CN101707121B - 具有分裂初级绕组的变压器 - Google Patents

具有分裂初级绕组的变压器 Download PDF

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CN101707121B
CN101707121B CN2009101610028A CN200910161002A CN101707121B CN 101707121 B CN101707121 B CN 101707121B CN 2009101610028 A CN2009101610028 A CN 2009101610028A CN 200910161002 A CN200910161002 A CN 200910161002A CN 101707121 B CN101707121 B CN 101707121B
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CN101707121A (zh
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约翰·L·梅兰松
摩罗·L·加坦奴
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Cirrus Logic Inc
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F38/00—Adaptations of transformers or inductances for specific applications or functions
    • H01F38/02—Adaptations of transformers or inductances for specific applications or functions for non-linear operation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F3/00—Cores, Yokes, or armatures
    • H01F3/10—Composite arrangements of magnetic circuits
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/42—Circuits or arrangements for compensating for or adjusting power factor in converters or inverters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F38/00—Adaptations of transformers or inductances for specific applications or functions
    • H01F38/02—Adaptations of transformers or inductances for specific applications or functions for non-linear operation
    • H01F38/023—Adaptations of transformers or inductances for specific applications or functions for non-linear operation of inductances
    • H01F2038/026—Adaptations of transformers or inductances for specific applications or functions for non-linear operation of inductances non-linear inductive arrangements for converters, e.g. with additional windings
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F3/00—Cores, Yokes, or armatures
    • H01F3/10—Composite arrangements of magnetic circuits
    • H01F3/14—Constrictions; Gaps, e.g. air-gaps
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F38/00—Adaptations of transformers or inductances for specific applications or functions
    • H01F38/08—High-leakage transformers or inductances
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0003—Details of control, feedback or regulation circuits
    • H02M1/0032—Control circuits allowing low power mode operation, e.g. in standby mode
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B70/00—Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
    • Y02B70/10—Technologies improving the efficiency by using switched-mode power supplies [SMPS], i.e. efficient power electronics conversion e.g. power factor correction or reduction of losses in power supplies or efficient standby modes

Abstract

一种变压器包括：磁心，具有第一心柱、第二心柱和第三心柱；分裂初级绕组，包括第一线圈，该第一线圈缠绕在该第一心柱上，并且与缠绕在该第三心柱上的第二线圈电连接；以及次级绕组，缠绕在该第二心柱上。连接该分裂初级绕组的第一线圈的磁通和连接该初级绕组的第二线圈的磁通与该次级绕组连接。

Description

具有分裂初级绕组的变压器
优先权要求和相互参照
本专利申请要求2008年7月25日提交的第61/083,717号美国临时专利申请的优先权，在此引用其全部内容供参考。
技术领域
本发明一般地涉及电路，并且本发明尤其涉及变压器和相关供电系统。
背景技术
这些年来，功率调节电路已经从线性调节器发展到低频脉宽调制系统，并且随后又发展到高频方波变换器。为了在更小型、更轻便并且更廉价封装内实现改进的性能，新近采用了谐振式变换器。
谐振式变换器是采用谐振L-C电路进行功率变换的功率调节系统。通常，谐振式变换器对一个或者多个开关的操作进行控制，以对谐振电路施加方波电压(或者电流)。然后，谐振电路中的能量被传送到与该变换器的输出相连的负载。
正如本技术领域内技术人员所公知的，谐振式变换器可能存在许多种布局，包括：升压型的、降压型的、以及降-升压型(回扫)的和升-降压型的。许多常用的谐振式变换器布局采用一个或者多个变压器来实现诸如阻抗匹配、输入与输出隔离、减小电磁干扰(EM工)等等的设计目标。本说明书披露了一种在不受限制的情况下、可以用作谐振式变换器中的变压器的变压器设计。
发明内容
在至少一个实施例中，变压器包括：磁心，具有第一心柱、第二心柱和第三心柱；分裂初级绕组，包括第一线圈，所述第一线圈缠绕在第一心柱上，并且与缠绕在第三心柱上的第二线圈电连接；以及次级绕组，缠绕在第二心柱上。连接分裂初级绕组的第一线圈的磁通和连接初级绕组的第二线圈的磁通与该次级绕组连接。
附图说明
当结合附图阅读时，参考下面对一个或者多个说明性实施例所做的详细描述，可以最好地理解本发明以及优选应用方式，其中
图1是根据一个实施例的谐振式变换器的高级原理图；
图2A是例如在诸如图1所示谐振式变换器的变换器中可以采用的变换器的典型实施例的第一剖视图；
图2B是该变压器的典型实施例沿图2A所示的线2-2的第二剖视图；
图2C是示出了串联的分裂初级绕组的各线圈的原理图；
图2D是示出了并联的分裂初级绕组的各线圈的原理图；
图3是根据一个实施例制造变压器的典型方法的高级逻辑流程图；
图4A是根据一个实施例连接到供电系统的外部交流-直流变换器的高级原理图；以及
图4B是根据一个实施例连接到供电系统的内部交流-直流变换器的高级原理图。
具体实施方式
根据参考附图，特别是图1，其中图1示出包括根据一个实施例的变压器120的典型谐振式变换器100的高级原理图。如图所示，在变压器120的初级端，谐振式变换器100包括直流电压源V_link 102，它可以由任意适当电压源提供。在诸如家用电器、计算机和其他消费类电子器件以及荧光灯镇流器的许多常见应用中，V_link 102可以具有介于约150VDC和400VDC之间的电压，并且可以例如利用交流电源(交流电网)整流器予以实现。在这种应用中，还可以选择性地对V_link 102提供的功率进行功率因数校正。为了便于说明，在此，将V_link 102的正极端称为节点A，而将V_link 102的负极端称为节点B。
为了提供诸如方波的、所要求的电压波形，一对诸如场效应晶体管(FETs)104a、104b的开关器件以半桥式跨接在V_link102上。栅极驱动电路106对FET 104a和104b的导通或者断开以及因此产生的电压波形(以及相关电流波形)进行控制。在许多应用中，栅极驱动电路106以互补方式操作FET 104a和104b，意味着在FET 104a导通时，FET 104b断开，反之亦然。
FET 104a、104b分别并联地连接到相应的寄生电容(parasitic capacitor)C_par 108a或者C_par 108b，寄生电容(parasitic capacitor)C_par 108a和C_par 108b并联(shunting)到该开关器件相应之一个。因此，C_par 108a连接在节点A和位于FET 104a与104b之间的中间节点D之间，而C_par108b连接在节点D和节点B之间。
此外，一对谐振电容器C_res 110a和C_res 110b跨接在节点A和B之间的V_link 102上。选择C_res 110a和C_res 110b的值，以确定谐振式变换器100所要求的谐振频率。C_res 110a和C_res 110b一起连接到节点E。
在本技术领域内公知，变压器120包括初级绕组和次级绕组，初级绕组和次级绕组的匝数比是控制在次级绕组两端感应的电压的一个因素。在图1所示等效电路中，变压器120的特征是耦合电感L_cpld 122和漏电感L_lkg 124，该耦合电感L_cpld122和漏电感L_lkg 124与C_res 110a和C_res 110b一起形成谐振式变换器100的谐振电路。正如下面进一步参考图2A至2B所描述的，耦合电感L_cpld 122和漏电感L_lkg 124优选地不利用单独电感元件予以实现，相反，它们仅是根据变压器120的构造所确定的特性。在这种实施例中，变压器120的初级绕组连接在节点D与节点E之间。
具有由节点F和G限定的端子的变压器120的次级绕组连接到滤波全波整流器。该滤波全波整流器包括四个二极管130a、130b、130c和130d，其中二极管130a具有连接到节点F的输入端和连接到第一输出节点H的输出端，二极管130b具有连接到节点G的输入端和连接到第一输出节点C的输出端，二极管130c具有连接到第二输出节点J的输入端和连接到节点F的输出端，二极管130d具有连接到第二输出节点J的输入端和连接到节点G的输出端。滤波全波整流器进一步包括跨接在输出节点H和J之间的输出电容器C_out 134，以对该全波整流器产生的脉动直流电(例如，20V的直流)进行滤波或者使其平滑。例如，波纹的振幅取决于输入电压的振幅和频率、滤波电容、以及跨接在输出节点H和J两端的负载电阻R_load 136。
现在，参考图2A，它示出可以在诸如图1所示谐振式变换器100的变换器内采用的变压器120的典型实施例的剖视图。在该典型实施例中，变压器120具有高磁导率磁心(例如，铁氧体磁心)，该高磁导率磁心至少具有外部第一心柱(leg)202a和外部第三心柱202c以及布置在第一心柱202a和第三心柱202c之间的内部第二心柱202b。例如，该磁心可以是可市售的由第一E形磁心部分200a和第二E形磁心部分200b构成的EE型磁心。作为一种选择，该磁心可以是可市售的由E形磁心部分和I形磁心部分构成的E工型磁心(未示出)。如图2B所示，它是沿图2A的线2-2的剖视图，第一E形磁心部分200a(和第二E形磁心部分200b)及其每个心柱202通常具有(但是并不要求具有)正方形截面或者矩形截面。
此外，如图2A所示，当组装变压器120的磁心时，第二心柱202b具有在其内形成在磁心部分之间的气隙204b，如下所述，该气隙204b限定变压器120的所谓漏电感。此外，第一心柱202a和第三心柱202c可以选择性地具有在其内形成在磁心部分之间的相应气隙204a和204c。在第一心柱202a和第三心柱202c包括气隙204a和204c的实施例中，气隙204a和204c通常小于第二心柱202b中的气隙204b。
第一心柱202a、第二心柱202b和第三心柱202c分别承载一个相应的绕组管(bobbins)206a、206b和206c。例如，绕组管206a、206b和206c可以由热塑塑料(例如，聚对苯二甲酸丁二酯(PBT))或者热固塑料(例如，酚醛塑料)形成。绕组管206a、206b或者206c分别具有：磁心外壳部分208，用于承载构成初级绕组或者次级绕组的导电线圈；以及磁心间隔部分210，如果需要，则用于使该线圈与磁心保持物理分离并使该线圈和磁心与外部变压器的外壳保持物理分离。
在所示的实施例中，第二绕组管206b承载次级绕组212b，它优选但并不必以单层缠绕在第二绕组管206b上。在变压器120是降压变压器的常见应用中，其中该降压变压器上的次级绕组212b比初级绕组具有较低电压和较高电流，次级绕组212b由比初级绕组粗的导线形成。为了将趋肤效应(skin effect)损失和邻近效应(proximity effect)损失降低到最低，进一步优选是否由多股编织线(multi-strand Litz wire)形成次级绕组212b。
在所示的实施例中，第一绕组管206a和第三绕组管206c承载分裂初级绕组(split primary winding)的相应部分212a和212c，相应部分212a和212c或者如图2C所示电串联、或者如图2D所示电并联。如上所述，初级绕组通常比次级绕组的匝数多，但是比次级绕组的电流小，因此允许初级绕组比次级绕组使用直径较小的导线。如图2D所示通过将两个初级绕组部分212a和212c并联，可以进一步降低对线径的要求，这意味着，部分212a和212c仅分别承载总初级绕组电流的一部分。初级绕组可以从使用编织线受益，但是考虑到匝数较多及其并联构造(如果适用)，并不要求使导线绞合。
与传统分裂初级绕组的构造不同，初级绕组的部分212a和212c具有不同的匝数。在许多实现中，该匝数非常接近，并且例如，差值在约1％至20％之间，并且更特别地差值约为10％。图2A示出部分212a的匝数比部分212c的匝数更多，然而，应当明白，部分212a和212c中的哪个具有较多的匝数并不重要。
在串联构造的分裂初级绕组与并联构造的分裂初级绕组之间进行选择取决于应用。在并联构造中，分裂初级绕组的部分212a和212c在它们的两端具有相同电压，但是它们产生的磁通不同。在这种情况下，部分212c的匝数较少，它比部分212a产生较大的磁通并且承载较大的电流；然而，在流过部分212a和212c的电流合并时，流过分裂初级绕组每部分的电流比采用串联构造情况下的电流小，因此，可以采用较小口径的导线。在串联构造中，分裂初级绕组的部分212a和212c承载相同的电流，但是在它们两端具有不同的电压。在这种情况下，匝数较多的部分212a比部分212c产生的磁通大并且保持较高电压。因此，具有大电流(并因此需要较大直径的导线)和低电压的实现适合并联连接，而具有小电流且高电压(并因此需要较厚的绝缘)的实现适合串联连接。还应当注意，特定尺寸制约和构造的考虑，诸如导线类型、容易终接和焊接、以及绕组管形状和材料，可能都对选择一种构造而不选择另一种构造产生影响。
如果安装在磁心上，初级绕组和次级绕组被物理分离，这有助于在第一心柱202a和第二心柱202b之间以及第二心柱202b和第三心柱202c之间，分别布置绝缘阻挡层214a和214b。该初级绕组和次级绕组的物理分离还降低该初级绕组与次级绕组之间的电容，可取的是，降低了变压器120两端的电磁干扰(EM工)的耦合。
当通过对分裂初级绕组施加电流来加电时，由分别连接(linking)初级绕组的部分212a和212c导致的磁通220a和220b的大小与绕组的匝数成反比。因此，部分212c的磁通220b大于部分212a的磁通220a。如上所述，对初级绕组的部分212a和212c定相，以使磁通220a和220b叠加到与次级绕组212b连接的第二心柱202b上。较少匝数的次级绕组212b产生的附加磁通222以与部分212c的磁通220b相反地环绕磁心的外环，以弥补初级绕组的部分212a所提供的磁通的不足。差分磁通222不流过第二心柱202b、并且不与次级绕组212b连接，从而产生良好控制的漏电感124。
正如在此所使用的，为了符合行业习惯，采用术语“漏电感”。然而，应当注意，在所示的实施例中，大部分未耦合的“漏”电感不是漏到变压器磁心外部并进入周围空间的磁通，而是通过慎重设计选择，从次级绕组212b改变路线的磁通，以降低初级绕组和次级绕组之间的磁耦合。漏电感124的大小仅取决于磁心的几何形状、分裂初级绕组的两个部分212a和212c之间的匝数差、以及第一心柱202a和第三心柱202c中的气隙204a和204c(通常较小)，而不像在真实的漏电感的情况，漏电感124的大小不显着取决于绕组的相对位置和形状。因此，在制造过程中，漏电感124的大小并且在次级绕组212b中的电流可以轻易地控制。
耦合(或者励磁)电感122主要由中心心柱中的间隙确定，在制造变压器120期间，该中心心柱的间隙通常保持高精度公差。
现在，参考图3，它示出根据一个实施例制造变压器120的典型方法的高级逻辑流程图。作为逻辑流程图，至少所示的某些步骤可以同时执行或者以不同于所示顺序的顺序执行。
该方法在方框300开始，并且随后进入方框302，方框302示出提供具有至少三个心柱的磁心。例如，如上所述，该磁心可以是EE型或者EI型铁氧体磁心。在方框304，初级绕组的部分212a和212c分别缠绕在第一绕组管206a和第三绕组管206c上。部分212a和212c上的匝数不同，并且可以通过选择部分212a和212c上的匝数以确定变压器120的漏电感L_lkg 124的要求值。此外，在方框306，绕第二绕组管206b缠绕次级绕组212b。然后，可以选择性地对初级绕组和次级绕组进行浸漆处理，以使绕组相对于绕组管206a、206b和206c固定在适当位置。
如方框308所示，第一绕组管206a、第二绕组管206b和第三绕组管206c分别布置在第一心柱202a、第二心柱202b和第三心柱202c上。以相对取向安装绕组管206a、206b和206c，以确保磁通220a和220b叠加到第二心柱202b内，如图2A所示。如方框310所示，通过安装间隙绝缘阻挡层214a和214b，使初级绕组和次级绕组相互电绝缘。此外，如方框312所示，初级绕组的部分212a和212c并联地电连接在一起。变压器120可以选择性地封装在外壳内。此后，图3所示的方法在方框314终止。
现在，参考图4A-4B，它们示出供电系统的变换实施例的高级原理图，该供电系统可以是采用电源的任意类型的系统。在所示的每个实施例中，供电系统400电连接到变换器(或者电源)402并从变换器(或者电源)402接收电力，在许多常见实现中，变换器402是诸如图1所示谐振式变换器的交流-直流变换器或者另一类型的变换器。变换器402包括变压器，该变压器具有在此描述的分裂初级绕组。如图4A所示，变换器402可以位于供电系统400的外部，对于诸如膝上型计算机、移动电话、便携式音乐播放器等的便携式电子设备，这是当前常见的。作为一种选择，如图4B所示，变换器402可以在供电系统400的外壳内部实现，例如，对于台式个人计算机系统，这是当前常见的。
已经对变压器设计进行了描述，例如，该变压器设计适合用于变换器。该变压器设计尤其保证(但不限于)：
1.在初级绕组和次级绕组之间的隔离满足各种安全标准；
2.精确电压比，它不必与给定低耦合系数的初级-次级匝数比相关；
3.具有可控值的高漏电感；
4.小型设计，可控制变压器尺寸以符合尺寸制约。
尽管对一个或者多个优选实施例进行了描述，但是本技术领域内的技术人员明白，在不脱离下面所附权利要求书的实质范围的情况下，可以在形式和细节方面进行各种修改。

Claims (14)

1.一种变压器，包括：
磁心，具有第一心柱、第二心柱和第三心柱，其中所述第二心柱为布置在所述第一心柱和第三心柱之间的中心心柱并且其中具有空气间隙；
分裂初级绕组，包括第一线圈，该第一线圈缠绕在所述第一心柱上，该第一线圈与缠绕在所述第三心柱上的第二线圈电连接，其中所述第一线圈的第一匝数与所述第二线圈的第二匝数不同；以及
次级绕组，该次级绕组具有第三匝数并且缠绕在所述第二心柱上，其中所述次级绕组的第三匝数小于所述第一匝数且小于所述第二匝数，其中连接所述分裂初级绕组的所述第一线圈的磁通和连接所述初级绕组的所述第二线圈的磁通，在第二心柱上叠加，并且与所述次级绕组连接，并且其中由所述次级绕组产生的且与由所述分裂初级绕组的第二线圈产生的磁通相反地环绕所述第一心柱和第三心柱外环的磁通确定了所述变压器的漏电感。
2.根据权利要求1所述的变压器，其中所述分裂初级绕组的所述第一线圈和所述第二线圈并联地电连接在一起。
3.根据权利要求1所述的变压器，其中所述分裂初级绕组的所述第一线圈和所述第二线圈串联地电连接在一起。
4.根据权利要求1所述的变压器，其中：
所述空气间隙是第一空气间隙；以及
包括所述第一心柱和第三心柱的心柱组中的至少一个在其内具有第二空气间隙。
5.根据权利要求4所述的变压器，其中所述第一空气间隙大于所述第二空气间隙。
6.根据权利要求1所述的变压器，进一步包括布置在所述第一线圈和所述次级绕组之间的以及布置在所述第二线圈和所述次级绕组之间的绝缘物。
7.根据权利要求1所述的变压器，并且进一步包括分别布置在所述第一心柱、第二心柱和第三心柱上的第一绕组管、第二绕组管和第三绕组管，其中：
所述第一线圈缠绕在所述第一绕组管上；
所述第二线圈缠绕在所述第三绕组管上；以及
所述次级绕组缠绕在所述第二绕组管上。
8.根据权利要求1所述的变压器，其中所述磁心是EE型磁心。
9.一种包括根据权利要求1所述变压器的变换器。
10.一种系统，包括：
电源，包括变压器，该变压器具有：
磁心，该磁心具有第一心柱、第二心柱和第三心柱，其中所述第二心柱为布置在所述第一心柱和第三心柱之间的中心心柱并且其中具有空气间隙；
分裂初级绕组，该分裂初级绕组包括第一线圈，该第一线圈缠绕在所述第一心柱上，该第一线圈与缠绕在所述第三心柱上的第二线圈电连接，其中所述第一线圈的第一匝数与所述第二线圈的第二匝数不同；以及
次级绕组，该次级绕组具有第三匝数并且缠绕在所述第二心柱上，其中所述次级绕组的第三匝数小于所述第一匝数且小于所述第二匝数，其中连接所述分裂初级绕组的所述第一线圈的磁通和连接所述初级绕组的所述第二线圈的磁通，在第二心柱上叠加，并且与所述次级绕组连接，并且其中由所述次级绕组产生的且与由所述分裂初级绕组的第二线圈产生的磁通相反地环绕所述第一心柱和第三心柱外环的磁通确定了所述变压器的漏电感；以及
供电系统，电连接以从所述电源接收电力。
11.根据权利要求10所述的系统，其中：
所述供电系统包括外壳；
所述电源在所述外壳的内部。
12.根据权利要求10所述的系统，其中：
所述供电系统包括外壳；
所述电源在所述外壳的外部。
13.根据权利要求10所述的系统，其中所述分裂初级绕组的所述第一线圈和所述第二线圈并联地电连接在一起。
14.根据权利要求10所述的系统，其中所述分裂初级绕组的所述第一线圈和所述第二线圈串联地电连接在一起。
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US8330434B2 (en) 2012-12-11
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