光器401形成了该基本的干涉计。来自光源406的光输入被分成样本光束402和参考光束404。通过扫描仪408用光束402中的样本光持续扫描样本的表面。优选地,样本光束402的末端可包括光学成像器件403,以根据被测组织区域来调整光点的大小。通过可移动镜面405来改变或调节参考光束404的相位,可以振动或振荡该镜面来进行深度扫描。来自光束402与404的反射信号发生干涉,并被提供给光电检测器407来进行测量。优选地,光学成像器件403可以在光学系统和组织之间提供高的耦合效率。
与所述光发生相互作用的组织体积(称为相互作用体积)由光学成像器件的光点大小(表面区域)与所述光的相干长度(深度)决定。参考光束404具有扫描反射镜405(如镜面)。干涉计的反射镜405决定了施加到参考光束404的相移,因此,来自参考光束404的反射光将与反射的样本光束403发生相长干涉。这些光束在相位上的差异决定了测量散射光的深度。这便允许对组织内的固定深度、可调节的深度或多个深度进行扫描。因此,LCI对局部化于组织的小体积中的反射光的强度敏感。确定深度和相互作用体积允许对皮肤之下的富含血液的组织的区域进行更为准确的选择。
可使用光电检测器407(例如光电二极管)来测量来自样本光束402和参考光束404的光的干涉。可以使用一个或多个光电检测器407,并可为测量中使用的不同波长的光源406设计滤光片。
优选地,光学成像器件403是用于减少光束横截面的光束聚焦器件,以便使组织的光学相互作用区最小化。这些光学器件的使用将提高信号的选择性,同时也减轻了散斑的影响。
通过混浊的生物组织的光受到波前失真的影响,该失真产生了相干噪声或“散斑”。通过对组织不同位置进行多次扫描并平均这些扫描结果,能减轻散斑的影响。这种方法对典型的OCT图像系统而言是不实际的,因为减少散斑所需的大量扫描会占用太长时间,并导致图像分辨率方面的严重损失。然而,对本发明而言,收集用光学器件可以变得更为简单。本发明的非成像系统提出了用于减少相干噪声的实际的解决方案。不仅明显减轻了散斑的影响,而且该非成像系统可以持续地扫描组织的二维区域,而非限于单一的扫描线。由于扫描中包含的组织区域的多样性的缘故,区域扫描能够减少散斑。它们也能使对富含血液的组织的覆盖最大化。因此,也进一步减少了相干噪声。
另一种方法是使用平行光处理,其中,一起测量了对象组织上的多个点,以生成“沸腾”散斑。当子点(sub-spot)散斑变化如此之快,以至于观察到的散斑由人眼或光接收器的积分时间进行平均时,出现了沸腾散斑。可以修改本发明的系统,以通过用透镜阵列或衍射光学元件(DOE)代替扫描仪408来生成沸腾散斑。如果以非常高的速度沿光轴快速平移或旋转透镜或DOE,则观察到的散斑将会得到平均。此外,由于检测的散斑的更大的多样性的缘故,该系统减少了所需的扫描数。
在皮肤中,由于葡萄糖是通过血液输送到间质液(IF)的,因而确定组织的真皮层中(其中含有许多血管)的散射系数便提供了关于葡萄糖浓度变化的最接近的相关度量。再一次地,区域扫描增加了所测的富含血液的组织的体积。
通过一对将样本光束点在组织表面的圆形区域上持续移动的旋转棱镜,能实现区域扫描。优选地,对于每一次深度扫描,该点将移动最小为一个点的直径的距离。因此,如果光束点的大小为12微米,深度扫描的频率为20Hz,则该点将以每秒240微米的最小速率移动,并且,最好是速度比这个值快得多。
点的直径通常处于约10微米到100微米之间,并最好为20微米及以上。
扫描的最小区域由以最小深度扫描速率进行移动所需的点直径的数目决定。对于12微米的点和20Hz的深度扫描而言,需要扫描的最小区域大约为2200平方微米,这对应于直径为约500微米的圆形区域。更优选地,将该系统设计成覆盖对应于500微米到10000微米的直径的区域。
使用减少噪声的沸腾散斑方法来减少散斑需要相当快速地移动多个点。在接收器的积分时间内,所述点最少应移动一个点的直径。对约为10微米的个体点尺寸和约为4微秒的积分时间而言,所述点需要以最小为2.4×105微米/秒的速度移动。
光源406可以是发光二极管(LED)或超辐射发光二极管(SLED),这两者均为基于半导体的光发射器,可以选择这些光发射器的波长,以提供血液和其他生物成份(如水)的吸收与散射之间的最佳对比。通常,这些波长处于光谱中的红/近红外光(RNIR)区域,然而,也可使用更长或更短的波长来提高灵敏度。对葡萄糖测量而言,两个或更多个光源较为有利,且这些波长的光可共享通过上述干涉计的相同光路径。
可以选择一个波长,与水和血液成份的散射系数相比,该波长具有最小的吸收系数。如果选择的另一个波长对某些生物成份而言具有峰值吸收系数,则这两种波长的光衰减方面的差异可以指明相关结构(如血管)的深度位置。这两种波长的光由不同成分以不同方式进行吸收。所述不同的吸收方式有区别地减弱了散射(反射)光的强度。细胞膜反射的光部分地被对应于该波长的各成份吸收。当使用术语“光由血液进行反射”时,应将其理解为指光由血管中和周围的细胞进行反射,且根据具体的光波长和血液的葡萄糖水平,血液中的上述成份吸收了某些光。这些吸收和散射特性方面的差别提供了散射信号和血液葡萄糖数据间的最佳关联。
一个示范性的应用是约1310nm的第一波长和约820-960nm的第二波长。选择1310nm的第一波长是因为在该波长下,与水、血液和血液成份的吸收特性相比,这些液体的散射特性处于最大值。选择820-960nm的第二波长是因为,当血液成份血红蛋白存在时,光的吸收率很高(与第一波长相比)。如果第二波长信号在相互作用体积内的某个深度处经历了快速减弱,则该快速减弱将指明血红蛋白的存在,并因此指出富含血液的组织的位置。从而,为将关联到葡萄糖浓度的第一波长的散射数据指明了最佳的斜率区域。
第二实例是,第一波长约为1310nm,第二波长约为1450nm。在该第二波长处,血液和水的散射系数与其在第一波长处的散射系数相似。然而,水在该第二波长处的吸收系数指数倍高于其在第一波长处的吸收系数。从而,这两种波长的不同测量结果指明了组织的水合水平的变化。然后,可以用这类变化来指明测量血液葡萄糖的最佳斜率区域。然而,使用这两个具体波长还提供了校准传感器的另外好处。随着真皮层中的水合水平的改变,第一波长的散射系数将发生漂移,即使葡萄糖浓度保持稳定。因此,通过使用第二波长来测量皮肤的水合水平,可以对该漂移进行补偿,且OCT传感器能保持在被校准的状态。
一种典型的通过分析数据来确定葡萄糖水平的方法包括以下步骤:
1.将反射强度Ir和入射强度Io表示为对数,如Ln(Ir),Ln(Io)。
2.根据散射公式绘制上述对数数据。因为1310纳米波长处的数据由散射主导(具有最小程度的吸收),因而,可以近似地将对数的散射公式表示为:
Ln(Ir)=Ln(Io)-(μt)(d)
其中μt为散射系数,d为扫描深度。
3.通过回归分析确定μt。这可通过使用上述对数数据的线性回归来实现,以确定最佳的拟合斜率(μt)。然而,因为在血液/IF中读取葡萄糖浓度最准确,因而,最好将回归分析有选择地应用于那些深度(或二波长散射特性)指明了血液/IF的数据点。如之前结合图2b所述的,这时的葡萄糖浓度是与散射系数μt强烈关联的区域,且可以容易地根据所述散射系数进行校准。
本领域技术人员可以相当容易地在数字处理器中实施该算法或类同的算法,提供快速的、非侵入式的葡萄糖水平读取。
应当理解,前述实施例仅说明了许多可能的具体实施例中的几个实施例,这些实施例能代表关于本发明的应用。本领域技术人员可以作出许多种其他的不同设置,而不至于背离本发明的精神和范围。

Claims (35)

1、一种监视生物组织内的血液葡萄糖浓度的方法,包括以下步骤:
提供具有对所述组织内的所述葡萄糖浓度敏感的散射特性的光;
用所述光持续扫描所述组织的二维区域,同时,以干涉测量的方式深入扫描所述组织;以及
收集所述反射光来确定所述组织中的葡萄糖浓度。
2、根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,来自一个或多个光源的光被分成样本光束和参考光束,
所述持续扫描包括所述样本光束的扫描;以及
所述以干涉测量方式进行的深入扫描包括改变所述参考光束的相位和将其与所述收集的光发生干涉。
3、根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述光是低相干光。
4、根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述光包括至少两种不同的波长,所述至少两种波长对含有葡萄糖的组织或关于这类组织的指示物而言具有可测得的不同散射特性。
5、根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述光包括红外光或近红外光。
6、一种测量人类或动物对象内的血液葡萄糖浓度的方法,包括以下步骤:
提供至少两种不同波长的光,其中每种波长的光对含有葡萄糖的组织而言具有不同的吸收特性或不同的散射特性;
将所述光分成样本光束和参考光束;
用所述样本光束照射和扫描所述对象的组织;
收集从所述被照射的对象组织内反射的样本光;
用所述参考光束与所述反射光发生干涉;以及
测量所述干涉光,并处理所述测量结果,以确定所述对象组织的血液中的葡萄糖浓度。
7、根据权利要求6所述的方法,其中,所述光由一个或多个低相干光源提供。
8、根据权利要求6所述的方法,其中,调节所述参考光,以与从所述对象组织内的选定深度反射的光发生相长干涉。
9、根据权利要求6所述的方法,还包括持续扫描所述对象的组织来减少散斑的步骤。
10、根据权利要求6所述的方法,还包括以所述样本光束持续扫描所述对象组织的二维区域的步骤。
11、根据权利要求10所述的方法,还包括扫描所述对象组织内的多个深度来减少散斑的步骤。
12、根据权利要求6所述的方法,其中,根据从富含血液的组织反射的光来计算葡萄糖浓度。
13、根据权利要求6所述的方法,其中,所述至少两个波长包括约1310nm和820-960nm的波长。
14、根据权利要求6所述的方法,其中,所述至少两个波长包括约1310nm和1450nm的波长。
15、根据权利要求6所述的方法,还包括测量所述组织的水合水平的变化的步骤。
16、根据权利要求15所述的方法,还包括当葡萄糖水平保持不变时补偿所述水合水平的变化的步骤。
17、一种用于测量人类或动物对象的血液葡萄糖浓度的装置,包括:
一个或多个光源,用于提供两个或更多个波长的光;
第一光路径,用于将来自所述一个或多个光源的样本光束引至对象组织;
第二光路径,用于将来自所述一个或多个光源的参考光束引至移相器;
扫描仪,用于用所述样本光扫描所述对象组织的区域;
干涉计,用于用所述参考光与从所述对象组织反射的样本光发生干涉,所述参考光路径的相位被调节,以与来自多个深度的反射的样本光发生相长干涉;
一个或多个光电检测器,用于测量所述干涉光;以及
处理器,用于根据所述测量结果计算葡萄糖浓度。
18、根据权利要求17所述的装置,其中,所述光源为低相干光源,所述干涉计包括低相干干涉计。
19、根据权利要求18所述的装置,其中,所述干涉计包括:
分束器,用于将来自所述光源的光分成样本光束和参考光束;
样本光路径,用于将来自所述一个或多个光源的样本光束引至对象组织;
参考光路径,用于将来自所述一个或多个光源的参考光束引至移相器;以及
光路径,用于引导所述参考光束来使其与来自所述对象组织的反射光发生干涉。
20、根据权利要求19所述的装置,其中,所述分束器是2×2的分光器。
21、根据权利要求19所述的装置,其中,所述移相器是可调节的反射镜。
22、根据权利要求21所述的装置,其中,可以调节所述反射镜来扫描所述对象组织内的多个深度。
23、根据权利要求17所述的装置,其中,所述光电检测器包括光电二极管。
24、根据权利要求17所述的装置,其中,至少一个光源包括发光二极管(LED)。
25、根据权利要求17所述的装置,其中,至少一个光源包括超辐射发光二极管(SLED)。
26、根据权利要求17所述的装置,其中,所述扫描仪是可移动的透镜阵列,可以快速平移或旋转该阵列来减少散斑。
27、根据权利要求17所述的装置,其中,所述扫描仪是可移动的衍射光学元件,可以快速平移或旋转该元件来减少散斑。
28、一种测量含有血液的生物样本中的血液葡萄糖浓度的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:
提供包含样本光束、参考光束、参考光路径移相器以及一个或多个光电检测器的低相干干涉计;
提供光源,以提供用于照射所述样本的样本光束以及参考光束;
用所述样本光束扫描所述被照射样本的二维区域;
用所述参考光束与从所述样本反射的样本光发生干涉,以选择所述样本血液内反射的光;以及
收集和处理所述干涉光,以计算所述血液中的葡萄糖浓度的测量值。
29、根据权利要求28所述的方法,其中,选择用来进行采样的组织区域是富含血液的组织。
30、根据权利要求28所述的方法,还包括持续调节所述参考光束的相位来扫描所述组织内的多个深度的步骤。
31、根据权利要求28所述的方法,还包括持续扫描所述被照射的组织来提高测量的准确度的步骤。
32、根据权利要求31所述的方法,其中,所述样本光束和参考光束包含多个波长的光。
33、根据权利要求32所述的方法,其中,所述波长为约1310nm和处于从约820至960nm的范围内。
34、根据权利要求32所述的方法,其中,所述波长为约1310nm和约1450nm。
35、根据权利要求6所述的方法,其中,所述两种波长的光中的至少其中之一是红外光或近红外光。
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US7254429B2 (en) 2007-08-07
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US20080021293A1 (en) 2008-01-24
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