CN101163860A - 用于地下屏障的低温监视系统 - Google Patents
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- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
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- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/16—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
- E21B43/24—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection
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- H05B2214/00—Aspects relating to resistive heating, induction heating and heating using microwaves, covered by groups H05B3/00, H05B6/00
- H05B2214/03—Heating of hydrocarbons
Abstract
本发明提供了一种用于监视地下低温区的温度的系统,其包括被配置成形成低温区的多个冷冻井(114);至少一个监视井;一个或多个激光器;耦合到至少一个激光器(142)的光纤电缆(146),和耦合到光纤电缆的分析器(144)。光纤电缆的一部分定位在至少一个监视井中。至少一个激光器被配置成将光脉冲发射到光纤电缆的至少一端中。分析器被配置成接收来自光脉冲的返回信号。本发明也提供了用于监视地下低温区的温度的方法。
Description
技术领域
本发明总体涉及用于围绕地下处理区的至少一部分提供低温屏障的方法和系统。所述处理区可以用于生产烃、氢和/或其他产品。实施例涉及用于确定低温屏障的温度分布图的方法和系统。
背景技术
现场方法可以用于处理地下地层。在一些现场方法期间,流体可以在地层中引入或生成。引入或生成流体可能需要包含在处理区中以最小化或消除现场方法对相邻区域的影响。在一些现场方法期间,屏障可以围绕处理区的全部或一部分形成以禁止流体迁移进出处理区。
低温区可以用于隔绝地下地层的选定区域以用作多种用途。在一些系统中,地面被冷冻以禁止流体在土壤修复期间从处理区迁移。美国专利Krieg等人的No.4,860,544,Krieg等人的4,974,425;Dash等人的5,507,149,Briley等人的6,796,139;和Vinegar等人的6,854,929描述了用于冷冻地面的系统。
为了形成低温屏障,可以在地层中在将要形成屏障的地方形成间隔井眼。管道可以放置在井眼中。低温传热流体可以通过管道循环以降低井眼附近的温度。围绕井眼的低温区可以向外扩张。由两个相邻井眼产生的低温区最终合并。低温区的温度可以足够低以冷冻地层流体使得形成基本上不可渗透的屏障。井眼间距可以从大约1m到3m或以上。
井眼间距可以取决于许多因素,包括地层组成和性质、地层流体和性质、形成屏障可用的时间和低温传热流体的温度和性质。一般而言,低温传热流体的很冷温度允许较大的间距和/或更快地形成屏障。很冷温度可以是-20℃或以下。
在低温区的形成期间,冷冻井中和/或附近的地层的温度可以指示低温屏障形成的进展。当完成屏障之后,冷冻井中和/或附近或邻近冷冻井的监视井中的地层的温度可以指示可以导致屏障破裂的潜在问题区域。希望具有一种用于监视地层中的冷冻井中和/或附近的温度的系统。
发明内容
在此描述的实施例通常涉及用于处理地下地层和/或监视地下低温区的温度的系统和/或方法。
在一些实施例中,本发明提供了一种用于监视地下低温区的温度的系统,其包括被配置成形成低温区的多个冷冻井;至少一个监视井;一个或多个激光器;耦合到至少一个激光器的光纤电缆,其中光纤电缆的一部分定位在至少一个监视井中,并且至少一个激光器被配置成将光脉冲发射到光纤电缆的至少一端中;和耦合到光纤电缆的分析器,所述分析器被配置成接收来自光脉冲的返回信号。
本发明也与上述发明组合提供了与所述分析器通信的计算机;和与所述计算机通信的地层制冷循环系统,其中地层制冷循环系统被配置成将制冷剂供应给冷冻井并且其中所述计算机被配置成估定从所述分析器传送的温度分布图数据。
本发明也提供了使用一个或多个所述发明监视低温地下屏障的温度的方法,其包括通过光纤电缆传输光;和用分析器分析来自光纤电缆的一个或多个返回信号以估定沿着光纤电缆的温度分布图。
在进一步的实施例中,来自特定实施例的特征可以与来自其他实施例的特征组合。例如,来自一个实施例的特征可以与来自任一其他实施例的特征组合。
在进一步的实施例中,使用在此描述的任一方法和/或系统执行地下地层处理。
在进一步的实施例中,附加特征可以加入到在此描述的特定实施例中。
附图说明
得益于以下具体描述和参考附图,本发明的优点对于本领域的技术人员来说是显而易见的,其中:
图1显示了用于处理含烃地层的现场转化系统的一部分的实施例的示意图。
图2描绘了用于循环液体制冷系统的冷冻井的实施例,其中冷冻井的剖视图表示在地表之下。
图3描绘了绑箍到冷冻井的井罐的保护套的示图。
图4描绘了用于监视冷冻井中和冷冻井附近的温度的光纤电缆系统的示意图。
尽管本发明容易有各种修改和备选形式,但是其特定实施例在附图中作为例子被显示并且可以在此详细地进行描述。附图可以不按比例。然而应当理解,附图及其具体描述并非想要将本发明限制到所公开的特殊形式,相反,本发明将涵盖属于附属权利要求所限定的本发明的精神和范围内的所有修改、等效物和备选物。
具体实施方式
以下描述通常总体用于处理地层中的烃的系统和方法。地层可以使用现场转化方法进行处理以生产烃产品、氢和其他产品。冷冻井可以用于围绕正经受现场转化方法的地层的全部或一部分形成屏障。光纤温度测量系统可以用于监视冷冻井和/或由冷冻井形成的屏障附近的地层部分的温度。
“烃”通常被定义为主要由碳和氢原子形成的分子。烃也可以包括其他元素,例如但不限于卤素、金属元素、氮、氧和/或硫。氢可以是但不限于油母质、沥青、焦沥青、油、天然矿蜡和沥青岩。烃可以位于地层中的矿物基岩中或附近。基岩可以包括但不限于沉积岩、沙、沉积石英岩、碳酸盐、硅藻土和其他多孔介质。“烃流体”是包括烃的流体。烃流体可以包括、夹带或夹带在非烃流体中,例如氢、氮、一氧化碳、二氧化碳、硫化氢、水和氨。
“地层”包括一个或多个含烃层、一个或多个非烃层和覆岩层和/或下伏岩层。“覆岩层”和/或“下伏岩层”包括一个或多个不同类型的不可渗透材料。例如,覆岩层和/或下伏岩层可以包括岩石、页岩、泥岩或湿/紧密碳酸盐。在现场转化方法的一些实施例中,覆岩层和/或下伏岩层可以包括相对不可渗透并且在现场转化处理期间不受温度影响的一个或多个含烃层,所述现场转化处理导致覆岩层和/或下伏岩层的含烃层的显著特性变化。例如,下伏岩层可以包含页岩或泥岩,但是在现场转化方法期间不允许下伏岩层加热到热解温度。在一些情况下,覆岩层和/或下伏岩层可以是略微可渗透的。
“地层流体”指的是存在于地层中的流体并且可以包括热解流体、合成气体、流动烃和水(蒸汽)。地层流体可以包括烃流体以及非烃流体。术语“流动流体”指的是能够由于地层的热处理而流动的含烃地层中的流体。“产出流体”指的是从地层取出的地层流体。
“热源”是用于基本上通过传导和/或辐射传热将热量提供给地层的至少一部分的任何系统。例如,热源可以包括电加热器,例如绝缘导体、细长元件和/或布置在导管中的导体。热源也可以包括通过在地层外部或之中燃烧燃料生成热量的系统。所述系统可以是表面燃烧器、井下气体燃烧器、无焰分布式燃烧室和自然分布式燃烧室。在一些实施例中,提供给一个或多个热源或在其中生成的热量可以由其他能量源供应。其他能量源可以直接加热地层,或者能量可以施加到直接或间接加热地层的传递介质。应当理解的是将热量施加到地层的一个或多个热源可以使用不同的能量源。因而,例如,对于给定地层一些热源可以从电阻加热器供应热量,一些热源可以从燃烧提供热量,而一些热源可以从一个或多个其他能量源(例如,化学反应、太阳能、风能、生物能或其他可再生能量源)提供热量。化学反应可以包括放热反应(例如,氧化反应)。热源也可以包括加热器,该加热器将热量提供给接近和/或围绕加热位置例如加热井的区域。
“加热器”是用于在井中或在井眼区附近生成热量的任何系统或热源。加热器可以是但不限于电加热器、燃烧器、与地层中或从地层产生的材料反应的燃烧室和/或它们的组合。
“现场转化方法”指的是从热源加热含烃地层以将地层的至少一部分的温度升高到热解温度以上使得在地层中产生热解流体的方法。
术语“井眼”指的是通过钻孔或将导管插入到地层中在地层中制造的孔。井眼可以具有基本圆形的横截面,或者另一种横截面形状。当在此使用时,术语“井”和“开口”当指的是地层中的开口时可以与术语“井眼”互换使用。
“热解”是由于施加热量而使化学键断裂。例如,热解可以包括仅仅通过热量将化合物转化成一个或多个其他物质。热量可以传递到地层的一部分以导致热解。在一些地层中,地层的部分和/或地层中的其他材料可以通过催化作用促进热解。
“热解流体”或“热解产品”指的是基本上在烃的热解期间产生的流体。热解反应产生的流体可以与地层中的其它流体混合。混合物可以被认为是热解流体或热解产品。如在这里所使用的,“热解区”指的是地层中进行反应以形成热解流体的体积(例如诸如沥青砂地层的相对可渗透地层)。
“热传导率”是材料的一种性质,其描述在稳定状态下,对于材料的两个表面之间的给定温差,热量在所述两个表面之间流动的速率。
地层中的烃或其他所需产品可以使用各种现场方法进行生产。可以用于生产烃或所需产品的一些现场方法是现场转化法、蒸汽驱法、火驱法、蒸汽辅助重力泄油和溶液采矿。在一些现场方法中,可能需要或要求屏障。屏障可以禁止流体(例如地层水)进入处理区。屏障也可以禁止流体非需要地从处理区离开。禁止流体从处理区非需要地离开可以最小化或消除现场方法对处理区附近的区域的影响。
图1描绘了用于处理含烃地层的现场转化系统100的一部分的实施例的示意图。现场转化系统100可以包括屏障井102。屏障井102用于围绕处理区形成屏障。屏障禁止流体流入和/或流出处理区。屏障井包括但不限于脱水井、真空井、俘获井、注入井、灌浆井、冷冻井或它们的组合。在图1所示的实施例中,屏障井102被显示成仅仅沿着热源104的一侧延伸,但是屏障井典型地环绕用于或将用于加热地层的处理区的所有热源104。
热源104放置在地层的至少一部分中。热源104可以包括加热器,例如绝缘导体、导管中的导体加热器、表面燃烧器、无焰分布式燃烧室和/或自然分布式燃烧室。热源104也可以包括其他类型的加热器。热源104将热量提供给地层的至少一部分以加热地层中的烃。能量可以通过供给线106供应给热源104。取决于用于加热地层的一个热源或多个热源的类型供给线106可以在结构上不同。用于热源的供给线106可以传输用于电加热器的电力,可以运输用于燃烧室的燃料,或者可以运输在地层中循环的热交换流体。
生产井108用于从地层取出地层流体。在一些实施例中,生产井108可以包括一个或多个热源。生产井中的热源可以加热在生产井处或附近的地层的一个或多个部分。生产井中的热源可以禁止正从地层被取出的地层流体冷凝和回流。
从生产井108生产的地层流体可以通过收集管道110运输到处理设施112。地层流体也可以从热源104被生产。例如,流体可以从热源104生产以控制热源附近的地层中的压力。从热源104生产的流体可以通过管路或管道运输到收集管道110或者产出流体可以通过管路或管道直接运输到处理设施112。处理设施112可以包括分离单元、反应单元、提炼单元、燃料电池、涡轮、贮存容器和/或用于处理产出地层流体的其他系统和单元。处理设施可以由从地层生产的烃的至少一部分形成运输燃料。
在地层中形成的一些井眼可以用于促进围绕处理区形成周边屏障。周边屏障可以是但不限于由冷冻井、脱水井形成的冷冻屏障、形成于地层中的泥浆壁、硫水泥屏障、由地层中产生的胶体形成的屏障、由地层中的盐沉淀形成的屏障、由地层中的聚合反应形成的屏障和/或打入地层中的薄板。在安装屏障之前、同时或之后,热源、生产井、注入井、脱水井和/或监视井可以安装在由屏障限定的处理区中。
围绕处理区的至少一部分的低温区可以由冷冻井形成。在一个实施例中,制冷剂通过冷冻井循环以围绕每个冷冻井形成低温区。冷冻井放置在地层中使得低温区重叠并且围绕处理区形成低温区。由冷冻井建立的低温区保持在地层中的水状流体的冷冻温度以下。进入低温区的水状流体冷冻并且形成冷冻屏障。在其他实施例中,冷冻屏障由分批操作的冷冻井形成。冷流体(例如液氮)被引入到冷冻井中以围绕冷冻井形成低温区。流体根据需要进行补充。
在一些实施例中,两排或以上的冷冻井围绕处理区的周边的全部或一部分定位以形成厚的互连低温区。厚的低温区可以在地层中水状流体有高流速的地层区域附近形成。厚屏障可以保证由冷冻井建立的冷冻屏障不会发生穿透。
竖直定位的冷冻井和/或水平定位的冷冻井可以围绕处理区的侧面定位。如果地层的上层(覆岩层)或下层(下伏岩层)有可能允许流体流入处理区或流出处理区,则水平定位的冷冻井可以用于形成处理区的上和/或下屏障。在一些实施例中,如果上层和/或下层至少是基本不可渗透的,则上屏障和/或下屏障可以不是必需的。如果形成上冷冻屏障,则穿过由形成上冷冻屏障井的冷冻井所创造的低温区的热源、生产井、注入井和/或脱水井的部分可以被绝热和/或热跟踪使得低温区不会不利地影响穿过低温区的热源、生产井、注入井和/或脱水井的功能。
相邻冷冻井之间的间距可以取决于许多不同因素。所述因素可以包括,但不限于地层材料的物理性质、制冷系统的类型、制冷剂的冷和热性质、材料进出处理区的流速、形成低温区的时间和经济考虑。固结或部分固结的地层材料可以允许冷冻井之间的大的分离距离。固结或部分固结的地层材料中的冷冻井之间的分离距离可以从3m到20m、4m到15m或5m到10m。在一个实施例中,相邻冷冻井之间的间距为5m。非固结或基本非固结地层材料(例如沥青砂)中的冷冻井之间的间距可能需要小于固结的地层材料中的间距。非固结材料中冷冻井之间的分离距离可以从1m到5m。
冷冻井可以放置在地层中使得一个冷冻井相对于相邻的冷冻井具有最小的取向偏差。过大的偏差可以造成相邻冷冻井之间的大的分离距离,这会不允许在相邻冷冻井之间形成互连低温区。影响冷冻井插入到地面中的方式的因素包括但不限于冷冻井插入时间、冷冻井将要插入的深度、地层性质、所需井方向和经济性。
冷冻井的相对低深度的井眼可以被撞击和/或振动插入到一些地层中。在一些类型的地层中冷冻井的井眼可以被撞击和/或振动插入到地层中达到1m到100m的深度而不会有冷冻井相对于相邻冷冻井出现过多方向偏差。
深放在地层中的冷冻井的井眼,或放置在带有难以使井撞击或振动通过其中的层的地层中的冷冻井的井眼可以通过定向钻孔和/或地质导向放置在地层中。在第一井眼中产生的声信号、电信号、磁信号和/或其他信号可以用于引导相邻井眼的钻孔使得保持相邻井之间的所需间距。井眼之间的间距的严格控制是使完成屏障形成的时间最小化的重要因素。
当形成冷冻井的井眼之后,井眼可以在将要降低温度以形成冷冻屏障的一部分的地层部分附近用水反冲洗。所述水可以移置保留在井眼中的钻孔流体。所述水可以移置地层附近的空腔中的原有气体。在一些实施例中,井眼填充有来自导管的水直到覆岩层的水平。在一些实施例中,井眼分成多个部分用水反冲洗。井眼可以分成具有6m、10m、14m、17m或更大长度的多个部分进行处理。井眼中水的压力保持在地层的破裂压力以下。在一些实施例中,从井眼去除所述水或所述水的一部分,并且将冷冻井放置在地层中。
图2描绘了冷冻井114的实施例。冷冻井114可以包括井罐116、入口导管118、垫片120和井盖122。垫片120可以将入口导管118定位在井罐116中使得在井罐和导管之间形成环形空隙。垫片120可以促进制冷剂在入口导管118和井罐116之间的环形空隙中的湍流,但是垫片也可以导致显著压降。可以通过粗糙化井罐116的内表面,通过粗糙化入口导管118的外表面和/或通过具有小横截面积的环形空隙(其允许环形空隙中的高制冷剂速度)促进环形空隙中的流体湍流。在一些实施例中,不使用垫片。井头124可以将井罐116悬吊在井眼126中。
地层制冷剂可以通过冷侧导管128从制冷单元流到冷冻井114的入口导管118。地层制冷剂可以通过入口导管118和井罐116之间的环形空隙流到暖侧导管130。热量可以从地层传递到井罐116和从井罐传递到环形空隙中的地层制冷剂。入口导管118可以被绝热以在地层制冷剂进入冷冻井114期间禁止热量传递到地层制冷剂。在一个实施例中,入口导管118是高密度聚乙烯管。在冷温下,一些聚合物可以表现出大的热收缩。例如,初始长度为260m的聚乙烯导管受到-25℃的温度时可以收缩6m或以上。如果使用高密度聚乙烯导管或其他聚合物导管,在确定冷冻井的最终深度时必须考虑材料的大热收缩。例如,冷冻井可以钻得比需要的更深,并且可以允许导管在使用期间向后收缩。在一些实施例中,入口导管118是绝热金属管。在一些实施例中,绝热体可以是聚合物涂层,例如但不限于聚氯乙烯、高密度聚乙烯和/或聚苯乙烯。
冷冻井114可以使用盘管钻机被引入到地层中。在一个实施例中,井罐116和入口导管118缠绕在单卷轴上。盘管钻机将井罐和入口导管118引入到地层中。在一个实施例中,井罐116缠绕在第一卷轴上并且入口导管118缠绕在第二卷轴上。盘管钻机将井罐116引入到地层中。然后,盘管钻机用于将入口导管118引入到井罐中。在其他实施例中,冷冻井在井眼位置分成几部分组装并且被引入到地层中。
冷冻井114的绝热部分可以放置在覆岩层132附近。冷冻井114的未绝热部分可以放置在将形成低温的一个或多个层134附近。在一些实施例中,冷冻井的未绝热部分可以被定位成仅仅靠近地层的蓄水层或允许流体流入或流出处理区的其他可渗透部分。冷冻井的未绝热部分将放置在其中的地层部分可以使用岩心分析和/或测井技术进行确定。
在一些实施例中,当井罐被引入到地层中时保护套被绑箍到井罐。保护套可以为U形。靠近井罐的一端的回转接头可以收容保护套的U形弯道。光纤可以插入到保护套中。图3描绘了井罐116的一部分,该部分带有通过带138耦合到井罐的保护套136。保护套136可以是不锈钢或其他管路。
各种类型的制冷系统可以用于形成低温区。合适的制冷系统的确定可以基于许多因素,包括但不限于:冷冻井的类型;相邻冷冻井之间的距离;制冷剂;形成低温区的时帧;低温区的深度;制冷剂将承受的温差;制冷剂的化学和物理性质;关于潜在的制冷剂释放、泄漏或溢出的环境影响;经济性;地层中的地层水流;地层水的组成和性质,包括地层水的盐度;和地层的各种性质,例如热传导率、热扩散率和热容量。
循环流体制冷系统可以利用通过冷冻井循环的流体制冷剂(地层制冷剂)。地层制冷剂的一些所需性质是:低工作温度,在工作温度和附近的低粘度、高密度、高比热容量、高热传导率、低成本、低腐蚀性和低毒性。地层制冷剂的低工作温度允许围绕冷冻井建立大的低温区。地层制冷剂的低工作温度应当为-20℃或以下。具有至少-60℃的低工作温度的地层制冷剂可以包括氨水、甲酸钾溶液例如DynaleneHC-50(Dynalene传热流体(Whitehall,宾夕法尼亚州,美国))或FREEZIUM(Kemira Chemicals(赫尔辛基,芬兰));硅树脂传热流体例如Syltherm XLT(Dow Corning Corporation(Midland,密歇根州,美国));烃制冷剂,例如丙烯;和含氯氟烃,例如R-22。氨水是氨和水的溶液,其中氨的重量百分比在20%到40%之间。氨水具有使氨水理想地用作地层制冷剂的几个性质和特性。这样的性质和特性包括但不限于很低的冰点、低粘度、随时提供和低成本。
能够冷却到水状地层流体的冷冻温度以下的地层制冷剂可以用于围绕处理区形成低温区。以下方程(Sanger方程)可以用于建模围绕具有表面温度Ts的冷冻井形成半径R的冷冻屏障所需的时间t1:
其中:
在这些方程中,kf是冷冻材料的热传导率;cvf和cvu分别是冷冻和未冷冻材料的体积热容量;ro是冷冻井的半径;vs是冷冻井表面温度Ts和水的冰点To之间的温差;vo是环境地面温度Tg和水的冰点To之间的温差;L是冷冻地层的体积潜热;R是在冰冻-未冰冻界面的半径;RA是在没有来自制冷管的影响的地方的半径。由于Sanger方程并不考虑来自其他冷冻井的冷却的叠加,因此所述方程可以提供形成半径为R的冷冻屏障所需的时间的保守估定。地层制冷剂的温度是可以显著影响冷冻井之间的间距的可调节变量。
方程1表明可以通过使用具有很低初始温度的制冷剂形成大的低温区。使用具有-30℃或以下的初始冷温度的地层制冷剂是理想的。也可以使用具有高于-30℃的初始温度的地层制冷剂,但是这样的地层制冷剂需要单个冷冻井所产生的低温区用更长的时间连接。另外,这样的地层制冷剂可能需要使用更接近的冷冻井间距和/或更多的冷冻井。
用于构造冷冻井的材料的物理性质在用于围绕处理区形成低温区的地层制冷剂的最冷温度的确定中可以是一个因素。碳钢可以用作冷冻井的构造材料。ASTM A333 6号钢合金和ASTM A333 3号钢合金可以用于低温应用。ASTM A333 6号钢合金通常包含少量或没有镍并且具有-50℃的低工作温度极限。ASTM A333 3号钢合金通常包含镍并且具有冷得多的低工作温度极限。ASTM A333 3号合金中的镍增加冷温度下的延展性,但是也显著提高了金属的成本。在一些实施例中,制冷剂的最低温度为从-35℃到-55℃,从-38℃到-47℃,或从-40℃到-45℃,从而允许使用ASTM A333 6号钢合金来构造冷冻井的井罐。不锈钢(例如304号不锈钢)可以用于形成冷冻井,但是不锈钢的成本通常远远大于ASTM A333 6号钢合金的成本。
在一些实施例中,用于形成冷冻井的井罐的金属可以作为管被提供。在一些实施例中,用于形成冷冻井的井罐的金属可以以薄板的形式被提供。金属薄板可以纵向焊接以形成管和/或盘管。由金属薄板形成井罐可以通过允许盘管绝热和通过减小使用管形成和安装井罐所需的设备和人力来改善系统的经济成本。
制冷单元可以用于将地层制冷剂的温度减小到低工作温度。在一些实施例中,制冷单元可以利用氨蒸发循环。制冷单元可从Cool ManInc.(密尔沃基,威斯康星州,美国)、Gartner Refrigeration &Manufacturing(明尼阿波利斯,明尼苏达州,美国)和其他供应商获得。在一些实施例中,可以使用第一级为氨、第二级为二氧化碳的级联制冷系统。通过冷冻井的循环制冷剂可以是以重量计30%的氨溶于水(氨水)。备选地,可以使用单级二氧化碳制冷系统。
温度监视系统可以安装在冷冻井的井眼中和/或邻近冷冻井的监视井中以监视冷冻井和/或冷冻井所建立的低温区的温度分布图。监视系统可以用于监视低温区形成的进展。监视系统可以用于确定高温区的位置、潜在的突破位置或形成低温区之后的突破位置。冷冻井和/或冷冻井所建立的低温区的温度分布图的定期监视可以允许在突破发生之前将额外的冷却提供给潜在的问题区域。额外的冷却可以在突破和高温区或附近被提供以保证围绕处理区的低温区的完整性。可以通过增加流过选定冷冻井的制冷剂流量,安装额外的一个冷冻井或多个冷冻井和/或通过将低温流体(例如液氮)提供给高温区提供额外的冷却。在突破发生之前将额外的冷却提供给潜在的问题区域要比密封裂口、再加热由流体的回流冷却的处理区的一部分和/或补救破裂冷冻屏障外部的区域更具有时间效率和成本效率。
在一些实施例中,移动式热电偶可以用于监视选定冷冻井或监视井的温度分布图。在一些实施例中,温度监视系统包括在冷冻井的井眼中、在冷冻井中和/或在监视井中放置在离散位置的热电偶。在一些实施例中,温度监视系统包括光纤温度监视系统。
光纤温度监视系统可从Sensornet(伦敦,大不列颠联合王国),Sensa(休斯顿,德克萨斯州,美国)、Luna Energy(Blacksburg,弗吉尼亚州,美国)、Lios Technology GMBH(科隆,德国)、OxfordElectronics Ltd.(汉普郡,大不列颠联合王国)和Sabeus SensorSystems(Calabasas,加利福尼亚州,美国)获得。光纤温度监视系统包括数据系统和一个或多个光纤电缆。数据系统包括用于将光发送到光纤电缆的一个或多个激光器;和用于接收、分析和输出数据的一个或多个计算机,软件和外围设备。数据系统可以耦合到一个或多个光纤电缆。
单根光纤电缆可以有几千米长。光纤电缆可以安装在许多冷冻井和/或监视井中。在一些实施例中,两个光纤电缆可以安装在每个冷冻井和/或监视井中。两个光纤电缆可以耦合在一起。每个井使用两个光纤电缆允许补偿发生在井中的光损耗并且允许被测量温度分布图具有更佳的准确度。
光纤电缆的纤维可以放置在聚合物管中。聚合物管可以填充有传热流体。传热流体可以是在用于冷却地层的地层制冷剂的温度或以上不会冷冻的胶体或液体。在一些实施例中,聚合物管中的传热流体与地层制冷剂相同,例如可从Dynalene传热流体公司获得的流体或氨水。在一些实施例中,使用传热流体将纤维吹入到管中。使用传热流体将纤维插入到聚合物管中从聚合物管去除湿气。
聚合物管和纤维可以放置在保护套中,例如1/4英寸304号不锈钢管中,从而形成光纤电缆。保护套可以被预加应力以适应在低温下的热收缩。保护套可以填充有传热流体。在一些实施例中,用传热流体将聚合物管吹入到保护套中。使用传热流体将聚合物管和纤维插入到保护套中从保护套去除湿气。在一些实施例中,两个纤维定位在相同的不锈钢管中。在一些实施例中,纤维直接放置在保护套中而不放置在聚合物管中。
在一些实施例中,当冷冻井的井罐被插入到地层中时光纤电缆被绑箍到井罐。光纤电缆可以盘绕邻近地层的一些部分的井罐,所述部分将被减小到低温以形成低温区。使光纤电缆盘绕井罐允许光纤电缆的较长长度邻近将被减小到低温的区域。所述较长长度允许将被减小到低温的区域的温度分布图具有更佳的分辨率。在一些实施例中,光纤电缆放置在冷冻井的井罐中。
图4描绘了光纤温度监视系统的示意图。数据系统140包括激光器142和分析器144。激光器142将短而强的光脉冲发射到光纤电缆146中。光纤电缆146定位在多个冷冻井114和监视井148中。当井罐安装在地层中时光纤电缆146可以绑箍到冷冻井的井罐。在一些实施例中,光纤电缆绑箍到支撑体并且插入到监视井中。在一些实施例中,光纤电缆的保护套可以悬吊在监视井中而不用额外的支撑体。光纤电缆146中的光的反向散射和反射可以作为时间的函数由数据系统140的分析器144测量。光的反向散射和反射数据的分析产生沿着光纤电缆146的长度的温度分布图。
在一些实施例中,数据系统是双端系统。数据系统可以包括将光脉冲发送到光纤电缆的每一端中的一个或多个激光器。在一些实施例中,激光器包括一个激光器。激光器以交替方式将脉冲发送到光纤电缆的每一端。数据系统所接收的返回信号允许补偿光纤中的信号衰减。
在一些实施例中,计算机控制系统150与光纤温度监视系统和地层制冷循环系统通信。地层制冷循环系统可以包括制冷系统152。制冷系统152将冷却的地层制冷剂通过管道154发送到冷冻井114的井头124。在一些实施例中,地层制冷剂沿冷冻井的入口导管下行并且通过入口导管和冷冻井井罐之间的环形空隙上行。地层制冷剂然后穿过管道到达下一个冷冻井。
计算机控制系统150可以允许自动监视冷冻井114所建立的低温区。计算机控制系统150可以定期地使地层制冷剂通到一组冷冻井的流动关闭一段给定时间。例如,计算机控制系统150可以每60天使地层制冷剂通到一组冷冻井的流动关闭两天时间并且启动数据系统140以监视被关闭的冷冻井附近的温度分布图。没有地层制冷剂流动的冷冻井的温度分布图将开始上升。
计算机控制系统150可以监视温度的增加速度。如果有问题区域,问题区域附近的温度分布图将显示比相邻区域的温度分布图更大的变化速度。如果大于所需的温度增加发生在与两个相邻井或附近大致相同的深度位置,则计算机控制系统可以发信号通知系统的操作者有问题。可以通过比较相邻井之间的温度增加来评估/建模/估定问题区域的位置。例如,如果第一井中的温度增加是第二井中温度增加的两倍大,则问题区域的位置可能更接近第一井。可以向问题区域提供额外的冷却和/或额外监视。可以通过增加地层通到问题区域的制冷剂流和/或通过安装一个或多个附加冷冻井来提供额外的冷却。如果在给定时间期间未检测到问题,则计算机系统重新开始通到特定一组冷冻井的地层制冷剂流并且开始另一组冷冻井的测试。使用计算机控制系统150监视冷冻井所建立的低温区允许在冷冻井形成的屏障的破裂发生之前检测到和确定问题。
在一些实施例中,光纤温度监视系统利用布里渊(Brillouin)或拉曼(Raman)散射系统。这样的系统提供1m的空间分辨率和0.1℃的温度分辨率。使用充分的平均和温度校准,系统可以精确到0.5℃。
在一些实施例中,光纤温度监视系统可以是布拉格(Bragg)系统,该系统使用蚀刻有紧密间隔的布拉格光栅的光纤电缆。布拉格光栅可以沿着纤维的选定长度以1英尺的增量形成。带有布拉格光栅的纤维可从Luna Energy公司获得。布拉格系统仅仅需要单根光纤电缆放置在将被监视的每个井中。布拉格系统能够在几秒内测量纤维温度。
光纤温度监视系统可以用于检测冷冻屏障中的裂口或潜在裂口的位置。可以按照预定时间间隔执行搜索潜在裂口,例如每两个月或三个月。为了确定裂口或潜在裂口的位置,停止地层制冷剂通到关心冷冻井的流动。在一些实施例中,停止地层制冷剂通到所有冷冻井的流动。光纤温度监视系统为每个冷冻井提供的温度分布图中的上升以及温度分布图的变化速度可以用于确定冷冻井所保持的低温区中的任何裂口或热点的位置。光纤温度监视系统所监视的最接近热点或流体流的两个冷冻井的温度分布图将显示最快和最大的温度上升。最接近问题区域的冷冻井的温度分布图中的几摄氏度的温度变化足以孤立问题区域的位置。需要检测裂口、潜在裂口和热点的感兴趣的冷冻井中的循环流体的流动的关闭时间可以为大约几小时或几天,这取决于井间距和影响低温区的流体流量。
光纤温度监视系统也可以用于在现场转化方法期间监视地层的加热部分的温度。用在地层的加热部分中的光纤电缆的纤维可以包覆有反射材料以便于保存沿纤维向下传输的一个信号或多个信号。在一些实施例中,纤维包覆有金,铜,镍,铝和/或它们的合金。包覆层可以由能够耐受地层的加热部分中的化学和温度条件的材料形成。例如,金包覆层可以允许在高达700℃的温度下使用光学传感器。在一些实施例中,纤维包覆有铝。纤维可以浸入或穿过一槽液态铝。然后可以允许冷却包层纤维以将铝固定到纤维。金或铝包覆层可以减小光纤的氢致暗。
本领域的技术人员根据该描述可以显而易见本发明的各个方面的进一步修改和备选实施例。因此,该描述应当被理解成仅仅是示例性的并且目的是为了教导本领域的技术人员实现本发明的一般方式。应当理解的是在此显示和描述的本发明的形式应当被视为当前优选的实施例。元件和材料可以代替在此显示和描述的那些,部分和方法可以颠倒,并且本发明的某些特征可以独立地被使用,得益于本发明的该描述之后所有这些对于本领域的技术人员来说是显而易见的。可以对在此描述的元件进行变化而不脱离如以下权利要求中所描述的本发明的精神和范围。另外,应当理解的是在此描述的特征在某些实施例中可以独立地被组合。
Claims (23)
1.一种用于监视地下低温区的温度的系统,其包括:
被配置成形成低温区的多个冷冻井;
一个或多个激光器;
耦合到至少一个激光器的光纤电缆,其中光纤电缆的一部分定位在至少一个监视井中,并且其中至少一个激光器被配置成将光脉冲发射到光纤电缆的第一端中;和
耦合到光纤电缆的分析器,所述分析器被配置成接收来自光脉冲的返回信号。
2.如权利要求1所述的系统,进一步包括:
与所述分析器通信的计算机控制系统;和
与计算机控制系统通信的地层制冷循环系统,其中地层制冷循环系统被配置成将制冷剂供应给冷冻井并且计算机控制系统被配置成估定从所述分析器传送的温度分布图数据。
3.如权利要求2所述的系统,其中计算机控制系统被配置成自动调节通到冷冻井的制冷剂流。
4.如权利要求1-3中任一项所述的系统,其中光纤电缆定位在至少一个监视井中。
5.如权利要求1-4中任一项所述的系统,其中光纤电缆包括纤维和金属管,纤维定位在金属管中。
6.如权利要求1-5中任一项所述的系统,其中邻近低温区的光纤电缆的一部分被盘绕。
7.如权利要求1-6中任一项所述的系统,其中光纤电缆的至少一部分包括布拉格光栅。
8.如权利要求1-7中任一项所述的系统,其中至少一个激光器被配置成将光脉冲发射到光纤电缆的第二端中。
9.如权利要求8所述的系统,其中来自发射到光纤电缆的第二端中的光的返回信号允许补偿信号衰减。
10.如权利要求1-9中任一项所述的系统,其中一个连续光纤电缆延伸通过多个井眼。
11.一种使用如权利要求1-10中任一项所述的系统监视低温地下屏障的温度的方法,其包括:
通过光纤电缆传输光;和
用分析器分析来自光纤电缆的一个或多个返回信号以估定沿着光纤电缆的温度分布图。
12.如权利要求11所述的方法,其中所述分析包括估定用于形成地下低温屏障的冷冻井中的温度分布图。
13.如权利要求11或12所述的方法,进一步包括报告温度分布图。
14.如权利要求11-13中任一项所述的方法,进一步包括中止制冷剂的循环。
15.如权利要求11-14中任一项所述的方法,进一步包括在中止循环之后基于从光纤电缆获得的信息估定井眼的温度分布图。
16.如权利要求11-15中任一项所述的方法,进一步包括通过分析温度分布图确定裂口的位置。
17.如权利要求16所述的方法,进一步包括报告裂口的位置。
18.如权利要求11-17中任一项所述的方法,进一步包括加热至少部分地由屏障围绕的地下地层。
19.如权利要求18所述的方法,进一步包括从地下地层生产流体,其中所述流体包括烃。
20.如权利要求19所述的方法,进一步包括从所述烃的至少一部分生产运输燃料。
21.一种使用权利要求1-9的系统或如权利要求10-20中任一项所述的方法处理地下地层的方法。
22.一种从地下地层生产的包括烃的组合物,所述地下地层包括如权利要求1-9中任一项所述的屏障系统或者包括如权利要求10-21中任一项所述的屏障。
23.一种包括烃的运输燃料,其由如权利要求22所述的组合物制造。
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Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN103628856A (zh) * | 2013-12-11 | 2014-03-12 | 中国地质大学(北京) | 一种高产水煤层气区块的阻水产气布井方法 |
CN105043449A (zh) * | 2015-08-10 | 2015-11-11 | 安徽理工大学 | 监测冻结壁温度、应力及变形的分布式光纤及其埋设方法 |
CN105043449B (zh) * | 2015-08-10 | 2017-12-01 | 安徽理工大学 | 监测冻结壁温度、应力及变形的分布式光纤及其埋设方法 |
CN107289997A (zh) * | 2017-05-05 | 2017-10-24 | 济南轨道交通集团有限公司 | 一种岩溶裂隙水探测系统及方法 |
CN107289997B (zh) * | 2017-05-05 | 2019-08-13 | 济南轨道交通集团有限公司 | 一种岩溶裂隙水探测系统及方法 |
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