CN101636865B - 具有高表面积电极的体内电源 - Google Patents

具有高表面积电极的体内电源 Download PDF

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CN101636865B
CN101636865B CN2008800049190A CN200880004919A CN101636865B CN 101636865 B CN101636865 B CN 101636865B CN 2008800049190 A CN2008800049190 A CN 2008800049190A CN 200880004919 A CN200880004919 A CN 200880004919A CN 101636865 B CN101636865 B CN 101636865B
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solid carrier
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CN101636865A (zh
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H·哈菲奇
T·罗伯森
E·斯奈德
B·科扎德
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Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co Ltd
Otsuka America Pharmaceutical Inc
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Proteus Biomedical Inc
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Abstract

提供启用例如可植入的和可食入的器件等的体内器件的电源。本发明的体内电源的方面包括固体载体、第一高表面积电极和第二电极。内置电源的实施例被配置以当与目标生理部位接触时发射可探测的信号。还提供制作和使用本发明的电源的方法。

Description

具有高表面积电极的体内电源
对相关申请的交叉引用 
按照35 U.S.C.§119(e),这个申请要求于2007年2月14日提交的美国临时专利申请序列号60/889,870的提交日的优先权;该申请的公开通过引用结合于此。 
介绍 
随着医疗技术进步,许多诊断和治疗活动用越来越小的可植入的医疗或可食入的医疗器件来实施。可植入的和可食入的医疗器件可以配置以执行多种不同的功能,包括但不限于:诊断功能,例如,其中该器件包括一个或多个传感器;治疗功能,例如,其中该器件使能够完成治疗作用,例如电脉冲的输送,药用活性剂的输送;等等。 
伴随可植入的和可食入的医疗和相关技术,始终存在使器件更小的期望,例如,以提供增加的使用方便性。为了减小尺寸,该器件的独立元件必须设计具有减小的总物理尺寸,并且还保持功能性。 
在许多可植入的和可食入的器件中存在的元件中的一种类型是电源,例如,电池、电容器等等。存在对越来越小的但具有足够并且可靠的功能性的使得其可以用于例如可植入的和可食入的器件等体内器件中的电源的开发的持续兴趣。 
发明内容
提供启用例如可植入的和可食入的器件等的体内器件的电源。本发明的体内电源的方面包括固体载体、第一高表面积电极和第二电极。内置电源的实施例被配置以当与目标生理部位接触时发射可探测的信号。还提供制造并且使用本发明的电源的方法。 
附图说明
图1示出根据本发明的一个实施例的具有多孔阴极底层的电池的一个实施例。 
图2提供本发明的各种不同的实施例的电子电路的某些实现的细节。 
具体实施方式
提供启用例如可植入的或可摄取的器件等的体内器件的电源。本发明的体内电源的方面包括固体载体、第一高表面积电极和第二电极。内置电源的实施例被配置以当与目标生理部位接触时发射可探测的信号。还提供制造并且使用本发明的电源的方法。 
在进一步更加详细地说明本发明中,首先回顾体内电源和包括该体内电源的体内器件的实施例,接着是具有包括体内电源的器件的系统和使用这样的器件和系统的方法的论述。在下文中还更加详细地回顾的是包括具有本发明的体内电源的器件的药剂盒(kit)。 
体内电源和包括该体内电源的器件 
如上文概述的,本发明提供配置用于体内器件的电源。体内器件是配置以在生命体内使用的器件。体内器件的例子包括,但不限于:可植入器件,例如,可植入治疗器件、可植入诊断器件,例如,传感器,等等;以及可食入器件,例如,可食入的事件标示器(event marker)(例如,如在下文中更加详细地说明的),等等。 
根据本发明的实施例的体内电源包括:固体载体;在所述固体载体的表面上存在的第一高表面电极;和第二电极。该固体载体可随体内电源被利用于的器件的性质而变化。在某些实施例中,固体载体是小的,例如,其中它的尺寸确定为以具有范围在大约0.01mm至大约100mm的宽度,例如,从大约0.1mm至大约20mm,包括从大约0.5mm至大约2mm;范围从大约0.01mm至大约100mm的长度,例如,从 大约0.1mm至大约20mm,包括范围从大约0.5mm至大约2mm,和从大约0.01mm至大约10mm的高度,例如,从大约0.05mm至大约2mm,包括从大约0.1mm至大约0.5mm。固体载体元件可采取多种不同的配置,例如但不限于:切片配置、圆柱形配置、球形配置、圆盘配置等等,其中特定的配置可基于计划的应用、制造的方法等等来选择。尽管用于制造固体载体的材料可显著随体内电源被配置用于的特定器件而变化,但在某些实施例中固体载体用半导体材料构成,例如,硅。为了为多孔底层的生产做准备,例如,如下文说明的,固体载体表面的部分可包括导电材料,例如,金属或金属合金,例如但不限于金及其类似物。 
在某些实施例中,固体载体是包括一个或多个电路元件的半导体载体,其中在某些实施例中该载体是集成电路。当存在时,集成电路包括许多不同的功能块,即,模块。在给定的固体载体内,例如电源、处理器、发射器等功能块中的至少一些(例如两个或两个以上,高达包括所有的)可在单个集成电路中存在。通过单个集成电路意指包括用于该器件的所有不同的期望的功能块的单个电路结构。在这些实施例中,集成电路是单片集成电路(也称为IC、微电路、微芯片、硅芯片、计算机芯片或芯片),其是在半导体材料的薄衬底的表面中制造的小型化的电子电路(其可包括半导体器件,以及无源元件)。本发明的某些实施例的集成电路可以是混合型集成电路,其是由接合于衬底或电路板的各个半导体器件以及无源元件构成的小型化的电子电路。 
如上文提及的,本发明的电源在其中找到用途的体内器件的一种类型是可食入的事件标示器。为了说明方便,该体内电源现在将从实施例方面进一步说明,其中体内电源是可食入的事件标示器的识别器的一部分。然而,如上文指出的,本发明的体内电源在除了可食入的事件标示器以外的其他器件中找到用途,并且因此本发明的体内电源不限于配置用于可食入的事件标示器(IEM)的那些。 
IEM组成物(composition)的识别器是当识别器与目标生理部位接触时产生可探测的信号的那个。本组成物的识别器可随特定的实施例和该组成物的计划应用而变化只要它们当与目标生理部位(例如胃)接触时被激活(即,开启)。如此,识别器可以是当它接触目标体(即,生理)部位时发射信号的识别器。识别器可以是能够在激活(例如当与目标部位接触时)之后提供可探测的信号的任何元件或器件。在某些实施例中,一旦该组成物接触到生理目标部位(例如胃)识别器就发射信号。根据实施例,目标生理部位或位置可变化,其中所关注的代表性的目标生理部位包括,但不限于:在胃肠道中的位置,例如口、食管、胃、小肠、大肠等。在某些实施例中,识别器配置以当与在目标部位中的流体接触时被激活(不管目标部位的具体组成)。 
根据具体应用的需要,从识别器获得的信号可以是通用信号,例如,仅仅识别该组成物已经接触目标部位的信号,或唯一的信号,例如以某种方式唯一地识别到一批中的一组或多个不同的标示器中的特定可食入的事件标示器已经接触目标生理部位的信号。如此,识别器可以是当与一批单位剂量(例如一批片剂)一起使用时发射不能够与由该批中任何其他单位剂量成员的识别器发射的信号区别开的信号的识别器。在其他实施例中,识别器发射唯一地识别那个特定识别器的信号。因此,在某些实施例中识别器发射唯一的信号,其将一类识别器与其他类型的识别器区别开。在某些实施例中,识别器发射唯一的信号,其将那个识别器与其他识别器区别开。在某些实施例中,识别器发射信号,其是唯一的,即与由曾经产生的任何其他的识别器发射的信号可区别,其中这样的信号可视为一般唯一的信号(例如,类似于人类指纹,其与任何其他个人的任何其他指纹不同,并且因此基于一般水平唯一地识别个人)。在一个实施例中,信号可直接传送关于给定事件的信息,或提供标示码,其可用于从数据库(即链接标示码与组成的数据库)检索关于该事件的信息。 
识别器可产生多种不同类型的信号,包括但不限于:RF信号、磁 信号、传导(近场)信号、声音信号等等。在某些实施例中所关注的是在2006年4月28日提交的在审批中的PCT申请序列号PCT/US2006/16370中说明的具体信号;在这个申请中各种不同类型的信号的公开通过引用具体地包含于此。识别器的传送时间可变化,其中在某些实施例中该传送时间可以范围在从大约0.1μ秒至大约48小时或更长,例如,从大约0.1μ秒至大约24小时或更长,例如从大约0.1μ秒至大约4小时或更长,例如从大约1秒至大约4小时,包括大约1分钟至大约10分钟。取决于给定的实施例,识别器可发送信号一次或发送信号两次或两次以上,使得信号可被视为冗余信号。 
本组成物的识别器可随特定的实施例和该组成物的计划应用而变化,只要它们当与目标生理位置(例如胃)接触时被激活(即,开启)。如此,识别器可以是当它接触目标体(即,生理)部位时发射信号的识别器。另外或备选地,识别器可以是在它已经被激活后当被询问时发射信号的识别器。本发明的实施例的识别器元件具有:(a)激活元件;以及(b)信号发生元件,其中信号发生元件由激活元件激活以产生识别信号(例如,如上文说明的)。 
激活元件是在该组成物与所关注的目标生理部位例如胃等接触后激活识别器的信号发生元件以提供信号(例如通过发射或当询问时)的元件。如同在审批中的PCT申请序列号PCT/US2006/016370中回顾的,识别器的激活可以许多不同的方式实现,其中这样的方式包括,但不限于:电池完成、电池连接等等。在这个共审批申请中公开的这些不同的激活方式可容易地适用于提供激活,如于此说明的,并且如此它们的全文通过引用包含于此。 
基于电池完成形式的激活元件的实施例使用本发明的体内电池源,其中当被激活时,体内电池电源包括阴极、阳极和电解液。在这样的实施例中,当阴极和阳极接触到胃液时,胃液充当电池的电解液部分,从而使得增添的胃液部分完成电池。 
在某些实施例中,使用的电池是包括两种不同的电化学材料(其 构成电池的两个电极,例如阳极和阴极)的那个。当电极材料接触到体液例如胃酸或其他类型的流体(或单独的或与干燥的导电介质前体结合)时,由于在两个电极处发生的各自的氧化和还原反应的结果,电势差,即电压在电极之间产生(使得产生伏打电池或电池)。因此,在本发明的实施例中,体内电源被配置使得当两种不同的材料暴露于目标部位(例如胃,消化道等等)时产生电压。在电解液中的两种不同的材料处于不同的电势。在这些实施例的某些中,体内电池电源可视为利用在例如胃液、血液或其他体液等的离子溶液和某些组织中的电化学反应的电源。 
构成电极的不同的材料可以用任何两种合乎识别器将在其中运行的环境的材料制成。该活性材料是任一对具有不同电化学势的材料。例如,在某些其中离子溶液包括胃酸的实施例中,电极可用贵金属(例如,金、银、铂、钯或其类似物)制成使得它们不会过早地腐蚀。备选地,电极可以用铝或任何其他的导电材料制成,该导电材料在可应用的离子溶液中的生存时间是足够长的以使得识别器能够执行它的计划功能。适合的材料不限于金属,并且在某些实施例中从金属和非金属选择该对材料,例如由金属(例如Mg)和盐(例如CuI)构成的一对。关于活性电极材料,具有适当地不同的电化学势(电压)和低界面阻力的物质(金属、盐或添加型化合物)的任何配对是适合的。 
多种不同的材料可用作电池电极。在某些实施例中,选择电极材料以当与目标生理部位(例如胃)接触时提供足够驱动识别器的信号发生元件的电压。在某些实施例中,当电源的金属与目标生理部位接触时由电极材料提供的电压是0.001V或更高,包括0.01V或更高,例如0.1V或更高,例如,0.3V或更高,包括0.5伏特或更高,并且包括1.0伏特或更高,其中在某些实施例中,电压范围在从大约0.001至大约10伏特,例如从大约0.01至大约10V。 
所关注的材料和配对包括,但不限于那些在下文的表1中公布的。 
Figure G2008800049190D00071
Figure G2008800049190D00072
保护阳极:某些例如Li、Na和其他碱金属等的高能量阳极材料在水或氧存在中以它们的纯态形式是不稳定的。然而如果被稳定化这些可用在水环境中。这个稳定化的一个例子是由Polyplus公司(伯克利,CA)开发的称为“保护的锂阳极”,其中聚合物膜沉积到锂金属的表面以保护它免于快速氧化和允许它在水环境或空气环境中的使用。(Polyplus具有关于这个的审核中的IP)。 
溶解氧也可以充当阴极。在这个情况下,在体液中的溶解的氧在例如Pt或金的适合的催化表面将还原为OH-。同样关注的有对在氢还原反应中溶解的氢。 
在某些实施例中,金属中之一或两者都可用非金属掺杂,例如,以提高电池的电压输出。在某些实施例中可被用作掺杂剂的非金属包括,但不限于:硫、碘及其类似物。 
在某些实施例中,电极材料是作为阴极的碘化亚铜(CuI)或氯化亚铜(CuCl)和作为阳极的镁(Mg)金属或镁合金。本发明的实 施例使用对人体无害的电极材料。 
如上文概述的,本发明的体内电源,例如包括两种不同材料(如就近上文回顾的)的电极的电池包括至少一个高表面积电极,例如,高表面积阴极和/或高表面积阳极。通过高表面积电极意指具有是由在电源(例如,电池)中的电极覆盖的固体载体的表面积的大约2倍或以上,例如大约10倍或以上的表面积的电极。在某些实施例中,电极的表面积范围在从大约0.01mm2至大约100mm2,例如从大约0.1mm2至大约50mm2并且包括从大约1mm2至大约10mm2。在某些实施例中,高表面积电极通过具有用多孔底层上存在的活性电极材料(例如,其中说明性的活性阴极和阳极在上文中提供)构成的电极而获得。在某些实施例中,所有电极是高表面积电极,然而在其他实施例中仅电极中的一些(例如,电极中之一)是高表面积电极。 
根据特定的实施例,阴极和阳极可在相同的载体或不同的载体上存在,例如,其中两个或多个不同的载体接合在一起以产生电池结构,例如,如在“倒装芯片”实施例中存在的。类似地,在给定电池中的阴极和阳极的数量可随实施例大大地变化,例如,该实施例中给定的实施例可包括具有一个阳极和阴极的单个电池,具有多个阳极和/或阴极的单个电池,或两个或多个分开的各由一个或多个阴极和/或阳极构成的电池。所关注的电池配置包括,但不限于:在2006年4月28日提交并且名为“药物信息学系统”的PCT申请序列号PCT/US2006/16370、在2007年10月17日提交并且名为“用于医疗器件的生命体内低压振荡器”的PCT申请序列号PCT/US2007/022257、在2007年10月25日提交并且名为“可控激活可食入的识别器”的PCT申请序列号PCT/US2007/82563、在2007年7月11日提交并且名为“声学药物信息学系统”的美国专利申请序列号11/776,480、以及在2008年2月1日提交并且名为“可食入的事件标示器系统”的PCT/US2008/52845中公开的那些;这些申请的公开(以及特别地本文公开的电池配置)通过引用包含于此。 
图1提供根据本发明的实施例的电池电源的示意图,其包括高表面积电极,并且具体地高表面积阴极。在图1中示出的电池100包括具有上表面140的固体载体120。在上表面140上存在的是阴极160和阳极180。阴极160包括多孔底层150和活性阴极材料170。现在这些元件中的每个在下文中更加详细地说明。尽管描述的实施例是其中阴极包括多孔底层,在某些实施例中是阳极包括多孔底层,而在另外其他实施例中阴极和阳极二者都具有多孔底层。阴极和阳极两者都在固体载体的表面上存在。在某些例如在图1中示出的实施例中,两个电极在固体载体的相同表面上存在。在其他实施例中,两个电极可在载体的不同表面上存在,例如,载体的相对的表面。 
多孔底层150是机械地支撑活性电极(例如,阴极)材料170、提高粘附力和/或增加电极的表面积,并且提供阴极材料和在固体载体120上存在的元件(例如,电路)(在下文中更加详细地说明)之间的电流通道的层。多孔底层可用多种不同的材料制成,例如导电材料,例如铜、钛、铝、石墨、金、铂、铱等,其中该材料可以是纯的材料或由两种或多种元素构成的材料,例如在合金等中发现的。关于阴极,用于阴极多孔底层的所关注的材料包括,但不限于:Au、Cu、Pt、Ir、Pd、Rh、Ru,以及其的二元和三元合金。关于该阳极,用于阳极多孔底层的所关注的材料包括,但不限于:Ti和其的合金(例如,Ti-W、Ti-Cr、TiN)、W、W-C等。底层的厚度可变化,其中在某些实施例中厚度范围在从大约0.01至大约100μm,例如从大约0.05至大约50μm并且包括从大约0.01至大约10μm。根据所期望的,多孔底层关于在固体载体的表面上的长度和宽度的尺寸可以或可以不与活性阴极材料的相同尺寸同延伸(co-extensive)。 
如上文概述的,底层可是粗糙的或多孔的。底层的孔隙度或粗糙度可变化,只要它给予电极(例如,阴极)期望的表面积。在某些实施例中,选择底层的孔隙度或粗糙度以提供有效的表面积提升,其为由没有多孔底层的可比电极获得的表面积的大约1.5倍或更多至大约 1000倍或更多,例如,从大约2至大约100倍或更多,例如从大约2至大约10倍或更多。表面积提升可以通过比较粗糙或多孔电极的电化学电容或循环伏安图与相同材料的光滑电极的电化学电容或循环伏安图而确定。粗糙度还可通过其他的技术,例如原子力显微镜(AFM)、电子显微镜、电化学阻抗光谱或Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET)分析而确定。 
多孔阴极底层可使用任何方便的规程制造。在某些实施例中,使用平面加工规程。可使用例如微机电系统(MEMS)制造技术,包括表面微加工和块体微加工技术的平面加工技术。可在制造该结构的某些实施例中使用的沉积技术包括,但不限于:电沉积(例如,电镀)、阴极电弧沉积、等离子喷涂、溅射、电子束蒸发、物理气相沉积、化学气相沉积、等离子体增强化学气相沉积等等。材料移除技术包括,但不限于:反应离子刻蚀、各向异性化学刻蚀、各向同性化学刻蚀、例如,通过化学机械抛光、激光消融、电火花加工(EDM)、电解溶解/电解抛光的平坦化(沉积金属,然后溶解选择的区域以使它粗糙并且多孔),等等。所关注的另一个规程是作为沉积方法的无电镀法。在这些沉积规程中,金属通过还原剂从溶液中沉积出。沉积的金属层可以用于涂覆已经存在的粗糙不导电/弱导电的表面层或微粒(例如碳、氧化铝、聚合物、沸石、氧化硅、无定形碳和纳米管等)。不导电层可以通过任何适合的平面加工方法沉积,例如阴极电弧、电泳沉积、或包含微粒的膏/胶水等。同样所关注的是光刻规程。在某些实施例中所关注的是平面加工规程的使用,其中使用按照顺序方式应用到衬底的多种不同的材料移除和沉积规程,构建结构或从最初平面衬底的表面或多个表面移除结构。所关注的说明性的制造方法在同在审批中的PCT申请序列号PCT/US2006/016370中更加详细地说明;其的公开通过引用结合于此。 
对于多孔底层,在某些实施例中使用电沉积规程。在多孔阴极底层包括金属的情况下,可使用电镀(金属的电沉积)。在某些实施例 中,使用的电镀规程是其中电流密度和/或溶液的搅拌被选择以便给予沉积的多孔阴极底层期望的粗糙度或孔隙度的规程。在某些实施例中,金属(例如,铜)薄膜在电镀浴液中以传质极限沉积。短语“传质极限”意思是电流密度根据浴液中的金属离子浓度和浴液的流速进行优化,使得沉积以金属离子可以到达表面的大致上最大的极限而发生。以传质极限的沉积在某些实施例中产生沉积材料的树枝状的形状。取决于特定的金属和其的离子浓度,电流密度可变化。在某些实施例中,选择的电流密度范围在从大约5至大约2000毫安/cm2(mAmps/cm2),例如从大约50至大约400mAmps/cm2,例如,大约200mAmps/cm2。起镀(Plate up)可在适合的电镀池中实施,例如带搅拌的电镀槽、搅拌桨池或喷泉池。流体流速(fluid flow)可选择成与施加的电流密度结合以获得期望的孔隙度或粗糙度。在具有回转式搅拌机的电镀槽中,搅拌速率可在大约0和大约200rpm之间,例如大约50至大约500rpm之间。关于金属离子浓度,可使用相对较低的金属离子浓度以在较低电流密度下获得粗糙的沉积而可使用相对较高的离子浓度以在较高电流密度下获得粗糙的沉积。在某些实施例中,金属离子浓度范围在从0.001mol/L至4mol/L,例如从0.05mol/L至1mol/L。在沉积期间使用的流动速率也影响沉积的薄膜的性质。较低电流密度可以使用较低流动速率。 
在期望的情况下,各种不同的添加剂可包括在电镀液中以提高期望的孔隙度。可在溶液中包括的添加剂包括,但不限于:有机酸,例如,乙酸、柠檬酸,例如,聚合物,例如,PEG,等等。电镀溶液也可包括醇类(例如,乙醇)、胺和硫醇(例如,硫脲)。也可使用典型的镀铜浴液组成(例如酸性的,例如,硫酸/硫酸铜,和碱性的,例如,焦磷酸盐或铬酸盐溶液)。在添加聚合物的情况下,聚合物可是线型或分支型的水溶性聚合物,例如聚(烷撑二醇),例如聚(乙二醇)(PEG)。其他相关的聚合物也适合用于本发明的实践中并且术语PEG或聚(乙二醇)的使用在这个方面意思是包括的并且不是排他 性的。在某些实施例中,聚合物具有从2至大约300个末端。在某些实施例中,聚合物是透明的、无色的、无味的、可溶于水的、对热稳定的、对许多化学试剂是惰性的,不会水解或变质,并且是无毒的。在某些实施例中,聚合物是生物相容的,其是说聚合物能够与生命组织或器官共存而不会造成伤害。在某些实施例中,聚合物是非免疫的,其是说聚合物在体内不会产生免疫反应。在某些实施例中,聚合物是包括化学式Ra-(CH2CH2O)m-CH2CH2-的PEG,其中m是从大约3至大约4000,或从大约3至大约2000,并且Ra是氢、-OH、CH3-O-、CH2CH2-O-或CH3CH2CH2-O-。聚合物可以是线型的或分支型的。在某些实施例中,分支型的聚合物具有中心分枝核心部分和多个键合到中心分枝核心的线型聚合物链。PEG包括分支型形状,其可以通过向各种不同的例如甘油、季戊四醇和山梨糖醇等多羟基化合物添加环氧乙烷而制备。分支型PEG可以表示成如Rb(-PEG-OH)n的一般形式,其中Rb代表核心部分,例如甘油或季戊四醇等,并且n代表臂的数量而且为从2至300。在某些实施例中,PM是线型或分支型的PEG。可以使用的适合的聚合物包括,但不限于,聚(烷撑二醇),例如聚(乙二醇)(PEG)和聚(丙二醇)(PPG)、乙二醇和丙二醇的共聚物及类似物,聚(乙氧基多元醇)、聚(烯醇)、聚(乙烯吡咯烷酮)、聚(羟丙基甲基丙烯酰胺)、聚(α-羟酸)、聚(乙烯醇)、聚膦腈、聚恶唑啉,以及它们的共聚物、三元共聚物、衍生物和混合物。聚合物的每个链的分子量可以范围在从大约100Da至大约100,000Da,或从大约6,000Da至大约80,000Da。适合的PEG包括,但不限于:PEG(100)、PEG(200)、PEG(300)、PEG(400)、PEG(600)、PEG(1000)、PEG(1500)、PEG(2000)、PEG(3000)、PEG(3350)、PEG(4000)、PEG(5000)、PEG(6000)、PEG(8000)和PEG(10000),和其的含甲氧基的和含乙氧基的衍生物,和任何具有在上文指出的任意分子量以内和包括上文指出的任意分子量在内的分子大小的PEG。聚合物组成物可使用任何方便的规程合 成或从商业来源购买(如期望的)。适合的PEG是可从许多来源商业获取的,例如Sigma-Aldrich Corp.(St.Louis,MO)。 
所关注的添加剂包括,但不限于:促进剂、抑制剂、湿润剂、平整剂和浴液稳定剂。所关注的促进剂包括,但不限于:硫醇,例如硫脲和3-磺基丙基二硫醚,其中所关注的促进剂通过自身或与其他添加剂结合加速金属(例如,铜)沉积速率。在某些实施例中,促进剂添加剂以范围在从1ppB至1000ppm的浓度存在,例如10ppb至500ppm。在某些实施例中,添加剂的浓度与提供树枝状节结的流动速率结合使用,该树枝状节结以大致上指数型速率生长,例如,其中树枝的末端在相对富促进剂的环境中存在而相对的树枝接近表面的末端在相对贫促进剂的环境中存在。在这些实施例中的某些中,设置流动速率以具有一定的扩散层厚度,其提供其中扩散层厚度可以范围在从0.01至500μm,例如1至100μm的这种类型的生长。 
在某些实施例中,加速添加剂与抑制添加剂结合使用。所关注的抑制添加剂是物理地阻塞金属的表面的化合物,其中这样的添加剂包括,但不限于:聚乙二醇、氨基化合物和有机化合物。通过物理地阻塞固体载体的表面,在沉积的结构的表面远端处的生长可相对于在表面近端处的生长增强。 
在这些实施例中,可使用消除抑制添加剂的影响的一些浓度和类型的加速添加剂,其中促进剂逐出抑制剂。在这些实施例中的某些中,使用具有抑制添加剂和加速添加剂的溶液,其中抑制添加剂的浓度是传质限制型的。溶液中获得一点点移动的节结的任何部分将进入促进剂的更高浓度区域然后将进行指数型生长以提供期望量的粗糙度。在这些实施例中,靠近表面的区域被抑制剂重重地抑制。竖起进入溶液中的生长中的节结的部分接触到促进剂,该促进剂可以进来而将抑制剂逐出,并且提供期望的树枝状样式或节结。 
使用抑制剂(例如,如上文说明的)的备选方案是使用包括气体的共演变的规程,其中阻塞气泡在沉积期间在固体载体的表面处产 生。在这些实施例中,选择沉积条件,其在固体载体的表面(金属沉积在其上)处生成气体(例如,氢气)。在期望的情况下,在这些规程中产生的气泡的大小可通过以提供期望尺寸的气泡的方式使用表面张力剂进行调节,表面张力剂例如,乙酸、聚乙二醇、或其他控制润湿性质的试剂。可以使用相对较少的润湿剂以提供较大的,例如,微米大小的孔,而相对较多的润湿剂可以用于较小大小的孔。 
气体共演变规程可与适合的促进剂一起以类似于上文说明的关于抑制剂的方式使用,因为两个方法都物理地阻塞固体载体的表面和并且促进剂的存在可使用以增强在沉积的结构的表面远端处的生长。因此,当电流通向固体载体的整个表面时,金属(例如,铜)将优先电镀有加速物质种类的地方,如与一些区域相反,例如其中没有加速物质种类的沉积结构之间的谷,例如这由于例如气泡或抑制物质种类等的物理阻塞剂的存在,。 
在另一个实施例中,可使用自组装单层或电移植层,其是有机的、含重氮基的、可以实际上以共价键结合于固体载体的表面的物质种类。以与上文说明的气泡和抑制剂类似的方式,这样的沉积物质种类也可以物理地阻塞表面以调节电镀的结构的形状并且提供期望的多孔结构。通过控制电移植层的核(nuclei)的浓度或自组装单层的密度,人们可以调节沉积的金属结构的性质。在某些实施例中,这些规程使用在其中与固体载体的不同的金属正沉积在固体载体上的情况下。在某些实施例中,使用掩模方法以进一步调节在固体载体的表面上的沉积结构的性质。 
在其他实施例中,使用阴极电弧沉积规程以产生期望的多孔阴极底层。在这样的规程中,阴极电弧产生的金属离子等离子体在足够产生多孔阴极底层的期望结构的条件下与衬底的表面接触,例如,如上文说明的。阴极电弧产生的金属离子的离子等离子体束可使用任何方便的规程产生。在用阴极电弧规程产生离子束中,在阴极和一个或多个阳极之间产生足够功率的电弧以致产生阴极材料离子的离子束。在 阴极电弧金属的沉积之前,籽金属层从至少一个、但通常两个或更多共形金属底层产生。这些底层以薄粘附层开始,该粘附层包含包括但不限于TiN、Ti、W、Cr的金属或这些金属的合金。这个第一金属层提高较厚阴极电弧金属的粘附力并且可用贵金属密封,该贵金属包括,但不限于Au、Pt、Ag、Cu、Pt、Ir、Pd、Rh或Ru或这些金属的合金。保护金属(cap metal)化学地密封粘附金属并且被选择以也很好地粘附到用阴极电弧工艺沉积的较厚金属。阴极电弧可以在多种条件下进行,包括但不限于较高压的惰性气体(气体可以是Ar、Ne、He、Xe或这些的简单混合物;压力可以范围在超过50mT到高达1000mT)和中性(未偏压)目标。在较高压强和中性目标的情况下,这在薄膜生长期间在目标表面处抑制小的离子化的金属微粒而有利于较大的宏观微粒,产生了可具有范围在从0.2至10倍于平均沉积薄膜厚度的峰到峰粗糙度值的薄膜。生长的薄膜在它们达到对于底层电极结构期望的粗糙度之前可以如0.25μm一样薄并且高达25μm,并且在某些实施例中在3至10μm厚的范围内。可使用通过阴极电弧沉积用于产生结构的其他方便的规程,其中本领域内已知的可适用于本发明的规程包括,但不限于:在美国专利号6,929,727;6,821,399;6,770,178;6,702,931;6,663,755;6,645,354;6,608,432;6,602,390;6,548,817;6,465,793;6,465,780;6,436,254;6,409,898;6,331,332;6,319,369;6,261,421;6,224,726;6,036,828;6,031,239;6,027,619;6,026,763;6,009,829;5,972,185;5,932,078;5,902,462;5,895,559;5,518,597;5,468,363;5,401,543;5,317,235;5,282,944;5,279,723;5,269,896;5,126,030;4,936,960;和公布的美国申请号:20050249983;20050189218;20050181238;20040168637;20040103845;20040055538;20040026242;20030209424;20020144893;20020140334和20020139662中说明的那些;它们的公开通过引用结合于此。这些规程在多种不同的材料(例如,铜、钛、铝,等等)的沉积中是所关注的。另外的阴极电弧规程和由此产生的结构包括,但不限于:在公 布的名为“包括阴极电弧制造的结构的可植入的治疗器件”的PCT申请号WO2007/149546中说明的那些,其的公开通过引用结合于此。 
在其他实施例中可使用电泳沉积规程。电泳沉积(EPD)是用于大范围的工业生产方法的术语,其包括电涂、电泳涂或电泳涂装。在EPD中,在液体介质中悬浮的胶粒在电场的影响下迁移(电泳)并且沉积在导电表面上。所有可以用于形成稳定的悬浮液并且可以运送电荷的胶粒可以用于电泳沉积。这包括例如聚合物、色素、染料、陶瓷和金属的材料种类。例如,在沉积的材料是石墨的情况下,可制造石墨微粒的悬浮液,其中表面活性剂可包括在悬浮液中以给予石墨微粒期望的电荷。对于石墨微粒的大小可变化,并且在某些实施例中可以范围在从大约0.1至大约100μm,例如从大约0.1至大约2μm。可包括任何方便的表面活性剂,其能够给予在悬浮液中的石墨微粒期望的电荷,其包括离子型和非离子型表面活性剂。然后可向悬浮液施加电场,其中施加的电场足够引起石墨微粒迁移到载体的表面并且沉积成期望的多孔底层的形式。 
在其他的实施例中,固体载体表面被电化学改性,例如,通过电化学溶解,其中部分表面被选择性地去除以提供期望的多孔结构。例如,可向金属表面施加阳极电势以溶解金属表面。这样的方法可与图案化光阻剂层和/或与添加剂结合使用以在表面上产生期望的粗糙度或节结的图案。在这些实施例中的某些中,金属层是首先沉积的,例如通过任何方便的沉积规程。接着,使用添加剂和/或掩模(例如,光阻剂)以选择性地溶解表面的某些区域并且使表面粗糙。 
在某些实施例中,使用金属共沉积和溶解方法。在这些实施例中,两种金属同时沉积,例如,通过阴极电弧、蒸发、溅射等等,以制造复合层,其中金属是(1)惰性电极金属,例如Pt、PtIr、Ir、Au或Cu等和(2)高度可氧化并且可溶解的金属,例如Mg、Zn、Li。最终沉积的层是复合的,组成为大部分为金属1但是具有金属2的隔离畴(domain)。然后该层被浸入电解溶液,例如,例如水或有机酸(例 如硫酸、硝酸或盐酸等)等的溶剂、基本成分(例如NaOH、铝蚀刻剂等)、中性盐(例如NaCl、KCl、CuSO4、镁、锂、锌盐),或有机添加剂和表面活性剂(例如聚乙二醇等)。当浸入时,金属2溶解掉,留下包括孔的金属1的薄膜。孔的大小将是金属2的微粒的大小。在某些实施例中,例如在不希望在薄膜内留下任何金属2的情况下,设置第二金属的沉积条件(沉积电流、过滤、阴极温度等等)以产生与总期望的薄膜厚度相似的微粒。第一金属微粒可选择为比第二金属的那些更小并且更加致密。阴极电弧特别适用于复合薄膜沉积,因为它允许具有可控的微粒大小的微粒的沉积。溶解步骤可用施加的电流(阳极溶解)执行,或它可以完成而无需施加的电流,在这个情况中它是金属2和溶液成分之间的化学反应和/或金属1和金属2之间迫使金属2腐蚀的电流式耦合的结果。上文的方法也可以应用于非金属粗糙薄膜,例如,通过阴极电弧沉积的任一对材料,其中它们中之一可以选择性的溶解或蚀刻掉而留下多孔层。同样,上文的方法不限于两种金属,即2种或多种金属(或合金)可以包括在复合薄膜中。 
在多孔底层的顶部上存在的是活性电极(例如,阴极)材料。如上文回顾的,活性电极材料可包括多种不同的材料。在该电极是阴极的情况下,在某些实施例中,阴极材料包括铜,在某些实施例中特别所关注的情况是碘化亚铜(CuI)或氯化亚铜(CuCl)作为阴极材料。在期望的情况下,例如,用于提高电池的电压,活性材料可掺杂有添加元素,例如,硫,等等。 
活性阴极材料可使用任何方便的规程提供到多孔底层上。在某些实施例中,使用沉积规程,例如电沉积等,例如电镀,或蒸发,例如化学气相沉积。 
同样在电池中存在的是至少一个阳极。如上文回顾的,阳极材料可包括多种不同的材料。在某些实施例中,阳极材料包括镁(Mg)金属或镁合金。活性阳极材料可使用任何方便的规程提供到多孔底层上。在某些实施例中,使用沉积规程,例如电沉积等,如电镀,或蒸 发,如化学气相沉积。 
如上文回顾的,在某些实施例中,固体载体120是电路支撑元件。电路支撑元件可采用任何方便的配置,并且在某些实施例中是集成电路(IC)芯片。电极元件置于其上的表面可是顶面、底面或一些其他的表面,例如侧面(如期望的),其中在某些实施例中电极元件至少部分地在其上存在的表面是IC芯片的顶面。 
除上文说明的识别器的电池元件之外,本发明的识别器还包括信号发生元件。识别器元件的信号发生元件是当用激活元件激活时其发射可探测的信号的结构,该信号例如可以被接收器接收的信号,例如,如在下文中更加详细地说明的。某些实施例的信号发生元件可以是当用激活元件激活时能够产生可探测的信号和/或调节转换的广播功率的任何方便的器件。所关注的可探测的信号包括,但不限于:导电信号、声音信号等等。如上文回顾的,由信号发生器发射的信号可是通用或唯一的信号,其中所关注的信号的代表类型包括,但不限于:频移编码信号;调幅信号;调频信号;等等。 
在某些实施例中,信号发生元件包括电路,如在下文中更加详细地说明的,其产生或发生信号。选择的电路的类型可至少部分地取决于由识别器的电源供应的驱动功率。例如,在驱动功率是1.2伏特或以上的情况下,可使用标准的CMOS电路。在其他实施例中其中驱动功率范围在从大约0.7至大约1.2V,可使用亚阈值电路设计。对于大约0.7V或以下的驱动功率,可使用零阈值晶体管设计。 
在某些实施例中,信号发生元件包括电压可控振荡器(VCO),其响应于由激活元件的激活可产生数字时钟信号。VCO可以用数字电路控制,其被分配地址并且其可以用控制电压控制VCO。这个数字控制电路可以嵌入到包括激活元件和振荡器的芯片上。使用调幅或相移键控以编码地址,识别信号被发送。 
信号发生元件可包括不同的发送器元件,其服务以发送产生的信号到远距离接收器,其对于患者可以是体内的或体外的,如在下文中 更加详细地回顾的。发送器元件当存在时可采用许多不同的配置,例如取决于产生的和将要被发射的信号的类型。在某些实施例中,发送器元件由一个或多个电极构成。在某些实施例中,发送器元件由一条或多条例如以天线的形式的导线(wire)构成。在某些实施例中,发送器元件由一个或多个线圈构成。如此,信号发送器可包括多种不同的发送器,例如,电极、天线(例如,以导线的形式)线圈,等等。在某些实施例中,信号通过一个或两个电极或通过一条或两条导线发送。双电极发送器是偶极天线(dipole);一个电极的发送器形成单极天线。在某些实施例中,发送器仅要求一个二极管功率降。在某些实施例中,发送器单元使用电偶极天线或电单极天线以发送信号。 
图2示出根据本发明可以用于识别器的电子电路的一个实现的细节。在左侧的是两个电池电极,金属1和金属2(32和33)。这些金属当与电解液接触时(当与其或者是单独的或者是与干燥的导电介质前体结合的目标部位流体接触时产生的,如上文回顾的),形成向振荡器61提供电力的电池,在这个情况下如示意图所示。金属1 32向振荡器61提供低电压(接地)。金属2 33向振荡器61提供高电压(Vhigh)。当振荡器61开始运行,它产生时钟信号62和反相的(inverted)时钟信号63,其是彼此相反的。这两个时钟信号进入计数器64,其简单地计算时钟周期的数目并且将该计数存储在许多寄存器中。在这里示出的例子中,使用8比特计数器。从而,计数器64的输出以“00000000”的值开始,在第一时钟周期处变为“00000001”,并且继续直到“11111111”。计数器64的8比特输出端耦合到地址多路复用器(mux)65的输入端。在一个实施例中,多路复用器65包含地址解释器,其可以在电路中硬件导线连接,并且产生控制电压以控制振荡器61。多路复用器65使用计数器64的输出而以串行位流复制地址,其进一步提供给信号传输驱动电路。多路复用器65还可以用于控制信号传输的占空比。在一个实施例中,多路复用器65使用由计数器64产生的时钟计数开启信号传输仅十六分之一的时间。 这样的低占空比节约电力并且也允许其他器件发送而不干扰它们的信号。给定芯片的地址可以是8比特、16比特或32比特。在期望的情况下,在产品中可使用超过8比特,例如,在识别器用于不同类型的药物制剂并且各药剂期望具有它自己的专用地址的情况中。 
根据一个实施例,多路复用器65产生控制电压,其串行式编码地址并且用于改变振荡器61的输出频率。例如,当控制电压低时,即,当串行地址位处于0时,1兆赫兹信号由振荡器产生。当控制电压高时,即,当地址位是1时,2兆赫兹信号由振荡器产生。备选地,这可以是10兆赫兹和20兆赫兹,或其中器件被限于调节相位的相移键控方法。多路复用器65的目的是为了控制振荡器的频率或振荡器的放大信号的AC备选实施例。 
多路复用器65的输出端耦合到电极驱动器66,其可以驱动电极向溶液施加不同的电势,驱动振荡电流通过线圈以产生磁信号,或驱动单个电极以将电荷推向溶液或从溶液拉来电荷。如此,器件广播0的和1的的顺序,其构成存储在多路复用器65中的地址。那个地址将被重复广播,并且将继续广播直到金属1或金属2(32和33)被消耗并且溶解在溶液中,那时电池不再运转。 
用于信号发生元件的其他配置当然是可能的。所关注的其他配置包括,但不限于:在2006年4月28日提交并且名为“药物信息学系统”的PCT申请序列号PCT/US2006/016370;在2007年10月17日提交并且名为“用于医疗器件的生命体内低压振荡器”的PCT申请序列号PCT/US2007/022257;在2007年10月25日提交并且名为“可控激活可食入的识别器”的PCT申请序列号PCT/US2007/82563;在2007年7月11日提交并且名为“声学药物信息学系统”的美国专利申请序列号11/776,480;以及在2008年2月1日提交并且名为“可食入的事件标示器系统”的PCT/US2008/52845中说明的那些;这些申请的公开(并且特别地其的信号发生元件)通过引用包含于此。 
识别器可使用任何方便的加工技术制造。在某些实施例中,使用 平面加工规程以制造具有表面电极的电源,其中表面电极至少包括至少部分在电路支撑元件的相同表面上的阳极和阴极。在某些实施例中,平面加工规程在晶圆接合规程中使用以制造电池源。可使用平面加工技术,例如微机电系统(MEMS)制造技术,包括表面微加工和块体微加工技术的平面加工技术。可在制造该结构的某些实施例中使用的沉积技术包括,但不限于:电沉积(例如,电镀)、阴极电弧沉积、等离子体喷涂、溅射、电子束蒸发、物理气相沉积、化学气相沉积、等离子体增强化学气相沉积等等。材料移除技术包括,但不限于:反应离子刻蚀、各向异性化学刻蚀、各向同性化学刻蚀、平坦化,例如,通过化学机械抛光、激光消融、电火花加工(EDM)等。还关注的是光刻规程。在某些实施例中所关注的是平面加工规程的使用,其中使用按照顺序方式应用到衬底的多种不同的材料移除和沉积规程,结构被构建或从最初平面衬底的表面或多个表面移除结构。所关注的说明性的制造方法在同在审批中的PCT申请序列号PCT/US2006/016370中更加详细地说明,其的公开通过引用结合于此。 
可选的生理可接受的载体元件 
本发明的如上文说明的包括体内电源的识别器可存在于生理可接受的载体元件中(即,与其结合),该载体元件例如是辅助食入识别器和/或保护识别器直到它到达所关注的目标部位的组成物或载体剂(vehicle)。通过“生理可接受的载体元件”意思是可以是固体或流体(例如,液体)的组成物,其是可食入的。 
常见的载体和赋形剂,例如玉米淀粉或明胶、乳糖,葡萄糖,蔗糖,微晶纤维素,高岭土,甘露醇,磷酸二钙,氯化钠,和海藻酸是所关注的。在本发明的配方中常用的崩解剂包括交联羧甲基纤维素,微晶纤维素,玉米淀粉,羟基乙酸淀粉钠和海藻酸。 
液体组成物可包括适合的液体载体中的化合物或药用可接受的盐的悬浮液或溶液,例如乙醇、甘油、山梨醇、例如聚乙二醇等的非 水溶剂、油或水,其中具有悬浮剂,防腐剂,表面活性剂,润湿剂,香料或着色剂。备选地,液体配方可以从可复水的粉末制备。例如,包含活性化合物,悬浮剂,蔗糖和甜味剂的粉末可以用水复原以形成悬浮液;并且糖浆可以从包含活性成分、蔗糖和甜味剂的粉末制备。 
以片剂或药丸的形式的组成物可以使用任何合适的通常用于制备固体组成物的药物载体来制备。这样的载体的例子包括硬脂酸镁、淀粉、乳糖、蔗糖、微晶纤维素和粘合剂,例如,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮。片剂还可以提供有彩色薄膜包衣,或作为载体的一部分包括的颜色。此外,活性化合物可以以控释剂量的形式配置为包括亲水性或疏水性基质的片剂。 
“控释”,“缓释”,以及类似的术语用于指示活性剂给药的模式,其在活性剂在一段时间内以可确定的和可控制的速率从给药载体剂释放时发生,而不是当敷用或注射时立即分散。控释或缓释可延长几个小时,几天或几个月,并且可作为不同的因素的函数而变化。对于本发明的药物组成物,释放的速度将取决于在组成物中选择的赋形剂的类型和赋形剂的浓度。释放速率的另一个决定因素是聚原酸酯的单元之间和之内的键合(linkage)的水解速率。水解的速率进而可由聚原酸酯的组成和在聚原酸酯中的可水解的键的数目控制。确定活性剂从存在的药物组成物中释放的速率的其他因素包括:基质中的活性剂的粒径、介质的酸度(对于基质的内部或外部的)和物理和化学特性。 
以胶囊形式的组成物可以使用常规的包囊程序制备,例如,通过将活性化合物和赋形剂包含到硬的明胶胶囊中。备选地,可以制备活性化合物和高分子量的聚乙二醇的半固体基质并且将其填入硬明胶胶囊;或可以制备活性化合物在聚乙二醇中的溶液或在食用油(例如,液体石蜡或分馏椰子油)中的悬浮液,并且将其填入软明胶胶囊。 
可以包括的片剂粘合剂是阿拉伯胶,甲基纤维素,羧甲基纤维素钠,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(聚烯吡酮),羟丙基甲基纤维素,蔗糖,淀粉 和乙基纤维素。可以使用的润滑剂包括硬脂酸镁或其他金属硬脂酸盐,硬脂酸,硅油,滑石,蜡,油和硅胶。 
也可以使用例如薄荷,冬青油,樱桃调味剂或其类似物等的芳香剂。此外,添加着色剂可是可取的,以使剂型在外观上更具吸引力或帮助识别产品。 
其他适用于本发明的配方的成分可以在Remington′sPharmaceutical Sciences,Mace Publishing Company,Philadelphia,Pa.,17th ed.(1985)中找到。 
可选的活性剂 
在某些实施例中,识别器不与药物活性剂关联。如此,构成可食入的事件标示器的识别器和任何载体或其他成分不包括活性剂。 
而在其他实施例中,识别器与活性剂关联,例如,在活性剂在包括识别器的载体组成物中存在的情况下。通过“活性剂/载体成分”意思是指在药用可接受的载体中存在的组成物,其可以是固体或流体(例如,液体),其具有一定量的活性剂,例如,一定剂量。 
“活性剂”包括任何化合物或化合物的混合物,当与生命有机体(例如,哺乳动物,例如人类等)接触时其产生生理的效果,例如,有益的或有用的效果。活性剂可与例如载体剂、载体、稀释剂、润滑剂、粘合剂或其他配方辅助物等的成分,和包囊或以其他方式保护的成分区别开。活性剂可以是任何分子,以及其粘结部分或粘结片段,其能够调节生命体内的生物过程。在某些实施例中,活性剂可以是在疾病的诊断、治疗或预防中使用的物质或作为药物的成分而使用的物质。在某些实施例中,活性剂可以是化学物质,例如麻醉剂或迷幻剂,其影响中枢神经系统并且引起行为的变化。 
活性剂(即,药物)能够与生命体中的目标相互作用。该目标可以是许多不同类型的自然存在的结构,其中所关注的目标包括细胞内和细胞外目标两种。这样的目标可以是蛋白质、磷脂,核酸及其类似 物,其中蛋白质是特别关注的。所关注的具体的蛋白质目标包括(不限制)酶类(例如激酶、磷酸酶、还原酶、环加氧酶、蛋白酶类及其类似物)、包括在蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用中涉及的域的目标(例如SH2、SH3、PTB和PDZ域)、结构蛋白质(例如,肌动蛋白、微管蛋白等)、膜受体、免疫球蛋白类(例如,IgE)、细胞粘附受体(例如整联蛋白等等)、离子通道、跨膜泵、转录因子、信号蛋白,及其类似物。 
活性剂(即,药物)可包括一个或多个对于与目标的结构相互作用所必需的官能团,例如,对于疏水性、亲水性、静电或甚至共价相互作用所必需的基团,其取决于特定的药物和它的指定目标。在目标是蛋白质的情况下,药物部分可包括对于与蛋白质的结构相互作用必需的官能团,例如氢键合、疏水性-疏水性相互作用,静电相互作用等,并可包括至少胺、酰胺、巯基、羰基、羟基或羧基团,例如这些官能化学基团中的至少两种。 
所关注的药物可包括用一种或多种上述的功能团取代的环碳或杂环结构和/或芳香族或聚芳香族结构。还关注的作为药物部分的是在生物分子中发现的结构,包括肽,糖类,脂肪酸,类固醇,嘌呤,嘧啶,或其的衍生物、结构类似物或组合。这样的化合物可被筛选以识别感兴趣的那些,其中多种不同的筛选规程在本领域内是已知的。 
活性剂可来自自然存在的或合成的化合物,其可从多种来源获得,这些来源包括合成或天然化合物库。例如,许多方式可用于多种有机化合物和生物大分子的随机和定向合成,包括随机寡核苷酸和寡肽的制备。备选地,以细菌,真菌,植物和动物提取物的形式的天然化合物的库是可获得的或容易生成的。此外,天然的或合成产生的库和化合物容易通过常规化学、物理和生物化学方法改性,并且可用于生产组合库。已知的药理剂可受到定向或随机化学改性,例如酰化,烷基化,酯化,酰胺化等以生产结构类似物。 
如此,活性剂可从自然出现的或合成的分子的库中获得,包括通 过组合方法产生的化合物库,即化合物多样性组合库。当从这样的库获得时,使用的药物部分将在对于活性的适当的筛选化验中具有证实的某种可取的活性。组合库,以及产生和筛选这样的库的方法在本领域内是已知的并且说明在:5,741,713;5,734,018;5,731,423;5,721,099;5,708,153;5,698,673;5,688,997;5,688,696;5,684,711;5,641,862;5,639,603;5,593,853;5,574,656;5,571,698;5,565,324;5,549,974;5,545,568;5,541,061;5,525,735;5,463,564;5,440,016;5,438,119;5,223,409中,其的公开通过引用结合于此。 
所关注的活性剂的宽种类包括,但不限于:心血管剂;止痛剂,例如,镇痛剂,麻醉剂,消炎剂,等等;神经作用剂;化学治疗(例如抗肿瘤)剂;等等。 
多种的制造规程可使用以生产如上文说明的组成物,例如,其中识别器在药用可接受的载体或载体剂中存在,其中载体或载体剂还可包括一种或多种活性剂。在制造这样的组成物中,识别器与药剂以某种方式稳定关联。通过稳定关联意思是指识别器和药剂不彼此分开,至少在给需要其的受治疗者服用(例如通过食入)之前。识别器可以许多不同的方式稳定地与组成物的药物载体/活性剂成分稳定地关联。在某些实施例中,在载体/活性剂成分是固体结构(例如,片剂或丸剂)的情况下,将载体/活性剂成分以向识别器提供腔的方式来制造。然后识别器置入腔内并且该腔例如用生物相容的材料密封以生产的最终的组成物。例如,在某些实施例中片剂用包括特征的模子来生产,该特征在最终的压成的片剂中产生腔。识别器置入腔内并且该腔密封以生产最终的片剂。在这个实施例的变化形式中,用可移除的元件来将片剂压成例如杆的形状或其他方便的形状。然后移除可移除的元件以在片剂中产生腔。识别器置入腔内并且该腔密封以生产最终的片剂。在这个实施例的另一个变化形式中,首先生产没有任何腔的片剂然后在片剂中产生腔,例如通过激光打孔。识别器置入腔内并且该腔密封以生产最终的片剂。在其他实施例中,片剂通过结合识别器与片剂的 子体生产,其中子体可是预制子体或按顺序制造的。例如,在某些实施例中通过首先制造片剂下半部分、将信号发生元件置于片剂的下半部分的位置上,然后将片剂的顶部部分置于下半部分和信号发生元件上以生产最终期望的组成物,从而生产片剂。在某些实施例中,片剂在识别器周围生产使得识别器位于生产的片剂之内。例如,识别器(其可以或可以不包囊在生物相容的适应性材料如明胶中以保护信号发生元件)),与载体/活性剂前体(例如,粉末)结合并且以使得识别器位于片剂的内部位置的方式被压成或模塑成片剂。代替模塑成型或压制成型,在某些实施例中,载体/活性剂成分以建立片剂结构的方式喷射到识别器上。在另一个实施例中,活性剂/载体成分前体是液体制剂,其与识别器结合然后固化以生产最终的组成物。在其他实施例中,预制片剂可通过将识别器稳定地附着到片剂上而与识别器进行装配。所关注的是不改变片剂的性质的规程,例如,溶解等。例如,搭扣配合到片剂的一端上并且使识别器与该片剂集成在一起的明胶单元在某些实施例中使用。明胶单元在某些实施例中被上色以容易识别已经装配有信号发生元件的片剂。在该组成物具有活性剂/载体组成物填充的胶囊配置、例如明胶胶囊填充配置的情况下,识别器可与胶囊部件(例如,上胶囊或下胶囊),和填充有活性剂/载体组成物的胶囊集成在一起以生产最终的组成物。上文回顾的制造的方法仅是多种不同的方法的起说明作用的,其中本发明的这些组成物可被制造。 
在某些实施例中,识别器当给受治疗者服用时会被干扰。如此,在某些实施例中,在例如通过食入、注射等输送到身体后,这些组成物被物理地破坏,例如,溶解、退化、腐蚀,等等。这些实施例的这些组成物与器件不同,这些器件配置以被食入并且在运送基本上、如果不是完全地通过胃肠道,仍保持完好无缺。 
系统 
同样提供的是包括本组成物的系统。在某些实施例中,本发明的 系统包括一个或多个包括本发明的体内电源的器件,例如,如上文回顾的识别器,以及信号探测元件,例如,以接收器的形式。信号探测元件可随由该组成物的信号发生元件产生的信号的性质显著变化,例如,如上文回顾的。 
本发明的实施例的系统的信号接收器是配置以从识别器接收信号的那些,例如,用于接收在识别器食入后当识别器与目标生理部位接触时由识别器发射的信号。信号接收器可随由信号发生元件产生的信号的性质显著变化,例如,如下文回顾的。如此,信号接收器可配置以接收多种不同类型的信号,包括但不限于:RF信号、磁信号、传导(近场)信号、声音信号,等等,如上文指出的。在某些实施例中,接收器被配置以从另一个元件例如识别器传导地接收信号,使得两个元件使用患者的身体作为通信介质。如此,在识别器和接收器之间传输的信号经过身体,并且需要身体作为传导介质。识别器发射的信号可以传输通过受治疗者身体的皮肤和其他身体组织并且从受治疗者身体的皮肤和其他身体组织接收,其采用身体组织传导的电交流(a.c.)电压信号的形式。因此,这样的实施例不需要任何另外的电缆或硬线连接,或甚至无线电链路连接用于从自主式传感器单元传输传感器数据到中央发送和接收单元和系统的其他元件,因为传感器数据直接通过受治疗者的皮肤和其他身体组织交换。这个通信协议具有优势,即接收器可适应地设置在受治疗者的身体上的任何期望的位置,凭此接收器自动地连接到用于实现信号传输的需要的电导体,即,信号传输通过由受治疗者的皮肤和其他身体组织提供电导体实现。在某些实施例中,信号探测元件是当探测到从识别器发射的信号时被激活的那个。在某些实施例中,信号接收器能够(即,配置以)同时探测多重不同的信号,例如,2个或更多,5个或更多,10个或更多,等等。 
该信号接收器可包括多种不同类型的信号接收器元件,其中接收器元件的性质必然地随由信号发生元件产生的信号的性质变化。在某 些实施例,信号接收器可包括一个或多个电极(例如,2个或更多电极,3个或更多电极,包括多个,例如,2对或更多、3对或更多、4对或更多对电极,等等)用于探测由信号发生元件发射的信号。在某实施例中,接收器器件将提供有以一定距离(例如,允许电极探测差分电压的距离)分散的两个电极。这个距离可变化,并且在某些实施例中其范围在从大约0.1至大约5cm,例如从大约0.5至大约2.5cm,例如,大约1cm。在备选实施例中,使用利用单个电极的接收器。在某些实施例中,信号探测元件可包括一个或多个线圈,用于探测由信号发生元件发射的信号。在某些实施例中,信号探测元件可包括声音探测元件,用于探测由信号发生元件发射的信号。在某些实施例中,提供多对电极(例如,如上文回顾的),例如用以增加信号的探测机率。 
所关注的信号接收器包括外部的和可植入的信号接收器。在外部的实施例中,信号接收器是体外的,通过其意思是指接收器在使用期间在体外存在。在接收器是被植入的情况下,信号接收器是体内的。信号接收器被配置以例如,或者是在体内或者是在体外、至少在它接收从IEM发射的信号的时间期间与身体稳定地关联。 
所关注的信号接收器包括,但不限于,在2006年4月28日提交并且名为“药物信息学系统”的PCT申请序列号PCT/US2006/016370;以及在2008年2月1日提交并且名为“可食入的事件标示器系统”的PCT/US2008/52845中公开的那些接收器;这些申请的公开(并且特别地其的信号接收元件)通过引用包含于此。 
在某些实施例中,信号接收器配置以向所述受治疗者外部的位置提供接收到的信号的数据。例如,信号接收器可配置以向外部数据接收器提供数据,外部数据接收器例如可以采用监护仪(例如床边监护仪)、计算机(例如,PC或MAC)、个人数字助理(PDA)、电话、智能电话等的形式。在一个实施例中,如果信号接收器未能探测到指示丸剂已经被吞下的信号,信号接收器可以发送提醒服用丸剂的信号 到受治疗者的PDA或智能电话,其然后可以向用户提供提示以服用药物,该提示例如在PDA上的显示或警报,用户通过在智能电话上接收电话呼叫(例如,录音信息)等获得提示。信号接收器可配置以向所述受治疗者外部的位置转发接收到的信号的数据。备选地,信号接收器可配置以被外部询问装置询问以向外部位置提供接收到的信号的数据。 
如此,在某些实施例中系统包括与接收器不同的外部器件(在某些实施例中其可被植入或局部地施用),其中这个外部器件提供许多功能。这样的装置可以包括向患者提供反馈和适当的临床调节的能力。这样的器件可以采用许多形式中的任一个。例如,该器件可以配置以位于床上且紧靠患者,例如,床边监护仪。其他的形式包括,但不限于,PDA、智能电话、家用计算机等。该器件可以从药物食入报告和从生理传感器件读取在受治疗患者应用的其他部分中更加详细地说明的信息,例如由起搏器器件或用于探测丸剂的专用植入物内部产生的信息。外部装置的目的是从患者获取数据并且进入外部器件。外部装置的一个特征是它的提供以可采用通过传输介质(例如,电话线)传输的形式的药理学和生理学信息到例如临床医生或中心监护机构等的远程位置的能力。 
方法 
本发明的方面还包括使用包括本发明的体内电源的体内器件的方法。通常,本发明的方法将包括以某种方式放置体内器件在受治疗者的体内,例如通过植入器件在受治疗者内,通过食入器件,等等。该器件可用于多种受治疗者。通常这样的受治疗者是“哺乳动物”或“哺乳动物”,其中这些术语广泛用于说明哺乳动物纲内的生物,包括食肉动物目(例如,狗和猫),啮齿目(例如,小鼠,豚鼠和大鼠)和灵长目(例如,人类,黑猩猩,猴子)。在某些实施例中,受治疗者将是人。在受治疗者的体内放置器件之后,器件用于多种目的, 例如,传感一个或多个生理参数,进行一个或多个疗法,标示所关注的身体事件,等等。 
在某些实施例中,体内器件是可食入的器件,其中体内电源是该器件的识别器的一部分。在这样的实施例中,识别器被食入并且由识别器发射的信号被探测到,例如,用如上文说明的接收器。这样的方法在2006年4月28日提交并且名为“药物信息系统”的PCT申请序列号PCT/US2006/016370;以及在2008年2月1日提交并且名为“可食入的事件标示器系统”的PCT/US2008/52845中进一步说明;这些申请的公开(并且特别地其的信号接收元件)通过引用包含于此。 
功用 
包括本发明的体内电源的器件可用于多种不同的应用,包括治疗和非治疗应用。所关注的具体的应用包括,但不限于:在2006年4月28日提交并且名为“药物信息系统”的PCT申请序列号PCT/US2006/016370;以及在2008年2月1日提交并且名为“可食入的事件标示器系统”的PCT/US2008/52845中说明的那些应用;这些申请的公开(并且特别地其的信号接收元件)通过引用包含于此。 
在本发明的体内器件中的IEM可用于多种不同的应用,这些应用可在性质上是医疗的和非医疗的。不同的说明性的应用现在在下文中更加详细地回顾。 
某些应用涉及IEM的使用,靠它们自己标示所关注的身体事件,例如,生理参数(例如所关注的症状等)的开始,活动的开始,等等。例如,在某些实施例中,事件标示器用于标示所关注的症状的开始。在这样的情况下,当个人发觉所关注的症状,例如,开始感觉发热、恶心、兴奋等时,个人可食入IEM以标示所关注的症状的出现。例如,患者可能开始感觉不舒服,并且响应于这个不舒服的感觉而食入事件标示器。当食入时,标示器向接收器发送信号,于是其可以记录信号的接收以作进一步用途,例如用于与生理数据结合,等等。在某些实 施例中,接收到的信号用于提供从患者例如通过接收器上的传感器而从可植入的记录器等等所获得的任何生理数据的上下文。 
所关注的另一个症状是疼痛。在这些实施例中,可食入的事件标示器可用作疼痛标示器。例如,对患者监护疼痛情况下,如果患者没有感觉到疼痛,患者可食入第一类型的标示器。如果患者感觉到疼痛,患者可食入第二类型的标示器。不同类型的标示器可以是有区别的,例如在期望的情况下编码的颜色有区别,以协助由患者对它们的识别和适当的使用。例如,当患者不感觉到疼痛时食入的标示器可以是颜色编码为蓝色,而在患者具有疼痛时食入的标示器可是颜色编码为黄色。代替具有不同类型的标示器,可使用规程,其中食入的标示器的量和因此例如从单个标示器或两个或更多标示器获得的信号可用于指示所关注的症状例如疼痛的程度。因此,如果个体具有强烈的疼痛,个体同时服用四个阳性疼痛丸剂,而响应于轻度疼痛可仅服用一个标示器。 
在这样的实施例中,如由事件标示器的食入和由接收器对信号的探测来标示的所关注的症状的开始可用作相关点,在其处例如通过使用可植入的生理检测器开始记录一个或多个所关注的生理参数。在这些情况下,从标示器发射的信号由接收器接收,其然后引起生理参数记录器(例如RevealPlus Insertable Loop Recorder(ILR),MedtronicCorporation)开始记录数据并且保存数据,例如以供以后使用。例如,可植入的生理参数记录器可仅具有有限的可能的时间量用于记录(例如42分钟)。在这样的情况下,数据可自动被盖写,除非为了保护以某种方式标记或标示该数据。在本方法中,当由患者感觉到该症状时IEM可被食入以标记所关注的症状的开始,并且当接收到信号时接收器可以作用于记录器以保护该信号的时间附近(之后,或甚至之前一些时间)获得的数据,使其被保护并且不被盖写。该系统可还配置以不仅响应于时间标示器的食入,还响应于生理感应参数(例如,pH)而工作。如此,该方法找到作为事件记录器的在标示诊断信息流并且 保护它不被盖写方面的用途,因此医生可以在以后的日期查看它。 
在某些实施例中,事件标示器提供用于以后解释给定的生理数据集的上下文。例如,如果一方使用活动传感器而且一方共同服用事件标示器和特定药物,一方可以注意到由那个药物带来的活动的任何变化。如果在人服用事件标示器和药物二者后观察到活动下降,该下降指示该药物可能例如通过使他们感到困倦或实际上使他们睡着使得人降低了他们的活动。这样的数据可用于调整药物的剂量或是用于决定切换到备选药物的基础。 
在某些实施例中,事件标示器用于建立多个事件的数据库。这样的数据库可用于寻找多个标示事件之间的共性。可使用用于寻找多个标示事件间的共性的简单的或复杂的规程。例如,多个事件可被平均。备选地可使用例如脉冲响应理论等的技术,其中这样的技术提供关于什么正是关系特定事件的多个传感器流的集合中的共同特征的信息。 
本发明的IEM系统使一方能够使用主观症状,例如“我觉得稍有不适”等,以向获得的对生理上实际正在发生的事情的客观测量赋予上下文和背景。因此,如果每次有人感到异常,他们服用事件标示器,一方可参考客观传感器数据的数据库,并且在数据库中找到共同的特点。这样的方法可用于发现主观情绪的潜在原因。例如,这样的方法可用于确定每当人感觉稍有不适时他们在他们的血压上具有一些变化,并且主观症状和客观生理数据之间的联系可以在他们的诊断中使用。如此,可归纳的事件标示器将上下文从任何其他来源带至离散数据。如此,口服药物事件标示器的使用为任何其他关联的健康监测信息或健康事件提供上下文。 
在某些实施例中,事件标示器可以是警报标示器,使得标示器的食入引起警报信号以待从患者发送,例如,指示患者需要医疗救助等的警报信号。例如,当患者感觉到所关注的症状(例如胸痛、呼吸急促等)开始时,该患者可食入事件标示器。从事件标示器发射的信号可被接收器接收,其然后可引起警报以发生并且分发给医疗专家。 
在某些实施例中,使用事件标示器以激励或开始治疗作用,例如,激活可植入的脉冲发生器以给予电疗,激活可植入的药物输送器件以用药一定剂量药物,激活生理传感器以开始采集数据等。例如,在患者具有用于治疗偏头痛的神经刺激器的情况下,当感觉病兆开始时,患者可以食入IEM。发射的信号然后将激活神经刺激器进入刺激模式,并且从而使植入物给予治疗。备选地,如果具有植入的药物给送器,例如,给送肿瘤剂的器件,IEM的食入可以引起植入的器件以给送活性剂。 
在某些实施例中,事件标示器用于输送信息到患者体内的植入医疗器件。例如,可食入的事件标示器可发送包括对于植入的医疗器件的更新数据的信号,例如对于可植入的脉冲发生器(例如起搏器)的固件更新数据等。在这样的情况下,信号可包括从IEM传导地传播到医疗器件的更新代码,其中当收到信号和代码时,升级医疗器件的固件。 
其中事件标示器可通过它们自身使用的其他应用是用于标示或记录身体的非医疗事件的开始,例如上下班时间、锻炼养生的开始、睡眠时间、吸烟(例如,因此可以记录一个人抽了多少烟等)等。 
如上文指出的,本发明的实施例特征在于,事件标示器与另一个物质组成物(例如药物组成物、食物等)共同食入,其中事件标示器可以或可以不存在于与共同食入的物质相同的组成物中。例如,事件标示器可用于追踪食入药剂,其中一方共同服用了标示器和所关注的药物。其中所关注的是药物和标示器的共同服用的应用包括,但是不局限于,临床研究、药物(例如降压药物等)滴定。在期望的情况下,当填充物基本上都在于药学方面时可以仅以另一片药片来提供IEM。 
代替共同食入事件标示器和另一组成物(例如,药物、食物等),标示器和该另一组成物可以例如由最终使用者混合在一起。例如,以胶囊形式的IEM可以被最终使用者打开并且用药物组成物填满。产生的混合胶囊和活性剂然后可被最终使用者食入。代替最终使用者,药 剂师或提供健康护理的人可实施该混合步骤。 
在其它实施例中,呈现的标示器已经在其它组成物的制造的源头(例如,药物组成物的制造方或生产方)处与该其它组成物混合。这样的组成物的例子包括在PCT申请序列号PCT/US2006/016370中说明的那些;参照其中的公开通过引用结合于此。 
在某些实施例中,本发明的IEM用于允许一方可以在个人的基础上查看给定的结果是什么,该给定结果是关于个体服用的什么药物与它们对指示器的与期望的效果关联的影响。例如,在给给定的患者开多种药剂的疗法,并且存在根据患者如何对所开出的治疗方案做出反应的指示器而监测的多个不同的生理参数的情况下,如由给定的标示器标示的给定药物可以从它的对一个或多个所关注的生理参数的影响方面来评估。遵照这个评估,可以相应地做出调整。如此,自动操作可用于基于个体反应而调节疗法。例如,在患者正接受肿瘤治疗的情况下,事件标示器可以用于向获得的生理参数数据提供实时上下文。产生的有注解的实时数据可以用于做出关于是否继续疗法,或换成新的疗法的决定。 
在某些实施例中,剂量给药事件(如由IEM标示的)与传感器数据相关联,以给给定的药物如何起作用显示一例如从药物动力学和/或药效学模型方面的曲线图。传感器用于剂量给药事件的IEM标示以获得药物动力学模型。一旦一方具有了药物动力学模型,一方可以使用剂量给药事件以驱动该模型并且预测血清药物浓度和反应。一方可发现,如从各种传感器确定的,这个患者在这个时候感觉不是很好。一方可回顾该药物动力学模型并且声明当该患者被感测到没有感觉良好时这个药物在血液中的水平正在降低。这个数据然后用于做出决定以增加剂量给药频率或增加在给定的剂量给药事件的剂量。事件标示器提供方法以开发模型并且然后应用它。 
在IEM与药剂共同被服用的情况(例如,如上文说明的,作为两种不同的组成物或单一组成物)下,本发明的系统,例如在图12中 示出的系统,启用动态反馈和治疗回路:追踪用药时机和用药水平,测量对治疗的反应,以及基于各个患者的生理和的分子曲线图来推荐改变的剂量给药。例如,心力衰竭症状的患者每天服用多种药物,主要为了减轻心脏的负担和改善患者的生活质量。疗法的主要支持药物包括血管扩张素转换酶(ACE)抑制剂、β阻断剂和利尿剂。为了药物治疗有效,患者遵循他们的治疗方案,在适当的时间服用要求的剂量是至关重要的。在临床文献中的多个研究证明超过50%的II级和III级心力衰竭患者没有接受建议准则的治疗,并且,被适当地滴定的那些中,只有40-60%遵循疗法。借助本系统,可以监控心力衰竭患者的遵循治疗的患者遵循度,并且遵循表现可以与关键的生理测量联系,以便于医生治疗的优化。 
在某些实施例中,本发明的系统可用于获得包括传感器数据和给药数据的信息的集合。例如,一方可以结合心率、呼吸速率、多轴加速数据,关于流体状态的某信息,和关于温度的某信息,并且推得将告知关于受治疗者的总活动的指数,其可以被用于生成生理指数,例如活动指数等。例如,当存在温度的升高时,心率提高一些,并且呼吸加快,其可被用作身体处于有活力的指示。通过校准这个,身体在那时燃烧的卡路里的数量可以被确定。在另一个例子中,特定节奏设定的脉冲或多轴加速数据可以指示人正在爬一组楼梯,一方从那可以推断他们使用了多少能量。在另一个实施例中,体脂测量(例如来自阻抗数据)可与从测得的生物标记的组合产生的活动指数结合以产生对体重减轻或心血管健康计划的管理有用的生理指数。这个信息可以与心脏性能指标结合以得到总体健康的合适的图片,其可以与药物治疗给药数据结合。在另一个实施例中,一方可发现例如特定的药物与体温的少量增加或心电图中的变化相关。一方可以对药物的新陈代谢开发药效模型,并且使用来自接收器的信息以基本上拟合在那个模型中的自由参数以给出在受治疗者血清中实际存在的水平的更加准确的估计。这个信息可以反馈给剂量给药方案。在另一个实施例中,一 方可以结合来自测量宫缩(例如用应变计)和也监测胎心率的传感器的信息,用作高危妊娠监测。 
在某些实施例中,使用本发明的系统采集的受治疗者的具体信息可发送到某一位置,在那里它与来自一个或多个另外的个体的数据结合以提供数据的集合,其是从2个或更多,例如,5个或更多,10个或更多,25个或更多,50个或更多,100个或更多,1000个或更多个体收集的数据的组合。组合数据然后可以被操作,例如,根据不同的标准进行分类,和提供用于一个或多个不同类型的分组,例如,患者分组、健康护理医师分组等,其中数据的操作可以是如用于以限制任何给定分组对该分组可以访问的数据类型的访问。例如,数据可以从100个不同的正遭受相同状况和服用相同药物的个体处采集。数据可以被处理和用于开发易于理解的关于患者与药物剂量方案的顺应性和一般健康状况的显示。分组的患者成员可以访问这个信息和看到他们的顺应性如何与该分组其他的患者成员相配合,和他们是否享受到其他人正经历的益处。在另一个实施例中,医生也可以获准进入该组合数据的操作以看到他们的患者如何与其他医生的患者相配和,并且获得关于真实患者如何对给定的治疗用药方案做出反应的有用信息。附加功能性可以提供给准许访问该组合数据的分组,其中这样的功能性可包括,但不限于:注解数据的能力、聊天功能、安全权限等。 
发明性的药代动力学模型满足了响应于体内变化的血清水平而实时调节药物剂量给药方案。药代动力学模型可以预测或测量给定药物在体内的血清水平。这个数据然后可用于计算什么时候患者应该服用下一个用药剂量。警报可以在那个时间触发以提醒患者服用一次剂量。如果血清水平仍然很高,警报可以触发以提醒患者不要以原先规定的时间间隔服用下一个剂量。药代动力学模型可以与包括IEM(例如上文说明的)药物食入监测系统结合使用。来自这个系统的数据以及人口数据、测量数据和患者输入的数据可以被纳入该模型。利用来自多个来源的数据,可以开发非常强大的和准确的工具。 
在一些实施例中,由接收器采集的数据可以被药代动力学模型直接使用以确定什么时候给药、它是什么药物和以多少量。这个信息可用于计算患者体内药物的血清水平的估计。基于计算的血清水平,药代动力学模型可以向患者发出警报以说明血清水平是太高和接近或超过毒性水平,或血清水平太低并且他们应服用另一剂量。药代动力学模型可以依靠植入的接收器自身或依靠从植入的接收器接收数据的外部系统来运行。 
药代动力学模型的简化形式可以假设每个患者是相同的,并且使用平均人口数据以模拟血清水平。更加复杂和更加准确的模型可以通过输入其他的关于患者的信息获得。这个信息可以由使用者例如医生输入,或由来自关联的传感器的接收器采集。可以用于调整模型的信息除其他的因素之外包括服用的其他药物、患者遭受的疾病、患者的器官功能、酶的水平、新陈代谢、体重,和年龄等。信息也可以由患者自己输入,例如如果他们觉得血糖低,或患有疼痛或头晕。这可以用作另外的证据以验证模型的预测。 
食物应用的例子包括下列。在某些病情下,例如糖尿病,病人吃什么和什么时候吃会是重要的。在这样的情况下,本发明的事件标示器与病人吃的食物类型关联上或相联系。例如,人们可以具有一组针对不同食物项的事件标示器,并且人们可以与食物共同服用它们。从产生的数据中,一方可以完成关于个体的个体代谢曲线图。一方知道病人消耗多少卡路里。通过获得活动和心率和环境温度对体温的数据,一方可以计算一个人消耗多少卡路里。因此,可以向病人提供关于吃什么食物和什么时候吃的指导。非疾病患者也可以这种方式追踪食物食入。例如,遵循严格训练饮食的运动员可使用IEM以更好监控食物食入和食物食入对一个或多个所关注的生理参数的影响。 
如上文的论述中回顾的,本发明的IEM系统发现在治疗和非治疗应用两者中的用途。在治疗应用中,IEM可以或可以不与药用活性剂混合。在那些其中IEM与活性剂混合的实施例中,产生的混合组成物 可被看作药物信息学允许的药物组成物。 
在这样的药物信息学实施例中,包括IEM和活性剂的有效的量的组成物给需要组成物中存在的活性剂的受治疗者用药,其中“有效的量”指足以产生理想结果(例如,病情或与其关联的症状的改善、期望的生理变化的完成等)的剂量。给药的量还可看作治疗上有效的量。“治疗上有效的量”指当给受治疗者用药用于治疗疾病时足以实现治疗该疾病的的量。 
该组成物可使用任何能够产生期望效果的方便的方式给受治疗者服用,其中给药途径至少部分地取决于,该组成物的特定形式,例如,如上文回顾的。如上文回顾的,该组成物可以被设计成多种用于治疗给药的配方,包括但不限于固体、半固体或液体,例如片剂、胶囊、药粉、颗粒、药膏、溶液、栓剂和注射剂。如此,该组成物的用药可以以各种方式完成,包括,但不限于:口服、含服、直肠、胃肠、腹腔内、皮内、透皮、气管内等的服用。在药物剂型中,给定的组成物可单独或与其他的药物活性化合物一起服用,例如,其还可是具有稳定地与其关联的信号生成元件的组成物。 
本方法发现在各种不同状况治疗中的用途,包括病情。通过用本组成物具体的可治疗的病情与可以在本组成物中存在的活性剂的类型一样多变的。因此,病情包括,但不限于:心血管疾病、细胞增殖疾病,例如肿瘤疾病、自身免疫性疾病、内分泌异常疾病、传染性疾病、疼痛治疗,及其类似物。 
通过治疗是指至少与使受治疗者痛苦的病情关联的症状的改善,其中改善在广义上用于指至少在参数(例如与正在治疗的病理状态关联的症状)的大小上的减小。如此,治疗还包括其中病理状态或至少与其关联的症状被完全抑制(例如防止发生、停止,例如终止)的情况,使得受治疗者不再受到病理状态或至少表征病理状态的症状的困扰。因此,疾病的“治疗”或“疗法”包括防止疾病在可易患该疾病但是还没有经受或显出疾病的症状的动物上发生(预防性治疗),抑 制疾病(减慢或阻止它的发展)、提供从症状或疾病的副作用中缓解(其包括姑息疗法)和缓解疾病(其使疾病衰减)。为了本发明的目的,“疾病”包括疼痛。 
在某些实施例中,本方法,如上文说明的,是例如在一段延长的时间里控制病情的方法,例如1周或更长,1个月或更长,6个月或更长,1年或更长,2年或更长,5年或更长等。本方法可与一个或多个附加疾病控制方案一起使用,例如,基于电刺激法的在心血管疾病控制中的方案,例如起搏方案、心脏再同步化方案,等等;日常形式的,例如对于多种不同病情的饮食和/锻炼方案;等等。 
在某些实施例中,该方法包括调制从这些组成物获得的基于治疗方案的数据。例如,可获得包括关于患者与处方的治疗方案的顺应性的信息的数据。这个数据(具有或不具有附加的生理数据),例如使用一个或多个传感器(例如上文说明的传感器器件)获得的数据,可以例如与如期望的适合的决策工具一起使用,以做出是否应继续给定的治疗方案或以某种方式(例如,通过对用药方案和/或植入物活动方案的修改)修改给定的治疗方案的决定。如此,发明的方法包括方法,其中治疗方案基于从那些组成物获得的信号来修改。 
在某些实施例中,还提供的是确定本发明的组成物的历史的方法,其中组成物包括活性剂、标示器元件和药用可接受的载体。在某些实施例中在标示器响应于询问发射信号的情况下,标示器例如通过读入器或其他合适的询问装置询问以获得信号。获得的信号然后用于确定关于组成物(例如,源、保管链等)的历史信息。 
在某些实施例中,使用由多个不同的IEM组成物的系统,例如,2个或更多截然不同的IEM,3个或更多截然不同的IEM,4个或更多截然不同的IEM,等,包括5个或更多,7个或更多,10个或更多截然不同的IEM。截然不同的IEM可配置以提供可区别的信号,例如,其中信号在信号自身的性质、信号发射的时机等方面是可区别的。例如,在这样的组中的每个IEM可发射不同地编码信号。备选地,每个 IEM可配置以在不同的生理目标部位发射信号,例如,其中每个IEM配置以在不同的生理目标部位被激活,例如,其中第一IEM在口中被激活,第二在食道被激活,第三在小肠被激活和第四在大肠被激活。这样的多个不同的可区别的IEM的组发现在多种应用中的用途。例如,在具有上文说明的4IEM组的情况下,可以在诊断应用中使用该组以确定消化系统的功能,例如,通过消化道的运动性、胃排空等。例如,通过注意什么时候各个IEM发射它的相应的信号,可产生信号时间的图表,从其可获得关于消化道的功能的信息。 
本发明在临床医生的治疗设备中提供临床医生重要的新的工具:实际输送进入身体的药剂的自动检测和识别。这个新的信息器件和系统的应用是多面的。应用包括,但不限于:(1)监测患者与处方治疗方案的顺应性;(2)基于患者的顺应性调整治疗方案;(3)监测患者在临床实验中的顺应性;(4)监测可控物质的使用;及其类似物。这些不同的说明性的应用中的每一个在下文同在审批中的PCT申请序列号PCT/US2006/016370中详细回顾;其的公开通过引用包含于此。 
在其中本系统发现用途的附加应用包括那些在美国专利号6,804,558中说明的,其的公开通过引用包含于此。例如,本系统可用在医学信息通信系统中,其允许监测植入患者体内的可植入的医疗器件(IMD)的性能,监测患者的健康,和/或通过IMD远程向患者给予治疗。本发明的信号接收器,例如以例如急救绷带的外部形式或植入的形式,与IMD通信并且能够与置于患者的身体外的通信模块、移动电话和/或个人数字助理(PDA)双向通信。该系统可包括IMD、具有通信模块的信号接收器和/或移动电话和/或PDA、远程计算机系统,和能够双向通信的通信系统,其中通信模块、移动电话和/或PDA能够接收来自IMD的信息或通过信号接收器(其对于患者是内部的或外部的,如上文回顾的)转发到其的信息。 
其中本发明的接收器可发现用途的另外的应用包括,但不限于: 生育监测、体脂肪监测、饱满感监测、饱满感控制、总血容量监测、胆固醇监测、吸烟检测,等等。 
药剂盒(kit) 
还提供的是包括一个或多个本发明的体内器件的药剂盒。药剂盒可包括一个或多个体内器件(例如,如上文说明的)。在那些具有多个体内器件的实施例中,这可包装在单个容器中,例如,单个管、瓶子、小瓶,及其类似物,或一个或多个的剂量可单独地包装使的某些药剂盒可具有超过一个体内器件的容器。在某些实施例中药剂盒还可包括信号接收元件(如上文回顾的)。在某些实施例中,药剂盒还可包括外部监测器件,例如,如上文说明的,其可提供与远程位置(例如,医生的办公室、中央设施等)通信,其获得并且处理获得的关于组成物的使用的数据 
本药剂盒还可包括如何使用药剂盒的部件来实践本方法的说明书。该说明书可记录在适当的记录介质或基底上。例如,说明书可印刷在基底(例如纸或塑料,等)上。如此,说明书可作为包装说明书存在于药剂盒中、在其的药剂盒或部件的容器的标签中(例如,与包装或子包装关联)等。在其他的实施例中,说明书作为在适合的计算机可读存储介质上存在的电子存储数据文件而存在,例如,CD-ROM、软盘等。在其他的实施例中,实际的说明书在药剂盒中不存在,但是提供从远距离源获得说明书的方法,例如,通过互联网。这个实施例的例子是包括网址的药剂盒,在该网址可以看到说明书和/或说明书可以从其下载。如与说明书一起,这个获得说明书的方法记录在适当的基底上。 
本药剂盒的一些或全部部件可包装在适合的包装物中以保持无菌性。在本药剂盒的许多实施例中,药剂盒的部件包装在药剂盒容纳元件中以形成单个、容易操纵的单元,其中药剂盒容纳元件,例如箱子或类似的结构,可以或可以不是气密容器,例如,以进一步保持药 剂盒的一些或全部部件的无菌性。 
要理解本发明不限于说明的特定实施例,因为这些实施例可变化。也要理解于此使用的术语只是为了说明特定的实施例,而不是要限制,因为本发明的范围仅由附加的权利要求限制。 
在提供值的范围的情况下,要理解那个范围的上限和下限之间的每个中间值(到下限单位的十分之一除非上下文有另外明确地指出)和在那个规定范围内任何其他列出的或中间值,包含在本发明内。这些较小范围的上限和下限可独立地包括在较小的范围内并且也包含在本发明内,服从于在规定范围中的任何具体排除的限制。在规定的范围包括限制中的一个或两者的情况下,不包括那些包括的限制两者中任一或两者的范围也包括在本发明内。 
除非另外限定,于此使用的所有技术的和科学的术语具有与本发明属于的领域内一般的技术人员中之一通常理解的相同的意思。尽管任何类似或等价于于此说明的那些的方法和材料也可以用在本发明的实践或测试中,现在说明代表性的用作说明的方法和材料。 
在这个说明书中引用的所有的出版物和专利通过引用包含于此,好像每个独立的出版物或专利被具体地和独立地指出以通过引用而被包含,并且通过引用包含于此以公开和说明与引用出版物的有关的方法和/或材料。任何出版物的引用是针对在提交日期之前的它的公开,并且不应该解释为承认了本发明不拥有凭借在前发明早于这样的出版物的权利。此外,提供的出版日期可不同于实际的出版日期,其可需要被独立地确认。 
注意到如于此和在附加权利要求中使用的,单数形式“一”、“一个”和“该”包括复数指示物除非上下文另外明确地指出。还注意到权利要求书可起草以排除任何可选的要素。如此,这个陈述意在充当对于这样的与权利要求要素的叙述有关的排他性术语如“唯一地”、“只是”及其类似物的使用或“否定”的限制的使用的先行基础。 
于此提出某些范围其中在数值前加上术语“大约”。术语“大约” 于此使用以向它先于的精确数字,以及接近或近似该术语先于的数字的数字提供文字支持。在确定数字是否接近或近似具体陈述的数字,接近或近似的未陈述的数字可是在它被提出的上下文中提供具体陈述的数字的基本相等物的数字。 
如当阅读这个公开时对于那些本领域内技术人员将是明显可见的,于此说明和示出的独立实施例中的每个具有分立元件和特征其可容易从其他若干实施例中的任一的特征分离或与其结合而不偏离本发明的范围或精神。任一陈述的方法可以陈述的事件的顺序或以逻辑上可能的任一其他顺序执行。 
尽管前述发明为了清楚理解的目的已经以图示和例子的方式较详细地说明,对于那些本领域内一般的技术人员根据本发明的教导对其做出某些变化和改动而不偏离附加权利要求的精神和范围是容易地明显可见的。 
因此,上述仅图示本发明的原理。将意识到那些本领域内技术人员将能够设计各种不同的设置,其(尽管没有明确地于此说明或示出)体现本发明的原理并且包括在它的精神和范围内。此外,于此陈述的所有例子和条件语言主要是用来帮助读者理解本发明的原理和发明者贡献出的想法以推进本领域,并且要解释为对这样的具体地详述的例子和条件没有限制。此外,于此陈述本发明的原理、方面和实施例以及其的具体例子的所有陈述是用来包含其的结构和功能等价物两者。另外,意图是这样的等价物包括当前已知的等价物和将来开发的等价物两者,即,任何开发的执行相同功能而不考虑结构的元件。本发明的范围,因此不规定为限制于于此示出和说明的示范性实施例。想法,本发明的范围和精神由附加权利要求体现。 
注意到,如于此和在附加权利要求中使用的,单数形式“一”、“一个”和“该”包括复数指示物除非上下文另外明确地指出。还注意到权利要求书可起草以排除任何可选的要素。如此,这个陈述意在充当对于这样的与权利要求要素的叙述有关的排他性术语如“唯一 地”、“只是”及其类似物的使用或“否定”的限制的使用的先行基础。 
如当阅读这个公开时对于那些本领域内技术人员将是明显可见的,于此说明和示出的独立实施例中的每个具有分立元件和特征其可容易从其他若干实施例中的任一的特征分离或与其结合而不偏离本发明的范围或精神。任一陈述的方法可以陈述的事件的顺序或以逻辑上可能的任一其他顺序执行。 
尽管前述发明为了清楚理解的目的已经以图示和例子的方式较详细地说明,对于那些本领域内一般的技术人员根据本发明的教导对其做出某些变化和改动而不偏离附加权利要求的精神和范围是容易地明显可见的。 
因此,上述仅图示本发明的原理。将意识到那些本领域内技术人员将能够设计各种不同的设置,其(尽管没有明确地于此说明或示出)体现本发明的原理并且包括在它的精神和范围内。此外,于此陈述的所有例子和条件语言主要是用来帮助读者理解本发明的原理和发明者贡献出的想法以推进本领域,并且要解释为对这样的具体地详述的例子和条件没有限制。此外,于此陈述本发明的原理、方面和实施例以及其的具体例子的所有陈述是用来包含其的结构和功能等价物两者。另外,意图是这样的等价物包括当前已知的等价物和将来开发的等价物两者,即,任何开发的执行相同功能而不考虑结构的元件。本发明的范围,因此不规定为限制于于此示出和说明的示范性实施例。想法,本发明的范围和精神由附加权利要求体现。 

Claims (20)

1.一种体内电源装置,包括:
包括电路元件的固体载体;
在所述固体载体的表面上并且耦合于所述电路元件的第一电极,其中,所述第一电极包括位于多孔底层上的第一活性电极材料;以及
在所述固体载体的表面上并且耦合于所述电路元件的第二电极,其中,所述第二电极与所述第一电极电隔离并且包括与所述第一活性电极材料不同的第二活性电极材料,并且
其中,所述第一、第二电极中的至少一个具有大于所述固体载体的表面积2倍或以上的表面积。
2.如权利要求1所述的装置,其中,所述装置尺寸确定为可食入的。
3.如权利要求2所述的装置,其中,所述多孔底层包括导电材料。
4.如权利要求3所述的装置,其中,所述多孔底层包括从Au、Cu、Pt、Ir、Pd、Rh以及Ru以及它们的合金构成的一组材料中选择出来的元素。
5.如权利要求3所述的装置,其中,所述多孔底层包括从Ti和W和它们的合金构成的一组材料中选择出来的元素。
6.如权利要求3所述的装置,其中所述多孔底层具有范围在0.01至100μm的厚度。
7.如权利要求1所述的装置,其中,所述第一电极存在于与所述第二电极相同的固体载体表面上。
8.如权利要求1所述的装置,其中,所述第一、第二电极存在于所述固体载体的相对表面上。
9.如权利要求1所述的装置,其中,所述装置包括药用可接受 的载体组成物。
10.如权利要求9所述的装置,其中,所述药用可接受的载体组成物是药片。
11.如权利要求9所述的装置,其中,所述药用可接受的载体组成物是胶囊。
12.如权利要求9所述的装置,其中,所述药用可接受的载体组成物包括活性剂。
13.一种体内电源系统,包括:
(a)一种体内电源装置,包括:
包括电路元件的固体载体,
在所述固体载体的表面上并且耦合于所述电路元件的第一电极,其中,所述第一电极包括位于多孔底层上的第一活性电极材料,以及
在所述固体载体的表面上并且耦合于所述电路元件的第二电极,其中,所述第二电极与所述第一电极电隔离并且包括与所述第一活性电极材料不同的第二活性电极材料;以及
(b)配置成接收导电传输信号的接收器,并且
其中,所述第一、第二电极中的至少一个具有大于所述固体载体的表面积2倍或以上的表面积。
14.如权利要求13所述的系统,其中,所述接收器是生命体内接收器。
15.如权利要求13所述的系统,其中,所述接收器是生命体外接收器。
16.一种检测体内信号的方法,包括以下步骤至少之一:
(a)从可食入事件标示器发射信号;
(b)从可食入事件标示器接收信号;以及
(c)食入可食入事件标示器;
其中,所述可食入事件标示器包括: 
包括电路元件的固体载体;
在所述固体载体的表面上并且耦合于所述电路元件的第一电极,其中,所述第一电极包括位于多孔底层上的第一活性电极材料;
在所述固体载体的表面上并且耦合于所述电路元件的第二电极,其中,所述第二电极与所述第一电极电隔离并且包括与所述第一活性电极材料不同的第二活性电极材料;以及
药用可接受的载体组成物,其中
其中,所述第一、第二电极中的至少一个具有大于所述固体载体的表面积2倍或以上的表面积。
17.一种制造体内电源装置的方法,包括:
通过以下步骤在固体载体的表面上制造第一电极:
在所述固体载体的表面上提供多孔底层;以及
在所述多孔底层上提供第一活性电极材料;以及
在所述固体载体的表面上制造第二电极,其中,所述第二电极包括与所述第一活性电极材料不同的第二活性电极材料,并且
其中,所述第一、第二电极中的至少一个具有大于所述固体载体的表面积2倍或以上的表面积。
18.如权利要求17所述的方法,其中,所述多孔底层由电沉积来提供。
19.如权利要求17所述的方法,其中,所述多孔底层由阴极电弧沉积来提供。
20.如权利要求17所述的方法,其中,所述多孔底层由电泳沉积提供。 
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