CN101587204A - 单模光纤 - Google Patents
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- CN101587204A CN101587204A CNA200910140806XA CN200910140806A CN101587204A CN 101587204 A CN101587204 A CN 101587204A CN A200910140806X A CNA200910140806X A CN A200910140806XA CN 200910140806 A CN200910140806 A CN 200910140806A CN 101587204 A CN101587204 A CN 101587204A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/036—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating core or cladding comprising multiple layers
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/036—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating core or cladding comprising multiple layers
- G02B6/03616—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference
- G02B6/03638—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 3 layers only
- G02B6/0365—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 3 layers only arranged - - +
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/028—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating with core or cladding having graded refractive index
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/02214—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating tailored to obtain the desired dispersion, e.g. dispersion shifted, dispersion flattened
- G02B6/02219—Characterised by the wavelength dispersion properties in the silica low loss window around 1550 nm, i.e. S, C, L and U bands from 1460-1675 nm
- G02B6/02266—Positive dispersion fibres at 1550 nm
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/02395—Glass optical fibre with a protective coating, e.g. two layer polymer coating deposited directly on a silica cladding surface during fibre manufacture
Abstract
一种单模光纤,从中央到周边包括,中央纤芯、中间包层、凹陷槽和外部光包层。中央纤芯具有半径r1和与光包层之间的正折射率差Δn1;中间包层具有半径r2和与光包层之间的正折射率差Δn2,其中Δn2小于纤芯的折射率差Δn1。凹陷槽具有半径r3和与光包层之间的负折射率差Δn3。该光纤在1310纳米波长处具有在8.6μm到9.5μm之间的标称模场直径(MFD),并且该光纤对于1550纳米波长以及对于5毫米的曲率半径具有小于0.15dB/圈的弯曲损耗,以及小于或等于1260纳米的缆线截止波长,该缆线截止波长被测量为这样的波长:在该波长处,LP11模在传播超过22米光纤之后,该LP11模的衰减大于或等于19.3dB。这样的光纤可以用于诸如微型化光盒的不同环境中。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及光纤传输领域,而且更具体地,涉及弯曲损耗显著降低的光纤。
背景技术
对于光纤,通常根据关联光纤半径和折射率的函数图上的两点之间的差值来表达折射率分布。传统地,沿着该分布的x轴示出到光纤中央的距离r。沿着y轴示出距离r处的折射率和外部光纤包层的折射率差(图2,标号21-24)。外部包层作为光包层而且具有基本上恒定的折射率;该光包层通常包括纯二氧化硅(silica),但是还可以包含一种或多种掺杂物。光纤折射率分布涉及“阶跃”分布、“梯形”分布或“三角形”分布,其图形分别具有阶跃、梯形或三角形的形状。这些曲线通常表示光纤的理论或参照折射率分布(也就是,设置分布)。光纤制造约束条件可能导致在实际光纤中的分布略有不同。
传统地,光纤包括(i)光纤芯,具有传输和可选地放大光信号的功能,以及(ii)光包层,具有将光信号限制在光纤芯中的功能。为此目的,纤芯的折射率(nc)和包层的折射率(ng)满足nc>ng。正如本领域所公知,光信号在单模光纤中的传播被划分为在纤芯内引导的基模(公知为LP01),以及在纤芯-包层组件内的某半径内引导的二次模。
传统地,阶跃折射率光纤,也称为SMF光纤(“单模光纤”)用作光纤传输系统的线路光纤。这些光纤呈现出对应于特定电信建议的色散和色散斜率。
为了满足来自不同制造商的光学系统的兼容性需求,国际电信联盟(ITU)定义了具有标准单模光纤(SSMF)必须满足的称为ITU-TG.652规范的建议。
除其他之外,用于传输光纤的G.652建议推荐:在1310纳米波长处,模场直径(MFD)在8.6微米到9.5微米的标称范围,由于制造容限其可以变化±0.4μm;缆线截止波长最大值为1260纳米;色散消除波长(用λ0表示)在1300纳米到1324纳米的范围;以及最大色散斜率为0.092ps/(nm2.km)(也就是,ps/nm2/km)。
传统上,将以下波长作为缆线截止波长进行测量,在该波长处,光信号通过光纤传播22米后不再是单模的,比如国际电工委员会的86A子委员会在IEC 60793-1-44标准中定义的那样。
在大部分情形中,对弯曲损耗最具抵抗力的二次模是LP11模。因此,缆线截止波长是这样的波长,超出该波长,则LP11模在通过光纤传播22米后都被充分减弱。该标准提出的方法包括,当LP11模的衰减大于或等于19.3dB时,认为光信号是单模的。
而且,对于给定的光纤,所谓的MAC值被定义为1550纳米处光纤的模场直径与有效截止波长λceff的比值。正如国际电工委员会的86A子委员会在IEC 60793-1-44中定义的那样,在传统上将以下波长作为截止波长进行测量,在该波长处,光信号通过光纤传播超过2米后不再是单模的。MAC构建了用于评估光纤性能的参数,特别用于在模场直径、有效截止波长和弯曲损耗之间找到折衷的参数。
欧洲专利申请No.1,845,399和欧洲专利申请No.1,785,754阐述了申请人的实验结果。这些在前申请建立了在标准阶跃折射率光纤SSMF中曲率半径为15毫米时的1550纳米波长处的MAC值与1625纳米波长处的弯曲损耗之间的关系。在此通过参考而将每个欧洲专利申请整体引入于此。而且,每个申请都指出MAC值影响光纤的弯曲损耗,以及降低MAC会降低这些弯曲损耗。降低模场直径和/或增加有效截止波长降低MAC值,但是可能导致不符合G.652建议,使得光纤与一些传输系统在商业上不兼容。
降低弯曲损耗同时保持某些光传输参数,对于针对光纤系统到用户的光纤应用(称为FTTH,光纤到户)构成了挑战。
国际电信联盟(ITU)还定义了称为ITU-T G.657A和ITU-TG.657B的建议,针对FTTH应用的光纤必须满足该标准,特别是在对弯曲损耗的抵抗力方面。G.657A建议对弯曲损耗值设定了限制,但是首先寻求与G.652建议保持兼容,特别是在模场直径MFD和色散放面。另一方面,G.657B建议设定严格的弯曲损耗限制,特别对于(i)对于15毫米的曲率半径,在1550纳米的波长处小于0.003dB/圈(dB/turn)的弯曲损耗,以及(ii)对于15毫米的曲率半径,在1625纳米的波长处小于0.01dB/圈的弯曲损耗。
欧洲专利申请No.1,845,399和欧洲专利申请No.1,785,754提出具有有限弯曲损耗的光纤分布,特别对应于G.657A和G.657B建议中的规范。然而,这些欧洲专利申请中描述的分布,仅可能满足由G.657B建议设定的弯曲损耗限制。
美国专利No.7,164,835和美国专利申请公开号No.2007/0147756中的每个都通过参考而整体引入于此,它们也描述了呈现出有限弯曲损耗的光纤分布。然而,这些美国专利的光纤仅仅对应于G.657A和G.657B建议的规范,特别是在模场直径MFD和色散方面。
在目前,对于某些应用,降低弯曲损耗是必须的,特别是当旨在将光纤布设(staple)或绕在微型化的光盒中时。
孔助光纤技术使得实现关于弯曲损耗的优良性能成为可能,但是这个技术复杂而且实施昂贵并且不能用于旨在低成本系统的FTTH系统中使用的光纤。
申请人以BendBright-XS为商标来销售对于弯曲损耗具有良好抵抗性的弯曲不敏感光纤。这种范围的光纤完全服从ITU-T G.652和G.657B建议,并提出在1550nm处5毫米的曲率半径的典型弯曲损耗是0.3dB/圈。针对光纤存在以下需求:即,光纤需要对弯曲损耗具有典型的抵抗力,针对5毫米的曲率半径,该典型的抵抗力要明显优于上述销售的光纤的典型水平。满足这个规范的光纤还应该在传输分布方面,特别是在模场直径和缆线截止方面,保持完全服从G.652建议。倘若(i)直接的高次LP11模被充分衰减,以及(ii)LP11模在1260纳米波长处的衰减达到19.3dB所需要的光纤长度小于22米,从而确保缆线截止低于或等于1260nm,那么弯曲损耗的这种可观改进可以实现对更高截止波长的损害。满足这种规范的光纤还必需保持完全服从G.657B建议。
发明内容
为了上述目的,本发明包括一种光纤,该光纤具有中央纤芯,中间包层和被外部光包层围绕的凹陷槽(depressed trench)。折射率分布被优化,以相比G.657B建议所设定的限制,十倍级地改善弯曲损耗,同时保持模场直径与G.652建议兼容,并且确保LP11模的充分衰减。
特别地,纤芯的表面以及凹陷槽的表面和体积被优化,以显著改善弯曲损耗。在本发明的上下文中,纤芯的表面或凹陷槽的表面不能几何学地延伸,但应该对应于考虑了二维的值-半径与折射率差的积。类似地,凹陷槽的体积对应于考虑了三维的值-半径的平方与折射率差的积。
更具体地,本发明提出一种单模光纤,从中央到周边,包括中央纤芯、中间包层、凹陷槽以及外部光包层。中央纤芯具有半径r1并且与外部光包层之间具有正折射率差Δn1。中间包层具有半径r2并且与外部光包层之间具有正折射率差Δn2。差Δn2小于纤芯的折射率差Δn1。凹陷槽具有半径r3并且与外部光包层之间具有负折射率差Δn3。本发明的光纤进一步特征在于,它(i)在1310纳米波长处具有在8.6μm到9.5μm之间的标称模场直径(MFD);(ii)在1550纳米的波长处,对于5毫米曲率半径具有小于0.15×10-3dB/圈的弯曲损耗,以及小于或等于1260纳米的缆线截止波长,该缆线截止波长测量被测量为这样的波长:在该波长处,LP11模在传播超过22米光纤之后,该LP11模的衰减大于或等于19.3dB,该光纤被调整为平直或者被调整为围绕140nm的曲率半径心轴(mandrel)。
根据这个发明的光纤的一个实施方式,该中央纤芯的面积分(V01)被定义为
其在19.0×10-3μm和23.0×10-3μm之间,优选在20.0×10-3μm和23.0×10-3μm之间。在另一个优选实施例中,中央纤芯的面积分(V01)在20.0×10-3μm和21.5×10-3μm之间,因为这引起当前光纤的最优光学特性。
根据本发明的光纤的一个实施例,凹陷槽的面积分(V03)定义为
其在-55.0×10-3μm和-30.0×10-3μm之间。在另一个优选实施例中,凹陷槽的面积分(V03)在-42.5×10-3μm和-32.5×10-3μm之间,因为这引起当前光纤的最优光学特性。
根据本发明的光纤的一个实施例,凹陷槽的体积分(V13)定义为
其在-1200×10-3μm2和-750×10-3μm2之间。在另一个优选实施例中,凹陷槽的体积分(V13)在-1000×10-3μm2和-750×10-3μm2之间,因为这引起当前光纤的最优光学特性。
在优选实施方式中,该光纤具有弯曲损耗抵抗力得到改善的物理属性和可操作参数。例如,该光纤具有大于1300纳米的有效截止波长λceff,将以下波长作为有效截止波长λceff进行测量,在该波长处,光信号进行超过2米的光纤传输后变为是单模的。对于1550纳米波长,对于15毫米的曲率半径,该光纤具有小于或等于0.003dB/圈的弯曲损耗,优选地,对于10毫米的曲率半径,该光纤具有小于或等于7.5×10-3dB/圈的弯曲损耗,对于7.5毫米的曲率半径,该光纤具有小于或等于0.05dB/圈的弯曲损耗,以及对于5毫米的曲率半径,该光纤具有小于0.15dB/圈的弯曲损耗,优选具有小于0.10dB/圈的弯曲损耗。
这里公开的光纤还在更大的波长处表现出降低的弯曲损耗。例如,在1625纳米波长处,对于15毫米的曲率半径,该光纤具有小于10-2dB/圈的弯曲损耗,优选小于1.5×10-3dB/圈的弯曲损耗,对于10毫米的曲率半径,该光纤具有小于或等于0.1dB/圈的弯曲损耗,优选小于或等于25×10-3dB/圈的弯曲损耗,对于7.5毫米的曲率半径,该光纤具有小于或等于0.15dB/圈的弯曲损耗,优选小于或等于0.08dB/圈的弯曲损耗,对于5毫米的曲率半径,该光纤具有小于或等于0.25dB/圈的弯曲损耗。因此,在优选实施方式中,该光纤具有在1240纳米和1310纳米之间的截止波长,将以下波长作为截止波长进行测量,在该波长处,光信号传播超过5米的光纤后不再是单模的。截止波长与缆线截止不同,将以下波长作为截止波长进行测量,在该波长处,在进行超过22米的光纤传播后LP11模的衰减大于或等于19.3dB。光纤具有小于或等于1260纳米的缆线截止波长。
在此讨论的第四截止定义是理论截止波长,该理论截止波长被定义为LP11模自此以泄漏模进行传播的波长。在一个实施方式中,该光纤具有小于或等于1250纳米的理论截止波长。在1260纳米波长处,该光纤在传播超过22米光纤后LP11模的衰减大于5dB。
上述可操作参数由光纤的优选物理属性所致。在一个实施方式中,光纤的中央纤芯具有在3.8μm和4.35μm之间的半径;该中间包层具有包含在8.5μm和9.7μm之间的半径;该凹陷槽具有包含在13.5μm和16μm之间的半径,可以小于或等于15μm。优选地,中央纤芯与外部光包层之间具有的折射率差(Δn3)在4.9×10-3和5.7×10-3之间。
如上所述,根据外部光包层和光纤半径上的点的折射率差值绘制光纤的折射率分布。中间包层与光包层之间具有在-0.1×10-3和0.6×10-3之间的折射率差。该凹陷槽与光包层之间具有在-10.0×10-3和-5.0×10-3之间的折射率差。该光纤在1300纳米和1324纳米之间具有零色散波长;该光纤在零色散波长处具有小于0.092ps/(nm2.km)的色散斜率值。
本发明还涉及接纳此处公开光纤的至少一部分的光盒。在这样的盒子中,该光纤可以布置为半径曲率小于15毫米,其可以处于5毫米的级别。该发明还涉及包括根据本发明的光纤的至少一部分的光纤到户(FTTH)系统。
在下面的详细描述及其附图中,进一步详述本发明上述与其它特性和优点及其实现的方式。
附图说明
图1描述单模光纤的横截面,该单模光纤具有在从中央延伸的各半径处的包层。
图2描述根据本发明的图1的示例性单模光纤的标称折射率分布。
具体实施方式
本发明的光纤(10)具有中央纤芯(11)、中间包层(12)和凹陷包层(13)。为了此处目的以及不超出本发明的范围,凹陷包层表示光纤(10)中具有的折射率小于外部光包层(14)的折射率的径向部分。典型地,通过硅管中进行化学汽相沉积来获取中央纤芯(11)、中间包层(12)和凹陷包层(13)。外部光包层(14)包括硅管以及该管上的外包层(overcladding)。在优选实施方式中,外包层通常是天然的或掺杂硅,还可以通过其它沉积技术(轴向汽相沉积(“VAD”)或外汽相沉积(“OVD”))来获取。
图2示出了图1的传输光纤(10)的折射率分布。图2的分布为设置分布,也就是,表示光纤的理论分布,但是在对预制棒进行光纤拉制后获得的光纤可能具有稍微不同的分布。
通过本领域本身已知的方式,通过预制棒拉制而获取光纤(10)。作为实例,预制棒可以是最终形成外部光包层(14)的一部分的非常高质量的玻璃管(纯二氧化硅)。外部光包层(14)包围光纤(10)的中央纤芯(11)和内部包层(12,13)。继而该管可以被外包(overclad),以在进行到光纤拉制塔的光纤拉制操作之前增加其直径。对于预制棒的制造,该管通常水平安装,并且在其两端被玻璃棒(glass bar)保持在车床上;接着旋转并且局部加热该管用于沉积过程,从而确定该预制棒的构成。该构成确定未来光纤的光学特性。
该光纤包括与作为光包层的外部包层(14)之间具有折射率差Δn1的中央纤芯(11)。该光纤(10)进一步包括与外部光包层(14)之间具有折射率差Δn2的中间包层(12),以及与外部光包层(14)之间具有折射率差Δn3的凹陷槽包层(13)。中央纤芯(11)、中间包层(12)和凹陷槽(13)中的折射率在他们各自的整个宽度中基本上恒定,如图2所示。图1示出纤芯(11)的宽度由其半径r1限定并且包层的宽度由其各自外部半径r2和r3限定。外部光包层由r4表示。
为了定义针对光纤的设置折射率分布,外部光包层的折射率值通常为标号(ng)。接着在图2中通过折射率差Δn1,2,3表示中央纤芯(11)、中间包层(12)和凹陷槽包层(13)的折射率值。通常,外部光包层(14)由二氧化硅构成,但是该包层可能被掺杂以便增加或降低其折射率,例如,以便修改信号的传播特性。
基于联系折射率变量和光纤(10)的每个部分的半径的积分,还可以定义图2中示出的每个光纤分布部分(21-24)。因此,可以为本发明的光纤(10)定义三个面积分,表示纤芯表面V01、中间包层表面V02以及凹陷槽表面V03。术语“表面”不应该按照几何学来理解,而应该对应于考虑了2维的值。这三个面积分可以通过下列表示:
类似地,可以为本发明的光纤(10)定义三个体积分,表示纤芯体积V11、中间包层体积V12以及凹陷槽体积V13。术语“体积”不应该按照几何学来理解,而应该对应于考虑了3维的值。这三个体积分可以通过下列表示:
表I(下面)示出根据本发明优选实施方式,与3个SSMF光纤分布和1个对应于G.657A建议和G.657B建议的光纤分布(标记为“BIF”弯曲不敏感光纤)相比较的9个光纤分布例子以及13个比较例子。申请人在BendBright的商标范围内销售对于弯曲损耗具有良好抵抗性的弯曲不敏感光纤。表中的值对应于每个光纤的设置分布。
所有分布都被设计为确保多径干扰(MPI)水平低于-30dB,这确保与适当安装的系统网络(包括接入网和光纤到户)完全兼容。MPI在W.Zheng等人的“Measurement and System Impact of MultipathInterference From Dispersion Compensating Fiber Modules”(IEEETransactions on Instrumentation and Measurement,2004,53,pp15-23)中定义,并且其具体测量问题在S.Ramachandran等人的“Measurement of Multipath Interference in the Coherent CrosstalkRegime”(IEEE Photonics Technology Letters,2003,15,pp1171-1173)中详细描述。
表I的第1列为每个例子指定参考符号(例如,Ex针对根据本发明的例子,而C.Ex针对比较例子);接下来的3列分别给出了纤芯(11)、中间包层(12)和凹陷槽(13)的半径值。接下来的3列给出了与外部光包层(14)的折射率差的对应值。折射率值在633纳米波长处测量。表I还示出如上定义的纤芯(11)、中间包层(12)和凹陷槽(13)的面积分和体积分值。
表I
根据本发明的图1和图2的实施例的光纤(10)是阶跃光纤,包括中央纤芯(11)、中间包层(12)和凹陷槽(13)。从表I可以注意到,中央纤芯(11)具有在3.8μm和4.35μm之间的半径r1,半径r1优选在3.8μm和4.05μm之间,也就是,比SSMF光纤的纤芯要更窄。光纤(10)与外部光包层之间具有折射率差Δn1(21)在4.9×10-3和5.7×10-3之间,也就是,处于SSMF光纤的量级或大于SSMF光纤。纤芯的面积分V01在19.0×10-3μm和23.0×10-3μm之间,纤芯的体积分V11在75×10-3μm2和91×10-3μm2之间。
从表I还可以注意到,根据本发明的光纤具有凹陷槽(13)。凹陷槽(13)具有大体积,而且使得显著降低弯曲损耗成为可能。因此,表I示出了凹陷槽(13)具有13.5μm和16μm之间的半径r3以及与外部光包层(14)具有-10.0×10-3和-5.0×10-3之间的折射率差Δn3(23)。表I还示出如上定义的凹陷槽的面积分V03在-55.0×10-3μm和-30.0×10-3μm之间,而且如上定义的凹陷槽的体积分V13在-1200×10-3μm2和-750×10-3μm2之间。
根据优选实施方式,凹陷包层的半径r3可以限定到15μm以进一步降低光纤制造成本,并且所有根据例子的光纤都服从它。实际上,可以通过等离子体化学汽相沉积(PCVD)来制造凹陷槽(13),使得将大量氟结合到二氧化硅中以形成深度凹陷包层成为可能。然而,光纤(10)对应于管和PCVD沉积的部分是最昂贵的,因此希望尽可能地限制这部分。可以设想通过结合微孔或微泡而不是通过氟掺杂来产生凹陷槽(13)。然而,对于工业生产,氟掺杂比结合微泡更容易控制。
对应于上面定义的表面和体积规范的凹陷槽(13),使得可以在相比现有光纤显著降低弯曲损耗和在1260纳米波长处LP11模的充分一致的泄漏体制(regime)之间实现折衷。
由表I还可以注意到,光纤的优选实施方式在中央纤芯(11)和凹陷槽(13)之间具有中间包层(12)。这个中间包层(12)使得限制凹陷槽(13)对纤芯中光信号的传播的影响成为可能。表I示出中间包层(12)具有的半径r2在8.5μm和9.7μm之间,以及与光包层之间的折射率差Δn2(22)在-0.1×10-3和0.6×10-3之间。表I示出了如上定义的中间包层的面积分V02在-0.5×10-3μm和3.0×10-3μm之间。如上定义的中间包层的体积分V12在6×10-3μm2和40×10-3μm2之间。
结合中间包层(12)优化了根据本发明的光纤(10)的中央纤芯(11),从而保证光纤中的光传输参数与G.652和G.657A建议相一致,特别是在模场直径和色散方面。这还有助于确保与其它光系统的光纤的兼容性。
表II(下面)示出根据本发明的光纤的光传输特性。第一列重复表I的参考符号。随后的列针对每种光纤分布来提供针对1310纳米和1550纳米波长的模场直径(MFD)值,零色散波长(ZDW)和零色散斜率(ZDS)。
表II
BIFSSMF1SSMF2SSMF3 | MFD1310(μm)8.809.149.279.18 | MFD1550(μm)9.9010.3110.3910.25 | ZDW(nm)1320131413091306 | ZDSps/(nm2·km)0.08780.08550.08710.088 |
C.Ex1C.Ex2 | 8.678.65 | 9.689.59 | 13171310 | 0.09080.0917 |
C.Ex3C.Ex4 | 8.668.64 | 9.629.65 | 13121317 | 0.09140.0897 |
C.Ex5 | 8.95 | 10.01 | 1317 | 0.0905 |
C.Ex6C.Ex7 | 8.968.80 | 10.029.81 | 13171314 | 0.09050.0906 |
C.Ex8C.Ex9 | 8.898.88 | 9.919.91 | 13151314 | 0.09130.0909 |
C.Ex10 | 8.94 | 9.97 | 1315 | 0.0914 |
C.Ex11C.Ex12 | 8.978.95 | 10.009.99 | 13141315 | 0.09170.0911 |
C.Ex13Ex1 | 8.929.00 | 9.9510.10 | 13141318 | 0.09110.0906 |
Ex2 | 8.75 | 9.81 | 1318 | 0.0895 |
Ex3Ex4 | 8.758.60 | 9.819.64 | 13181318 | 0.08950.0888 |
Ex5Ex6 | 8.608.91 | 9.649.94 | 13181315 | 0.08880.0913 |
Ex7 | 8.92 | 9.95 | 1315 | 0.0914 |
Ex8Ex9 | 8.838.93 | 9.849.95 | 13131314 | 0.09080.0915 |
由表II注意到,根据本发明的光纤(10)与对应于G.652建议的规范的光纤相兼容。特别地,在1310纳米波长处,此处公开的光纤具有在从8.6μm到9.5μm的值的标准化范围之间的模场直径MFD,在1300纳米和1324纳米之间的零色散波长,以及小于0.092ps/(nm2.km)的零色散斜率。这些值中的每一个都是按照建议G.652的。
另一方面,如表III(下面)所示,光纤的有效截止波长λceff(或者标准光纤截止,表III的第3列)大于1300纳米,甚至大于1350纳米。如上讨论,正如国际电工委员会的86A子委员会在IEC6-793-1-44标准中所定义的那样,将以下波长作为有效截止波长进行测量,在该波长处,光信号通过光纤传播超过2米后不再是单模的。增加的有效截止波长值导致缆线截止波长值λcc(或者标准缆线截止,表III的第5列)在1200纳米和1260纳米之间。正如国际电工委员会的86A子委员会在IEC 6-793-1-44标准中所定义,通过以下方式测量截止波长缆线截止波长,在该波长处,光信号通过光纤传播超过22米后不再是单模的。当LP11模的衰减大于或等于19.3dB时,光信号是单模的。G.652和G.657建议对于缆线截止波长都设定最大值为1260纳米。
此处公开的发展的一个目的,是生产在光学系统采用的所有传输带宽上都能够使用的光纤,也就是,可以在单模传输中使用的光纤,该单模传输从原始带宽(OB)(其从1260纳米延伸到1360纳米)到超过1625纳米的超长(UL)带宽。低的有效截止波长使得可以在所有可用带宽上使用该光纤。
然而,表III(下面)的仿真示出从1260纳米波长根据泄漏模传播直接更高次LP11模。因此,这里公开的光纤可以使用在原始带宽(OB:1260纳米到1360纳米)的单模传输中。
表III(下面)示出根据本发明的光纤的一些截止波长值。表III的第一列重复表I的参考符号。
“Fiber Cutoff(theory)(理论光纤截止)”列提供理论截止波长值,其对应于在LP11模的引导传播和该LP11模的泄漏模传播之间的跃迁波长。对于超过该有效截止波长的工作波长,在泄漏模中传播LP11模。
“Standard Fiber Cutoff(标准光纤截止)”列对应于由国际电工委员会的86A子委员会在IEC 60793-1-44标准中定义的有效截止波长λceff。
“5m Fiber Cutoff(5m光纤截止)”列对应于通过以下方式测量得到的波长,超出该波长,光信号在传播超过5米光纤后不再是多模的。因此,该值对应于传播超过5米光纤而不是2米光纤后测量的有效截止波长。
“Standard Cable Cutoff(标准缆线截止)”列对应于由国际电工委员会的86A子委员会在IEC 60793-1-44标准中定义的缆线截止波长λcc。根据国际电工委员会的86A子委员会在IEC 60793-1-44标准中的建议,通过将光纤定位在2个40毫米半径环中并且将该光纤的剩余部分(也就是,21.5米的光纤)布置在具有140毫米半径的心轴上,从而确定缆线截止波长λcc。根据本发明,该截止应该是1260nm或更小。比较例子7是按照该要求的,但是比以上的平直缆线截止稍微过高,因此落在本发明的范围之外。
通过将光纤定位到两个各具有40毫米半径的环中,以及通过布置基本平直的缆线的剩余部分(也就是,21.5米的光纤),“StraightCable Cutoff(平直缆线截止)”列对应于缆线截止波长。根据本发明,该截止应该是1260nm或更小。比较例子9、10和12是按照该要求的,但是比标准缆线截止稍微过高,因此落在本发明的范围之外。所有的比较例子都落在本发明的范围之外,因为这些例子给出的标准截止稍高于1260nm或者平直缆线截止稍高于1260nm。
“LP11 LL@1260 after 22m(22m之后的LP11 LL@1260)”列,表示在传播超过22米的基本平直的光纤后LP 11模的泄漏损耗。
“Length-19.3dB LP11 LL@1260nm(长度-19.3dB LP11 LL@1260nm)”列,表示通过基本保持平直的光纤来实现LP11模的泄漏损耗等于19.3dB所需要的光纤长度。这表示在该距离处,基本平直布置的光纤在G.652和G.657建议的涵义内为单模。
表III
Fiber Cutoff(theory) | StdFiberCutoff | 5-mFiberCutoff | StdCableCutoff | StraightCableCutoff | LP11LL@1260nmafter22m | Length-19.3dBLP11 LL@1260nm | |
(nm) | (nm) | (nm) | (nm) | (nm) | (dB) | (m) | |
BIF | 1197 | 1270 | 1234 | 1196 | 1208 | 180 | 2 |
SSMF | 1287 | 1226 | 1226 | 1151 | 1151 | 2 | 212 |
SSMF | 1334 | 1267 | 1267 | 1188 | 1188 | 0 | >1000 |
SSMF | 1381 | 1311 | 1311 | 1231 | 1231 | 0 | >1000 |
C.Ex1 | 1250 | 1379 | 1321 | 1271 | 1268 | 10 | 41 |
C.Ex2 | 1243 | 1383 | 1323 | 1271 | 1266 | 16 | 27 |
C.Ex3 | 1232 | 1397 | 1333 | 1271 | 1265 | 16 | 26 |
C.Ex4 | 1239 | 1392 | 1331 | 1272 | 1267 | 15 | 28 |
C.Ex5 | 1242 | 1382 | 1322 | 1268 | 1264 | 18 | 24 |
C.Ex6 | 1247 | 1376 | 1319 | 1267 | 1266 | 15 | 28 |
C.Ex7 | 1249 | 1351 | 1302 | 1259 | 1262 | 18 | 23 |
C.Ex8 | 1246 | 1378 | 1319 | 2268 | 1264 | 17 | 25 |
C.Ex9 | 1235 | 1373 | 1317 | 1264 | 1260 | 18 | 24 |
C.Ex10 | 1243 | 1371 | 1313 | 1263 | 1260 | 22 | 20 |
C.Ex11 | 1246 | 1367 | 1310 | 1263 | 1263 | 17 | 25 |
C.Ex12 | 1244 | 1371 | 1314 | 1264 | 1260 | 20 | 21 |
C.Ex13 | 1240 | 1375 | 1319 | 1267 | 1263 | 17 | 24 |
Ex1 | 1175 | 1316 | 1255 | 1204 | 1201 | 88 | 5 |
Ex2 | 1171 | 1316 | 1246 | 1205 | 1198 | 83 | 5 |
Ex3 | 1171 | 1366 | 1271 | 1225 | 1205 | 44 | 10 |
Ex4 | 1171 | 1316 | 1244 | 1207 | 1195 | 75 | 6 |
Ex5 | 1171 | 1366 | 1269 | 1226 | 1200 | 40 | 11 |
Ex9 | 1243 | 1360 | 1304 | 1257 | 1258 | 26 | 16 |
Ex7 | 1238 | 1362 | 1305 | 1256 | 1255 | 24 | 17 |
Ex8 | 1247 | 1350 | 1300 | 1257 | 1260 | 22 | 19 |
Ex9 | 1245 | 1362 | 1306 | 1259 | 1259 | 24 | 18 |
由表III注意到,标准有效截止波长λceff,也就是,如根据国际电工委员会的86A子委员会在IEC 60793-1-44标准中建议所测量的那样,大于1300纳米。类似地,由表III注意到,标准缆线截止波长λcc,也就是,如根据国际电工委员会的86A子委员会在IEC
6-793-44标准中的建议所测量的那样,在1200纳米和1260纳米之间,也就是,按照由G.652和G.657建议设定的1260纳米的限制。
由表III注意到,LP11模从1260纳米严重衰减。实际上,“理论”光纤截止波长小于或者等于1250纳米。因此,更高次LP11模在原始带宽中以泄漏模机制传播,并且在本发明的光纤中只有基模从1260纳米波长起保持引导。
类似地,由表III注意到,在光纤中仅进行5米的传播后,光纤截止波长显著地降低。因此,对于根据本发明的光纤,截止波长在1240纳米到1310纳米之间,其中将以下波长作为截止波长进行测量,在该波长处,光信号传输超过5米的光纤后不再是单模的。
而且,表III清楚表明,22米的传播后,LP11模已经大幅衰减。特别注意到,当光纤基本平直布置时,LP11模在根据本发明的光纤(10)中的衰减大于LP11模在SSMF光纤中的衰减。实际上,在SSMF光纤中,弯曲使得高度衰减LP11模成为可能。因此,对于1260纳米波长,在平直光纤中进行超过22米的传播后,该光纤的LP11模衰减大于5dB。
而且,表III还表明,根据建议设定的缆线截止,在不到22米之后,相对迅速地实现至少19.3dB的LP11模衰减。
而且,有效截止波长的增加,使得可以增加如上定义的MAC值,并且最终降低弯曲损耗。
表IV(下面)报告了这里公开的光纤的优选实施方式的弯曲损耗值。表IV的第1列重复表I的参考符号。接下来的4列表明1550纳米波长处15毫米、10毫米、7.5毫米和5毫米曲率半径的各自弯曲损耗值PCC。接下来的4列给出1625纳米波长处15毫米、10毫米、7.5毫米和5毫米曲率半径的各自弯曲损耗值PCC。
最后1列具有品质因子FOM,其表示根据本发明的光纤相对于G.657B的标准设定的限制在弯曲损耗方面改进的幅度级。因此,表IV的FOM被定义为,对于每个测量的曲率半径,G.657B建议设定的上限与本发明的光纤中弯曲损耗的比率的平均值。所有例子都给出低于或等于1的FOM,这意味着这些例子都符合G.657B弯曲损耗建议。
表IV在第一行描述,G.657B建议为每个曲率半径以及1550纳米和1625纳米波长所设定的弯曲损耗限制值。
表IV
由表IV可以注意到,对应于根据本发明分布的光纤的弯曲损耗明显小于G.657标准设定的限制。仅在例子1(Ex1)中,在1625纳米处,15毫米的曲率半径的弯曲损耗等于建议的弯曲损耗。
因此,对于1550纳米波长,与G.657B建议设定的3×10-3dB/圈的限制相对比,对于15毫米曲率半径,光纤的弯曲损耗小于3×10-3dB/圈,优选小于0.25×10-3dB/圈。与G.657B建议设定的0.1dB/圈的限制相对比,对于10毫米曲率半径光纤的弯曲损耗小于或等于3×10-2dB/圈,优选小于或等于7.5×10-3dB/圈。与G.657B建议设定的0.5dB/圈的限制相对比,对于7.5毫米曲率半径,光纤的弯曲损耗小于或等于0.05dB/圈,以及对于5毫米曲率半径,光纤的弯曲损耗小于或等于0.15dB/圈,优选小于或等于0.10dB/圈。
类似地,对于1625纳米波长,与G.657B建议设定的10-2dB/圈的限制相对比,根据本发明的光纤对于15毫米的曲率半径展现出的弯曲损耗小于10-2dB/圈,优选小于1.5×10-3dB/圈。与G.657B建议设定的0.2dB/圈的限制相对比,对于10毫米的曲率半径,弯曲损耗小于或等于0.1dB/圈,优选小于或等于25×10-3dB/圈。与G.657B标准设定的1dB/圈的限制相对比,该光纤对于7.5毫米的曲率半径展现出的弯曲损耗小于或等于0.15dB/圈,优选小于或等于0.08dB/圈,以及对于5毫米的曲率半径,弯曲损耗小于0.25dB/圈。
这里公开的光纤非常适于在安装到用户家庭的FTTH类型的光学系统中使用,在这种情况中由于光盒微型化或用钉将光纤保持,光纤容易遭受显著弯曲应力。光纤可以布置在部分紧密的光盒中。实际上,光纤可以被设置为具有小于15毫米的曲率半径,例如,大约5毫米的曲率半径。该光纤与现有系统的光纤保持兼容,特别是在良好的光纤到光纤耦合的模场直径方面。由于LP11模从1260纳米波长显著衰减,截止波长的增加并没有害处。
如关于抗微弯曲光纤(Microbend Resistant Optical Fiber)的共同受让美国专利申请No.60/986,737(Overton)和关于抗微弯曲光纤(Microbend Resistant Optical Fiber)的共同受让美国专利申请No.61/041,484(Overton)中所阐述(每个都通过参考而整体引入),将弯曲不敏感的玻璃光纤(例如,Draka Comteq的商标名为的可用单模玻璃光纤)和具有非常低模数的一次涂覆层(例如,DSM Desotech的以商标名DF 1011提供的UV-可固化聚氨酯丙烯酸酯产品)配对,实现了具有非常低损耗的光纤(例如,与采用传统涂覆层系统的单模光纤相比,降低了至少10倍的微弯曲灵敏度)。因此,美国专利申请No.60/986,737和美国专利申请No.61/041,484中公开的涂覆层应用到本发明的单模光纤也是在本发明的范围内的。
在这点上,根据IEC固定直径砂纸鼓(fixed-diameter sandpaperdrum)测试(其,即使在室温下也提供影响单模光纤的微弯曲压力情形)(也就是,IEC TR62221,方法B,40微米等级砂纸),可以分析微弯曲。IEC TR62221微弯曲-灵敏性技术报告和标准测试过程(例如,IEC TR62221,方法B(固定直径砂纸鼓)和方法D(竹篮式织法))在此通过参考而整体引入。
本申请进一步通过参考而整体引入以下共同受让专利、专利申请和专利申请公开,每一个分别讨论光纤如下:关于用于光纤光学引导应用的单模弯曲不敏感光纤(Single Mode Bend Insensitive Fiberfor Use in Fiber Optic Guidance Applications)的美国专利No.4,838,643(Hodges及其他人);美国专利申请公开号No.US2007/0127878A1及其相关的关于单模光纤的美国专利申请No.11/556,895(de Montmorillon及其他人);美国专利申请公开号No.US 2007/0280615A1及其相关的关于单模光纤(Single ModeOptical Fiber)的美国专利申请No.11/697,994(de Montmorillon及其他人);美国专利号No.7,356,234及其相关的关于色散补偿光纤(Chromatic Dispersion Compensating Fiber)的美国专利申请(deMontmorillon及其他人);美国专利申请公开号US 2008/0152288A1及其相关的关于光纤(Optical Fiber)的美国专利申请No.11/999,333(Flammer及其他人);以及关于单模光纤(Single Mode OpticalFiber)的美国专利申请No.61/101,337(de Montmorillon及其他人)。
根据本发明的光纤可以进一步包括一个或多个涂覆层(例如,一次涂覆层和二次涂覆层)。涂覆层中的至少一个(通常为二次涂覆层)可以着色和/或拥有其它标记以帮助标识单独的光纤。可选地,第三墨色层可以包围一次涂覆层和二次涂覆层。
根据本发明的光纤可以布置在各种结构中,诸如下面公开的这些示例性结构。
例如,可以在缓冲管内装进本发明的一个或多个光纤。例如,光纤可以布置在单光纤松散缓冲管中或者多光纤松散缓冲管中。对于后者,可以在缓冲管或其它结构中卷或绞多个光纤。在这点上,在多光纤松散缓冲管的内部,光纤的子束可以与包扎件分离(例如,每个光纤子束封套在包扎件中)。而且,扇出管可以安装在这样的松散缓冲管的终端处,从而直接用现场组装的连接器端接被松散缓冲的光纤。
在其它实施方式中,缓冲管可以紧固地包围最外面的光纤涂覆层(也就是,紧缓冲光纤)或包围最外面的光纤涂覆层或墨色层以提供示例性的大约50到100微米的径向间隙(也就是,半紧缓冲光纤)。
关于先前的紧缓冲光纤,通过用固化成分(curable composition)(例如,UV-可固化材料)或热塑材料涂覆光纤可以形成缓冲。紧缓冲管的外直径典型的小于1,000微米(例如,大约500微米或大约900微米),而无论该缓冲管由可固化或非可固化材料形成。
关于后面的半紧缓冲光纤,可以在光纤和缓冲管之间包括润滑剂(例如,提供滑动层)。
正如本领域普通技术人员所知,可以由聚烯烃(例如,聚乙烯或聚丙烯),包括氟化的聚烯烃、聚脂(例如,聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯)、聚酰胺(例如,尼龙)以及其它聚合材料和合成物,形成在此公开的包含光纤的示例性缓冲管。通常,可以由一层或多层形成缓冲管。这些层可以是同性质的或者可以在每层内包括各种材料的混合物或合成物。
在此处的上下文中,缓冲管可以被挤压(extrude)(例如,受挤压的聚合材料)或拉挤(pultrude)(例如,被拉挤的光纤增强塑料)。例如,缓冲管可以包括抗高温和抗化学的材料(例如,芳族材料或聚砜材料)。
虽然缓冲管典型具有圆形截面,但可选地,缓冲管可以具有不规则或非圆形形状(例如,椭圆或梯形截面)。
可选地,一个或多个本发明的光纤可以简单地由外部保护外壳环绕,或者封装在密封金属管中。在每个结构中,并不必然需要中间缓冲管。
这里公开的多种光纤,可以被夹持、封装,和/或粘边,以形成光纤带。光纤带可以被分成子单元(例如,12光纤带可以分成6个光纤子单元)。而且,可以聚集多个这种光纤带,以形成可以具有各种尺寸和形状的带垛(ribbon stack)。
例如,可以形成矩形带垛,或者最上面和最下面的光纤带比朝向垛中央的光纤带具有更少光纤的带垛。这种结构可以有助于增加缓冲管和/或缆线中的光学元件(例如,光纤)密度。
通常,由于遭受其它的约束(例如,缆线或中跨距衰减),期望在缓冲管和/或缆线中增加传播元件的填充。光学元件自身可以被设计用于增加的填充密度。例如,光纤可以具有修改的属性,比如改进的折射率分布、纤芯或包层尺寸,或一次涂覆层厚度和/或模数,以改进微弯曲和宏弯曲(macrobending)特性。
例如,可以通过或可以不通过中央绞线(twist)(即“一次绞线”)来形成矩形带垛。本领域普通技术人员将意识到,带垛通常使用旋转绞线来制造,从而允许管或缆线弯曲,而在缠绕、安装和使用期间不会将过量的机械应力施加于光纤上。在结构变形中,绞绕的(或没有绞绕的)矩形带垛可以进一步形成盘绕(coil)状配置(例如,螺旋)或波状配置(例如,正弦)。换句话说,带垛可以具有规则的“二次”变形。
正如本领域普通技术人员将意识到,可以将这种光纤带定位到缓冲管或其它包围结构中,比如缓冲-管-自由缆线。由于遭受某种约束(例如,衰减),期望增加诸如缓冲管和/或光纤缆线中的光纤或光纤带之类的元件的密度。
容纳光纤的多个缓冲管(例如,松散的或者带化的光纤)可以外部定位在中央加强部件附近且股绞(strand)环绕中央加强部件。可以在一个方向螺旋地实现该股绞,公知为“S”或“Z”股绞,或者反向摆动层股绞,公知为“S-Z”股绞。当在安装和使用中出现缆线应变时,环绕中央加强部件的股绞降低了光纤应变。
本领域普通技术人员将理解,在安装或操作状态下将针对拉伸缆线应变和纵向压缩缆线应变二者的光纤应变最小化的优点。
关于可能发生在安装过程中的拉伸缆线应变,缆线将变得更长而光纤可以移动到更接近缆线的中轴,以降低(假如不消除)转移到光纤的应变。关于可能在低操作温度下由于缆线部件的收缩而发生的纵向压缩应变,光纤将更加远离缆线的中轴移动,以降低(假如不消除)变换到光纤的压缩应变。
在一种变形中,缓冲管的两个或更多基本上同心的层可以定位在中央加强部件的周围。在进一步的变形中,多个股绞元件(例如,股绞环绕加强部件的多个缓冲管)自身可以相互股绞环绕,或环绕一次中央加强部件。
可选地,包含光纤的多个缓冲管(例如,松散的或带化的光纤),可以简单在外部邻近中央加强部件布置(也就是,不以特定方式有意地将缓冲管股绞或布置环绕中央,而且缓冲管基本上与中央加强部件平行)。
还是可选地,可以用中央缓冲管定位本发明的光纤(也就是,中央缓冲管缆线具有中央缓冲管而不是中央加强部件)。这样的中央缓冲管缆线可以在别处布置加强部件。例如,金属或非金属(例如,GRP)加强部件可以布置在缆线外壳自身内部,和/或高强度纱(例如,聚芳基酰胺线或非聚芳基酰胺线)的一层或多层可以被定位为平行于或卷绕(例如,反向螺旋)中央缓冲管(也就是,在缆的内部空间中)。同样地,加强部件可以包括在缓冲管的外套内。
在其它实施方式中,光纤可以布置在开槽纤芯缆线中。在开槽纤芯缆线中,光纤(独自地或者作为光纤带)可以布置在中央加强部件表面上预制形状的螺旋槽(即,沟道)中,从而形成开槽纤芯单元。开槽纤芯单元可以被缓冲管包绕。一个或多个这种开槽纤芯单元可以布置在开槽纤芯缆线中。例如,多个开槽纤芯单元可以螺旋股绞在中央加强部件周围。
可选地,可以用双保险钩(maxitube)缆线设计方式来股绞光纤,从而光纤在大的多光纤松散缓冲管内股绞环绕自身,而不是股绞环绕中央加强部件。换句话说,大的多光纤松散缓冲管中央地布置在双保险钩缆线内。例如,这样的双保险钩缆线可以部署在光纤地线(OPGW)中。
在其它布线实施方式中,多个缓冲管可以股绞环绕自身,而无需存在中央部件。这些股绞缓冲管可以被保护管包围。保护管可以作为光纤缆线的外部壳,或者进一步被外壳包围。保护管可以紧密或松散环绕被股绞的缓冲管。
正如本领域普通技术人员公知,可以在缆线纤芯内包括附加部件。例如,铜缆或者其它有源传输元件可以被股绞或被捆扎在缆外壳内。无源元件也可以布置在缆芯内,比如在缓冲管的内壁和封闭的光纤之间。可选地,例如,无源元件还可以布置在缓冲管的外面,在缓冲管各外壁和缆线护套的内壁之间,或者,在缓冲-管-自由缆线的内部空间内。
例如,可以采用纱、非纺织品、织品(例如,带子)、泡沫,或包含遇水膨胀材料和/或涂覆有遇水膨胀材料(例如,包括高吸水性树脂(SAP),比如SAP粉)的其它材料,以提供水阻(waterblocking)和/或将光纤耦合到环绕缓冲管和/或缆线护套(例如,经由粘结、摩擦和/或压缩)。示例性的遇水膨胀元件公开于共同受让的美国专利申请公开号US2007/0019915A1及其相关的美国专利申请号11/424112“Water-Swellable Tape,Adhesive-Backed for couplingwhen Used Inside a Buffer Tube(Overton等人)”中,其中每个在此都通过参考而整体引入。
而且,可以在一个或多个无源元件(例如,遇水膨胀材料)上提供胶粘剂(例如,热熔胶粘剂或可固化胶粘剂,比如通过暴露到光化辐射而交联的聚硅酮丙烯酸酯),以将该元件粘结到缓冲管。还可以使用胶粘剂材料,以在缓冲管内将遇水膨胀部件粘结到光纤。在关于“Gel-Free Buffer Tube with Adhesively Coupled OpticalElement(Overton等人)”的共同受让美国专利申请公开号No.US2008/0145010A1中公开了这种元件的示例性布置,其在此通过参考而整体引入。
缓冲管(或缓冲-管-自由缆)还可以在光纤和缓冲管的内壁之间包含触变(thixotropic)成分(例如,脂肪或类脂胶)。例如,用水阻的油基填充脂填充缓冲管的自由空间,有助于阻止水的进入。另外,触变填充脂机械地(例如,粘性地)将光纤耦合到围绕的缓冲管。
这种触变填充脂相对较重和混乱,从而妨碍连接和接合(slice)操作。因此,本发明的光纤可以部署到干的缆线结构中(也就是,无脂缓冲管)。
在2008年6月26日递交的关于“Coupling Composition forOptical fiber Cables”的共同受让美国专利申请No.12/146,588(Parris及其他人)中,公开了无触变填充脂的示例性缓冲管结构,在此通过参考整体引入。这种缓冲管采用由高分子重量弹性聚合物(例如,在重量方面约占百分之35或更少)和在低温流动的油(例如,在重量方面约占百分之65或更多)的混合物所形成的耦合成分。不同于触变填充脂,该耦合成分(例如,用为粘胶或泡沫)通常是干的,因此在接合过程中不太混乱。
正如本领域普通技术人员理解,此处公开的包围光纤的缆线可以具有根据各种设计由各种材料所形成的外壳。可以由聚合材料形成缆线外壳,比如,例如,聚乙烯,聚丙烯,聚氯乙烯(PVC),聚酰胺(例如,尼龙),聚酯(例如,PBT),氟化塑料(例如,丙烯,聚氟乙烯或聚乙二烯二氟化物),以及乙烯-醋酸乙烯。外壳和/或缓冲管材料还可以包含其它添加物,比如成核剂,阻燃剂,耐烟剂,抗氧化剂,UV吸收剂,和/或增塑剂。
缆线外壳可以是由绝缘材料(例如,非导电聚合物)形成的单个外壳,具有或者不具有可以用于改进保护(例如,防止被侵蚀)和由缆线外壳提供的强度的补充结构元件。例如,随同一个或多个绝缘外套,一个或多个金属(例如,钢)带层可以形成缆线外壳。金属或玻璃纤维的加固杆(例如,GRP)还可以结合到外壳中。另外,还可以在各种外壳材料下采用芳族聚酰胺、玻璃纤维或涤纶纱(例如,在缆线外壳和缆线纤芯之间),和/或可以例如在缆线外壳内定位剥离绳(ripcord)。
类似于缓冲管,光纤缆线外壳通常具有圆形横截面,但是缆线外壳可选地可以是不规则的或非圆形的(例如,椭圆,梯形或扁平横截面)。
例如,根据本发明的光纤可以结合到单光纤引出缆线(singlefiber drop cable)中,比如那些在多住户单元(MDU)应用中采用的缆线。在这样部署中,缆线外套必须呈现建筑规范所要求的抗压性、耐磨性、抗穿刺性、热稳定性和耐火性。这种缆线外套的示例性材料是机械地保护光纤而且足够有弹性以促进容易MDU安装的热稳定的阻燃聚氨酯(PUR)。可选地,可以使用阻燃聚烯烃或聚氯乙烯外壳。
通常,正如本领域普通技术人员所知,加强部件典型为棒或股绕/螺旋绕线或光纤的形式,然而其它配置在本领域普通技术人员的知识范围内。
可以不同地部署包含所公开光纤的光纤缆线,包括作为引出缆线、配电缆线、馈电缆线、干线缆线和连接(stub)缆线,这些中的每一个都可以具有变化的操作需求(例如,温度范围,抗压性,抗紫外线和最小弯曲半径)。
这样的光纤缆线可以安装在管道、微管道、气室(plenum)或气口(riser)中。例如,光纤缆线通过牵拉和吹制(blowing)(例如,使用压缩空气)可以安装在现有的管道或微管道中。在关于“Communication Cable Assembly and Installation Method”的共同受让美国专利申请公开号No.2007/0263960(Lock及其他人),以及2008年8月28日递交的、关于“Modified Pre-FerrulizedCommunication Cable Assembly and Installation Method”的美国专利申请No.12/200,095(Griffioen及其他人)中公开了示例性缆线安装方法,它们中每一个在此通过参考而整体引入。
注意的是,包含光纤的缓冲管(例如,松散的或带化光纤)可以被股绞(例如,环绕中央加强部件)。在这样的配置中,光纤缆线的保护性外壳可以具有带纹路(textured)的外表面,其沿着缆线的长度方向以重复下面的缓冲管的股绞形状的方式周期性地改变。保护外壳的纹路分布可以改进光纤缆线的吹制性能。带纹路的表面降低了缆线与管道或微管道之间的接触面,并增加了吹制介质(例如,空气)和缆线之间的摩擦。可以由能够促进吹制安装的低摩擦系数材料生成保护性外壳。而且,可以向保护性外壳提供润滑剂以进一步促进吹制安装。
通常,为了实现满意的长距离吹制性能(例如,大约3000到5000英尺之间或更长),光纤缆线的外部缆线直径应该不超过管道或微管道内部直径的大约百分之70到80。
在空气吹制光纤系统中,压缩空气还可以用于安装根据本发明的光纤。在空气吹制光纤系统中,未填充的缆线或微管道的网络在光纤安装之前被安装。随后,光纤可以在需要时被吹到安装缆线中,以支持该网络变化的需求。
而且,光纤缆线可以直接埋在地下,或作为悬架在支柱或支撑塔的架空缆线。架空缆线可以是自支撑的或固定或缠挂到支撑体上(例如,吊线或其它缆线)。示例性的架空光纤缆线包括架空地线(OPGW)、全介质自承式缆线(ADSS)、全介质捆绑式缆线(AD-Lash)以及8字缆线,本领域普通技术人员良好地理解这些中的每个缆线。(8字缆线以及其它设计可以直接埋在或安装到管道中,而且可选的包括调色(toning)元件,比如金属线,从而可以用金属探测器发现它们)。
另外,虽然可以用外部缆线外壳进一步保护光纤,但光纤自身可以进一步被加强,从而光纤可以包含在允许单独光纤的单独路由的分支(breakout)缆线中。
为了在传输系统中有效地采用本发明的光纤,网络的各点处需要连接。典型通过熔接、机械接合或机械连接器形成光纤连接。
在安装到网络上之前,连接器的匹配端部可以在现场(例如在网络位置处)或者在工厂中安装到光纤端部。连接器的端部在现场进行匹配,从而将光纤连接在一起,或者将光纤连接到无源或有源部件。例如,特定的光纤缆线组件(例如分叉组件)可以以保护性方式将单独的光纤从通往连接器的多个光纤缆线中分离并转移。
这种光纤缆线的部署可以包括补充装备。例如,可以包括放大器以改进光信号。可以安装色散补偿模块,以降低色散和偏振模色散的效果。类似地,可以包括通过围绕而受到保护的接合盒、基座和配线框。例如,附加元件包括远程终端交换机、光网络单元、分光器和中心局交换机。
包含根据本发明的光纤的缆线可以部署用在通信系统(例如,网络或电信)中。通信系统可以包括光纤缆线架构,比如光纤到节点(FTTN)、光纤到局(FTTE)、光纤到配线盒(FTTC)、光纤到楼(FTTB)和光纤到户(FTTH),以及长距离或城域架构。
而且,根据本发明的光纤可以用在其它应用中,包括但是不局限于光纤传感器或照明应用(例如,发光)。
在说明书和附图中,已经公开了本发明的典型实施方式。本发明并不局限于这些示例性实施方式。除非另行表明,否则以通称和描述意义来使用特定术语,并不用于限制目的。
Claims (15)
1.一种具有降低的弯曲损耗的单模光纤,具有从该光纤的中央到外部光包层延伸的半径处测量的折射率分布,该光纤包括:
中央纤芯,具有半径r1和与光包层之间的正折射率差Δn1;
中间包层,具有半径r2和与光包层之间的正折射率差Δn2,其小于该纤芯的折射率差Δn1;
凹陷槽,具有半径r3和与光包层之间的负折射率差Δn3;
其中该光纤在1310纳米波长处具有在8.6μm到9.5μm之间的标称模场直径(MFD),而且,该光纤对于1550纳米波长以及对于5毫米的曲率半径具有小于0.15dB/圈的弯曲损耗;以及
小于或等于1260纳米的缆线截止波长,该缆线截止波长测量被测量为这样的波长:在该波长处,LP11模在传播超过22米光纤之后,该LP11模的衰减大于或等于19.3dB。
2.根据权利要求1的光纤,其中:
该中央纤芯的面积分(V01)被定义为
其在19.0×10-3μm和23.0×10-3μm之间,优选地在20.0×10-3μm和23.0×10-3μm之间。
3.根据前述权利要求中任一个或多个的光纤,其中:
该凹陷槽的面积分(V03)被定义为
其在-55.0×10-3μm和-30.0×10-3μm之间,优选地,凹陷槽的面积分(V03)在-42.5×10-3μm和-32.5×10-3μm之间。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一个或多个的光纤,其中:
该凹陷槽的体积分(V13)被定义为
其在-1200×10-3μm2和-750×10-3μm2之间,优选地,所述凹陷槽的体积分(V13)在-1000×10-3μm2和-750×10-3μm2之间。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一个或多个的光纤,进一步包括大于1300纳米的有效截止波长λceff,该有效截止波长被测量为这样的波长:在该波长处,光信号进行超过2米的光纤传输后变成是单模的。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一个或多个的光纤,进一步包括在1240纳米和1310纳米之间的截止波长。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一个或多个的光纤,进一步包括小于或等于1250纳米的理论截止波长,该理论截止波长是LP11模自此以泄漏模进行传播的波长。
8.根据前述权利要求中任一个或多个的光纤,其中该中央纤芯具有在3.8μm和4.35μm之间的半径(r1),和/或其中该中央纤芯与光包层之间具有在4.9×10-3和5.7×10-3之间的折射率差(Δn1)。
9.根据前述权利要求中任一个或多个的光纤,其中该中间包层具有包含在8.5μm和9.7μm之间的半径(r2),和/或该中间包层与光包层之间具有在-0.1×10-3和0.6×10-3之间的折射率差(Δn2)。
10.根据前述权利要求中任一个或多个的光纤,其中该凹陷槽具有在13.5μm和16μm之间的半径(r3),和/或该凹陷槽与光包层之间具有包含在-10.0×10-3和-5.0×10-3之间的折射率差(Δn3)。
11.根据前述权利要求中任一个或多个的光纤,进一步包括在1300纳米和1324纳米之间的零色散波长(ZDW)。
12.根据前述权利要求中任一个或多个的光纤,进一步包括在零色散波长(ZDS)处的小于0.092ps/(nm2.km)的零色散斜率值。
13.一种光盒,接纳根据前述权利要求中任一个或多个的光纤的至少一部分。
14.根据权利要求13所述的光盒,其中所述光纤具有小于15毫米的曲率半径,优选所述光纤具有约为5毫米的曲率半径。
15.一种光纤到户(FTTH)系统,包括根据前述权利要求1-12中任一个或多个的光纤的至少一部分。
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Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN102193141A (zh) * | 2010-03-17 | 2011-09-21 | 德拉克通信科技公司 | 单模光纤 |
CN102193141B (zh) * | 2010-03-17 | 2015-05-27 | 德拉克通信科技公司 | 单模光纤 |
CN106537197A (zh) * | 2014-05-16 | 2017-03-22 | 康宁股份有限公司 | 多模光纤和包括这种多模光纤的系统 |
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