CN101102841A - 含有金属-有机骨架的成型体 - Google Patents
含有金属-有机骨架的成型体 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN101102841A CN101102841A CNA2005800461647A CN200580046164A CN101102841A CN 101102841 A CN101102841 A CN 101102841A CN A2005800461647 A CNA2005800461647 A CN A2005800461647A CN 200580046164 A CN200580046164 A CN 200580046164A CN 101102841 A CN101102841 A CN 101102841A
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- Prior art keywords
- mof
- formed body
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- powder
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- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
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- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
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Abstract
本发明涉及含有金属-有机骨架(MOF)材料的成型体及其制备方法和它们尤其是作为催化剂或储存介质的用途。
Description
本发明涉及含有金属-有机骨架(MOF)材料的成型体及其制备方法和它们尤其作为催化剂或储存介质的用途。
具有大内表面积的材料,这常常是存在大量的孔或孔道的结果,在催化方面的应用、其他还包括在吸收和/或吸附技术、离子交换、色谱、物质储存和/或提取方面的应用有着突出的重要性。根据现有技术制备固体多孔材料的方法例如在Preparation of Solid Catalysts,Gerhard Ertl,HelmutKnzinger,Jens Weitkamp(Eds.),Wiley VCH,Weinheim,1999中有描述。这里,固体多孔材料是通过沉淀、溶胶-凝胶法、喷雾干燥、发泡等制备的。
在产生微孔和/或中孔活性材料的一种具有前途且可供选择的新合成方法中,使用金属离子和分子有机结构单元形成通常所说的金属-有机骨架。像这样的金属-有机骨架材料例如描述于US 5648508,EP-A-0709253,M.O′Keeffe et al.,J.Sol.State Chem.,152(2000)第3-20页,H.Liet al.,Nature 402(1999)从第276页以后.,M.Eddaoudi et al.,Topics inCatalysis 9(1999)第105-111页,B.Chen et al.,Science 291(2001)第1021-23页。这些新材料的优点,特别是在催化应用方面,有:(i)可以实现比目前所用沸石更大的孔径;(ii)内表面积比目前所用的多孔材料的更大;(iii)孔径和/或孔道结构可以在大范围内定制;(iv)形成内表面的有机骨架组分可以容易地功能化。
然而,像这样基于金属-有机骨架的新多孔材料通常得到的是小晶粒或粉料,而以这样的形式在多数应用领域是不能使用的。因此,MOF材料必须做成可以在那些用途中广泛应用的形式。
WO-A-03/102000概括地描述了将含MOF的粉料转变成颗粒形状的成型体,其抗压碎强度为2-100N。在一个实例中,颗粒采用偏心式压机制成,其抗压碎强度为10N。
这种通过将粉料压制成所需形状的转变导致了含MOF材料的压缩,结果该材料的密度增加。这样,与粉料相比,导致了这种成型材料表面积减少。由于上述的含MOF材料的优势效果与材料的表面积密切相关,所以含MOF材料表面积的减少对于它们的吸附、储存和其他性质来讲不是所需要的。另一方面,成型材料更易于处理。
就含MOF材料而言,在成型步骤中如通过压制表面积的减少不仅是由于外表面积的物理减少,而且也是由于金属-有机骨架内空间结构的破坏。这可以通过与其他如沸石形成的那些结构相比有机骨架结构的高孔体积导致高脆性来解释。
另一个重要因素是成型体的稳定性或硬度。通常稳定性与制备成型体所用的压力相关。成型体的硬度与其稳定性密切相关。这里可以观测到同样的现象。一方面需要稳定的成型体,另一方面如上所述获得成型体所需的压缩减少了活性表面。
因此本发明的一个目的就是提供一种制备含MOF成型体的方法,与粉料相比该成型体的表面积的不利减少至少要降到最低。
惊奇地发现,虽然一定重量成型体的表面积比相应重量粉料的小,但这种情况完全可以变成按照预定的体积来比较表面积。采用首先在成型步骤导致三维破坏作用前增加含MOF成型体每体积表面积与相应粉料的比值,然后采用预定的方法将上述比值减少,以这样的方式在从粉料向成型体转变的过程中破坏三维结构的主导效果惊人地“延迟”。
结果,根据本发明可以通过包括将含MOF的粉料转变成成型体步骤的方法来制备成型体,其中成型体每体积表面积与粉料每体积表面积的比值要大于1.6。
根据本发明方法制备的成型体对很多用途效果更好,由于上面所说的比值是优化的,在这些应用中表面积就具有重要意义。对于多数这样应用来说,最大体积是由含有MOF成型体的环境预先确定的,例如对于催化反应来说是反应容器的容积,或对于色谱分离来说是分离柱,或对于储存用途来说是储罐。因此,对于预先确定的体积来说优化表面积这一目标就很重要。
比值可以通过将含MOF粉料转变成成型体时改变各自条件并测量成型体和粉料表面积来测定。优化的范围可以通过测量点的内插法而测定。优选的变化条件是成型体模制时的压力。
发现对含MOF的成型体来说,上述的正效应是适用的,其中成型体每体积的表面积与粉料每体积的表面积之比至少为1.6∶1。
优选使用其中成型体每体积表面积与粉料每体积表面积之比值至少为1.7∶1,更优选至少1.8∶1的方法。最大比值可以是5∶1,至少是2.5∶1。
表面积可以通过使用通常所说的BET方法测定(“BET表面积”)。这种方法涉及用于表面积测量的Brunauer、Emmett和Teller(BET)方法,其使用氮气等温吸附测量材料的总表面积。另一种方法是使用Langmuir模型。测量可以根据DIN 66131和/或DIN 66134进行。优选使用BET方法。上述表面积的测定结果通常采用每重量的表面积如m2/g表示。与密度值相乘得到所需要的每体积表面积,如m2/l。
对所用的粉料而言,密度测定优选基于测量其每升的重量(通常所说的升重或堆密度)。这里,已知体积的容器用粉料填满,然后测定粉料的重量。
另一种适用的基础是堆积密度,其中上述容器经受振动。因而,堆积密度的值要高于升重。
对成型体来说,密度是由重量和三维几何形状决定的,因此能够计算体积,例如对圆柱形而言,体积是圆的面积与高的乘积。由于通常中空体的空间不能完全被成型体充满,所以还要用孔隙率来调节。孔隙率可以通过计算容易地确定,并且只与型体的形状有关。
含MOF的粉料具有细粉到粉状晶粒尺寸,且可含有或由微晶(小晶体)组成。根据本发明,术语“粉料”用于上述所有形状及其混合物。最大粉料晶粒尺寸优选各个方向小于0.2mm。
成型体可以有适合于预计用途的任何形状。优选粒状、片状或条状。在本发明上下文中,术语“成型体”优选指在空间中至少一个方向上延伸到至少0.2mm的任何固态型体。无其他限制应用,即型体可以采用任何可以想得到的形状,并可以在任何方向上延长任何长度,只要优选它在一个方向上延伸到至少0.2mm。在更优选的实施方案中,成型体在所有方向上延伸到不超过50mm且不小于0.2mm。在进一步优选的实施方案中,这一范围限制在1-16mm,优选1.5-5mm。
就成型体的几何形状而言,优选球体的或圆柱体,以及圆盘形的粒子或任何其他合适的几何形状如蜂窝形、筛网形、中空体、线排列等。
含MOF的粉料包括金属离子和与所述金属离子配位连接的至少双齿有机化合物而构成的金属-有机骨架材料。像这样的MOF含有孔可达的空腔。一个空腔由通过至少双齿有机化合物互相连接的8个金属离子所限定。
如上所述,例如在US 5648508、EP-A-0709253、M.O′Keeffe et al.,J.Sol.State Chem.,152(2000)第3-20页、H.Li et al.,Nature 402(1999)第276页以后、M.Eddaoudi et al.,Topics in Catalysis 9(1999)第105-111页、B.Chen et al.,Science 291(2001)第1021-23页和DE-A-101 11230中描述了这种MOF。
本发明中所使用的MOF包含孔,特别是微孔和/或中孔。根据PureApplied Chem.45,第71页以后,特别是第79页(1976)中所给出的定义,微孔定义为直径2nm或以下的孔,而中孔为直径2-50nm的孔。微孔和/或中孔的存在可以通过按照DIN 66131和/或DIN 66134在77K下测定金属-有机骨架材料对氮气摄取能力的吸附测量而监控。
例如,等温曲线的类型I形式表明有微孔存在[例如见M.Eddaoudi etal.,Topics in Catalysis 9(1999)第4段]。在优选的实施方案中,比表面积,按照朗格缪尔模型(DIN 66131,66134)计算优选在5m2/g以上,更优选在10m2/g以上,甚至更优选在50m2/g以上,还更优选在500m2/g以上,还更优选在1000m2/g以上,还更优选在1500m2/g以上,还更优选在2500m2/g以上,而且可以增长到4500m2/g以上的范围。
至于根据本发明所要使用的骨架材料中的金属组分,特别要提到的是元素周期系主族元素和副族元素,即la,IIa,IIIa,IVa到VIIIa和lb-Vlb族的金属离子。在这些金属组分中特别涉及到Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba、Sc、Y、Ti、Zr、Hf、V、Nb、Ta、Cr、Mo、W、Mn、Re、Fe、Ru、Os、Co、Rh、Ir、Ni、Pd、Pt、Cu、Ag、Au、Zn、Cd、Hg、Al、Ga、In、Tl、Si、Ge、Sn、Pb、As、Sb和Bi,更优选Zn、Cu、Ni、Pd、Pt、Ru、Rh和Co。至于这些元素的金属离子特别涉及到Mg2+、Ca2+、Sr2+、Ba2+、Sc3+、Y3+、Ti4+、Zr4+、Hf4+、V4+、V3+、V2+、Nb3+、Ta3+、Cr3+、Mo3+、W3+、Mn3+、Mn2+、Re3+、Re2+、Fe3+、Fe2+、Ru3+、Ru2+、Os3+、Os2+、Co3+、Co2+、Rh2+、Rh+、Ir2+、Ir+、Ni2+、Ni+、Pd2+、Pd+、Pt2+、Pt+、Cu2+、Cu+、Ag+、Au+、Zn2+、Cd2+、Hg2+、Al3+、Ga3+、In3+、Tl3+、Si4+、Si2+、Ge4+、Ge2+、Sn4+、Sn2+、Pb4+、Pb2+、As5+、As3+、As+、Sb5+、Sb3+、Sb+、Bi5+、Bi3+和Bi+。
关于优选的金属离子及其进一步的详细情况,尤其参阅US 5648508,特别是“金属离子”部分第11栏第11-51行,该部分在此引入作为参考。
除了在EP-A 0790253和US 5648508中公开的金属盐外,也可以使用其他金属化合物,如硫酸盐、磷酸盐和其他元素周期系主族和副族金属的络合平衡离子金属盐。优选金属氧化物、混合氧化物以及金属氧化物和/或氧化混合物的有或没有规定化学计量的混合物。上述所有金属化合物可以是可溶解的或不可溶解的。
至于至少双齿有机化合物,其能够与金属离子配位,原则上可以使用适宜这一用途并符合上述至少双齿要求的所有化合物。所述有机化合物必须有至少两个中心,其能与金属盐的金属离子配位,特别是与前述族金属的离子配位。关于至少双齿有机化合物,特别提到具有如下子结构的化合物:(i)具有1-10个碳原子的烷基子结构,(ii)具有1-5个苯基环的芳基子结构,(iii)烷基或芳胺子结构,由具有1-10个碳原子的烷基或具有有1-5个苯基环的芳基组成,
其中,所述子结构具有至少一个至少双齿的官能团“X”与其键合的键,“X”与该化合物的子结构共价键合,并且其中X选自CO2H、CS2H、NO2、SO3H、Si(OH)3、Ge(OH)3、Sn(OH)3、Si(SH)4、Ge(SH)4、Sn(SH)3、PO3H、AsO3H、AsO4H、P(SH)3、As(SH)3、CH(RSH)2、C(RSH)3、CH(RNH2)2、C(RNH2)3、CH(ROH)2、C(ROH)3、CH(RCN)2、C(RCN)3,其中R为具有1-5个碳原子的烷基,或含1-2个苯基环的芳基,以及CH(SH)2,C(SH)3,CH(NH2)2,C(NH2)2,CH(OH)2,C(OH)3,CH(CN)2和C(CN)3。
特别要提到的是取代的或未取代的单环或多环芳族二元、三元和四元羧酸,和取代的或未取代的含至少一个杂原子的芳族二元、三元和四元羧酸,其含有一个或多个环。
优选的配体是1,3,5-苯三羧酸(BCT)。进一步优选的配体有ADC(乙炔二羧酸酯)、NDC(萘二羧酸酯)、BDC(苯二羧酸酯)、ATC(金刚烷四羧酸酯)、BTC(苯三羧酸酯)、BTB(苯三苯甲酸酯)、MTB(甲烷四苯甲酸酯)和ATB(金刚烷三苯甲酸酯)。
除了至少双齿有机化合物外,根据本发明所用的骨架材料也可以包括一个或多个单齿配体,其优选选自下面的单齿物质和/或其衍生物:
a.烷基胺类和它们的相应烷基铵盐,其含有线性、支化或环状脂族基团,具有1-20个碳原子(和它们的相应铵盐);
b.具有1-5个苯基环的芳族胺类和它们的相应芳基铵盐;
c.烷基盐类,含有线性、支化或环状脂族基团,具有1-20个碳原子;
d.芳基盐类,具有1-5个苯基环;
e.含线性、支化或环状脂族基团的烷基有机酸类和相应的烷基有机阴离子(和盐类),具有1-20个碳原子;
f.芳基有机酸类和它们的相应芳基有机阴离子和盐类,具有1-5个苯基环;
g.含有线性、支化或环状脂族基团的脂族醇类,具有1-20个碳原子;
h.具有1-5个苯基环的芳基醇类;
i.无机阴离子,选自:硫酸盐、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、亚硫酸盐、亚硫酸氢盐、磷酸盐、磷酸氢盐、磷酸二氢盐、二磷酸盐、三磷酸盐、亚磷酸盐、氯化物、氯酸盐、溴化物、溴酸盐、碘化物、碘酸盐、碳酸盐、碳酸氢盐和前述无机阴离子的相应酸和盐;
j.氨、二氧化碳、甲烷、氧、乙烯、己烷、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、氯苯、硝基苯、萘、噻吩、吡啶、丙酮、1,2-二氯乙烷、二氯甲烷、四氢呋喃、乙醇胺、三乙胺和三氟甲基磺酸。
关于从中衍生出本中请中所用骨架材料配体的至少双齿有机化合物和单齿物质的细节,可以参见EP-A 0790253,其内容引入本申请作为参考。
在本申请中,特别优选这里描述的这种骨架材料,其包含作为金属离子的Zn2+和衍生自对苯二甲酸作为双齿化合物的配体。在文献中该种骨架材料称作MOF-5。
在EP-A 0790253、US 5648508和DE-A-10111230中特别公开了分别用于制备本发明所用骨架材料的其他金属离子、至少双齿有机化合物和单齿物质以及它们的制备方法。
除了上述文献中公开的溶剂以外,可以单独、相互结合或与其他溶剂结合使用二甲基甲酰胺、二乙基甲酰胺和N-甲基吡咯烷酮作为特别用于制备MOF-5的溶剂。在骨架材料的制备中,特别是在MOF-5的制备中,为了节约成本和材料,结晶以后溶剂和母液循环使用。
金属-有机骨架的孔径可以通过选择合适的有机配体和/或双齿化合物(=连接体)调节。通常,连接体越大,孔径越大。在至少200℃无主体存在下仍由MOF支撑的任何孔径是有可能得到的。优选孔径范围为0.2-30nm,特别优选孔径范围为0.3-3nm。
为了说明上面给出的一般概念,以下给出了金属-有机骨架材料(MOF)的实例。然而,这些具体的实例并没有限制本申请的普遍性和范围。
作为实例,下面给出了已经合成和表征的金属-有机骨架材料的明细表。这也包括新型等网状(isoreticular)金属-有机骨架材料(IR-MOF),其可以用于本申请的骨架材料。这种具有相同骨架布局而展示不同孔径和晶体密度的材料例如在M.Eddouadi et al.,Science 295(2002)469中有描述,将其引入本申请作为参考。
所用的溶剂对于合成这些材料有着特别重要,因此列在该表中。通过X射线衍射已经得到晶胞参数值(角α,β和γ,以及间距a,b和c,单位为埃)以及给定的空间群也列在该表中。
MOF-n | 组分摩尔比M+L | 溶剂 | α | β | γ | a | b | c | 空间群 |
MOF-0 | Zn(NO3)2·6H2OH3(BTC) | 乙醇 | 90 | 90 | 120 | 16.711 | 16.711 | 14.189 | P6(3)/Mcm |
MOF-2 | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O(0.246mmol)H2(BDC)(0.241mmol) | DMF甲苯 | 90 | 102.8 | 90 | 6.718 | 15.49 | 12.43 | P2(1)/n |
MOF-3 | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O(1.89mmol)H2(BDC)(1.93mmol) | DMF甲醇 | 99.72 | 111.11 | 108.4 | 9.726 | 9.911 | 10.45 | P-1 |
MOF-4 | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O(1.00mmol)H3(BTC)(0.5mmol) | 乙醇 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 14.728 | 14.728 | 14.728 | P2(1)3 |
MOF-5 | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O(2.22mmol)H2(BDC)(2.17mmol) | DMF氯苯 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 25.669 | 25.669 | 25.669 | Fm-3m |
MOF-38 | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O(0.27mmol)H3(BTC)(0.15mmol) | DMF氯苯 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 20.657 | 20.657 | 17.84 | I4cm |
MOF-31Zn(ADC)2 | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O(0.4mmol)H2(ADC)(0.8mmol) | 乙醇 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 10.821 | 10.821 | 10.821 | Pn(-3)m |
MOF-12Zn2(ATC) | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O(0.3mmol)H4(ATC)(0.15mmol) | 乙醇 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 15.745 | 16.907 | 18.167 | Pbca |
MOF-20ZnNDC | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O(0.37mmol)H2NDC(0.36mmol) | DMF氯苯 | 90 | 92.13 | 90 | 8.13 | 16.444 | 12.807 | P2(1)/c |
MOF-37 | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O(0.2mmol)H2NDC(0.2mmol) | DEF氯苯 | 72.38 | 83.16 | 84.33 | 9.952 | 11.576 | 15.556 | P-1 |
MOF-8Tb2(ADC) | Tb(NO3)3·5H2O(0.10mmol)H2ADC(0.20mmol) | DMSOMeOH | 90 | 115.7 | 90 | 19.83 | 9.822 | 19.183 | C2/c |
MOF-9Tb2(ADC) | Tb(NO3)3·5H2O(0.08mmol)H2ADB(0.12mmol) | DMSO | 90 | 102.09 | 90 | 27.056 | 16.795 | 28.139 | C2/c |
MOF-6 | Tb(NO3)3·5H2O(0.30mmol)H2(BDC)(0.30mmol) | DMFMeOH | 90 | 91.28 | 90 | 17.599 | 19.996 | 10.545 | P21/c |
MOF-7 | Tb(NO3)3·5H2O(0.15mmol)H2(BDC)(0.15mmol) | H2O | 102.3 | 91.12 | 101.5 | 6.142 | 10.069 | 10.096 | P-1 |
MOF-69A | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O(0.083mmol)4,4′BPDC(0.041mmol) | DEFH2O2MeNH2 | 90 | 111.6 | 90 | 23.12 | 20.92 | 12 | C2/c |
MOF-69B | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O(0.083mmol)2,6-NCD(0.041mmol) | DEFH2O2MeNH2 | 90 | 95.3 | 90 | 20.17 | 18.55 | 12.16 | C2/c |
MOF-11Cu2(ATC) | Cu(NO3)2·2.5H2O(0.47mmol)H2ATC(0.22mmol) | H2O | 90 | 93.86 | 90 | 12.987 | 11.22 | 11.336 | C2/c |
MOF-11Cu2(ATC)脱水 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 8.4671 | 8.4671 | 14.44 | P42/mmc | ||
MOF-14Cu3(BTB) | Cu(NO3)2·2.5H2O(0.28mmol)H3BTB(0.052mmol) | H2ODMFEtOH | 90 | 90 | 90 | 26.946 | 26.946 | 26.946 | Im-3 |
MOF-32Cd(ATC) | Cd(NO3)2·4H2O(0.24mmol)H4ATC(0.10mmol) | H2ONaOH | 90 | 90 | 90 | 13.468 | 13.468 | 13.468 | P(-4)3m |
MOF-33Zn2(ATB) | ZnCl2(0.15mmol)H4ATB(0.02mmol) | H2ODMFEtOH | 90 | 90 | 90 | 19.561 | 15.255 | 23.404 | Imma |
MOF-34Ni(ATC) | Ni(NO3)2·6H2O(0.24mmol)H4ATC(0.10mmol) | H2ONaOH | 90 | 90 | 90 | 10.066 | 11.163 | 19.201 | P212121 |
MOF-36Zn2(MTB) | Zn(NO3)2·4H2O(0.20mmol)H4MTB(0.04mmol) | H2ODMF | 90 | 90 | 90 | 15.745 | 16.907 | 18.167 | Pbca |
MOF-39Zn3O(HBTB) | Zn(NO3)2·4H2O(0.27mmol)H3BTB(0.07mmol) | H2ODMFEtOH | 90 | 90 | 90 | 17.158 | 21.591 | 25.308 | Pnma |
NO305 | FeC12·4H2O(5.03mmol)甲酸(86.90mmol) | DMF | 90 | 90 | 120 | 8.2692 | 8.2692 | 63.566 | R-3c |
NO306A | FeCl2·4H2O(5.03mmol)甲酸(86.90mmol) | DEF | 90 | 90 | 90 | 9.9364 | 18.374 | 18.374 | Pbcn |
NO29MOF-0等 | Mn(Ac)2·4H2O(0.46mmol)H3BTC(0.69mmol) | DMF | 120 | 90 | 90 | 14.16 | 33.521 | 33.521 | P-1 |
BPR48A2 | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O(0.012mmol)H2BDC(0.012mmol) | DMSO甲苯 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 14.5 | 17.04 | 18.02 | Pbca |
BPR69B1 | Cd(NO3)2·4H2O(0.0212mmol)H2BDC(0.0428mmol) | DMSO | 90 | 98.76 | 90 | 14.16 | 15.72 | 17.66 | Cc |
BPR92A2 | Co(NO3)2·6H2O(0.018mmol)H2BDC(0.018mmol) | NMP | 106.3 | 107.63 | 107.2 | 7.5308 | 10.942 | 11.025 | P1 |
BPR95C5 | Cd(NO3)2.4H2O(0.012mmol)H2BDC(0.36mmol) | NMP | 90 | 112.8 | 90 | 14.460 | 11.085 | 15.829 | P2(1)/n |
CuC6H4O6 | Cu(NO3)2·2.5H2O(0.370mmol)H2BDC(OH)2(0.37mmol) | DMF氯苯 | 90 | 105.29 | 90 | 15.259 | 14.816 | 14.13 | P2(1)/c |
M(BTC)MOF-0等 | Co(SO4)·H2O(0.055mmol)H3BTC(0.037mmol) | DMF | 同MOF-0 | ||||||
Tb(C6H4O6) | Tb(NO3)3·5H2O(0.370mmol)H2(C6H4O6)(0.56mmol) | DMF氯苯 | 104.6 | 107.9 | 97.147 | 10.491 | 10.981 | 12.541 | P-1 |
Zn(C2O4) | ZnCl2(0.370mmol)乙二酸(0.37mmol) | DMF氯苯 | 90 | 120 | 90 | 9.4168 | 9.4168 | 8.464 | P(-3)1m |
Co(CHO) | Co(NO3)2·5H2O(0.043mmol)甲酸(1.60mmol) | DMF | 90 | 91.32 | 90 | 11.328 | 10.049 | 14.854 | P2(1)/n |
Cd(CHO) | Cd(NO3)2·4H2O(0.185mmol)甲酸(0.185mmol) | DMF | 90 | 120 | 90 | 8.5168 | 8.5168 | 22.674 | R-3c |
Cu(C3H2O4) | Cu(NO3)2·2.5H2O(0.043mmol)丙二酸(0.192mmol) | DMF | 90 | 90 | 90 | 8.366 | 8.366 | 11.919 | P43 |
Zn6(NDC)5MOF-48 | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O(0.097mmol)1,4-NDC(0.069mmol) | DMF氯苯H2O2 | 90 | 95.902 | 90 | 19.504 | 16.482 | 14.64 | C2/m |
MOF-47 | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O(0.185mmol)H2(BDC[CH3]4)(0.185mmol) | DMF氯苯H2O2 | 90 | 92.55 | 90 | 11.303 | 16.029 | 17.535 | P2(1)/c |
MO25 | Cu(NO3)2·2.5H2O(0.084mmol)BPhDC(0.085mmol) | DMF | 90 | 112.0 | 90 | 23.880 | 16.834 | 18.389 | P2(1)/c |
Cu-Thio | Cu(NO3)2·2.5H2O(0.084mmol)噻吩二甲酸(0.085mmol) | DEF | 90 | 113.6 | 90 | 15.4747 | 14.514 | 14.032 | P2(1)/c |
ClBDC1 | Cu(NO3)2·2.5H2O(0.084mmol)H2(BDCC12)(0.085mmol) | DMF | 90 | 105.6 | 90 | 14.911 | 15.622 | 18.413 | C2/c |
MOF-101 | Cu(NO3)2·2.5H2O(0.084mmol)BrBDC(0.085mmol) | DMF | 90 | 90 | 90 | 21.607 | 20.607 | 20.073 | Fm3m |
Zn3(BTC)2 | ZnC12(0.033mmol)H3BTC(0.033mmol) | DMFEtOH加碱 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 26.572 | 26.572 | 26.572 | Fm-3m |
MOF-j | Co(CH3CO2)2·4H2O(1.65mmol)H3(BZC) | H2O | 90 | 112.0 | 90 | 17.482 | 12.963 | 6.559 | C2 |
MOF-n | Zn(NO3)2·6H2OH3(BTC) | 乙醇 | 90 | 90 | 120 | 16.711 | 16.711 | 14.189 | P6(3)/mcm |
PbBDC | Pb(NO3)2(0.181mmol)H2(BDC)(0.181mmol) | DMF乙醇 | 90 | 102.7 | 90 | 8.3639 | 17.991 | 9.9617 | P2(1)/n |
Znhex | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O(0.171mmol)H3BTB(0.114mmol) | DMF对二甲苯乙醇 | 90 | 90 | 120 | 37.1165 | 37.117 | 30.019 | P3(1)c |
AS16 | FeBr2(0.927mmol)H2(BDC)(0.927mmol) | DMF无水 | 90 | 90.13 | 90 | 7.2595 | 8.7894 | 19.484 | P2(1)c |
AS27-2 | FeBr2(0.927mmol)H3(BDC)(0.464mmol) | DMF无水 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 26.735 | 26.735 | 26.735 | Fm3m |
AS32 | FeCl3(1.23mmol)H2(BDC)(1.23mmol) | DMF无水乙醇 | 90 | 90 | 120 | 12.535 | 12.535 | 18.479 | P6(2)c |
AS54-3 | FeBr2(0.927mmol)BPDC(0.927mmol) | DMF无水正丙醇 | 90 | 109.98 | 90 | 12.019 | 15.286 | 14.399 | C2 |
AS61-4 | FeBr2(0.927mmol)m-BDC(0.927mmol) | 无水吡啶 | 90 | 90 | 120 | 13.017 | 13.017 | 14.896 | P6(2)c |
AS68-7 | FeBr2(0.927mmol)m-BDC(1.204mmol) | DMF无水吡啶 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 18.3407 | 10.036 | 18.039 | Pca21 |
Zn(ADC) | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O(0.37mmol)H2(ADC)(0.36mmol) | DMF氯苯 | 90 | 99.85 | 90 | 16.764 | 9.349 | 9.635 | C2/c |
MOF-12Zn2(ATC) | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O(0.30mmol)H4(ATC)(0.15mmol) | 乙醇 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 15.745 | 16.907 | 18.167 | Pbca |
MOF-20ZnNDC | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O(0.37mmol)H2NDC(0.36mmol) | DMF氯苯 | 90 | 92.13 | 90 | 8.13 | 16.444 | 12.807 | P2(1)/c |
MOF-37 | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O(0.20mmol)H2NDC(0.20mmol) | DEF氯苯 | 72.38 | 83.16 | 84.33 | 9.952 | 11.576 | 15.556 | P-1 |
Zn(NDC)(DMSO) | Zn(NO3)2·6H2OH2NDC | DMSO | 68.08 | 75.33 | 88.31 | 8.631 | 10.207 | 13.114 | P-1 |
Zn(NDC) | Zn(NO3)2·6H2OH2NDC | 90 | 99.2 | 90 | 19.289 | 17.628 | 15.052 | C2/c | |
Zn(HPDC) | Zn(NO3)2·4H2O(0.23mmol)H2(HPDC)(0.05mmol) | DMFH2O | 107.9 | 105.06 | 94.4 | 8.326 | 12.085 | 13.767 | P-1 |
Co(HPDC) | Co(NO3)2·6H2O(0.21mmol)H2(HPDC)(0.06mmol) | DMFH2O/乙醇 | 90 | 97.69 | 90 | 29.677 | 9.63 | 7.981 | C2/c |
Zn3(PDC)2.5 | Zn(NO3)2·4H2O(0.17mmol)H2(HPDC)(0.05mmol) | DMF/CIBzH2O/TEA | 79.34 | 80.8 | 85.83 | 8.564 | 14.046 | 26.428 | P-1 |
Cd2(TPDC)2 | Cd(NO3)2·4H2O(0.06mmol)H2(HPDC)(0.06mmol) | 甲醇/CHPH2O | 70.59 | 72.75 | 87.14 | 10.102 | 14.412 | 14.964 | P-1 |
Tb(PDC)1.5 | Tb(NO3)3·5H2O(0.21mmol)H2(PDC)(0.034mmol) | DMFH2O/乙醇 | 109.8 | 103.61 | 100.14 | 9.829 | 12.11 | 14.628 | P-1 |
ZnDBP | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O(0.05mmol)磷酸二苄酯(0.10mmol) | MeOH | 90 | 93.67 | 90 | 9.254 | 10.762 | 27.93 | P2/n |
Zn3(BPDC) | ZnBr2(0.021mmol)4.4′BPDC(0.005mmol) | DMF | 90 | 102.76 | 90 | 11.49 | 14.79 | 19.18 | P21/n |
CdBDC | Cd(NO3)2·4H2O(0.100mmol)H2(BDC)(0.401mmol) | DMFNa2SiO3(aq) | 90 | 95.85 | 90 | 11.2 | 11.11 | 16.71 | P21/n |
Cd-mBDC | Cd(NO3)2·4H2O(0.009mmol)H2(mBDC)(0.018mmol) | DMFMeNH2 | 90 | 101.1 | 90 | 13.69 | 18.25 | 14.91 | C2/c |
Zn4OBNDC | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O0.041mmolBNDC | DEFMeNH2H2O2 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 22.35 | 26.05 | 59.56 | Fmmm |
Eu(TCA) | Eu(NO3)3·6H2O(0.14mmol)TCA(0.026mmol) | DMF氯苯 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 23.325 | 23.325 | 23.325 | Pm-3n |
Tb(TCA) | Tb(NO3)3·6H2O(0.069mmol)TCA(0.026mmol) | DMF氯苯 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 23.272 | 23.272 | 23.372 | Pm-3n |
甲酸酯 | Ce(NO3)3·6H2O(0.138mmol)甲酸(0.43mmol) | H2O乙醇 | 90 | 90 | 120 | 10.668 | 10.667 | 4.107 | R-3m |
FeCl2·4H2O(5.03mmol)甲酸(86.90mmol) | DMF | 90 | 90 | 120 | 8.2692 | 8.2692 | 63.566 | R-3c | |
FeCl2·4H2O(5.03mmol)甲酸(86.90mmol) | DEF | 90 | 90 | 90 | 9.9364 | 18.374 | 18.374 | Pbcn | |
FeCl2·4H2O(5.03mmol)甲酸(86.90mmol) | DEF | 90 | 90 | 90 | 8.335 | 8.335 | 13.34 | P-31c | |
NO330 | FeCl2·4H2O(0.50mmol)甲酸(8.69mmol) | 甲酰胺 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 8.7749 | 11.655 | 8.3297 | Pnna |
NO332 | FeCl2·4H2O(0.50mmol)甲酸(8.69mmol) | DIP | 90 | 90 | 90 | 10.0313 | 18.808 | 18.355 | Pbcn |
NO333 | FeCl2·4H2O(0.50mmol)甲酸(8.69mmol) | DBF | 90 | 90 | 90 | 45.2754 | 23.861 | 12.441 | Cmcm |
NO335 | FeCl2·4H2O(0.50mmol)甲酸(8.69mmol) | CHF | 90 | 91.372 | 90 | 11.5964 | 10.187 | 14.945 | P21/n |
NO336 | FeCl2·4H2O(0.50mmol)甲酸(8.69mmol) | MFA | 90 | 90 | 90 | 11.7945 | 48.843 | 8.4136 | Pbcm |
NO13 | Mn(Ac)2·4H2O(0.46mmol)苯甲酸(0.92mmol)联吡啶(0.46mmol) | 乙醇 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 18.66 | 11.762 | 9.418 | Pbcn |
NO29MOF-0等 | Mn(Ac)2·4H2O(0.46mmol)H3BTC(0.69mmol) | DMF | 120 | 90 | 90 | 14.16 | 33.521 | 33.521 | P-1 |
Mn(hfac)2(O2CC6H5) | Mn(Ac)2·4H2O(0.46mmol)Hfac(0.92mmol)联吡啶(0.46mmol) | 醚 | 90 | 95.32 | 90 | 9.572 | 17.162 | 14.041 | C2/c |
BPR43G2 | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O(0.0288mmol)H2BDC(0.0072mmol) | DMFCH3CN | 90 | 91.37 | 90 | 17.96 | 6.38 | 7.19 | C2/c |
BPR48A2 | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O(0.012mmol)H2BDC(0.012mmol) | DMSO甲苯 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 14.5 | 17.04 | 18.02 | Pbca |
BPR49B1 | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O(0.024mmol)H2BDC(0.048mmol) | DMSO甲醇 | 90 | 91.172 | 90 | 33.181 | 9.824 | 17.884 | C2/c |
BPR56E1 | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O(0.012mmol)H2BDC(0.024mmol) | DMSO正丙醇 | 90 | 90.096 | 90 | 14.5873 | 14.153 | 17.183 | P2(1)/n |
BPR68D10 | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O(0.0016mmol)H3BTC(0.0064mmol) | DMSO苯 | 90 | 95.316 | 90 | 10.0627 | 10.17 | 16.413 | P2(1)/c |
BPR69B1 | Cd(NO3)2·4H2O(0.0212mmol)H2BDC(0.0428mmol) | DMSO | 90 | 98.76 | 90 | 14.16 | 15.72 | 17.66 | Cc |
BPR73E4 | Cd(NO3)2·4H2O(0.006mmol)H2BDC(0.003mmol) | DMSO甲苯 | 90 | 92.324 | 90 | 8.7231 | 7.0568 | 18.438 | P2(1)/n |
BPR76D5 | Zn(N03)2·6H2O(0.0009mmol)H2BzPDC(0.0036mmol) | DMSO | 90 | 104.17 | 90 | 14.4191 | 6.2599 | 7.0611 | Pc |
BPR80B5 | Cd(NO3)2·4H2O(0.018mmol)H2BDC(0.036mmol) | DMF | 90 | 115.11 | 90 | 28.049 | 9.184 | 17.837 | C2/c |
BPR80H5 | Cd(NO3)2·4H2O(0.027mmol)H2BDC(0.027mmol) | DMF | 90 | 119.06 | 90 | 11.4746 | 6.2151 | 17.268 | P2/c |
BPR82C6 | Cd(NO3)2·4H2O(0.0068mmol)H2BDC(0.202mmol) | DMF | 90 | 90 | 90 | 9.7721 | 21.142 | 27.77 | Fdd2 |
BPR86C3 | Co(NO3)2·6H2O(0.0025mmol)H2BDC(0.075mmol) | DMF | 90 | 90 | 90 | 18.3449 | 10.031 | 17.983 | Pca2(1) |
BPR86H6 | Cd(NO3)2·6H2O(0.010mmol)H2BDC(0.010mmol) | DMF | 80.98 | 89.69 | 83.412 | 9.8752 | 10.263 | 15.362 | P-1 |
Co(NO3)2·6H2O | NMP | 106.3 | 107.63 | 107.2 | 7.5308 | 10.942 | 11.025 | P1 | |
BPR95A2 | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O(0.012mmol)H2BDC(0.012mmol) | NMP | 90 | 102.9 | 90 | 7.4502 | 13.767 | 12.713 | P2(1)/c |
CuC6F4O4 | Cu(NO3)2·2.5H2O(0.370mmol)H2BDC(OH)2(0.37mmol) | DMF氯苯 | 90 | 98.834 | 90 | 10.9675 | 24.43 | 22.553 | P2(1)/n |
甲酸铁 | FeCl2·4H2O(0.370mmol)甲酸(0.37mmol) | DMF | 90 | 91.543 | 90 | 11.495 | 9.963 | 14.48 | P2(1)/n |
甲酸镁 | Mg(NO3)2·6H2O(0.370mmol)甲酸(0.37mmol) | DMF | 90 | 91.359 | 90 | 11.383 | 9.932 | 14.656 | P2(1)/n |
MgC6H4O6 | Mg(NO3)2·6H2O(0.370mmol)H2BDC(OH)2(0.37mmol) | DMF | 90 | 96.624 | 90 | 17.245 | 9.943 | 9.273 | C2/c |
ZnC2H4BDCMOF-38 | ZnCl2(0.44mmol)CBBDC(0.261mmol) | DMF | 90 | 94.714 | 90 | 7.3386 | 16.834 | 12.52 | P2(1)/n |
MOF-49 | ZnCl2(0.44mmol)m-BDC(0.261mmol) | DMFCH3CN | 90 | 93.459 | 90 | 13.509 | 11.984 | 27.039 | P2/c |
MOF-26 | Cu(NO3)2·5H2O(0.084mmol)DCPE(0.085mmol) | DMF | 90 | 95.607 | 90 | 20.8797 | 16.017 | 26.176 | P2(1)/n |
MOF-112 | Cu(NO3)2·2.5H2O(0.084mmol)o-Br-m-BDC(0.085mmol) | DMF乙醇 | 90 | 107.49 | 90 | 29.3241 | 21.297 | 18.069 | C2/c |
MOF-109 | Cu(NO3)2·2.5H2O(0.084mmol)KDB(0.085mmol) | DMF | 90 | 111.98 | 90 | 23.8801 | 16.834 | 18.389 | P2(1)/c |
MOF-111 | Cu(NO3)2·2.5H2O(0.084mmol)o-BrBDC(0.085mmol) | DMF乙醇 | 90 | 102.16 | 90 | 10.6767 | 18.781 | 21.052 | C2/c |
MOF-110 | Cu(NO3)2·2.5H2O(0.084mmol)噻吩二羧酸(0.085mmol) | DMF | 90 | 90 | 120 | 20.0652 | 20.065 | 20.747 | R-3/m |
MOF-107 | Cu(NO3)2·2.5H2O(0.084mmol)噻吩二羧酸 | DEF | 104.8 | 97.075 | 95.206 | 11.032 | 18.067 | 18.452 | P-1 |
MOF-108 | Cu(NO3)2·2.5H2O(0.084mmol)噻吩二羧酸 | DBF/甲醇 | 90 | 113.63 | 90 | 15.4747 | 14.514 | 14.032 | C2/c |
MOF-102 | Cu(NO3)2·2.5H2O(0.084mmol)H2(BDCCl2)(0.085mmo1) | DMF | 91.63 | 106.24 | 112.01 | 9.3845 | 10.794 | 10.831 | P-1 |
Clbdc1 | Cu(NO3)2·2.5H2O(0.084mmol)H2(BDCCl2)(0.085mmol) | DEF | 90 | 105.56 | 90 | 14.911 | 15.622 | 18.413 | P-1 |
Cu(NMOP) | Cu(NO3)2·2.5H2O(0.084mmol)NBDC(0.085mmol) | DMF | 90 | 102.37 | 90 | 14.9238 | 18.727 | 15.529 | P2(1)/m |
Tb(BTC) | Tb(NO3)3·5H2O(0.033mmol)H3BTC(0.033mmol) | DMF | 90 | 106.02 | 90 | 18.6986 | 11.368 | 19.721 | |
Zn3(BTC)2Honk | ZnCl2(0.033mmol)H3BTC(0.033mmol) | DMF乙醇 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 26.572 | 26.572 | 26.572 | Fm-3m |
Zn4O(NDC) | Zn(NO3)2·4H2O(0.066mmol)1,4-NDC(0.066mmol) | DMF乙醇 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 41.5594 | 18.818 | 17.574 | aba2 |
CdTDC | Cd(NO3)2·4H2O(0.014mmol)噻吩(0.040mmol)DABCO(0.020mmol) | DMFH2O | 90 | 90 | 90 | 12.173 | 10.485 | 7.33 | Pmma |
IRMOF-2 | Zn(NO3)2·4H2O(0.160mmol)o-Br-BDC(0.60mmol) | DEF | 90 | 90 | 90 | 25.772 | 25.772 | 25.772 | Fm-3m |
1RMOF-3 | Zn(NO3)2·4H2O(0.20mmol)H2N-BDC(0.60mmol) | DEF乙醇 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 25.747 | 25.747 | 25.747 | Fm-3m |
IRMOF-4 | Zn(NO3)2·4H2O(0.11mmol)[C3H7O]2-BDC(0.48mmol) | DEF | 90 | 90 | 90 | 25.849 | 25.849 | 25.849 | Fm-3m |
IRMOF-5 | Zn(NO3)2·4H2O(0.13mmol)[C5H11O]2-BDC(0.50mmol) | DEF | 90 | 90 | 90 | 12.882 | 12.882 | 12.882 | Pm-3m |
IRMOF-6 | Zn(NO3)2·4H2O(0.20mmol)[C2H4]-BDC(0.60mmol) | DEF | 90 | 90 | 90 | 25.842 | 25.842 | 25.842 | Fm-3m |
IRMOF-7 | Zn(NO3)2·4H2O(0.07mmol)1,4-NDC(0.20mmol) | DEF | 90 | 90 | 90 | 12.914 | 12.914 | 12.914 | Pm-3m |
IRMOF-8 | Zn(NO3)2·4H2O(0.55mmol)2,6-NDC(0.42mmol) | DEF | 90 | 90 | 90 | 30.092 | 30.092 | 30.092 | Fm-3m |
IRMOF-9 | Zn(NO3)2·4H2O(0.05mmol)BPDC(0.42mmol) | DEF | 90 | 90 | 90 | 17.147 | 23.322 | 25.255 | Pnnm |
IRMOF-10 | Zn(NO3)2·4H2O(0.02mmol)BPDC(0.012mmol) | DEF | 90 | 90 | 90 | 34.281 | 34.281 | 34.281 | Fm-3m |
IRMOF-11 | Zn(NO3)2·4H2O(0.05mmol)HPDC(0.20mmol) | DEF | 90 | 90 | 90 | 24.822 | 24.822 | 56.734 | R-3m |
IRMOF-12 | Zn(NO3)2·4H2O(0.017mmol)HPDC(0.12mmol) | DEF | 90 | 90 | 90 | 34.281 | 34.281 | 34.281 | Fm-3m |
IRMOF-13 | Zn(NO3)2·4H2O(0.048mmol)PDC(0.31mmol) | DEF | 90 | 90 | 90 | 24.822 | 24.822 | 56.734 | R-3m |
IRMOF-14 | Zn(NO3)2·4H2O(0.17mmol)PDC(0.12mmol) | DEF | 90 | 90 | 90 | 34.381 | 34.381 | 34.381 | Fm-3m |
1RMOF-15 | Zn(NO3)2·4H2O(0.063mmol)TPDC(0.025mmol) | DEF | 90 | 90 | 90 | 21.459 | 21.459 | 21.459 | Im-3m |
IRMOF-16 | Zn(NO3)2·4H2O(0.0126mmol)TPDC(0.05mmol) | DEFNMP | 90 | 90 | 90 | 21.49 | 21.49 | 21.49 | Pm-3m |
ADC 乙炔二羧酸
NDC 萘二羧酸
BDC 苯二羧酸
ATC 金刚烷四羧酸
BTC 苯三羧酸
BTB 苯三苯甲酸酯
MTB 甲烷四苯甲酸酯
ATB 金刚烷四苯甲酸酯
ADB 金刚烷二苯甲酸酯
本领域已知的其他MOF为MOF-177和MOF-178。
合成这些粉状材料的实例例如,可以参阅J.Am.Chem.Soc.123(2001)第8241页以后或参阅Ace.Chem.Res.31(1998)第474页以后,就相关内容而言,其完全包括在本申请中。
从结晶母液中分离骨架材料,特别是MOF-5,可以采取本领域已知方法如固-液分离、离心、萃取、过滤、膜过滤、交叉流过滤、使用絮凝助剂(非离子、阳离子和阴离子助剂)絮凝,或通过添加pH变化添加剂如盐类、酸类或碱类,通过浮选以及通过母液在高温下和/或在真空下蒸发并浓缩固体而实现。在此步骤中得到的材料通常是细粉,不能用于多数实际用途,如催化,其中要求成型体。
本领域技术人员熟知模制粉料的各种合适方法,从最广泛意义上讲,涉及其中即任何粉料、粉状物质、微晶物质等可以成型为在其意欲用途的条件下稳定的成型体的方法。
除了任选将含MOF粉料模制成成型体的步骤以外,根据本发明下面步骤也可能发生:
(I)模制可以通过混合步骤进行,
(II)模制可以通过制备含有含MOF粉料的糊状物质或流体的步骤进行,例如通过添加溶剂、粘合剂或其他添加物质,
(III)模制后可以进行修整步骤,特别是干燥步骤。
模制、成型或成形等转变步骤可以通过专业技术人员已知的任何方法实现,从而达到把粉料、悬浮物或糊状物质聚结起来。这些方法例如,在UIlmann的Enzylopdie der Technischen Chemie,第4版,第2卷,1972年第313页及以后中有描述,其相关内容引入本申请作为参考。
通常,可以得出下述主要途径:(i)压块,即机械压制粉状材料,使用或不使用粘合剂和/或其他添加剂,(ii)造粒(制粒),即通过使之经受旋转运动将湿的粉状材料压实,(iii)烧结,即将待压实的材料进行热处理。后者对根据本发明的材料略有限制,原因是有机材料有限的温度稳定性(见下面)。
具体地说,根据本发明的模制步骤优选通过使用选自以下组的至少一种方法来进行:用活塞压机压块,通过辊压压块,无粘合剂压块,有粘合剂压块,制粒,配混,熔融,挤出,共挤出,喷丝,沉积,发泡,喷雾干燥,涂布,造粒,特别是喷雾造粒或按照塑料加工领域中已知的任何工艺造粒,或者上述方法至少两种的任何结合。
在常规挤出机中模制会受挤出的影响,例如导致挤出物的直径通常为约1-约10mm,特别是约1.5-约5mm。这样的挤出装置例如在Ullmann的Enzylopdie der Technischen Chemie,1972年第4版,第2卷,第295页及以后中有描述。除了使用挤出机以外,挤压机也优选用于模制。
优选的模制方法是在高压下进行,即通过压制含MOF的粉料。压力范围可以从大气压到几百巴。在高温下(范围从室温到300℃)或在保护性气氛(稀有气体、氮气或他们的混合物)中也是合适的。也可以是这些条件的任何组合。
可以实施压制的条件取决于,例如压机、填充高度、压机能力和成型体的形状。
模制步骤可以在粘合剂和/或稳定材料以便聚结的其他添加物质存在下进行。至少一种任选的粘合剂,可以使用专业人员已知的促进颗粒之间粘合以便模制在一起的任何材料。可以将粘合剂,有机增粘化合物和/或将材料转化成糊的液体添加到金属-有机骨架材料中,然后将混合物在混合或捏合设备或挤出机中压实。然后可以将所得到的塑性材料模制,特别是使用挤压机或挤出机,然后所得到的模制品进行任选的修整步骤(III),例如干燥。
许多无机化合物可以用作粘合剂。非限制性的实例包括二氧化钛、水合二氧化钛、水合氧化铝或其他含铝的粘合剂、硅和铝化合物的混和物、硅化合物、粘土矿物类、烷氧基硅烷类和两亲性物质。
其他可以想到的粘合剂原则上为目前用于粉状材料粘合的所有化合物。优选使用硅、铝、硼、磷、锆和/或钛的化合物,特别是氧化物。作为粘合剂具有特别意义的是硅石,其中SiO2可以作为硅溶胶或以四烷氧基硅烷的形式引入成型步骤中。此外,可以用作粘合剂的还有镁的氧化物、铍的氧化物和粘土类,如蒙脱石、高岭土、膨润土、多水高岭土、迪开石、珍珠陶土和蠕陶土。本发明中尤其使用四烷氧基硅烷类作为粘合剂。具体实例有四甲氧基硅烷、四乙氧基硅烷、四丙氧基硅烷和四丁氧基硅烷、类似的四烷氧基钛和四烷氧基锆化合物,以及三甲氧基铝、三乙氧基铝、三丙氧基铝和三丁氧基铝,特别优选四甲氧基硅烷和四乙氧基硅烷。
粘合剂的浓度可以为0.1-20重量%。作为选择,不使用粘合剂。
一种或多种脱模剂可作为添加剂存在。合适的脱模剂为石墨或MOF材料,其中MOF具有层状组成。
此外,可以使用有机增粘物质和/或亲水性聚合物,例如纤维素或聚丙烯酸酯。使用的有机增粘物质也可以是适于这种用途的任何物质。优选的那些是有机的,特别是亲水性聚合物,例如纤维素、淀粉、聚丙烯酸酯、聚甲基丙烯酸酯、聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚异丁烯和聚四氢呋喃。通过桥接初级粒子从而保证模制和任选干燥过程期间的模制品机械稳定性,这些物质主要是在捏合、模制和干燥步骤期间促进塑性材料的形成。
对于任选的混合步骤(I)或模制步骤来说,对可用来产生糊状物质的任选液体没有任何限制。除水以外,可以使用醇类,条件是它们是水混溶性的。因此,可以使用1-4个碳原子的一元醇类和水混溶性多元醇类。特别是使用甲醇、乙醇、丙醇、正丁醇、异丁醇、叔丁醇和它们中两种或多种的混合物。
胺类或类胺化合物,例如四烷基铵化合物或氨基醇类,和含碳酸根的物质如碳酸钙可以用作其他添加剂。这样的其他添加剂在EP-A 0 389 041、EP-A 0200260和WO 95/19222中有描述,其完全引入本申请作为参考。
即使不是所有的,大多数上述添加剂物质可以任选在保护性气氛中或真空中通过干燥或加热从成型体中脱除。为了保持金属-有机骨架材料不受损坏,成型体优选不暴露在超过300℃温度下。然而,研究表明在上述适度条件下加热/干燥,特别是在真空中干燥,优选适度低于300℃ 足以从金属-有机骨架的孔穴中至少脱除有机化合物。通常,根据所用添加剂物质,选择和调整这些条件。
这些组分(任选的溶剂、粘合剂、添加剂、金属-有机骨架材料)的添加顺序不是关键。可以首先加粘合剂,然后例如,再加金属-有机骨架材料,以及如果需要的话加入添加剂,最后加入含有至少一种醇和/或水的混合物,或者交换关于上述组分的任何顺序。
就任选的混合步骤(I)而言,例如,含金属-有机骨架的粉料和粘合剂和任选的其他加工材料(=额外的材料)的混合,可以采用材料加工和单元操作领域专业人员已知的所有方法。如果混合在液相中进行,优选使用搅拌,如果要混合的物质为糊状,优选捏合和域挤出,而如果要混合的组分全是固体粉状,优选混炼。如果所使用的组分允许使用它们,也可以想到使用雾化器、喷洒器、扩散器或喷雾器。对于糊状(源自含MOF的粉料)和粉状材料,优选使用静态混合器、行星式混合器、具有旋转容器的混合器、锅式混合器、叶片式混合器、剪切盘式混合器、离心式混合器、砂磨机、槽式捏合机、密炼机和连续捏合机。明确地包括混合方法足以实现模制,即,混合和模制步骤同时发生。
本发明的另一个目的是提供一种可根据本发明上述方法获得的含MOF成型体。
优化的含MOF成型体优选通过抗压碎强度表征。
抗压碎强度优选5N-200N。该强度特别优选用于在空间每一个方向上延伸至少1mm,且不超过16mm的成型体。
发现对于含MOF成型体在选定的硬度范围具有非常高的每体积表面积,其中该成型体抗压碎强度为16N-51N。抗压碎强度优选23N-51N。该值特别优选用于在空间每一个方向上延伸至少1mm,且不超过7mm,更优选1mm-5mm,最优选3mm-4.5mm的成型体。
抗压碎强度在本发明中的意义定义为对压力的抗侧向压力(lateralpressure resistance to pressure),其可以用Zwick硬度分级设备测量。
根据本发明的成型体可以专业人员已知的任何方法使用,其中多孔成型体或含孔道成型体提供超过各种固体或粉料的优势。这样的用途特别包括:催化剂、催化剂载体、吸附、流体储存、干燥剂、离子交换材料、分子筛(分离器)、色谱用材料、分子选择性释放和/或摄取用材料、分子识别、纳米管、纳米反应器。
在优选的应用中,根据本发明的成型体作为催化剂用于固定床/填充床反应器。原则上,所说的成型体可以用于气相反应或液相反应,在这种情况下固态成型体悬浮在淤浆中。原则上,根据本发明的成型体可以用于催化专业人员已知的所有反应,其中引入的孔道和/或孔的存在是已知的并被认为增加了所述反应的活性和/或选择性和/或收率。
另一个优选的用途是储存化合物,尤其是气态化合物。
现在进一步通过下述实施例描述本发明,然而,并不意味限制本申请的范围。
实施例
实施例1.制备MOF-5
起始原料 | 摩尔数 | 计算值 | 试验值 |
对苯二甲酸 | 12.3mmol | 2.04g | 2.04g |
硝酸锌四水合物 | 36.98mmol | 9.67g | 9.68g |
二乙基甲酰胺 | 2568.8mmol | 282.2g | 282.2g |
将上表中给出各个量的起始原料按照二乙基甲酰胺、对苯二甲酸和硝酸锌的顺序放入烧杯中。将得到的溶液引入到2个覆有聚四氟乙烯的内壁的高压釜(250ml)中。
在105℃和20小时内发生结晶。然后倾析橙黄色的溶剂留下黄色的晶体,晶体再次用20ml二甲基甲酰胺淹没,将后者再次倾析。该程序重复3次。然后将20ml三氯甲烷倾倒在这种固体上,用该溶剂洗涤和倾析2次。
将仍含有残余溶剂的晶体(14.4g)引入到真空装置中,并首先在室温和真空(10-4毫巴)下干燥。然后在120℃下干燥。
实施例2:制备IR-MOF-8
按照实施例1制备IR-MOF-8。将2,6-萘二羧酸(111mmol)、硝酸锌四水合物(222mmol)和二甲基甲酰胺(500ml)在烧瓶中于95℃下振动20小时。过滤后,将固体用丙酮洗涤3次并干燥。
实施例3:制备含MOF-5或IR-MOF-8的粒料
根据本发明的粒料压制采用Korsch公司提供的偏心式压机(EK0型)进行。此处,粒料成型工具选用有不同直径尺寸(3或4.75mm)孔的模型。供入偏心式压机中进行成型体成型的混合物由99.8重量%MOF和0.2重量%石墨组成,即49.9g MOF粉料和0.1g石墨。两种组分在混合烧瓶中充分混合。该程序在氮气气氛下进行。
偏心式压机调节如下:(i)填充高度:10mm,(ii)上冲压模的深入深度:7mm,和(iii)转子每分钟的转数:20。
粒料的形状如下:(i)圆形底的直径:3或4.75mm,和(ii)高3mm。
实施例4:抗压碎强度和BET测定
使用Zwick硬度分级设备测量对压力的抗侧向压力(抗压碎强度)。
根据DIN 66131测量粉料和粒料的BET表面积。
实施例5
MOF粉料:MOF-5;粉料的BET:1796m2/g
每升重量(g/l): 220 堆积密度(g/l): 303
BET/体积(1000m2/l): 395 544
粒料直径:4.75mm;粒料体积:53.16mm3;粒料填充空隙率:32%
抗压碎强度(N) | 粒料重量(g) | 粒料密度(g/cm3) | 每升重量1)(g/l) | BET(m2/g) | BET/体积(1000m2/l) | BET/体积粒料:粉料比值 |
10 | 0.0310 | 0.583 | 396 | 1532 | 607 | 1.5 |
28 | 0.0438 | 0.824 | 560 | 1270 | 711 | 1.8 |
51 | 0.0486 | 0.914 | 622 | 1137 | 707 | 1.8 |
1)每升重量=粒料密度×(1-空隙率)
实施例6
MOF粉料:MOF-5;粉料的BET:1796m2/g
每升重量(g/l): 220 堆积密度(g/l): 303
BET/体积(1000m2/l): 395 544
粒料直径:3mm;粒料体积:21.21mm3;粒料填充空隙率:31%
抗压碎强度(N) | 粒料重量(g) | 粒料密度(g/cm3) | 每升重量1)(g/l) | BET(m2/g) | BET/体积(1000m2/l) | BET/体积粒料:粉料比值 |
13 | 0.0178 | 0.839 | 579 | 1119 | 648 | 1.6 |
16 | 0.0184 | 0.867 | 598 | 1186 | 709 | 1.8 |
29 | 0.0260 | 1.226 | 846 | 973 | 823 | 2.1 |
1)每升重量=粒料密度×(1-空隙率)
实施例7
MOF粉料:MOF-5;粉料的BET:1270m2/g
每升重量(g/l): 220 堆积密度(g/l): 303
每体积的BET(1000m2/l): 279 385
粒料直径:4.75mm;粒料体积:53.16mm3;粒料填充空隙率:32%
抗压碎强度(N) | 粒料重量(g) | 粒料密度(g/cm3) | 每升重量1)(g/l) | BET(m2/g) | BET/体积(1000m2/l) | BET/体积粒料:粉料比值 |
23.7 | 0.04862 | 0.915 | 622 | 829 | 516 | 1.8 |
50.5 | 0.05627 | 1.059 | 720 | 673 | 485 | 1.7 |
97.5 | 0.06469 | 1.217 | 828 | 424 | 351 | 1.3 |
1)每升重量=粒料密度×(1-空隙率)
实施例8
MOF粉料:IR-MOF-8;粉料的BET:1136m2/g
每升重量(g/l): 230 堆积密度(g/l): 310
BET/体积(1000m2/l): 261 352
粒料直径:3mm;粒料体积:21.21mm3;粒料填充空隙率:31%
抗压碎强度(N) | 粒料重量(g) | 粒料密度(g/cm3) | 每升重量1)(g/l) | BET粒料(m2/g) | BET/体积粒料(1000m2/l) | BET/体积粒料:粉料比值 |
26.7 | 0.0247 | 1.165 | 804 | 625 | 503 | 1.9 |
41.2 | 0.0267 | 1.259 | 869 | 547 | 475 | 1.8 |
49.5 | 0.0290 | 1.367 | 943 | 544 | 513 | 2.0 |
73.1 | 0.0308 | 1.452 | 1001 | 376 | 376 | 1.4 |
89.1 | 0.0324 | 1.528 | 1054 | 296 | 312 | 1.2 |
1)每升重量=粒料密度×(1-空隙率)
Claims (10)
1.一种用于制备含金属-有机骨架材料(MOF)成型体的方法,该方法包括将含MOF的粉料转变为成型体的步骤,其中成型体每体积表面积与粉料每体积表面积之比值为至少1.6∶1。
2.根据权利要求1的方法,其中所述比值为至少1.7∶1,优选1.8∶1。
3.根据权利要求1或2的方法,其中转变步骤包括模制步骤。
4.根据权利要求3的方法,其中模制步骤包括含MOF粉料的压制或挤出。
5.根据前述任一项权利要求的方法,其中成型体另外包含粘合剂。
6.根据前述任一项权利要求的方法,其中表面积通过BET方法测定。
7.根据权利要求1-6任一项所述方法可得到的含MOF的成型体。
8.根据权利要求7的成型体,其中抗压碎强度为5N-200N,且成型体在空间中每一个方向上延伸至少1mm,但是不超过16mm。
9.含MOF的成型体,其中该成型体的抗压碎强度为16N-51N。
10.根据权利要求8或9的MOF成型体作为催化剂或催化剂载体;用于流体的吸附、储存;作为干燥剂、离子交换材料、分子筛、色谱用材料、分子的选择性释放和/或摄取用材料、分子识别、纳米管、纳米反应器的用途。
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US10/983,629 | 2004-11-09 | ||
US10/983,629 US7524444B2 (en) | 2004-11-09 | 2004-11-09 | Shaped bodies containing metal-organic frameworks |
PCT/EP2005/011918 WO2006050898A1 (en) | 2004-11-09 | 2005-11-08 | Shaped bodies containing metal-organic frameworks |
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WO (1) | WO2006050898A1 (zh) |
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CN110882725A (zh) * | 2019-12-06 | 2020-03-17 | 北京科技大学 | 金属有机骨架负载二氧化钛光催化材料及其制备方法 |
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Publication number | Publication date |
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CN101102841B (zh) | 2012-06-06 |
JP2008518781A (ja) | 2008-06-05 |
KR20130051015A (ko) | 2013-05-16 |
KR101397198B1 (ko) | 2014-05-20 |
JP4980918B2 (ja) | 2012-07-18 |
ES2802023T3 (es) | 2021-01-15 |
US7524444B2 (en) | 2009-04-28 |
KR20070085792A (ko) | 2007-08-27 |
US20060099398A1 (en) | 2006-05-11 |
US7931960B2 (en) | 2011-04-26 |
US20090155588A1 (en) | 2009-06-18 |
WO2006050898A1 (en) | 2006-05-18 |
EP1812161A1 (en) | 2007-08-01 |
EP1812161B1 (en) | 2020-04-01 |
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