CN101743364A - 具有被控的水-蒸汽透过性的声学隔音材料和用于制造该材料的方法 - Google Patents
具有被控的水-蒸汽透过性的声学隔音材料和用于制造该材料的方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种适于在构造墙壁、地板、天花板或门中使用的层叠结构具有选定面积,并且在一个实施例中,所述层叠结构包括:一种或多种材料的两个外层,所述材料诸如但不限于石膏;至少一个内部约束层,具有小于所述选定面积的面积;和粘弹性胶合剂的两个或多个内层,由所述至少一个内部约束层间隔开,其中,粘弹性胶合剂的所述层每个都被构图,以覆盖所述层叠结构的选定百分比的所述面积,但不是全部所述面积,从而允许湿气通过所述结构。
Description
背景技术
对于建筑工业来说,噪音控制和潮湿管理构成了两个快速增长的经济和公共政策问题。需要并要求具有高声学隔离(通常称为“隔音”)的区域用于各种目的。公寓、套房、宾馆、学校和医院全部需要能减小声音传递的墙壁、天花板和地板,以便消除对相邻房间的人们的干扰或使之最小化。隔音在临近公共交通设施的住宅中尤其重要,这些公共交通设施例如是高速公路、飞机场和铁路线路。另外,影院、家庭影院、音乐练习室、录音工作室等需要增强的噪音消除手段。同样,医院和大众医疗机构已经开始意识到声学舒适度是患者康复期间的重要方面。多方住宅和商用噪音控制问题的严重性是建筑内的特定墙壁结构规定了最小声音传递等级(STC:soundTransmission Class)等级的设计指南和模型建筑法规中普遍凸显的问题。另一方面是在不可接受的噪音水平的问题上出现了在业主和建筑商之间的诉讼。对于美国经济的损害来说,导致了两种问题:在某些市区,大建筑商拒绝建筑房屋、公寓大厦和公寓;以及建筑商取消责任保险。
除了噪音控制的问题,潮湿管理也是同样重要的建筑工业问题。与建筑墙壁空腔中的过度潮湿和最终霉菌增长相关的问题已经造成对于不利于健康的建筑和恶劣室内空气质量的全国性关注。对于这些问题,在具有不同温度的区域之间的墙壁是主要结构。对于房间或其它建筑物的外墙来说,防止冷凝尤其重要,在外墙处温度极值容易比内腔之间的大。外部建筑表面的受潮和雨水渗透是渗水的主要原因,但对于过度的室内潮湿产生也是如此。由于人们的占据和使用、在建造期间使用潮湿材料、漏气或外墙材料的运输,结构内部存在湿气。当潮气进入组件(或其从内部产生,例如烹饪、洗浴、喷涂和其他活动)的速度超过湿气去除的速度时,湿气会积聚。湿气和水蒸汽的流动经由蒸汽阻滞隔膜(vapor resistive membrane)或称为蒸汽阻滞件的材料控制。蒸汽阻滞件被定义为水蒸汽传输速度小于1perm的隔膜或板。“perm”的定义请参见随后的第[0007]段。相反,空气阻滞件是水蒸汽传输速度小于5perm的隔膜或板。高perm值确保水蒸汽容易传输。常见的蒸汽阻滞件包括聚乙烯薄膜和箔片。
明显的是,当单个墙壁或结构需要高效地消减高噪音水平并允许没有泄露地适当水蒸汽传输时,问题就会增加。
例如,在为隔音设计的新一类阻尼干式墙板(damped drywall panel)的情况下,在两个需求之间的冲突是明显的。这些板对传统噪音控制材料是一种改进,穿通噪音控制材料诸如是弹性槽道、双立筋框架或多个干式墙层,这是因为它们相对于传统技术提供材料和人力的节省。但是,相对于适当的水蒸汽传输,它们具有较大的缺陷。这些阻尼干式墙板包括聚合物的连续薄膜,并因此用作蒸汽阻滞件。能源部(DOE)和美国采暖、制冷与空调工程师学会(ASHARE)以及其他建筑科学组织已经建立了推荐的墙壁设计和在墙壁内的蒸汽阻滞件的适当位置。这些设计依赖于当地气候。在冷却主导的气候中,推荐将蒸汽阻滞件安装在隔热部的外部。在具有明显加热和冷却需求的混合区域气候中,设计提议建议将蒸汽阻滞件完全省略。如果没有遵守这些方针,结构会具有允许水蒸汽冷凝在墙壁空腔内的风险。
如果这些材料与常规蒸汽阻挡件一起使用,会形成严重的问题。应该避免使用在结构的两侧具有蒸汽阻挡件的墙壁,从而湿气不会被陷落和冷凝而导致发霉或木材腐烂。传统的方法使用在墙壁结构内侧的一层或多层常规干式墙(允许水蒸汽的容易运输)和在墙壁结构外侧上的蒸汽阻挡件。这样的设计减少了与潮湿相关的问题,但是,常规的墙壁结构提供了较小的声音衰减。
对建筑材料或方法的声音减弱质量有利的因素是材料的声音传递级别(STC)。STC等级是在建筑领域中用于评价隔段、门和窗户在阻挡声音方面的有效性的分级设定。作为声学测试的结果而对于特定隔段设计作出的评级表现为对建立了STC值的曲线的逼近的最佳拟合类型。该测试以此方式进行:使其与测试环境独立并仅对隔段赋予一个值。确定STC等级测量方法由在1/3的倍频带(octave band)中获得的声音测量的ASTM E90实验室测试和用于由结构的声音传递损失数据计算的STC值的ASTM E413来限定。这些标准在因特网http://www.astm.org上可以获得。
用于由建造方法或材料测量水蒸汽的传输的性能因数(figure ofmerit)是其透过性,或称“perms”。1perm定义为,在1英寸水银(Hg)的蒸汽压差(vapor pressure differential)下,每平方英尺暴露面积每小时传输一滴水。蒸汽压力是测试结构所暴露的空气相对湿度(RH)和温度的函数,并且可以在许多标准数据表格中找到。通过任意一定温度下的饱和空气蒸汽压和RH的乘积可以得到任意一定RH下的蒸汽压。例如,在华氏70度时,饱和蒸汽压是0.7392英寸Hg,在50%RH下的蒸汽压是0.3696英寸Hg。测试方法取决于目标材料而变化。在此之后得到的数据通过ASTM E96“干杯(drycup)”方法获得。更多的信息可以在因特网http://www.astm.org上可以获得。
因此,需要新的材料和新的建筑方法来减小声音从给定房间到相邻区域的传递,同时允许湿气从较高浓度区域向较低浓度区域的受控传输。
发明内容
根据本发明,披露了新的层叠结构和相关的制造过程,其明显地改善墙壁、天花板、地板或门将水蒸气从高蒸汽压区域到低蒸汽压区域的传输,减少声音从一个房间到相邻房间的传递、或从房间外部到内部的传递、或从房间内部到外部的传递的能力。
该材料包括多个不同材料的层叠结构。根据一个实施例,替代干式墙的层叠件包括选定厚度的石膏板的两个外层的夹层结构,每层都利用声音耗散粘结剂而彼此胶合,其中,声音耗散粘结剂以一定图案施加到小于两个外层的所有内表面。在一个实施例中,胶合剂层是具有特定配方的Quiet其是一种粘弹性材料。形成在两个石膏板的内表面上,胶合剂层大约1/16英寸厚。在一种情况下,利用1/16的胶合剂层构造的4英尺×8英尺板具有大约为5/8英寸的总厚度,并具有大约5perms透过性值以及大约38的STC值。水蒸气由石膏片传输通过石膏板的没有被胶合剂覆盖的部分。如所述构造的双侧墙壁结构提供了大约49的STC值。结果,与利用同样质量和厚度的常规(未处理)石膏板的同一结构相比,传递通过墙壁结构的噪音减小大约15db。
在一个实施例中,本发明的层叠板使用独特的胶合剂,其能够使声音和振动充分耗散掉,这减小了声音从材料的一层到另一层的传递。与利用标准干式墙所获得的声音衰减相比,声音最终的衰减明显改善。通过覆盖小于层叠板之间的所有面积,例如20%的覆盖率,其中,胶合剂施加到比单独施加区域之间的一定最大间隔少的单独区域,石膏材料提供了额外的声音耗散,同时可以使水蒸气传输。
附图说明
通过以下附图并结合其以下详细说明可以更加充分地理解本发明。
图1显示了根据本发明制造的层叠结构,用于减少声音通过材料的传递并提供湿气通过该材料的传输。
图2A是用于将胶合剂带施加在根据本发明的层叠结构上的图案的例子。
图2B是用于将胶合剂斑点阵列施加在根据本发明的层叠结构上的图案的例子。
图3A是用于将胶合剂施加在根据本发明的层叠结构上的波浪图案的例子。
图3B是用于将胶合剂施加在根据本发明的层叠结构上的随机图案的例子。
图4显示了对于根据本发明构造的层叠材料的一个样品实施例的透过性测试结果。
图5显示了对于根据本发明构造的层叠材料的多个样品实施例的透过性测试结果,其中,以不同百分比覆盖率施加了胶合剂。
图6显示了墙壁结构,其中,该结构的一个元件包括根据本发明构造层叠板。
图7显示了对于本发明多个实施例的声音衰减测试的详细结果数据。
图8以曲线方式示出了图7的测试结果。
图9显示了包含五(5)层材料的层叠结构的实施例,其能显著减少声音通过该材料的传递并提供湿气通过该材料的传递。
具体实施方式
以下详细说明意图仅仅是示例性的而不是限制性的。本发明的其它实施例在本说明书的教导下对本领域的技术人员将是明显的,这些实施例诸如外和内层材料的数量、类型、厚度、尺寸、面积、形状和布置顺序。
用于形成根据本发明的层叠板的过程应考虑许多因素:胶合剂的确切化学成分;压制过程;以及干燥和除湿过程。
图1显示了本发明的一个实施例的层叠结构。在图1中,如图所示以结构水平地取向的方式,将从顶部到底部描述该结构中的层。但是应理解,当放置在垂直墙壁和门上时,本发明的层叠结构将垂直地取向,当放置在天花板和地板上时,将水平或甚至成角度地取向。因此,从顶层到底层的参照应被理解为仅仅是针对如图1所示取向的这些层,而不在本结构的垂直使用的情况下。在图1中,标记为100的组件是指根据本发明构造的整个层叠板。顶层102由标准石膏材料制造,且在一个实施例中为1/4英寸厚。当然,许多其它厚度可以按需要用于任意层。厚度仅仅通过最终的层叠结构所需的声学衰减度(即,STC评级)和最终的结构的重量限定,所述重量将限制工人把层叠板安装在墙、天花板、地板和门上以用于其所需用途时的能力。
顶层102中的石膏板通常利用标准的已知技术制造,并由此将不描述制造石膏板的方法。接下来,在石膏板102的底部上是称为Quiet的胶合剂104的图案层(patterned layer)。已经发现,与现有理解相反,胶合剂图案覆盖石膏板底表面大约百分之二十(20%)或更多可以赋予与相同厚度的完整胶合剂层基本相同的声音衰减度。由粘弹性聚合物制成的胶合剂104具有这样的特性:即当被周围层约束时,声音中的与胶合剂相互作用的能量将通过胶合剂显著耗散,由此在宽的频谱范围内减小声音的振幅,从而减小将穿过最终的层叠结构的声音能量。通常,尽管在本发明中还可以使用具有与表1下方所述的胶合剂类似特性的其它胶合剂,但是该胶合剂104由表1中所述的材料制造。该胶合剂层将通过附图标记104表示,但在图1中,显示为104.1至104.n,以表示图1显示了层叠结构的横截面,其中胶合剂层是带图案的,而不是实心的。
表1
QuietGlue 320
优选配方只是粘弹性胶合剂的一个例子。其它配方可用于实现类似的结果,给出的范围是研究过的成功配方的例子。
Quiet的物理固态特性包括:
1)低于室温的宽玻璃化转换温度;
2)橡胶的典型力学响应(即,在破断时伸长量,低弹性模量);
3)在室温下的强剥离强度;
4)在室温下的弱剪切强度;
6)在水中不溶解(几乎不膨胀);和
7)在干冰的温度下能容易地从基体剥离。
石膏板层106放置在结构的底部,针对均一压力(磅每平方英寸)、温度和时间以受控的方式小心地压制。
最后,该组件经历除湿和干燥,以允许板干燥,特别是经历四十八(48)小时。
在本发明的一个实施例中,当胶合剂104在顶层102的底表面以连续层或以一图案来分布时,其经历气体吹流(gas flow)约四十五秒以使胶合剂部分干燥。气体可以被加热,此时吹流时间可以减小。胶合剂104最初在其被施加的任何材料上分布时是液体。通过用空气干燥选定的时间或在胶合剂表面上方提供气流而使胶合剂104部分干燥,胶合剂104变为粘性胶状物,像胶带上的粘合剂。流过胶合剂104的气体例如是空气或干燥氮气。与前述压制过程(其中,胶合剂104在将层106放置在位之前的可知时间内不是干燥的)相比,气体能对胶合剂104进行除湿,改善整个制造生产量。例如底层106这样的第二板然后被放置在并压靠在胶合剂104另一侧上的材料上(在图1的例子中,顶层101)并经过一选定时间。
在一个实施例中,胶合剂104覆盖了少于石膏片102和106的所有区域的区域。胶合剂104可以以各种图案施加。例子包括薄的垂直条带,薄的水平条带、点、方块和方格图案。胶合剂104图案元件之间的间隔小于要被衰减的声音最大频率的半个波长;通常最大值为6英寸。在一个实施例中,胶合剂104是十六分之一英寸厚;也可以使用其它厚度。胶合剂104可以用刷子、油灰刀、填缝枪喷上、喷射装置、利用胶合剂带或其它装置来施加。
图2A显示了在4’×8’的石膏片上具有垂直条带图案的胶合剂104。术语“垂直”和“水平”,“顶部”和“底部”仅仅适用于图2A、2B、3A和3B,以便论述;板100可以以任意取向来安装。观察图2A,胶合剂104.0至104.n的“n”个垂直条带放置在石膏片102上,在条带之间具有六英寸或更小的间隔。例如,对于4’×8’的石膏片,跨过顶部/底部四英尺跨距,最少有n=9个垂直条带。4’×8’的片具有4608平方英寸的表面面积。对于用来覆盖20%表面(即,20%的覆盖率)的胶合剂来说,每个条带是(4608/96)/9)*(0.20)或大约一个英寸,96英寸长。对于80%的覆盖率来说,每个条带是大约4.25英寸宽、96英寸长。在一个实施例中,存在更多的条带,一起间隔得更紧密。例如,在大约三英寸的中心上的大约一个半英寸宽的十七个垂直条带(即,n=17)提供了20%的覆盖率。可以使用其它组合的条带宽度和间隔。该条带水平地施加,而不是垂直地。
图2B是用于施加胶合剂104的图案的另一个例子,如图所示为在4’×8’板上的斑点。对于所示的例子,以6英寸的最大间隔,9个圆形斑点沿水平方向施加,17个沿垂直方向施加,提供了如图所示的圆圈阵列。每个斑点的面积,按照圆圈的有效直径来描述可以表示为:
D=2(SQRT((4608×(%覆盖率))/((17×9)×pi))。
利用上述公式,对于20%覆盖率,每个斑点大约为23/4英寸直径,对于80%覆盖率,每个斑点大约为51/2英寸直径。尽管斑点被指示和显示为圆圈,但其形状并不重要。如条带一样,可以使用更小直径的更多圆圈。例如,每个为2英寸直径的300个圆圈可以提供20%的覆盖率。在一些实施例中,当切为片件以便在小区域中安装时,胶合剂104的大量较小斑点可用于确保将叠层保持在一起。
在层叠板100的构造期间,可以使用各种图案来施加胶合剂104。在选择图案方面的考虑是当层叠板100在安装期间被切割时确保在板切割边缘附近可存在一些胶合剂104,由此在切割边缘处提供连结,以消除板100由于操作而分离的可能性。例如,图2A的图案可以在右侧上靠近垂直条带左边缘垂直地切割,使得切割边缘之下胶合剂104的覆盖有明显差距(假定左边的片件是要被安装的部分)。因而,一些图案可以被使用来改善边缘覆盖,而不管切割线的位置。这样的图案的一个例子在图3A中显示,其中该胶合剂图案为波纹。具有如图3A所示的胶合剂104图案的层叠板100的典型直线切割可导致在切割边缘处有一些胶合剂104。如垂直或水平直线条带一样,波纹条带可以最大距离隔开,最大间隔不大于与板102、106所用材料有关的频率下的声音的半个波长。图3B所示的图案是胶合剂104图案的另一实施例,其中,胶合剂104容易覆盖到通常的切割边缘。如图3B所示的图案例如可通过胶合剂枪的随机路径形成。边缘并不需要被胶合剂104完全覆盖;各边缘的局部胶合剂104覆盖基本上可以将最终的层叠板100片件保持在一起用于安装。可以使用包括胶合剂随机成形的图案在内的其它图案,如果需要的话。
图4显示了用于一实施例的透过性测试结果,该实施例中,石膏片102、106的20%面积由胶合剂104覆盖。测试的样品按照图1构造,并且为0.66平方英尺。在336小时(14天)的时间长度内,449个水滴((3877.4-3848.3)*15.432)穿过层叠结构100样品,或者每平英尺每小时为2.02个水滴。水在70度、50%RH的蒸汽压为0.3696;因此,样品测试结果显示了5.467perms(2.02/(0.3696))。一克水对应于15.432个水滴。
完成的层叠件100的透过性值随着片102、106的被胶合剂104覆盖的部分减少而增加。图5示出了该关系。如图5所示,石膏片被全部覆盖(100%)导致非常低的透过性值,由此全部覆盖并不适合这样的结构:该结构预期存在湿气和/或温度极限且蒸汽阻挡部覆盖由插入式立筋形成的空腔相对侧。
图6是墙壁结构的例子,其包括按照本发明(即,层叠件100)构造的层叠板608;木质立筋602、604和606;棉胎式(batt-type)隔离部612;和标准石膏干式壁610的八分之五英寸片,它们的关系如截面A-A所示。图7显示了如图6所示的结构对于层叠板608中的胶合剂104不同覆盖比例下的声音测试结果,其中,板608如图1所示。所有样品的声音衰减值(STC值)大致相同;STC值大约为49。已知在这个领域的实践中,在具有标准2×4构造的两侧上的与标准5/8英寸干式墙类似的结构能产生的STC值大约为34。因而,本发明在该特定构造中产生了高于标准干式墙的15个STC点的改进。图7的测试结果数据在图8中以图表示出。
在图8中,可以看出声音衰减程度与胶合剂104所有覆盖值基本相同。在一些实施例中,较少的胶合剂104对于层叠板100的构造是优选的,以便减少完成的板100的成本。
在图9中,石膏板902和910的两个外层在它们的内表面上分别具有胶合剂层904和908。在两个胶合剂层904和908之间是约束层906,该约束层是由乙烯基的、钢的、木质的或其它适于应用的材料。如果层106是乙烯基的材料,该乙烯基材料是承载质量的,并且在一个实施例中,是每平方英尺一磅或更多。承载质量的乙烯基材料可从多个制造商处获得,包括美国明尼苏达州的明尼阿波利斯的Technifoam。约束层906可改善如此构造的层叠板的声音衰减特性。如胶合剂区域904和908那样,约束层906将阻挡湿气的传输。板使湿气通过(即“传输”)的能力由胶合剂904、908(与胶合剂904对齐或不对齐)或约束层906无论哪一个所阻挡的总面积来确定。阻挡效果是三层(904、906、908)的总面积,只要三层中的任一个没有被一个或多个其它层覆盖。换句话说,被多于一个区域覆盖的区域部分只能被计算一次。例如,如果层904、906、908的图案是相同图案,并彼此很好地对齐,则被覆盖的面积仅仅是三层之一的面积。如果每层的图案没有与其它两层的每一个对齐,由此不适于水蒸汽传输的被覆盖总面积将是由每层被覆盖的面积总和。只要涉及蒸汽传输,则传输水蒸汽的材料(例如是Tyvek材料的薄片)的约束层906对外层902和910的覆盖并无贡献,但可以对声音强度的额外衰减作出贡献。即,当层906是传输水蒸汽的材料时,在确定阻挡部分时,仅考虑胶合剂904和908的面积。
用于约束层906的材料的例子包括多孔钢、钢板网(expanded steel)和承载质量的乙烯基材料或类似产品。但是,钢具有比乙烯基材料高的杨氏模量,并由此比乙烯基更胜于做约束层。但是,出于其它容易切割的原因,乙烯基可以用来在层叠结构中替代钢,如果需要的话。纤维素、木材、塑料或其它约束材料可以用于替代乙烯基材料或金属。替代材料可以是任意类型和任意适当的厚度。在图9的例子中,约束材料906与其所施加的胶合剂904和908的尺寸和形状接近。胶合剂904和908以及约束材料906在图9中显示在多个位置中,以反映它们正在被图案施加的情况,如前所述。
在制造图1的结构时,胶合剂104首先以预定方式以选定图案施加到石膏102的底表面,通常是1/16英寸的厚度,但是如果需要也可以使用其它厚度。底层106的顶表面放置在胶合剂104的暴露表面上,由此压靠顶层102。在胶合剂是水基的情况下,取决于所用的干燥和除湿技术,需要五分钟至三十小时不等的时间来使胶合剂104完全干燥。溶剂基的粘弹性胶合剂可以作为替换。
在制造图9的结构时,该方法类似于用于图1的结构的方法。但是,在底层910施加之前,(底层910对应于底层106),约束材料906放置在胶合剂904的位置上。约束材料906可以比胶合剂904或908图案区域的面积大或小,这要考虑最终的层叠件阻挡水蒸汽传输的程度,因为以上描述了约束层906的无传输特性。第二层胶合剂908施加于约束材料的暴露表面(即,约束材料的远离顶层902的那侧上)。在一个实施例中,胶合剂层908施加到底层910的内侧,而不是施加到层906。底层910放置在层902、904、906和908的堆叠结构上。最终的结构在大约2至5磅每平方英寸的压力下干燥大约5分钟至大约48小时,这取决于每个组件的确切需要,尽管可以在需要时使用其它压力。
相应地,本发明的层叠结构在与结构相关的声音传递等级数方面提供了明显的改进,并由此明显地减小从一个房间到相邻房间的声音传递,同时为湿气提供了明显的传递。通过使用被构图的胶合剂,可以获得低的制造成本。
图1和图9的结构可以利用连续的多孔隔膜约束层以及没有隔膜的系统制造。隔膜是在其它两层材料之间的薄的隔段或膜。尽管该术语通常用于描述植物或动物中的两块组织之间的膜,在本发明的背景下,术语“隔膜”用于描述多孔连续约束层。
另外,外部材料(图1中的两层102和106以及图9中的两层902和910)不仅可以用石膏制造,也可以用陶瓷、木材、氧化镁、水泥混合物、混凝土和包括磷酸盐的陶瓷材料。利用每个这些材料或其组合来制造每个这些层的方法已知,并因此不再详细描述。
对本发明的层叠结构中的每个材料给出的尺寸可以根据需要变化,来控制成本、总的厚度、质量、预计湿度和温度控制要求以及STC结果。所述实施例和它们的尺寸仅是示例性的,而不是限制性的。
在上述描述的教导下,本发明的其它实施例将变得明显。
Claims (31)
1.一种适于在构造墙壁、地板、天花板或门中使用的层叠结构,所述层叠结构具有选定面积,所述层叠结构包括:
一种或多种材料的两个外层;
至少一个内部约束层,具有小于所述选定面积的面积;和
粘弹性胶合剂的两个或多个内层,由所述至少一个内部约束层间隔开,其中,粘弹性胶合剂的所述层的每一个都被构图,以覆盖所述层叠结构的选定百分比的所述面积,但不是全部所述面积,从而允许湿气通过所述结构。
2.如权利要求1所述的结构,其中,所述两个外层包括石膏墙板。
3.如权利要求1所述的结构,其中,所述至少一个内部约束层覆盖少于所述选定面积的面积。
4.如权利要求3所述的结构,其中,所述至少一个内部约束层包括从以下组中选出的材料:乙烯基、钢、木质和纤维素基的材料。
5.如权利要求1所述的结构,其中,粘弹性胶合剂的所述两个或多个内层的每个包括从以下组选出的粘弹性胶合剂:水基粘弹性胶合剂或溶剂基粘弹性胶合剂。
6.如权利要求1所述的结构,其中,粘弹性胶合剂的所述两个或多个内层的每一个覆盖所述结构的大约百分之二十(20%)和大约百分之八十(80%)之间的面积。
7.如权利要求1所述的结构,其中,所述约束层仅仅覆盖所述结构的所述面积的一部分。
8.如权利要求1所述的结构,其中,所述材料的每个外层是非金属和非玻璃的。
9.如权利要求1所述的结构,其中,材料的每个外层包括从以下组选出的材料:石膏、陶瓷、木材、氧化镁(MgO)、水泥、混凝土和具有磷酸盐的陶瓷混合物。
10.如权利要求1所述的结构,其中,所述至少一个内部约束层由连续隔膜状材料制成。
11.一种形成层叠结构的方法,该层叠结构适于在构造墙壁、地板、天花板或门中使用,所述层叠结构具有选定面积,所述层叠结构能够使湿气从层叠结构的一侧到达至另一侧,所述方法包括:
形成一种或多种材料的两个外层;
在所述两个外层之间形成至少一个内部约束层,所述至少一个内部约束层的面积小于所述选定面积;和
利用被所述至少一个内部约束层间隔开的粘弹性胶合剂的两个或多个内层将所述两个外层连结至所述至少一个内部层,其中,粘弹性胶合剂的所述层的每一个都被构图,以覆盖所述层叠结构的选定百分比的所述面积,但不是全部所述面积,从而允许湿气通过最终的结构。
12.如权利要求1所述的层叠结构,其中,所述两个外层每一个都包括选定厚度的石膏板层。
13.如权利要求12所述的层叠结构,其中,所述胶合剂包括能够吸收声音的粘弹性材料。
14.如权利要求4所述的叠层结构,其中,所述内部约束层包括具有选定厚度的片状金属层。
15.如权利要求14所述的叠层结构,其中,具有选定厚度的所述片状金属层包括镀锌钢。
16.一种具有选定面积的层叠结构,所述层叠结构适于在构造墙壁、地板、天花板或门中使用,并包括:
非金属材料的两个外层;
至少一个内部约束层,具有小于所述选定面积的面积;和
粘弹性胶合剂的两个或多个内层,由所述至少一个内部约束层间隔开,粘弹性胶合剂的所述层的每一个都具有小于所述选定面积的面积。
17.如权利要求16所述的层叠结构,其中,约束层包括金属。
18.一种层叠结构,包括:
选定材料的至少一个内层;
粘弹性胶合剂制成的两个内层,一个这样的层位于所述内层的每侧上;以及
非金属材料的至少一个附加层,位于粘弹性胶合剂的每一内层的另一侧上,其中,粘弹性胶合剂的两个内层和选定材料的至少一个内层的每一个占据的面积小于在粘弹性胶合剂的每一内层的另一侧上的非金属材料的所述至少一个附加层的面积,以允许蒸汽穿过所述层叠结构。
19.如权利要求18所述的层叠结构,其中,每个所述至少一个附加层包括第一声音衰减材料的外层。
20.如权利要求19所述的层叠结构,其中,第一声音衰减材料的所述外层的每一个包括石膏。
21.如权利要求20所述的层叠结构,其中,每个所述至少一个外层包括多层选定材料。
22.如权利要求21所述的层叠结构,其中,所述多层选定材料包括:金属的第一层;粘弹性胶合剂的第二层;和选定材料的第三层。
23.如权利要求22所述的层叠结构,其中,选定材料的所述第三层包括石膏。
24.如权利要求18所述的层叠结构,其中,所述至少一个内层包括金属层。
25.如权利要求18所述的层叠结构,其中,所述至少一个内层包括纤维素材料。
26.如权利要求18所述的层叠结构,其中,所述至少一个内层包括固态石油基合成材料层,所述材料从以下组选出:乙烯基材料、塑性复合材料或橡胶。
27.一种适于在构造墙壁、地板、天花板或门中使用的层叠结构,包括:
非金属材料的两个外层;
至少一个内部约束层;以及
粘弹性胶合剂的两个或多个内层,由所述至少一个内部约束层间隔开,其中,所述至少一个内部约束层从以下组选出:纤维素、木材、金属、塑料、乙烯基材料、塑性复合材料和橡胶,并且其中,所述至少一个内部约束层和粘弹性胶合剂的所述两个或多个内层的每一个所占据的所述层叠结构的面积小于所述层叠结构的面积,以由此允许湿气穿过所述层叠结构。
28.如权利要求27所述的层叠结构,其中,所述至少一个内部约束层是木材。
29.如权利要求27所述的层叠结构,其中,所述至少一个内部约束层是纤维素。
30.一种适于在构造墙壁、地板、天花板或门中使用的层叠结构,所述层叠结构具有选定面积,所述层叠结构包括:
一种或多种材料的两个外层;和
在所述两个外层之间的粘弹性胶合剂的一个或多个内层,其中由粘弹性胶合剂制成的所述一个(或多个)层被构图,以覆盖所述层叠结构的选定百分比的所述面积,但不是全部所述面积,从而允许湿气通过所述结构。
31.如权利要求30所述的结构,其中,所述两个外层包括石膏墙板。
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EP3798378A1 (en) | 2021-03-31 |
AU2008240306A1 (en) | 2008-10-23 |
JP5692745B2 (ja) | 2015-04-01 |
CN101743364B (zh) | 2014-04-16 |
US20080251198A1 (en) | 2008-10-16 |
ES2842333T3 (es) | 2021-07-13 |
EP2142720A4 (en) | 2013-02-27 |
EP2142720B1 (en) | 2020-12-23 |
JP2010525190A (ja) | 2010-07-22 |
EP2142720A1 (en) | 2010-01-13 |
WO2008128002A1 (en) | 2008-10-23 |
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