CN101827638B - 多孔体和方法 - Google Patents
多孔体和方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN101827638B CN101827638B CN200880110124.8A CN200880110124A CN101827638B CN 101827638 B CN101827638 B CN 101827638B CN 200880110124 A CN200880110124 A CN 200880110124A CN 101827638 B CN101827638 B CN 101827638B
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- main body
- fluid
- ash
- particles
- entrance
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 96
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 228
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 148
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 88
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 78
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 230000008034 disappearance Effects 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002912 waste gas Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000002902 bimodal effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910001338 liquidmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000013517 stratification Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001172 regenerating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 abstract description 7
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 abstract description 7
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 7
- 239000002956 ash Substances 0.000 description 156
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 60
- 239000013598 vector Substances 0.000 description 51
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 49
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 27
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 17
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 16
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 15
- 235000019580 granularity Nutrition 0.000 description 15
- 229910052878 cordierite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimagnesium dioxido-bis[(1-oxido-3-oxo-2,4,6,8,9-pentaoxa-1,3-disila-5,7-dialuminabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-7-yl)oxy]silane Chemical compound [Mg++].[Mg++].[O-][Si]([O-])(O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2)O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2 JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 description 11
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 11
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 10
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 10
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 10
- 229910052863 mullite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- KZHJGOXRZJKJNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O KZHJGOXRZJKJNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 8
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 238000004455 differential thermal analysis Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 7
- -1 rare-earth sulfide Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 238000002411 thermogravimetry Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 6
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 5
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 5
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000013618 particulate matter Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 5
- 102220042174 rs141655687 Human genes 0.000 description 5
- 102220076495 rs200649587 Human genes 0.000 description 5
- 102220043159 rs587780996 Human genes 0.000 description 5
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 5
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 5
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 4
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 4
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron oxide Inorganic materials [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000518 rheometry Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 4
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000002159 abnormal effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 3
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000005672 electromagnetic field Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 3
- SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(II,III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]O[Fe]=O SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000006249 magnetic particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920000609 methyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000001923 methylcellulose Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010813 municipal solid waste Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003672 processing method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000008439 repair process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 description 3
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920001732 Lignosulfonate Polymers 0.000 description 2
- KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Na2O Inorganic materials [O-2].[Na+].[Na+] KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 2
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005411 Van der Waals force Methods 0.000 description 2
- RSWGJHLUYNHPMX-ONCXSQPRSA-N abietic acid Chemical compound C([C@@H]12)CC(C(C)C)=CC1=CC[C@@H]1[C@]2(C)CCC[C@@]1(C)C(O)=O RSWGJHLUYNHPMX-ONCXSQPRSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003321 amplification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004380 ashing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001593 boehmite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010882 bottom ash Substances 0.000 description 2
- OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium sulfate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010883 coal ash Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002596 correlated effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006477 desulfuration reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000023556 desulfurization Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002149 energy-dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002309 gasification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003502 gasoline Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006703 hydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- FAHBNUUHRFUEAI-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxidooxidoaluminium Chemical compound O[Al]=O FAHBNUUHRFUEAI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002356 laser light scattering Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003199 nucleic acid amplification method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000020030 perry Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000006187 pill Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001404 rare earth metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000505 Al2TiO5 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000005995 Aluminium silicate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 description 1
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000002918 Fraxinus excelsior Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910008538 Li2O—Al2O3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000342 Monte Carlo simulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- WHNWPMSKXPGLAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone Chemical compound C=CN1CCCC1=O WHNWPMSKXPGLAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002089 NOx Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 102220522598 Serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 2_L75D_mutation Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfurous acid Chemical compound OS(O)=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 1
- XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005276 aerator Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052656 albite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000012211 aluminium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- CNLWCVNCHLKFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum;lithium;dioxido(oxo)silane Chemical compound [Li+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O CNLWCVNCHLKFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012080 ambient air Substances 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QVQLCTNNEUAWMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium oxide Chemical compound [Ba]=O QVQLCTNNEUAWMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001864 baryta Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000001124 body fluid Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000010839 body fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000014633 carbohydrates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011818 carbonaceous material particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003610 charcoal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019504 cigarettes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012459 cleaning agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003034 coal gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008602 contraction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004320 controlled atmosphere Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000875 corresponding effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010431 corundum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010779 crude oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000000113 differential scanning calorimetry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007571 dilatometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005518 electrochemistry Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000295 emission spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005188 flotation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003500 flue dust Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003546 flue gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010881 fly ash Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002223 garnet Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010574 gas phase reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003306 harvesting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007210 heterogeneous catalysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002638 heterogeneous catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002815 homogeneous catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000036571 hydration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002706 hydrostatic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008595 infiltration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001764 infiltration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001746 injection moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052747 lanthanoid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002602 lanthanoids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- MRELNEQAGSRDBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[La+3].[La+3] MRELNEQAGSRDBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920005610 lignin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000003077 lignite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002632 lipids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium oxide Inorganic materials [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000013507 mapping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010310 metallurgical process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003595 mist Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PLDDOISOJJCEMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N neodymium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Nd+3].[Nd+3] PLDDOISOJJCEMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000006855 networking Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical group CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006259 organic additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002902 organometallic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003204 osmotic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- KTUFCUMIWABKDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxolanthaniooxy)lanthanum Chemical compound O=[La]O[La]=O KTUFCUMIWABKDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010893 paper waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012466 permeate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000053 physical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011295 pitch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 229920000747 poly(lactic acid) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004626 polylactic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011118 polyvinyl acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002689 polyvinyl acetate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000002459 porosimetry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920001592 potato starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011819 refractory material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052702 rhenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052594 sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010865 sewage Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007873 sieving Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004513 sizing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007569 slipcasting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002945 steepest descent method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003476 subbituminous coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000153 supplemental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009469 supplementation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003319 supportive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000454 talc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052623 talc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000012222 talc Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019587 texture Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000008646 thermal stress Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000472 traumatic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004580 weight loss Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001238 wet grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010456 wollastonite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052882 wollastonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004876 x-ray fluorescence Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052644 β-spodumene Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910003158 γ-Al2O3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
- F02D41/14—Introducing closed-loop corrections
- F02D41/1401—Introducing closed-loop corrections characterised by the control or regulation method
- F02D41/1406—Introducing closed-loop corrections characterised by the control or regulation method with use of a optimisation method, e.g. iteration
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D24/00—Filters comprising loose filtering material, i.e. filtering material without any binder between the individual particles or fibres thereof
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D39/00—Filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
- B01D39/14—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material
- B01D39/20—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material of inorganic material, e.g. asbestos paper, metallic filtering material of non-woven wires
- B01D39/2055—Carbonaceous material
- B01D39/2058—Carbonaceous material the material being particulate
- B01D39/2062—Bonded, e.g. activated carbon blocks
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D39/00—Filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
- B01D39/14—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material
- B01D39/20—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material of inorganic material, e.g. asbestos paper, metallic filtering material of non-woven wires
- B01D39/2068—Other inorganic materials, e.g. ceramics
- B01D39/2072—Other inorganic materials, e.g. ceramics the material being particulate or granular
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
- B01D46/56—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours with multiple filtering elements, characterised by their mutual disposition
- B01D46/58—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours with multiple filtering elements, characterised by their mutual disposition connected in parallel
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
- B01D46/66—Regeneration of the filtering material or filter elements inside the filter
- B01D46/80—Chemical processes for the removal of the retained particles, e.g. by burning
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/02—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/74—General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/74—General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
- B01D53/86—Catalytic processes
- B01D53/8621—Removing nitrogen compounds
- B01D53/8625—Nitrogen oxides
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/74—General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
- B01D53/86—Catalytic processes
- B01D53/864—Removing carbon monoxide or hydrocarbons
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/96—Regeneration, reactivation or recycling of reactants
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
- B01J20/0203—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising compounds of metals not provided for in B01J20/04
- B01J20/0207—Compounds of Sc, Y or Lanthanides
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
- B01J20/0203—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising compounds of metals not provided for in B01J20/04
- B01J20/0211—Compounds of Ti, Zr, Hf
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
- B01J20/0203—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising compounds of metals not provided for in B01J20/04
- B01J20/0218—Compounds of Cr, Mo, W
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
- B01J20/0203—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising compounds of metals not provided for in B01J20/04
- B01J20/0274—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising compounds of metals not provided for in B01J20/04 characterised by the type of anion
- B01J20/0285—Sulfides of compounds other than those provided for in B01J20/045
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
- B01J20/06—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising oxides or hydroxides of metals not provided for in group B01J20/04
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
- B01J20/06—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising oxides or hydroxides of metals not provided for in group B01J20/04
- B01J20/08—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising oxides or hydroxides of metals not provided for in group B01J20/04 comprising aluminium oxide or hydroxide; comprising bauxite
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
- B01J20/10—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising silica or silicate
- B01J20/103—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising silica or silicate comprising silica
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
- B01J20/10—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising silica or silicate
- B01J20/16—Alumino-silicates
- B01J20/18—Synthetic zeolitic molecular sieves
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
- B01J20/20—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising free carbon; comprising carbon obtained by carbonising processes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/28—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J20/28002—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
- B01J20/28011—Other properties, e.g. density, crush strength
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/28—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J20/28014—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their form
- B01J20/2803—Sorbents comprising a binder, e.g. for forming aggregated, agglomerated or granulated products
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/28—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J20/28014—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their form
- B01J20/28042—Shaped bodies; Monolithic structures
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/28—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J20/28054—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
- B01J20/28088—Pore-size distribution
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
- B01J20/305—Addition of material, later completely removed, e.g. as result of heat treatment, leaching or washing, e.g. for forming pores
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
- B01J20/32—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating
- B01J20/3291—Characterised by the shape of the carrier, the coating or the obtained coated product
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
- B01J20/34—Regenerating or reactivating
- B01J20/3483—Regenerating or reactivating by thermal treatment not covered by groups B01J20/3441 - B01J20/3475, e.g. by heating or cooling
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
- B01J21/12—Silica and alumina
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/10—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of rare earths
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- B01J27/02—Sulfur, selenium or tellurium; Compounds thereof
- B01J27/04—Sulfides
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
- B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
- B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
-
- B01J35/56—
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
- B01J37/0236—Drying, e.g. preparing a suspension, adding a soluble salt and drying
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J8/00—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes
- B01J8/008—Details of the reactor or of the particulate material; Processes to increase or to retard the rate of reaction
- B01J8/009—Membranes, e.g. feeding or removing reactants or products to or from the catalyst bed through a membrane
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J8/00—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes
- B01J8/02—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
- B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
- B28B11/00—Apparatus or processes for treating or working the shaped or preshaped articles
- B28B11/24—Apparatus or processes for treating or working the shaped or preshaped articles for curing, setting or hardening
- B28B11/243—Setting, e.g. drying, dehydrating or firing ceramic articles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
- B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
- B28B3/00—Producing shaped articles from the material by using presses; Presses specially adapted therefor
- B28B3/20—Producing shaped articles from the material by using presses; Presses specially adapted therefor wherein the material is extruded
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B33/00—Clay-wares
- C04B33/02—Preparing or treating the raw materials individually or as batches
- C04B33/13—Compounding ingredients
- C04B33/132—Waste materials; Refuse; Residues
- C04B33/135—Combustion residues, e.g. fly ash, incineration waste
- C04B33/1352—Fuel ashes, e.g. fly ash
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/01—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics
- C04B35/16—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on silicates other than clay
- C04B35/18—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on silicates other than clay rich in aluminium oxide
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B38/00—Porous mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramic ware; Preparation thereof
- C04B38/0006—Honeycomb structures
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B9/00—General processes of refining or remelting of metals; Apparatus for electroslag or arc remelting of metals
- C22B9/02—Refining by liquating, filtering, centrifuging, distilling, or supersonic wave action including acoustic waves
- C22B9/023—By filtering
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
- F02D41/021—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine
- F02D41/0235—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine in relation with the state of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
- F02D41/027—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine in relation with the state of the exhaust gas treating apparatus to purge or regenerate the exhaust gas treating apparatus
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2253/00—Adsorbents used in seperation treatment of gases and vapours
- B01D2253/10—Inorganic adsorbents
- B01D2253/106—Silica or silicates
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2253/00—Adsorbents used in seperation treatment of gases and vapours
- B01D2253/10—Inorganic adsorbents
- B01D2253/112—Metals or metal compounds not provided for in B01D2253/104 or B01D2253/106
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2253/00—Adsorbents used in seperation treatment of gases and vapours
- B01D2253/30—Physical properties of adsorbents
- B01D2253/302—Dimensions
- B01D2253/31—Pore size distribution
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2253/00—Adsorbents used in seperation treatment of gases and vapours
- B01D2253/30—Physical properties of adsorbents
- B01D2253/302—Dimensions
- B01D2253/311—Porosity, e.g. pore volume
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/90—Physical characteristics of catalysts
- B01D2255/92—Dimensions
- B01D2255/9205—Porosity
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/90—Physical characteristics of catalysts
- B01D2255/92—Dimensions
- B01D2255/9207—Specific surface
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2220/00—Aspects relating to sorbent materials
- B01J2220/40—Aspects relating to the composition of sorbent or filter aid materials
- B01J2220/48—Sorbents characterised by the starting material used for their preparation
- B01J2220/4875—Sorbents characterised by the starting material used for their preparation the starting material being a waste, residue or of undefined composition
- B01J2220/4887—Residues, wastes, e.g. garbage, municipal or industrial sludges, compost, animal manure; fly-ashes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2220/00—Aspects relating to sorbent materials
- B01J2220/50—Aspects relating to the use of sorbent or filter aid materials
- B01J2220/66—Other type of housings or containers not covered by B01J2220/58 - B01J2220/64
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/00474—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00
- C04B2111/00793—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00 as filters or diaphragms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/00474—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00
- C04B2111/0081—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00 as catalysts or catalyst carriers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/02—Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
- C04B2235/30—Constituents and secondary phases not being of a fibrous nature
- C04B2235/34—Non-metal oxides, non-metal mixed oxides, or salts thereof that form the non-metal oxides upon heating, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides
- C04B2235/3427—Silicates other than clay, e.g. water glass
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/02—Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
- C04B2235/50—Constituents or additives of the starting mixture chosen for their shape or used because of their shape or their physical appearance
- C04B2235/54—Particle size related information
- C04B2235/5418—Particle size related information expressed by the size of the particles or aggregates thereof
- C04B2235/5436—Particle size related information expressed by the size of the particles or aggregates thereof micrometer sized, i.e. from 1 to 100 micron
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/02—Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
- C04B2235/50—Constituents or additives of the starting mixture chosen for their shape or used because of their shape or their physical appearance
- C04B2235/54—Particle size related information
- C04B2235/5463—Particle size distributions
- C04B2235/5472—Bimodal, multi-modal or multi-fraction
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/02—Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
- C04B2235/50—Constituents or additives of the starting mixture chosen for their shape or used because of their shape or their physical appearance
- C04B2235/54—Particle size related information
- C04B2235/5463—Particle size distributions
- C04B2235/5481—Monomodal
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/60—Aspects relating to the preparation, properties or mechanical treatment of green bodies or pre-forms
- C04B2235/602—Making the green bodies or pre-forms by moulding
- C04B2235/6021—Extrusion moulding
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/65—Aspects relating to heat treatments of ceramic bodies such as green ceramics or pre-sintered ceramics, e.g. burning, sintering or melting processes
- C04B2235/656—Aspects relating to heat treatments of ceramic bodies such as green ceramics or pre-sintered ceramics, e.g. burning, sintering or melting processes characterised by specific heating conditions during heat treatment
- C04B2235/6562—Heating rate
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/65—Aspects relating to heat treatments of ceramic bodies such as green ceramics or pre-sintered ceramics, e.g. burning, sintering or melting processes
- C04B2235/656—Aspects relating to heat treatments of ceramic bodies such as green ceramics or pre-sintered ceramics, e.g. burning, sintering or melting processes characterised by specific heating conditions during heat treatment
- C04B2235/6565—Cooling rate
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/65—Aspects relating to heat treatments of ceramic bodies such as green ceramics or pre-sintered ceramics, e.g. burning, sintering or melting processes
- C04B2235/656—Aspects relating to heat treatments of ceramic bodies such as green ceramics or pre-sintered ceramics, e.g. burning, sintering or melting processes characterised by specific heating conditions during heat treatment
- C04B2235/6567—Treatment time
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/70—Aspects relating to sintered or melt-casted ceramic products
- C04B2235/74—Physical characteristics
- C04B2235/77—Density
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/70—Aspects relating to sintered or melt-casted ceramic products
- C04B2235/80—Phases present in the sintered or melt-cast ceramic products other than the main phase
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/70—Aspects relating to sintered or melt-casted ceramic products
- C04B2235/94—Products characterised by their shape
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/70—Aspects relating to sintered or melt-casted ceramic products
- C04B2235/96—Properties of ceramic products, e.g. mechanical properties such as strength, toughness, wear resistance
- C04B2235/9607—Thermal properties, e.g. thermal expansion coefficient
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
- F02D41/14—Introducing closed-loop corrections
- F02D41/1401—Introducing closed-loop corrections characterised by the control or regulation method
- F02D2041/1433—Introducing closed-loop corrections characterised by the control or regulation method using a model or simulation of the system
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D2200/00—Input parameters for engine control
- F02D2200/70—Input parameters for engine control said parameters being related to the vehicle exterior
- F02D2200/701—Information about vehicle position, e.g. from navigation system or GPS signal
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/20—Recycling
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P40/00—Technologies relating to the processing of minerals
- Y02P40/60—Production of ceramic materials or ceramic elements, e.g. substitution of clay or shale by alternative raw materials, e.g. ashes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2982—Particulate matter [e.g., sphere, flake, etc.]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2982—Particulate matter [e.g., sphere, flake, etc.]
- Y10T428/2991—Coated
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Filtering Materials (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
- Nanotechnology (AREA)
- Filtration Of Liquid (AREA)
- Filtering Of Dispersed Particles In Gases (AREA)
- Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
- Geometry (AREA)
- Solid-Sorbent Or Filter-Aiding Compositions (AREA)
- Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
- Devices And Processes Conducted In The Presence Of Fluids And Solid Particles (AREA)
- Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
- Waste-Gas Treatment And Other Accessory Devices For Furnaces (AREA)
Abstract
本发明揭示用主体处理流体的系统和方法。多个方面涉及用多孔体处理流体。在所选实施例中,主体包含灰分粒子,并且用于形成所述主体的所述灰分粒子可基于其为既定处理提供一种或一种以上所需性质进行选择。各种主体提供流体中某种物质的反应和/或去除,其通常使用由灰分粒子构成的多孔体。还揭示用于匹配源材料与应用的计算机可操作方法。某些方面是以一种由灰分粒子构成的多孔体为特征,所述灰分粒子具有一定的粒度分布和粒子间连通性,从而产生多个具有一定孔径分布和孔隙连通性的孔隙,并且所述孔径分布和孔隙连通性使得第一流体可大体上穿透所述孔隙。
Description
相关申请案的交叉参考
本说明书主张2007年8月3日申请的美国临时专利申请案第60/963,088号的优先权,所述申请案的揭示内容以引用的方式并入本文中。
技术领域
本发明总体上是关于使流体与主体反应,更具体来说,是关于一种用于与流体反应的主体。
背景技术
为促进反应,可使流体(例如,气体、液体等)越过或穿过多种物质。通过使流体与合适的主体接触,可增强流体中物质的反应、流体中物质的去除,和流体的一些化学或物理转化。在一些情况下,反应发生在流体与主体表面之间的界面处,并且在这些情况下,将其表面积最大化十分有利(例如,通过使用多孔体)。流体与主体之间的反应也可用于改良主体自身。
许多合适的主体大体上是多孔的(例如,孔隙率大于5%、10%、20%、40%、60%、80%,或甚至大于90%)。孔隙率可为连续孔隙率,并且在这些情况下,流体可大体上充满主体。当通过合适的驱动力(例如,压力、电压、磁场或热力学势的其它梯度)推动时,可使流体穿过主体。在一些情况下,使流体穿过阻止某物质通过的孔隙(例如,过滤),可从流体中去除此物质。在其它情况下,物质可被去除或反应以形成另一种物质(例如,在多相催化中)和/或与主体本身组合(例如,采掘)。物质也可大体上被主体吸附或吸收。
许多主体已通过选择相对纯的起始物料并将其混合来制造,并且愈加复杂的主体需要加入更多的起始物料。举例来说,催化转化剂基质可能需要具有某些热性质、机械性质和表面积性质,因此可由堇青石(Mg2Al4Si5O18)制成,所述堇青石(Mg2Al4Si5O18)可通过混合起始物料MgO、Al2O3和SiO2来制备。含有铁的堇青石(Mg,Fe)2Al4Si5O18可能具有一些改良性质,并且可通过将FeO或Fe2O3加入上述混合物中来制备。可类似地加入烧结助剂、晶界相和催化物质,并且对许多材料的改良一般需要加入更多组分。
许多有用的主体、尤其用于高温应用的主体包括若干种组分,并且在一些情况下,另外的组分可改良性质。举例来说,莫来石(mullite)(3Al2O3-2SiO2)材料在相当高温度(例如,1300C)下通常具有高强度,并且美国专利3,954,672中鉴别出某些堇青石-莫来石组合物(即,复杂性增加),其具有一些优于莫来石的改良性质。因而,在应用中一般具有改良性质的材料通常可能会比所述应用中通常使用的已知材料更复杂。
许多有用的主体是由SiO2、Al2O3、FeO、MgO、CaO、TiO2和其它物质的组合制成,并且通常包括一种或一种以上有用的相(例如,莫来石、堇青石、尖晶石、钙钛矿、无定形),其各自可包括若干种组分。因此,可通过以已知具有有用性质的组合物作为主体的基础,随后增加这些组合物周围的复杂性,来提高对于多种应用来说改良主体的发现。
多孔体可用于过滤,包括(不限于)深床过滤(deepbedfiltration)、壁流式过滤(wallflowfiltration)、滤饼过滤和其它方法。一般来说,适用于过滤的主体可根据多种因素进行选择,包括所需流速、流体粘度、流体的相集合(phaseassemblage)(例如,液体、乳液中的悬浮固体)、流体中物质(欲处理)的浓度、所需压差(如果是压力驱动流体穿过/越过主体)、应用的温度、化学反应性(或其不足)和其它因素。所存在的几何学和质量限制也可决定适当的过滤方法。举例来说,深床过滤主体的大“池”可用于过滤大量的废水,而汽车废气流中致污物的催化去除则需要小的便携式主体。
在一些应用中,主体的机械性能很重要。用于使流体穿过或越过主体的驱动力往往会在主体自身中产生机械应力,并且在许多应用中要求主体对这种机械应力具有抵抗力。一些应用需要主体具有足够的机械强度以承受流体所施加的外加压力(例如,在过滤器中)。一些应用则可能需要低热膨胀系数(CTE)、良好耐热冲击性或良好耐热冲击损伤性。
在许多应用中,主体的通道或其它大体上“开放”区域(对流体流动提供最小阻抗)被用于大体上增加反应或过滤的面积(例如,美国专利4,253,992和4,276,071中)。在这些应用中,相对较薄的壁将对流体流动具有大体上最小阻抗的区域隔开。隔开通道的壁应具有高孔隙率以最大化表面积或渗透性,但并非过高而致使机械性质降低,并且孔径分布应提供所需处理(例如,实际上过滤欲去除的物质)。
在一些应用(例如,过滤床)中,主体在操作期间可基本上靠流体静压支撑,因此在过滤期间几乎不需要机械强度(例如,抗剪强度或抗张强度)。一些应用也包括反洗,其通常产生与过滤期间所产生不同的机械应力。在这些情况下,一定的机械强度或适当的外壳可能是必需的。在既定应用中,热应力、热膨胀失配、结晶结构改变、物理冲击和其它因素也可对主体产生某些要求。
成本可能日益成为既定应用中的重要因素。成本可包括与制造主体和其相关流体控制系统有关的资金成本。成本也可包括操作成本。成本也可包括处置成本、环境成本、“出厂到报废”成本和与实施特定处理解决方案有关的其它成本。特定主体的产生和实施所需的能量可能是重要的成本因素,并且在这些情况下,降低制造和使用特定装置所需的能量十分有利。成本可包括与排放全球温室气体、环境污染物或其它致污物有关的成本。通常,将与产品有关的隐含能量(embodiedenergy)(例如,产品的产生和实施所需的能量)减到最少和/或将产品的全生命周期成本减到最少十分有利。与处理方法相关的实施成本、用主体处理流体的方法成本、处理后物质和/或主体自身的处置成本以及其它生命周期成本一般可包括资金成本(包括原材料成本)、操作成本(包括寿命)和处置/回收成本。
发明内容
本发明揭示用主体处理流体的系统和方法。多个方面涉及用多孔体处理流体。某些方面包括用于使流体与主体反应的系统。所述系统包括具有入口和出口的容器,和容器内由灰分粒子构成的主体。所述主体可具有足够的孔隙率以便流体在从入口到出口通过(即,穿过容器)期间与主体反应。在一些情况下,主体可安置在容器中以使得第一流体在从入口到出口通过期间可穿过主体,并且孔径分布和孔隙连通性可经配置以允许第一流体穿过如此安置的主体的部分。一些主体可能是过滤器。多种主体包括催化剂以增加化学反应速率。一些主体具有4%到98%范围内的孔隙率。一些主体包括通道,流体可大体上不受阻碍地在其中穿过。一些通道可完全穿过主体(例如,从接近入口的主体第一侧到接近出口的主体第二侧)。
孔隙率可包括孔径分布,并且可至少部分地由去除易消失相(fugitivephase)产生。易消失相可以是固有的,如与灰分源缔合的残余物。可单独加入易消失相。一些主体包含松散粒子。其它主体包括粘结粒子,并且在一些情况下,粘结包括粒子之间的颈状物。颈状物可由胶凝粘结形成(cementitiousbonding),其可包括氧化物组分(例如,Ca、Si、P、Mg、Fe、Al和其它氧化物)之间的水合反应,并且可包括C3S、C2S、C3A、C4AF、磷酸盐和/或石膏相的形成。颈状物形成可包括烧结和/或其它高温反应。
方法提供使用多种主体来处理流体。在一些情况下,流体可为废气,其可包括例如碳氢化合物、NOx、CO、Hg、硫类物质和/或颗粒物等物质。可过滤液体,包括液态金属。
多种方法包括选择需要多孔体的应用、选择用以制造主体的灰分源,和将灰分源成形为用于应用的多孔体。可选择多种粒度分布的一种或一种以上子集。某些实施例包括由灰分粒子构成的过滤床。
匹配灰分源与应用可包括测定描述应用的应用矢量,计算描述适用于应用的主体的目标主体矢量,选择源材料(其可包括灰分源),基于源材料计算主体矢量,并且比较计算主体矢量与目标主体矢量。在一些情况下,多种参数经迭代调节直到计算主体矢量与目标主体矢量彼此达到一定量的匹配或配合。主体参数和应用参数可经调节。
附图说明
图1是例示性实施例的图解表示。
图2是例示性实施例的图解表示。
图3是例示性实施例的图解表示。
图4提供通道实施例的代表性部分的图解表示。
图5是显示根据某些所揭示实施例的交替通道设计的图解表示。
图6是例示性实施例的图解表示。
图7是例示性实施例的图解表示。
图8是根据某些实施例的方法的流程图。
图9显示根据某些实施例,一种例示性灰分源的粒度和组成信息。
图10显示另一个例示性灰分源的粒度和组成信息。
图11显示根据某些实施例,另一个例示性灰分源的粒度信息。
图12显示根据某些实施例,另一个例示性灰分源的粒度信息。
图13显示根据某些实施例,样品1在不同放大率下的两张横截面电子显微照片。
图14显示根据某些实施例,与若干种例示性主体相关的孔径信息。
图15显示根据某些实施例,与若干种例示性主体相关的孔径信息。
图16显示根据某些实施例,与若干种例示性主体相关的孔径信息。
图17显示描述若干种焙烧样品的孔隙率的CPFT(小于规定孔径的累计体积百分数(cumulativepercentfinerthan))数据。
图18是根据某些实施例,若干种主体的平均孔隙率相对于中值孔径的图。
具体实施方式
流体可用多孔体处理。在所选实施例中,主体包含灰分粒子,并且用于形成主体的灰分粒子可基于其为既定处理提供一种或一种以上所需性质进行选择。处理通常发生在针对使流体与主体相互作用的应用或过程的情形中。流体可以指气体、液体和其混合物。流体可包括若干种组分,并且在一些情况下,流体包括不连续固体和/或液体相(例如,烟或雾)。处理或应用可包括流体和/或主体中物质或物种的反应、去除和/或转化。物质或物种可为固体、液体、气体、溶质或甚至流体自身。灰分粒子一般包括大体上无机物质,通常由高温过程产生。一般来说,灰分粒子可能与燃烧过程有关(例如,由燃烧过程产生),因此可能包括氧化物。主体一般指由多个粒子构成的物体。主体可包括由粒子制造的物体,但主体(制造后)本质上不是“颗粒”。多孔一般描述具有至少一些(例如,大于1%)孔隙率的主体。多个实施例包括鉴别具有适用于应用的特性的主体,并且在一些情况下,主体可由低成本材料制造。
假设应用是使流体穿过或越过多孔体以实现物质或物种的反应或去除,则存在多种参考文献,使用者可利用其确定主体的一组所需特性。例示性教科书包括化学工程师的 拇指规则(RulesofThumbforChemicalEngineers)(C.R.布兰南(C.R.Branan),海湾专业出版社(GulfProfessionalPublishing));佩里化学工程师手册(Perry′s ChemicalEngineer′sHandbook)(D.W.格林(D.W.Green)和R.H.佩里(R.H.Perry),麦格劳-希尔出版集团(McGraw-Hill));传递现象(TransportPhenomena)(伯德(Bird),斯图尔特(Stewart)和莱特夫特(Lightfoot),威立出版社(Wiley))。可以使用应用特性(例如所需流速、流体组成、相互作用系统的几何学、压降等)来限定应用矢量,其可包括主体对于所述应用的理想性质。这个矢量可为目标,具有一组主体特性的主体可针对它。可使用多种模型,利用例如粒度、孔隙率、密度和孔径分布等微观参数来计算宏观主体特性。类似地,教示增强化学反应(例如主体表面上的催化)的参考文献可用于在既定应用中提供所需化学反应,而其它参考文献可教示加工方法(用以制造主体)、机械性质的改良方式、清洁方法等。许多反应可利用催化剂来实现,并且适当催化剂的选择是许多反应使用“通用”基质的有效方式,其在于选择适于反应的催化剂或催化条件并将其并入基质中、基质上或与基质一起。
一些涉及流体和多孔体的反应可能需要将主体浸入流体中并通过扩散到主体中或越过主体表面而允许反应。流体流可越过主体、绕过主体、在主体各成员之间经过或穿过主体,并且主体可为固体、粉末、流化床或其它粒子组。一些主体可大体上为固体,例如催化转化剂基质。其它主体可能机械性能较弱,例如流化床,并且可安置在容器中和/或具有合适的包装。一些主体可原位形成,例如在流体通过期间利用材料沉积在“子过滤器”基质上而形成的所谓的滤饼层。在这些情况下,过滤可随时间改善,因为经由滤饼层的过滤使得过滤不断增加。
处理可包括冷温度(例如,77K或77K以下)、中等温度(例如,室温)、高温(例如,高于700C、1000C、1300C或甚至1600C)和介于其间的温度。反应可包括过滤、一种或一种以上物质的转化、气体吸附、脱硫、脱NOx反应、碳氢化合物、Hg、CO的去除,和其它化学反应。处理可包括从流体中去除粒子或颗粒,包括从排气流中去除烟灰粒子,或从液态金属中去除致污物。处理可包括水纯化。在一些应用中,处理包括目的在于改良主体而非流体的流体与主体之间的相互作用。
主体和/或流体可包括催化反应的手段。这些手段可包括安置在主体表面上、粒子表面上、流体中的催化剂;与主体有关的特定表面处理或条件;和/或其组合。催化剂可包括VIII族金属;Pt族金属;稀土氧化物;Fe、Ni、Co、Mn、Cr、W、Mo、V、Nb、Ta、Re、Cu的氧化物;和其混合物。举例来说,通过选择适当催化剂来催化NOx的分解、CO和/或碳氢化合物的燃烧、烟灰颗粒的燃烧和其它高温气相反应十分有利。催化剂可包括Ce、Zr、Ti、Ba、Sr、Ca和/或其氧化物,包括沸石和中孔材料。催化剂可包括硫化物,尤其过渡金属或稀土硫化物。催化剂可包括多相或均相催化剂。在一些方面中,催化剂是有机物和/或有机金属化合物。可使用洗涂(washcoating)催化剂来将催化剂施加于主体。催化剂也可经分散或溶解在流体中并通过用主体过滤流体中的催化剂而沉积在主体上。在一些方面中,将催化剂加入所处理的流体中。
应用可具有多个特性,其限定应用的化学、物理、热、时间和其它特性。典型特性包括欲处理的流体、粘度、欲反应或去除的物质、温度、压力、流速、化学反应性要求(增强所需反应并防止非所需反应)、寿命,和例如多孔体和其自身相关组分的物质实体要求(例如,质量、尺寸、密度、形状、耐损伤性)等因素。对于既定应用,可产生描述各种重要因素的应用矢量。应用矢量可包括输入描述符(例如,欲处理的流体)和输出描述符(例如,经处理流体中某物质的最大浓度)。也可包括构成应用成本的各种组成部分,例如原材料成本、制造成本、安装成本、更新成本、工艺成本和处置成本。某些特性对于特定应用可能尤为重要。尺寸和重量对于移动应用相比对于固定应用更为重要。寿命对于遥控应用相比对于易接近的应用更为重要。“容错(Faulttolerance)”或“故障保护(failsafe)”要求对于无法容忍故障的应用(例如,医院或数据中心的备用发电机)更为重要,而当故障影响不大时则不太重要。对应用的认识可捕获于应用矢量中,并且可用于鉴别应用中所用主体的优选值。
假设应用矢量或应用的其它描述符,可确定目标主体矢量,其描述欲用于应用中的主体的所需特征。例示性特征包括宏观特征(尺寸、重量、表面积、渗透性、热膨胀系数、模数、热容量、热导率)、微观特征(孔隙率、孔隙形状、孔径分布)、化学反应性、催化要求和其它因素。在一些方面中,评估多组源材料和加工条件,对所述组的各成员计算主体矢量,并且将主体矢量与应用的目标主体矢量进行比较以找出优选主体矢量。实验数据可并入评估中。在一些方面中,可使用灰分源的组成、相集合和粒度分布来关联灰分源与主体的所需性质,并通过扩展与应用相关联。
举例来说,可在包含流速、温度、最大背压、寿命和其它因素的应用矢量方面表征对柴油机废气的处理。柴油机颗粒过滤器可包含具有主体矢量(例如,尺寸、重量、渗透性、温度范围)的多孔体,所述主体矢量提供主体在应用中的用途。在一些方面中,可使用主体的各组成部分(例如,组成、粒度、形成方法)来计算主体矢量,并且可将计算主体矢量与目标主体矢量(来自应用)进行匹配。因此,柴油机颗粒过滤器应用可能需要具有一定渗透性的主体,所述渗透性可用于计算物理因素(例如,壁厚)与预期提供适当主体的孔隙率(例如,40-70%孔隙率、跨度为10-40微米的孔径分布和25微米的平均孔径)的组合。通过并入源粒子数据(例如,粒度)和粒子堆积模型,可计算假定孔隙率、孔径分布和平均孔径。通过改变输入参数(例如,不同粒度的量),计算孔隙率可朝着目标孔隙率的方向迭代演算。可使用各种假定组合物作为制造主体的实验起始点。
灰分源在化学组成、相集合、LOI(烧失量(lossonignition))、粒度和其它因素方面可能各有不同。灰分粒子的尺寸可在低于100nm到高于1cm的范围内。在所选方面中,灰分粒子的尺寸在约1微米到约70微米范围内。在一些情况下,较大灰分粒子(例如,高于20微米)可用于并入较大孔径,而较小灰分粒子(例如,低于5微米)可用于并入较小孔径。在某些情况下,主体含有具有不同尺寸分级粒子的区域,并且各区域提供互补特征。在一些实例中,第一区域提供结构特性,而第二区域提供流体处理特性。在某些实施例中,小粒子提供流体处理特性,而较大粒子支撑较小粒子。多个实施例包括提供机械性质的第一粒子和提供高表面积(例如,高于30m^2/g)的第二粒子。
在许多情况下,灰分粒子也可包括大量(例如,大于1%、10%、30%、40%、50%或甚至大于60%)的有机或其它含碳物质。许多燃烧过程并不导致燃料源的完全燃烧,并且因此所得灰分粒子可具有一种或一种以上“部分燃烧”或“未燃烧”的有机物质。对于许多灰分材料,可使用LOI来表征无机物质与含碳物质的相对百分比,所述LOI大致对应于随后所述材料在氧化性气氛中完全焙烧期间从所产生的灰分材料中去除的含碳物质的量。灰分粒子的例示性类型可包括飞灰、废物焚烧炉灰、炉底灰、火山灰、煤气化灰、燃烧灰、来自生物质燃烧或气化的灰分、来自冶金过程的灰分、炉渣和其它灰分。灰分粒子一般可为任何形状,包括(但不限于)球状、椭球状、棱角状、片状、须状、中空、空心球状、纤维状和其它形状。灰分粒子可包含C级飞灰、F级飞灰和其它等级的飞灰。
灰分粒子可获自多种来源,并且粒子组成一般随用于产生灰分粒子的过程(以及所述过程的输入)而变。举例来说,市政固体废物燃烧可产生灰分粒子,其组成与所述特定废物流(例如,生活垃圾、废纸、污水渣滓等)相关。煤燃烧可产生多种灰分源,包括飞灰、炉底灰、炉渣、废气脱硫灰、气化灰和流化床燃烧灰。燃烧产生的灰分可由燃料源、尤其化学组成(例如,硫含量)、来源的地理位置(例如,怀俄明州包德河盆地(PowderRiverBasin,Wyoming))、煤质(例如,褐煤、亚烟煤、沥青煤)和其它因素来表征。灰分可由其各自燃烧条件(例如,温度、氧分压)表征。灰分可由粒度分布、化学组成、结晶和/或无定形结构、反应性、LOI等来表征。
来自单一燃烧器和燃料源的一些灰分源可包括多种不同组成和相。举例来说,戈特沙尔克(Gottschalk)等人描述了含有中空空心球、椭球状磁铁矿粒子、硅酸盐、多种含碳物质和除粒度不同之外形状也不同的粒子的灰分(陶瓷学报(Ceram.Trans.),[119](2001)125-134)。其它灰分源可相当均匀。由于全世界产生灰分粒子的过程和输入具有广泛范围,故可获得具有多种多样性质的灰分粒子。由于石油化学工业将不同供应和质量的原材料(例如,原油)整合成满足一组标准化要求的输出产品(例如,汽油),因此多个实施例必需获得、评估、选择和任选地改良不同灰分源,选择来源的一个或一个以上子集,将所选灰分成形为主体,并且测试性质从而为所选应用确定一种配合。
灰分可包括一种或一种以上具有一种或一种以上组分的相。一些灰分可大体上呈结晶;一些灰分可大体上呈无定形;一些粒子可为中空。灰分粒子可为磁性。许多灰分来源价格相对低廉。在一些情况下,灰分粒子须另外处置(如果未用于后续应用中),因此对灰分粒子的利用(例如,在如本文中所述的应用中)可降低处置成本。粒子可由粒子形状、粒度分布和粒子间连通性(例如,在主体中)来表征。
主体可以使得流体以受控方式暴露给主体的方式,来形成、包装或另外容纳。主体可具有足以满足应用的结构要求的机械完整性(例如,强度、弹性响应)。在一些实施例中,主体具有高于1MPa、优选高于10MPa且更优选高于100MPa的抗张强度。主体可包括粒子深床、固定床、流化床或别的粒子集合。一些主体包括高于1kPa且优选高于10kPa的抗剪强度。
孔隙率可指闭口孔隙率和/或开口孔隙率。孔隙率可由孔径分布、平均孔径、中值孔径、孔隙形状、孔隙连通性和其它“孔隙尺度”因素表征。主体的孔隙率也可由各种宏观因素表征,例如孔隙率%(例如,与具有类似组成的致密主体相比)、渗透性、渗透值、表面积等。
在处理期间应用可能必需使用某种力(例如,使包含磁性粒子的主体稳定或对准的磁场)。某些方面包括具有低孔隙率(例如,小于10%、5%、2%)孔隙率的主体。其它方面包括具有中等孔隙率(例如,介于10%与60%之间)的主体。一些实施例可具有高孔隙率(例如,高于60%、高于70%、高于80%或甚至高于90%)。多个实施例包括具有介于20%与80%之间开口孔隙率的主体,并且某些方面并入大体上开放的区域或通道或路径,其并入导致整体密度远低于不具有这些区域的主体(例如,是其10%、1%或甚至低于0.1%)。可计算例如渗透性的宏观因素与例如孔径的微观因素之间的关系。可使用粒子堆积标准模型或使用教示粒度分布与孔径分布关系的参考文献,根据粒度分布(任选地和粒子形状数据一起)来预测孔径分布。通常,可根据第二特性计算、或至少推断第一特性。这些数据可用于选择适当的灰分源,由其制造用于特定应用的主体。多个实施例可由比表面积表征,并且在一些情况下,比表面积可大于10、100、1000、10,000、100,000或甚至1E6平方英寸/克。某些实施例包括尺寸大于5微米的孔隙,并且这些孔隙占主体的0.1cm^/g到0.8cm^/g。优选实施例包括低于8E-6/℃、优选低于4E-6/℃且更优选低于2E-6/℃的热膨胀系数。
通常,在相冲突的要求(例如渗透速率对机械性质)中,应将孔隙率特性优化。另外,一些用于形成主体的过程(例如模制、挤出、粉浆浇铸、凝胶浇铸、刀片刮抹和其它成形操作)需要输入糊状物、粉浆或具有特定粘弹性质的材料,所述粘弹性质通常受所缔合的灰分粒子和/或有机粘合剂的粒度分布(其又可影响孔隙率)所影响。
在一些实施例中,通过使用适当粒度分布可控制孔隙率,其可包括使用表面活性剂、稳定剂、硬脂酸部分(例如脂质)和其它影响或控制粒子间间距和/或排列的化合物。可通过使用不同组的受控粒度来控制孔隙率。可通过成形操作(例如外加压力、烧结工艺或蚀刻工艺)来控制孔隙率。在某些方面中,通过在成形期间引入易消失相来至少部分地控制孔隙率,这通常在模制或成形过程中影响粒子。在模制后,可去除易消失相,留下所需孔隙率特性。
易消失相可包括有机物质(例如,碳氢化合物、碳水化合物、石墨)和/或无机物质(例如,冰)。易消失相可作为不连续粒子形式、大体上连续相形式或与粒子缔合的涂层或其它粘着相形式被包括在内。易消失相可以是由产生灰分的过程所产生的灰分粒子的组分(例如,与一些飞灰缔合的残余烟灰或含碳物质)。可单独加入易消失相。代表性易消失相包括碳黑、淀粉和聚合物(包括聚乙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚酰胺、PET、聚乳酸、聚乙烯醇和其它聚合物)。晶须、纤维、片晶和其它各向异性形状也可用作易消失相。在一些方面中,易消失相可包括尺寸在10nm-500微米范围内的粒子,并且一些实施例包括尺寸在100nm到100微米范围内的易消失相。例示性易消失相包括介于44微米与200微米之间的石墨粒子、低于44微米的石墨粒子和平均粒度介于100nm与3微米之间的碳黑。某些实施例包括较大(例如,>1mm或甚至>1cm)的易消失相。易消失相可包括纤维素、木炭、煤和其它物质。用于控制流变学、成形、脱模和其它形成方面的各种有机添加剂也可能是易消失相。
去除易消失相可包括燃烧。在某些方面中,由这种燃烧产生的热可用于增强焙烧或其它加工步骤。可使用流过主体的气体来控制易消失相的燃烧。
对于许多应用,特定灰分可提供具有所需组成的“预混合”原材料源。因此,可通过选择已具有至少一些(优选大部分)形成堇青石所必需元素的灰分来制造堇青石主体。某些实施例包括将灰分源、成形工艺和需要主体的应用相匹配,以使得所述灰分源根据所述工艺形成的主体可适合所述应用。
灰分粒子可包括大量的SiO2和Al2O3。一些灰分也可包括大量的Fe物质,而其它一些灰分通常包括Ca、Mg和其它物质。这些物质通常是以氧化物形式存在。通常,灰分粒子会包括混合氧化物和/或混合相,其可容易地通过化学方法(例如能量色散光谱、x射线荧光、等离子体-光学发射光谱等)与物理方法(x射线衍射、粒度分析、粒子形状分析)的组合来鉴别。在一些方面中,具有可能适合第一应用的组成的灰分是第二应用的极好选择。为进行说明,而不是要限制于任何特定灰分源或应用,表1列出若干种灰分源组合物,以及若干种有用材料的类似组合物。
表1-某些灰分和某些陶瓷的化学组成
举例来说,表1中麋鹿溪沥青煤灰的组成与堇青石的组成相对接近,并且与掺杂有Fe的堇青石特别接近。这种灰分可为建立掺Fe堇青石材料的基础的合适选择。通过用表1的麋鹿溪沥青灰起始,随后加入约8重量%Al2O3和8重量%MgO,可得到51%SiO2、34%Al2O3、8%MgO和7%Fe2O3的重整化(renormalized)组成,其接近掺Fe堇青石的组成。类似地,怀俄达克PRB煤灰可为形成钙铝黄长石(2CaO-Al2O3-SiO2)的有用材料,并且若干种灰分组合物接近具有有利性质的主体的莫来石-堇青石组合物(如表1中的组合物B、C和E所示)。
某些实施例包括灰分性质、成形工艺和基于其计算主体矢量的方法的数据库。可基于概率或描述灰分源发展成适合所需应用的主体的可能性的其它优值(figureofmerit),来使灰分源与应用匹配。
某些方面包括匹配粒子源与所需应用。举例来说,第一直接喷射式发动机可使用低压喷射较大燃料体积,并且以“PM10”方式(即,约10微米)产生大量烟灰粒子,其去除可能需要特定尺寸孔隙率,所述孔隙率可使用第一粒度分布和/或第一易消失相产生。第二直接喷射式发动机可使用较高喷射压力、多次小喷射和甚至较低分子量燃料(例如,汽油)。这种第二发动机可产生较小粒子,其中许多可低于2.5微米(例如,PM2.5),并且其去除需要孔隙比第一发动机更细小的主体。第二粒度分布、尺寸切割(sizecut)、易消失相、形成方法或其它因素可用于产生这种较细小孔隙。多个实施例包括用于高产量实验的系统和方法,所述实验是针对合成多种含有不同源材料的样品并就与应用相关的性质筛选这些样品(通常基于与所述应用相关的要求的矢量)。
多种方法可用于计算和/或评估主体的性质,包括实验测量。多种优化方法(例如,最小二乘法(leastsquares)、蒙特卡罗法(montecarlo)、最速下降法(steepestdescent)、平行调整法(paralleltempering))可用于找出匹配应用矢量的主体矢量。对于既定灰分源,例如组成、粒度分布、粒子形状、LOI和晶体结构(或其集合)等数据可与热数据(差示热分析、膨胀测量法(DTA)、热重分析(TGA)、差示扫描量热法(DSC))组合来预测灰分在成形操作期间和随后的性能。一些实施例产生描述材料源性质和成形数据的参数矢量来评估假定主体的主体矢量。这些数据可与描述流体流动和流体与主体相互作用的模型组合来基于特定灰分源(任选地进行例如模制、焙烧、烧尽等特定成形工艺)预测主体的性质。这些主体矢量可与一种或一种以上应用矢量匹配以评估配合,并且在一些情况下,主体矢量输入中可调节的参数经迭代优化以使主体矢量与应用矢量更好匹配。在使灰分源、加工方法、一组几何学和其它限制和其它因素与一组应用限制最佳匹配的计算中,也可用主体矢量迭代修改应用矢量。
本文中出于说明目的揭示例示性灰分源、粒度、相、组成和其它灰分性质。类似地,例如形状、尺寸、热特性、渗透性、孔隙率、密度等多种主体的性质也是出于说明目的。例如液态金属过滤、废气减排、烟气纯化、水处理、柴油机或直接喷射颗粒去除、物质(例如,NOx、碳氢化合物、CO和其它物质)的催化去除、汞去除、硫去除等应用也是出于说明目的。
所选方面包括计算装置、网络组件、数据库、存储装置、服务器等,一般包括至少一个处理器、存储器、存储媒体、输入端、输出端、显示器、通信电路,和包含灰分数据、材料性质、匹配方法、成形数据和应用数据的数据库。某些实施例包括计算机可读存储媒体,其上收录有可由处理器运行来实施方法的程序。某些方法包括选择需要主体的应用并确定应产生所需主体的灰分源和任选加工参数。主体可经制造、测量,并且所测量性质可与预测性质进行比较。
许多工业规模燃烧过程(例如,发电、工业供暖、燃煤、市政固体废物焚烧等)都是由政府管理,因此容易获得灰分源清单。举例来说,美国宾夕法尼亚州(stateofPennsylvania)目前包括二十个以上的燃煤电厂,从州西部的纽卡斯尔电厂(NewCastleplant)和布鲁斯曼斯菲尔德电厂(BruceMansfieldplant)到州东部的波特兰电厂(Portlandplant)、马丁河电厂(MartinsCreekplant)和艾迪斯托克电厂(Eddystrokeplant)。美国能量的50%以上来自煤,并且许多其它国家产生显著量的煤飞灰、废物焚烧灰或两种都有。因此,许多国家都有大量灰分供应,其数量提供多种灰分组合物与大量的各特定组合物。可获得粒度在低于1微米到高于1mm范围内的灰分产物。对于一些主体,优选灰分粒度分布可在0.1微米到100微米范围内,其中平均粒度在5-50微米范围内。在一些实施例中,鉴别出一种或一种以上具有宽粒度分布的灰分源,将灰分源过筛产生各种粒度范围的连续“馏分(cut)”,并且选择一种或一种以上馏分。可组合来自相同和/或不同材料源的不同馏分。
图1是例示性实施例的图解表示。流体100大体上渗透由灰分粒子120构成的多孔体110。一般来说,流体与主体之间的相互作用可包括含有主体的容器或包装,其具有入口和出口,并且经配置以将流体限制于所需流动路径。为了清晰起见,图中一般省略这些容器。灰分粒子可具有相对窄的粒度分布、宽的粒度分布、双峰或多峰粒度分布或其它所需要的分布。灰分粒子可大体上呈单分散。粒子可经连接、粘结或是分开的。灰分粒子可来自一种或一种以上不同灰分源,并且在一些方面中,第一粒度分布选自第一源,第二粒度分布选自第二源,并将所述分布组合。
粒子可通过粒子间粘结130彼此结合。粒子间粘结130可包括颈状物或其它连接结构,或粒子之间的力(例如,范德华力(VanderWaalsforce))。粒子间粘结130的形成可包括使用胶凝粘结、水性化学粘结,或粒子之间和/或与粒子发生的其它相对低温反应。粒子间粘结130的形成可包括扩散、烧结或粒子之间和/或与粒子发生的其它高温反应。在一些应用中,一些粒子经粘结,而一些粒子未粘结。在某些方面中,对粒子间粘结的控制可用于控制柔度、耐热冲击性、耐热冲击损伤性和其它因素。某些方面包括加入辅助所需粒子间粘结130形成的组分,并且在一些情况下,这些组分不同于灰分粒子120的材料。在优选实施例中,第一灰分源提供所需渗透性,并且第二灰分源增强粘结。在另一个实施例中,第一灰分源提供所需渗透性,并且第二灰分源增强用于形成主体的糊状物的粘弹性质。
孔隙率可由包括孔径分布、孔隙连通性和/或孔隙形状的因素表征。孔隙连通性和/或孔隙形状可为各向同性或各向异性。在一些方面中,可设计同时优化流体相互作用与机械性质的孔隙连通性。一些孔隙率可关于(例如)各种主体尺寸呈各向异性。孔径分布可采用多种形式,包括高斯分布(Gaussiandistribution)、正态分布、对数正态分布、多峰分布、双峰分布、三峰分布、偏斜分布、韦伯分布(Weibulldistribution)或任何其它所需分布。孔隙率也可由宏观因素(例如,孔隙率%、表面积、渗透性等)表征。各种应用可能需要平均孔径和开口孔隙率百分比的不同组合。
图2是例示性实施例的图解表示。图2显示流动的流体200与多孔体210相互作用的应用。例示性应用可为主体210催化流体200中的反应的应用。一般来说,这种应用可包括过渡区域220,流体在其上的输送可从接近表面的层流或湍流改变为在主体内的大体上扩散输送。多个实施例可包括移动流体的手段,包括泵、鼓风机、重力、压头、电化学梯度等。经过主体的流体流动也可由流体/主体界面的剪切力230表征。甚至当流体200具有经过主体210的显著线性速度时,主体210的孔隙率仍可在过渡区域220内产生广泛范围的局部流速,一般随着深入主体内的深度而降低。因此,取决于主体内的深度,可产生多种滞留时间、扩散反应和催化过程。
反应可包括一种以上流体与主体之间的反应(例如,涉及气相和液相的反应)。多个实施例包括电化学或类似类型的反应(其可包括离子、电子或其它物质)。
在一些方面中,选择孔径分布从而优化(例如,最大程度满足机械要求)暴露于流体200的主体的表面积十分有利,并且在主体中形成通道从而将主体的大部分在宏观上暴露于流体也十分有利。在某些方面中,通道可由提供结构性质的材料(例如,第一灰分源)形成,并且主体内的第二材料(例如,第二灰分源)提供流体处理特性(例如所需反应性)。在一些方面中,主体是两个、三个、四个、五个、六个或六个以上相的复合物。在一些实施例中,主体包含两相,其各自可包括灰分粒子。第一相可包括低于200目的第一粒子,并且第二相可包括低于0.2微米的第二粒子。第二相可具有大于20m^2/g且优选大于100m^2/g的表面积,并且例示性粒子包括过渡金属或稀土(例如,Mo、Ce、La、Zr)硫化物和/或氧化物,并且可包括沸石。在一个优选应用中,第一相占50-90质量%,并且第二相占10-50质量%。
图3是例示性实施例的图解表示。图3显示流体300穿过主体310的应用(例如,在过滤或喷洒(sparging)中)。通常,这些应用包括通过使用某一孔隙率来去除某一物质,所述孔隙率允许流体300通过但大体上阻断流体300内夹带的物质通过。主体310通常可由一个或一个以上长度320表征。长度320可描述流体在穿过主体时须经过的最小长度。流体300穿过主体310可由力330引起。在一些应用中,力330包括与长度320大体上平行的分量,并且对于相对较小的长度320(基于与力330有关的压力和主体310的机械性质),主体310应足够坚固以便在使用期间维持机械完整性。这些应用可能需要包装、约束作用、粒子间结合或其它方面以使得主体在允许流体300通过的同时机械抵抗由力330所产生的压力。在某些应用中,长度320为约50-1000微米。在其它应用中,长度320为约1-5mm。在其它应用中,长度320为约1cm,且在其它应用中,长度320大于10cm,并且在一些应用中,长度320大于0.1m。在某些实施例中,长度320为约800微米并且主体310具有介于5微米与50微米之间的中值孔径。
各种应用可能需要平均孔径、开口孔隙率百分比和长度320的不同组合。可使用多种因素来确定主体310的所需性质,所述因素例如为欲去除物质的尺寸、流体300中此物质的浓度、流体300穿过主体310的所需流速、主体310的强度(尤其关于力330而言)、反应物质影响(例如,阻塞)主体310的趋势,和其它因素。在一些实施例中,主体310包括介于100微米与900微米之间的长度320,流体300是气体,主体310大体上去除与直接喷射燃烧相关的固体颗粒。在一些实施例中,开口孔隙率百分比(OP%)与平均孔径(MPD,微米)之间的关系由下式给出:OP%=75-1.46*MPD。在一些情况下,OP%可经改变高于和/或低于此关系高达30%(即,所述关系可能是一个“范围”)。在某些实施例中,孔隙率可介于30-70%之间,并且MPD可介于5微米与60微米之间。
图4提供通道实施例的代表性截面的图解表示。通道、管、平面通路等可提供在通道壁内大体上不受阻碍的流体流动,同时增加流体对通道壁的暴露。在这个实例中,某个通道经阻断,迫使穿过主体材料本身(例如,穿过壁到达相邻通道)。在其它实施例中,通道未经阻断,并且流体经通道自由地流过主体。在图4中,流体流400以第一方向流入主体410中,所述第一方向一般平行于并入主体410中的一个或一个以上通道405。可产生交替通道405和407以最大化流体流400可穿过的主体410的区域,其显示为具有长度420的区域。流体流400可经通道之间的壁(具有长度420)穿过第一通道405进入相邻通道407中。主体410可包括具有某一孔径分布的孔隙率,从而允许流体流400通过而同时阻断气流400中所夹带的物质440。在某些方面中,物质440可大体上被阻断在主体410“内部”(例如,壁内)。在其它方面中,物质440可大体上被阻断在主体410与通道405之间的界面处。在某些情况下,物质440可形成影响主体410的渗透性的层。在一些方面中,各通道的横截面积(即,通道面对流体流动的面积)相同。在其它方面中,不同通道具有不同的横截面积。在预期大量物质440沉积于通道405上或通道405中的实施例中,通道405可制作成大于相邻通道(例如,通道407)以使得两个通道的有效流速在通道405“填满”被阻断的物质440时更好地匹配。通道可具有圆形、正方形、六边形、八边形、三角形和/或其它形状的横截面。
多种几何设计可用于最大化暴露于流体的面积,而同时增加与主体中的通道有关的“壁强度”。许多这些设计将薄壁(例如,小的长度420)与增强通道抵抗流体流400所施加压力的规律间隔支撑物组合。
图5是显示根据某些方面的交替通道设计的图解表示。主体510可为由灰分粒子构成的多孔体,并且一般可容纳在容器(未图示)中。在这个实例中,主体510包括交替阻断的平行通道505和507,其中通道505是在主体的第一侧经阻断,并且通道507是在第二侧经阻断。交替通道可在相反端用塞子520阻断。一般来说,通道507可在主体510的第一端经阻断,因此流体经通道505进入主体510中。类似地,通道505可在第二端经阻断,以使得流体经通道507离开主体510。因此,穿过主体510的流体将被迫穿过主体的实心区域(例如,隔开通道505与通道507的壁)。主体(例如主体510)所需的特性(例如,横截面积、长度、通道尺寸、通道数目、壁厚度、渗透性、操作温度性能(operationaltemperaturecapability)、热性质、机械性质、化学性质等)一般由特定应用限定。举例来说,柴油机颗粒过滤器可包括能够在400℃以上持续操作、循环到1000℃以上、孔隙率介于30%与60%之间、中值孔径介于2微米与30微米之间、渗透性至少0.5E-12/m^2(优选大于1E-12/m^2)、断裂模数大于10Mpa(优选高于100MPa)并且热膨胀系数小于1E-5/℃的材料。
对于不需流过壁的应用(例如,催化转化剂),可不必将端塞住,并且可使用主体510的通道几何形状(不存在端塞520)来最大化反应可用的表面积。在一些方面中,并入孔隙率以使得主体具有大于1m^2/g、10m^2/g、大于40m^2/g或甚至大于100m^2/g的表面积十分有利。
视应用而定,主体可由含有或产生一个或一个以上所需相的灰分源制造。所需相可包括堇青石(2MgO-2Al2O3-5SiO2)、莫来石(3Al2O3-2SiO2)、β-锂辉石(Li2O-Al2O3)2-8SiO2、钛酸铝(Al2TiO5)、钛酸铝-莫来石、磁铁矿、磁赤铁矿、尖晶石、石榴石、硅灰石、钙钛矿和它们的其它混合物。多种主体可包括掺杂有Fe2O3和/或稀土氧化物(La2O3、Nd2O3)的钛酸铝。可将另外的组分(烧结助剂、催化剂等)加入包含灰分粒子的混合物中以按需要改良组合物。
尽管主体(例如主体510)可由多种方法制造,但挤出主体510十分有利。在这些情况下,宜挤出具有非牛顿(non-Newtonian)粘弹特性的糊状物,并且在一些情况下,宜使用剪切稀化糊状物。存在多种调节糊状物、浆料等的流变学性质的方法,并且这些方法一般适用于并有灰分粒子的糊状物、浆料等。可加入介于0.01%与10%之间的混合物(例如,水泥流变学中所用)。可使用一般介于0.01%与5%之间的木质素磺酸盐和/或其它含木质素的化合物。例示性木质素磺酸盐来源包括来自纤维素加工厂的亚硫酸盐废液。多种有机材料也可用于改良流变学,包括甲基纤维素、聚乙烯醇(PVA)、聚乙二醇(PEG)、乙酸乙烯酯和乙烯吡咯烷酮。例示性配方包括灰分源、以灰分源的重量计约10-50%的液体载剂(例如,水)、在1-20重量%范围内的纤维素粘合剂(例如甲基纤维素),和任选地在0-3重量%范围内的清洁剂和/或表面活性剂。一些实施例包括加入一般在0-10重量%范围内的乙二醇、脂肪酸、聚乙烯醇和/或其它有机物质。
在某些实施例中,为提高孔隙率,使用通常在10-80重量%范围内的易消失相。易消失相可存在于收到状态的灰分源中,例如具有大量残余含碳物质的飞灰。也可单独加入易消失相。为改良成形工艺所加入的多种物质(例如,甲基纤维素)也可能是易消失相。例示性易消失相包括石墨、马铃薯淀粉、聚乙烯粒子、聚乙酸乙烯酯粒子,或在从主体中去除之前能够影响最终微观结构的其它材料。
在某些方面中,可通过加入一种或一种以上经设计以与灰分反应的组分来改良组合物。这些组分可包括(不限于)MgO、SiO2、胶态SiO2、TiO2、FeO、滑石、高岭土、勃姆石(boehmite)、各种Al2O3物质(例如,γ-Al2O3、α-Al2O3)、石膏、含磷化合物、SiC、Al、Co、Fe、Ni、Ba、Pb、镧系元素、硫化物、沸石、稀土化合物等。
可通过使用多峰粒度分布来增强流变学性质。在某些情况下,介于30-90%之间的大粒度馏分(例如,大于10、20、30、40、50或50以上微米的粒子)的混合物可与互补量的小粒度馏分(例如,低于10、5、3、1或0.1微米)组合。在某些实施例中,使用双峰粒度分布,其中第一分布与第二分布以大约相等量混合,并且第二分布的平均粒度是第一分布的平均粒度的约5-25%。
对于需要进一步加工(例如,通道堵塞)的挤出主体,将浓稠糊状物(通常具有类似组成)注入需要其的通道中十分有利。对于通过组装一种或一种以上大体上平坦片所制造的主体,可使用刀片刮抹或合成平坦主体的其它方法,并且平坦片可利用糊状物或泥釉(slip)而粘结在一起。
在一些实施例中,与通道有关的壁可大体上平坦。在其它实施例中,壁是弯曲的。
形成主体可包括在粒子之间形成胶凝或其它水合粘结。一些灰分组合物能够不使用另外的组分而形成胶凝粘结。在某些情况下,将补充组分(例如,CaO、MgO或其它组分)加入灰分组合物中以使得经组合的组合物形成大体上胶凝粘结。一些主体可包括火山灰质材料,并且这些主体中的一些可包括加入补充材料以使得能够形成所需相。
一些主体可经焙烧。焙烧可用于去除易消失相(例如,通过含碳易消失相的燃烧)。焙烧也可用于辅助粒子间粘结(例如,颈状物)的形成。焙烧也可用于改变主体的组成、晶体结构、粒度、晶粒大小和其它方面。所选实施例包括选择用于形成主体的第一相,在成形操作期间使第一相反应以形成第二相,以及在一些情况下在焙烧操作期间形成第三相。
焙烧时间和温度一般取决于所需应用和针对其的主体性质。一般来说,需要较难熔主体的应用可能需要同等较高的焙烧温度。在一些方面中,在介于400℃与800℃之间的温度下焙烧主体。可在介于800℃与1200℃之间的温度下焙烧主体。一些主体可在介于1200℃与1800℃之间的温度下焙烧。包括堇青石在内的一些主体可在介于1000℃与1600℃之间的温度下焙烧。包括莫来石在内的一些主体可在介于1000℃与1950℃之间的温度下焙烧。通过使用含有例如K2O和Na2O等网络改良剂的灰分或通过加入这些组分,可增强需要低温焙烧的主体。通过选择具有较低(优选可忽略)量的较不难熔材料(例如K2O和Na2O)的灰分源,在高于500℃的温度下使用的主体会表现更好。某些组合物可形成液相,其首先增强粘结,随后反应形成固相(例如,在反应性烧结中)。
某些方面包括在燃煤炉、燃气炉、微波增强炉和/或电炉中焙烧。在一些情况下,焙烧包括受控气氛,其可包括氧化气氛、还原气氛、合成气体气氛、氮气氛和其它气氛。焙烧可在空气中进行。一些主体不需要焙烧。焙烧气氛可包括加入气态组分以防止焙烧期间发生不需要的物质逸出(例如,过压气体)。
主体510可适于过滤。通过选择大体上无机灰分材料、尤其倾向于形成难熔相的组合物(例如堇青石、尖晶石、莫来石、印度石、刚玉、钛酸铝和/或其组合),可使主体510难熔,因此可适于过滤例如熔融金属或热气体等热流体。在所选实施例中,操作温度包括介于200℃与1200℃之间的范围。在一些实施例中,形成具有第一孔径分布的主体,经含有大体上被主体过滤的粒子的流体处理主体,去除流体(留下粒子),并将主体和粒子加工(例如,焙烧)产生具有第二孔径分布的主体。例示性流体是空气,并且例示性粒子是得到与主体组成类似(或互补)的组成的精细粒子。在某些情况下,主体和/或粒子包含灰分粒子。一些主体包括钡长石相。
在一些方面中,主体可包括60-95%孔隙率,具有介于100与10,000E-7cm^2之间的空气渗透性,具有5-70个孔隙/英寸,并且厚度介于0.1英寸与10英寸之间。
主体510可用于过滤与燃烧有关的颗粒,并且在一些情况下,主体510可用于涉及柴油机发动机燃烧的应用中。在例示性应用中,主体510在每平方英寸面积(与通道正交)上可具有4到500个通道。在其它实施例中,主体510每平方英寸具有少于5个通道,并且在一些情况下,每平方英寸少于0.1个通道。在某些实施例中,主体510每平方英寸具有多于600、800或甚至1000个通道。一些型式的主体510可从柴油机废气流中去除颗粒物,包括以PM10和/或PM2.5表征的颗粒物和/或其它物质。在一些实例中,可将颗粒物降到低于1、0.5、0.1、0.05或甚至0.01g/bhp-hr的水平,如以特定制动马力的发动机产生的颗粒物被主体从相关废气流中去除为基础所校正。某些实施例包括用于将发动机废气流中的至少一些污染物去除到低于USEPATier2Bin10、US2007HD和/或EuroV并且优选USEPATier2Bin5(或甚至Bin2)、US2010HD和/或EuroVI水平的主体。
在一些实施例中,主体510可具有介于约50微米与2mm之间的壁厚度,可具有介于10%与90%之间、优选介于20%与80%之间的孔隙率,可具有介于1微米与60微米之间的平均孔径。在一些方面中,主体510可具有介于4微米与22微米之间的中值孔径。在某些实施例中,主体510的特征为至少0.2E-12/m^2并且优选至少0.8E-12/m^2的渗透性。在某些实施例中,主体510可具有大于3J/(cm^3-K)的热容量。在一些情况下,可使精细灰分粒子(例如,低于325目)聚集或粒化成部分致密的丸粒,随后由所述丸粒制造主体,并且主体孔隙率至少部分由聚集体的孔隙率产生。
在某些方面中,主体510具有足够的渗透性和尺寸(例如,壁厚度、通道表面积、横截面)以允许气态流体以大于0.01英尺/秒、优选大于0.1英尺/秒、优选大于0.5英尺/秒、更优选高于3英尺/秒并且更优选高于10英尺/秒的线性速度穿过主体510。
主体510可以是一次性的,并且尺寸足够大从而达到所需处理寿命。多种寿命都适合,包括汽车、火车、轮船或卡车的更新周期;越野柴油机装置的可用寿命;与铁路发动机或轮船有关的旅程长度;与港口船舶或相关装载/卸载/输送设备有关的工作周期、与农机设备有关的收获季节;与发动机有关的换油间隔;和其它寿命。寿命可包括与测试一件备用设备以检验性能有关的一定数目的“开-停”操作。一些主体可具有低于0.1m^3的体积。其它主体可介于0.1m^3与1m^3之间。某些主体可介于1m^3与10m^3之间,并且一些主体的体积可大于10m^3,或甚至大于100m^3。一些主体大约为集装箱的大小。
在某些应用中,主体510可在使用期间再生,并且在一些情况下,再生包括从穿过主体510的流体流中过滤出的粒子的燃烧。再生可包括氧化环境,并且可涉及高于400℃、500℃、600℃、700℃、800℃、900℃、1000℃或甚至1100℃的温度。在一些方面中,再生温度包括介于600℃与1100℃之间的范围。对于这些应用,主体510可由提供适于主体510所暴露的流体的温度和化学性质的组成和晶体结构的灰分粒子制造。在包括再生的一些应用中,主体510可进一步包含可承受与再生有关的温度和环境的材料,包括在与再生有关的主动再生循环和/或热弹性应力的情形下引入的任何物质。再生可包括反冲。
某些方面包括使用提供与处理过程有关的寿命或工作周期的计算的处理器,并且在某些情况下,工作周期可包括直到再生过程发生的时间。在某些实施例中,采集并存储数据(例如,在RAM中或存储媒体上),并计算直到工作周期结束的时间,通常重复进行。在一些情况下,应用中主体的操作或使用包括计算直到工作周期结束的预期时间,并且在一些情况下,相应地调节操作。在某些情况下,工作周期包括预计断开时间、路程距离、操作时间,或其它时间和/或负载相关特性,并且在某些方面中,使用此预计时间来调节涉及主体的过程。在某些情况下,使用预测路程(例如垃圾传递路程或根据“路程测图(routemapping)”软件的计算路程)来预计一组操作条件。举例来说,以第一方式(例如,再生柴油机颗粒过滤器)或第二方式(不再生)操作主体的决定可并入预测路程或工作周期。在所选实施例中,使用预测时间或行进距离来确定可包括再生步骤的过程调节。预测工作周期可用于预测预期主体达到使用温度时的时间,并且在某些情况下,用于根据所述预测来控制再生过程的起始点。在一些情况下,由于预计工作周期时间过短而不能提供完全再生,因此再生过程可能延迟。在其它情况下,再生可“提前”开始(例如,通过另外加热主体)以在工作周期结束之前完成再生。发动机数据可用于任何这些计算中,并且某些方面可包括发动机控制参数(例如,喷射定时、后喷射、废气再循环量)的控制。
图6是例示性实施例的图解表示。图6显示由不连续粒子构成的多孔体大体上被包装包围的装置600。在多个实施例中,不连续粒子包括灰分粒子,并且主体可包含多于10%、30%、70%或甚至90%的灰分粒子。主体610包括具有某一粒度分布的灰分粒子,从而使得流体602可从输入端620到输出端640(或以相反方向)穿过主体610。通常,主体610被包装650包围,所述包装650包括具有足够强度以容纳主体610并且具有足够渗透性以允许流体602通过的层。在一些方面中,流体602利用重力流过主体610。在其它方面中,流体602可通过外加压力推动穿过主体610。
主体610可包括单一类型或若干类型的粒子。在某些情况下,主体610可层化,以使得不同粒子的层安置在不同点(相对于流体流动的方向)。在某些情况下,各层由粗到细从输入端620到输出端640层化。例示性粗粒子可大于100微米、500微米、1mm或甚至1cm,并且例示性细粒子可小于100微米、小于50微米、小于10微米、小于1微米或甚至小于100nm。某些方面提供若干种(两种、三种、五种或甚至十种)不连续粒度分布,并且在一些情况下包含各分布的层可从大到小排序。某些实施例可使用尺寸在0.2mm到5mm范围内的灰分粒子。
具有不同密度的粒子可分布在不同垂直点,尤其在如图6中的大体上垂直流动的情况下。因此较接近“顶部”的粒子密度较低,而较接近“底部”的粒子密度则较高。在许多方面中,可使用反冲来清洁主体610,并且通过在接近顶部/输入端处使用较小密度粒子和在接近底部/输出端处使用较大密度粒子,可增加主体610对反冲所引起破坏的抵抗。类似地,通过在接近输入端620处安置较粗粒子和在接近输出端640处安置较细粒子,可改善过滤效率。可使用具有不同化学组成的不同灰分源来选择适当粒子源。另外,许多灰分源具有广泛范围的粒子,因此可从收到状态的粒度分布选取粒子子集的任意馏分。在优选实施例中,主体610被层化,其中第一层在接近顶部处包含不太密实的较大粒子,并且至少一个第二层在接近底部处包含较密实的较小粒子。
在一些实施例中,如图6中所示的装置可以流化床形式操作(例如,通过驱动流体602“向上”穿过支撑主体610但允许流体602通过的穿孔/可渗透底部660)。在某些实施例中,可通过应用合适的机械(例如,振动)、电磁、声学或其它力来改良主体610的性质(和/或流体602的处理)。
图7提供例示性实施例的图解表示。图7显示能够与流体702相互作用的装置700。装置700包括多孔体710,其由被包装包围的大体上松散粒子所构成。在多个实施例中,松散粒子包括灰分粒子,并且主体可包含多于10%、30%、70%或甚至90%的灰分粒子。在这个实例中,主体710包括大体上被包装750包围的灰分粒子,所述包装750包括多个角形片752。角形片752的设计(例如,角度、长度)是对应于主体710中所包括的灰分粒子的各种性质(例如,粒度分布、密度、粒子间吸引力)进行选择,以使得在一些方面中,大体上“松散”灰分粒子可安置在大体上垂直的包装750中,以与灰分粒子相对于角形片752的安置相关的“休止角”保持在适当位置。在这个实例中,流体702可如所示水平引入,并且使其穿过主体710。在某些方面中,灰分粒子在使用期间连续装入包装750中。在使用期间可连续补充粒子(例如,在主体710的顶部),并且在一些情况下,可通过在使用期间改变与主体710相关的粒度分布来动态调节主体(例如,主体710)的渗透性。
主体710可充当错流气体接触器(crossflowgascontactor)。在某些方面中,可通过施加静电和/或电磁力来改良主体710的性质,并且在一些情况下,可通过将磁性粒子并入主体710中来改良性质。磁性粒子可包括磁性灰分粒子,例如包含磁铁矿(Fe3O4)、磁赤铁矿(Fe2O3)等的灰分粒子。磁性Fe、Ni、Co和其混合物也可包括在主体710中。使用具有高于流体702处理温度的居里温度(Curietemperature)的粒子十分有利。
装置700可用于处理来自燃烧过程的废气流,并且在一些情况下使用电力(可能来自燃烧过程)来产生与主体710有关的电磁场。在某些型式中,“正常”操作包括过滤废气流,并且正常过滤是由作用于主体710上的电磁场赋能。“异常”操作可用于提供故障保护操作(例如,在紧急情况下提供过滤减少),并且可通过控制电磁场来控制。在某些实施例中,异常操作导致流体702大体上绕过主体710。在其它实施例中,异常操作导致流体702“突破”由主体710所产生的可渗透屏障。
图8是根据某些实施例的过程的流程图。这个过程可由执行方法800的处理器来进行。在步骤810中,确定应用矢量。应用矢量可描述流体与主体相互作用的应用的各种特性。应用矢量也可包括与适于应用的主体有关的所需或目标主体矢量。在步骤820中,选择一种或一种以上源材料。选择可包括查询源材料数据库,其可包含灰分源、非灰分源、可用粒度、LOI、XRD数据、化学组成等。对于一些材料,可选择来自材料源的粒子子集,其可包括过筛、过滤、浮选、磁性分离、密度分离等。对于一些材料源,“子集”可包括整个材料源。也可进行任选步骤830,在这种情况下可限定成形工艺(包括成形参数)。成形工艺包括浇铸、振动压铸、注塑、挤出和其它操作。成形工艺可包括糊状物或粘土配方、烧尽时间表、焙烧周期、热处理、环境大气和其它工艺。在步骤840中计算主体矢量,其可包括选择第一组成和第一成形条件并且相应地计算所形成主体的性质。在步骤850中,将主体矢量与应用矢量进行比较,并且在步骤860中,确定主体矢量与应用矢量之间的匹配质量(例如,预计主体如何良好地为应用工作)。视配合质量而定,可进行步骤820/830与步骤860之间的迭代循环。通常,可对各次迭代修改一种或一种以上输入参数(例如,组成、粒子切割大小(particlecut)、灰分源、粘合剂体积、挤出压力、焙烧周期、停留时间等),并且记录关于匹配质量的迭代结果。同样,可对多维参数空间采样,其中空间中的各点对应于一种或一种以上参数的不同值(例如,在主体矢量或应用矢量中)。在一些情况下,调节输入参数直到获得令人满意的匹配。步骤810、830、840、850和860可由实验数据补充,并且可用实验结果替换计算结果。一些方面包括网络通信,并且可包括与自动化实验设备通信。在某些实施例中,可对包含化学、物理、结构、相和其它参数的多维参数空间进行采样,并且可评估采样点对应用的适用性。
为进行说明,如下描述若干个说明性实例,而并不打算限制权利要求的范围。
图9显示例示性灰分源的粒度和组成信息。本文中描述为博拉35(Boral35),这种灰分源是由德克萨斯州圣安东尼奥市博拉材料技术公司(BoralMaterialTechnologies,SanAntonio,Texas)提供。在这个实例中,激光光散射(厚利巴LA910(HoribaLA910),加利福尼亚州尔湾市厚利巴实验室(HoribaLaboratory,Irvine,California))显示低于1微米到高于500微米的粒度范围,其中平均粒度为约35微米,以及以下统计:D10=3.3微米;D50=22微米;D90=98微米。这种材料在空气中在10°/分钟下的DTA/TGA分析(林赛斯L81/1550(LinseisL81/1550),新泽西州罗宾斯维尔市林赛斯公司(Linseis,Inc.,Robbinsville,NewJersey))显示小于1%的重量损失,直到1250C仍没有明显熔化。在这种源中许多粒子是球形或椭球形,在一些实施例中其可用于改良糊状物性质(例如,可挤出性)和/或包含这些粒子的材料可进行模拟的简易性。化学组成(定性SEM/EDS,日本电子株式会社(Jeol)JSMS610/EDAX检测器)显示Si和Al的氧化物,其中具有较少量Fe、Mg、Ca、K、Na和Ti。
图10显示另一个例示性灰分源的粒度和组成信息。本文中描述为博拉3(Boral3),这种灰分源是由德克萨斯州罗克代尔市博拉材料技术公司(BoralMaterialTechnologies,RockdaleTX)提供,并且据称由三都发电厂(SandowPowerPlant)(德克萨斯州(Texas))产生。激光光散射显示约800nm到10微米的粒度分布,其中平均粒度为约3微米,并且一般是球形粒子,以及以下统计:D10=1.6微米;D50=2.8微米;D90=4.6微米。这种材料的DTA/TGA分析显示小于1%的重量损失,直到1250C仍没有明显熔化。
图11显示另一个例示性灰分源的粒度信息。这种材料(普拉灰(ProAsh),弗吉尼亚州特鲁特维尔市分离技术/美国提坦公司(SeparationTechnologies/TitanAmerica,Troutville,Virgina))。这种源据称来自宾夕法尼亚州邦拿岛发电厂(BrunnerIslandPowerPlant,Pennsylvania),并且据报导具有大约54%SiO2、28%Al2O3、9%Fe2O3的主要组成。这种材料具有如所示粒度分布,其中D10=4.5微米、D50=45微米并且D90=341微米,并且据报导LOI=1.5%。这种材料的DTA/TGA分析显示约1.8%的重量损失,直到1250C仍没有明显熔化。
图12显示另一个例示性灰分源的粒度信息。这种材料(埃考特姆(Ecotherm),弗吉尼亚州特鲁特维尔市分离技术/美国提坦公司(SeparationTechnologies/TitanAmerica,Troutville,Virgina))在本文中描述为高碳普拉灰(Pro-AshHiCarbon)。这种源据称是来自邦拿岛发电厂(宾夕法尼亚州)的沥青煤飞灰,并且据报导包括有大量的残余含碳物质。这种材料是提供“固有”易消失相的灰分源的例子。这种材料具有如所示粒度分布,其中D10=9.6微米,D50=36微米,并且D90=105微米。DTA/TGA分析显示重量损失开始于约500℃并且持续数百度,并且样品损失其质量的约40%。这种样品也显示在1130℃下的相转变(可能熔化)。
外来易消失相包括两种来自艾斯博瑞湿磨制造厂(AsburyGraphiteMills)(新泽西州艾斯博瑞市(Asbury,NewJersey))的石墨源:细粒度(A99)石墨,具有D10=6.1微米,D50=23微米,D90=51微米;和粗粒度(4012)石墨,具有以下粒度统计:0.22%高于180微米,0.9%高于150微米,72%高于75微米,24%高于44微米,以及2.8%低于44微米。
制备用于制造主体的若干种不同混合物(即,粘土或糊状物)。表2列出与这些配方有关的配方,并且也包括用于将这些糊状物成形的方法。使用挤出成形若干种样品,并且包括流变调节剂(YB-155和YB-113C,密西根州诺威市美国由肯公司(YukenAmerica,Novi,Michigan)),其也可充当易消失相。通过将样品浇铸到陶瓷坩埚中,轻敲坩埚约20次以使样品沉降并且使样品定型来成形其它样品(本文中描述为振动压铸)。
表2
对样品1进行TGA/DTA分析。这种样品显示在125C下开始重量损失,在277C下开始重量损失峰和放热,并且没有明显熔化(直到1250C/最大操作温度)。在一些实施例中,选择不同易消失相,以使得在不同温度下发生相烧尽。
表2中的样品经历以下焙烧周期:焙烧周期#1:以150C/h快速升温到550C,在550C下保持2小时,以150C/h快速升温到1050C,在1050C下保持0.5小时,以200C/h冷却到室温;焙烧周期#2:以17C/h快速升温到93C,在93C下保持2小时,以93C/h快速升温到500C,在500C下保持4小时;以93C/h快速升温到800C,在800C下保持2小时,以150C/h快速升温到1050C,在1050C下保持0.5小时,以150C/h冷却到室温;焙烧周期#3:以17C/h快速升温到93C,在93C下保持2小时,以93C/h快速升温到500C,在500C下保持4小时;以93C/h快速升温到800C,在800C下保持2小时,以150C/h快速升温到1050C,在1050C下保持5.0小时,以150C/h冷却到室温。经焙烧样品一般是固体并且足够坚固易于处理。
焙烧后样品1的X射线衍射显示主要是石英和莫来石,其中有较少量的钠长石(钙质)(可能是方石英)和赭石。在室温与1000℃之间以3℃/分钟测量热膨胀(林赛斯L75D/1550,新泽西州罗宾斯维尔市林赛斯公司),得到约5E-6/℃的CTE。
图13显示样品1在不同放大率下的两张横截面电子显微照片。这个实例是直径为约0.75cm并且壁厚度为约1mm的管状主体。这个实例显示在陶瓷加工典型的正常处理操作下足够的机械完整性。
使用Hg孔隙率测定法(微晶学自动孔IV9500(MicromeriticsAutoporeIV9500),由宾夕法尼亚州北亨廷顿市德尔塔实验室(DeltaLabs,NorthHuntingdon,PA)进行)来测量孔隙率。
图14显示与若干种例示性主体相关的孔径信息。这个图包括一个不含有机粘合剂的振动压铸样品和两个含有有机粘合剂的挤出样品。样品1是使用高压自动化挤出机挤出。样品2是使用手动挤出机挤出。一般可用混合物组成来控制微观结构,并且各种实施例可使用可用于由粒子成形主体的多种成形方法。一些混合物可通过若干种不同方法成形。
图15显示与若干种例示性主体相关的孔径信息。这个图将并有外来易消失相(加入灰分源中)的主体与并有固有易消失相(与灰分源缔合并且一般由产生灰分粒子的过程产生)的主体(即,样品3)进行比较。样品3和样品7C具有类似浓度的不同易消失相(固有约40%的高碳普拉灰质量相对于外来艾斯博瑞4012)。可通过使用一种或多种易消失相来控制孔隙率,其可包括固有和/或外来易消失相,并且可具有类似和/或不同的粒度。
图16显示与若干种例示性主体相关的孔径信息。这个图显示根据多个实施例可产生的孔径分布范围。较大范围、较小范围、不同孔径分布和其它性质一般可通过加工参数的合适改变产生,并且一般可控制孔隙率和孔径分布。孔隙连通性可使用并入各种剪切力、压缩力和张力的成形方法来控制,并且也可获益于各向异性粒子、尤其各向异性成形易消失粒子(例如,晶须、片晶)的使用。
图17显示描述若干种经焙烧样品的孔隙率的CPFT(小于规定孔径的累计体积百分数)数据。
表3概述多个样品的孔隙率测量结果。
表3
图18是根据某些实施例,若干种主体的平均孔隙率相对于平均孔径的图。可独立地控制中值孔径和孔隙率百分比。在一些实施例中,应用矢量可包括所需中值孔径和孔隙率%,并且多个样品经计算/预测和/或制造/测量,并且调节多个参数直到与所得主体相关的主体矢量充分匹配应用矢量。
上述实施方式是说明性而不是限制性的。审阅本发明之后,本发明的许多变化对于所属领域的技术人员将变得显而易见。因此,本发明的范围不应根据上述实施方式确定,而是应根据随附权利要求以及其等效物的整个范围来确定。
Claims (28)
1.一种使第一流体与主体反应的系统,所述系统包含:
容器,其具有入口和出口;和
主体,其安置在所述入口与出口之间,其中所述主体是由多个粒子构成的物体,所述主体包括:
多于30%的灰分粒子,至少20%的孔隙率,并且配置为使得所述第一流体在从所述入口到所述出口通过期间与所述主体反应,所述主体含有具有不同尺寸分级灰分粒子的区域且包括一个或多个通道,其中第一区域提供结构特性且第二区域提供流体处理特性。
2.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中所述主体的至少一部分包括经配置以允许所述第一流体穿过所述部分的孔径分布、孔隙连通性和长度,并且所述主体安置在所述容器中以使得所述第一流体在从所述入口到所述出口通过期间必定会穿过所述部分。
3.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中所述孔隙率具有双峰分布或三峰分布的孔径分布。
4.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中所述主体相对于从所述入口到所述出口的流体流动的方向被层化。
5.根据权利要求2所述的系统,其中所述孔径分布包括34%到66%的孔隙率,所述孔径中值在1.8微米到11.8微米之间。
6.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中所述主体具有至少1MPa的抗张强度。
7.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中所述灰分粒子的至少一部分利用与胶凝反应有关的键彼此结合。
8.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中所述灰分粒子的至少一部分利用至少部分地由焙烧操作产生的键彼此结合。
9.根据权利要求8所述的系统,其中所述焙烧操作包括高于900℃的温度且所述键由烧结所述灰分粒子产生。
10.一种使第一流体反应的方法,其包含:
选择系统,所述系统包括:
容器,其具有入口和出口;和
主体,其安置在所述入口与出口之间,其中所述主体是由多个粒子构成的物体,所述主体包括多于30%的灰分粒子,至少20%的孔隙率,并且配置为使得所述第一流体在从所述入口到所述出口通过期间与所述主体反应,所述主体含有具有不同尺寸分级灰分粒子的区域且包括一个或多个通道,其中第一区域提供结构特性且第二区域提供流体处理特性;和
使所述第一流体经由所述主体从所述入口流到所述出口。
11.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其中所述第一流体包括来自燃烧过程的废气,且所述反应包括在氧化环境中高于400℃的温度下再生所述主体。
12.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其中所述第一流体包括水,所述反应包括从所述水中过滤粒子。
13.一种使第一流体与主体反应的方法,其包含:
选择系统,所述系统包括:
容器,其具有入口和出口;和
主体,其安置在所述入口与出口之间,其中所述主体是由多个粒子构成的物体,所述主体包括多于30%的灰分粒子,至少20%的孔隙率,并且配置为使得所述第一流体在从所述入口到所述出口通过期间与所述主体反应,所述主体含有具有不同尺寸分级灰分粒子的区域且包括一个或多个通道,其中第一区域提供结构特性且第二区域提供流体处理特性;和
使所述主体与所述第一流体相互作用以改良所述主体。
14.根据权利要求13所述的方法,其中所述第一流体包括来自燃烧过程的废气,所述灰分粒子包括作为灰分源的组分的易消失相,所述过程包括去除所述易消失相。
15.根据权利要求13所述的方法,其中所述第一流体包括液态金属。
16.一种制造用于处理第一流体的主体的方法,所述方法包含:
选择欲用所述主体处理的所述第一流体;
选择具有一种或以上与所述处理有关的性质的灰分源;
将所述灰分源成形为经配置以处理所述第一流体的主体,所述灰分源包括将在接下来的步骤中被去除的易消失相;以及
去除所述易消失相以产生多孔体,其中所述主体是由多个粒子构成的物体,所述主体含有具有不同尺寸分级灰分粒子的区域且包括一个或多个通道,其中第一区域提供结构特性且第二区域提供流体处理特性。
17.根据权利要求16所述的方法,其中所述灰分源包括第一灰分源和第二灰分源。
18.根据权利要求16所述的方法,其中成形包括在所述第一流体通过子过滤器基质期间利用材料沉积在所述子过滤器基质上而形成滤饼层。
19.根据权利要求16所述的方法,其中所述灰分源具有在5微米到50微米范围内的平均粒度。
20.根据权利要求16所述的方法,其中成形包括组合具有第一尺寸分布的第一灰分源和具有第二尺寸分布的第二灰分源以具有双峰分布或多峰分布的粒度分布。
21.根据权利要求16所述的方法,其中所述主体具有第一孔径分布,所述第一流体包括具有残余物的灰分粒子,所述方法进一步包括:
去除所述流体以将所述灰分粒子和所述残余物留在所述主体内;
去除所述残余物以产生第二孔径分布。
22.根据权利要求16所述的方法,其中成形包括在800摄氏度到1200摄氏度的空气中焙烧所述主体。
23.根据权利要求16所述的方法,其中成形包括使用胶凝结合。
24.一种流化床系统,其包含:
容器,其经配置以含有多个粒子,所述容器具有入口和出口,所述入口经配置以使得所述多个粒子起流化床作用的方式向所述多个粒子提供流体;和
主体,包括多个不连续粒子,所述不连续粒子包括多于30重量%的灰分粒子,所述主体安置在所述容器内所述入口与出口之间,其中所述主体是由多个粒子构成的物体,所述主体含有具有不同尺寸分级灰分粒子的区域且包括一个或多个通道,其中第一区域提供结构特性且第二区域提供流体处理特性。
25.一种过滤床,其包含:
容器,其具有入口和出口且经配置以含有多个粒子;和
主体,包括多个灰分粒子,其安置在所述容器内所述入口与出口之间,使所述主体分层以使得不同粒子的层相对于从所述入口到所述出口的流体的流动方向安置在不同点,其中所述主体是由多个粒子构成的物体,所述主体含有具有不同尺寸分级灰分粒子的区域且包括一个或多个通道,其中第一区域提供结构特性且第二区域提供流体处理特性。
26.一种用于处理废气的主体,所述主体包含具有多个通道的子过滤器和滤饼层,所述滤饼层包括配置在所述通道上的灰分粒子,其中所述主体是由多个粒子构成的物体,所述主体含有具有不同尺寸分级灰分粒子的区域且包括一个或多个通道,其中第一区域提供结构特性且第二区域提供流体处理特性。
27.一种废气处理系统,其包含:
容器,其具有入口和出口;和
根据权利要求26所述的主体,其安置在所述入口与出口之间以使得所述废气在从所述入口到所述出口通过时穿过所述通道,所述主体具有三峰分布的孔径分布,其中所述主体包括交替阻断的平行通道,由此穿过所述主体的流体被迫穿过所述通道之间的壁。
28.根据权利要求27所述的废气处理系统,其中第一组通道与所述入口流体连通,第二组通道与所述出口流体连通,并且在从所述入口到所述出口通过时,所述废气必须经所述主体中的孔隙从所述第一组流到所述第二组。
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US96308807P | 2007-08-03 | 2007-08-03 | |
US60/963,088 | 2007-08-03 | ||
PCT/US2008/071793 WO2009020835A2 (en) | 2007-08-03 | 2008-07-31 | Porous bodies and methods |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CN101827638A CN101827638A (zh) | 2010-09-08 |
CN101827638B true CN101827638B (zh) | 2016-07-13 |
Family
ID=40336890
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CN200880110124.8A Expired - Fee Related CN101827638B (zh) | 2007-08-03 | 2008-07-31 | 多孔体和方法 |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (11) | US8361420B2 (zh) |
EP (1) | EP2180933A4 (zh) |
JP (2) | JP2010535696A (zh) |
CN (1) | CN101827638B (zh) |
AU (1) | AU2008284107B2 (zh) |
SG (1) | SG183687A1 (zh) |
WO (1) | WO2009020835A2 (zh) |
Families Citing this family (35)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2180933A4 (en) * | 2007-08-03 | 2011-08-10 | Errcive Inc | POROUS BODIES AND METHODS |
WO2009076985A1 (en) * | 2007-12-17 | 2009-06-25 | Imerys Services | Ceramic honeycomb structures |
CN102007087A (zh) * | 2008-02-29 | 2011-04-06 | 康宁股份有限公司 | 渗透性材料、由该材料制备的制品以及制备方法 |
JP5444957B2 (ja) * | 2009-08-31 | 2014-03-19 | Jfeスチール株式会社 | 焼結鉱の製造方法及び焼結機 |
US8440586B2 (en) * | 2010-02-26 | 2013-05-14 | Corning Incorporated | Low pressure drop extruded catalyst filter |
CN101810973B (zh) * | 2010-04-15 | 2012-05-23 | 济南圣泉倍进陶瓷过滤器有限公司 | 一种用于过滤熔融金属的过滤器及其制造方法 |
US9315426B2 (en) | 2010-05-20 | 2016-04-19 | Comanche Tecnologies, LLC | Coatings for refractory substrates |
US10041747B2 (en) * | 2010-09-22 | 2018-08-07 | Raytheon Company | Heat exchanger with a glass body |
US8660741B2 (en) * | 2010-10-01 | 2014-02-25 | Deere & Company | Particulate filter ash loading prediction method and vehicle with same |
US20130306555A1 (en) * | 2012-05-15 | 2013-11-21 | Tetra Tech, Inc. | Materials and methods for environmental contaminant remediation |
DE102012012367B4 (de) * | 2012-06-21 | 2014-03-27 | Ftu Gmbh Forschung Und Technische Entwicklung Im Umweltschutz | Aktivierter trass,dessen herstellung und verwendung |
WO2013190181A1 (en) * | 2012-06-21 | 2013-12-27 | Raeisaenen Mikko | Method of purification for wastewater and leachate, filter granule and use of the filter granule |
US11440234B2 (en) * | 2012-08-24 | 2022-09-13 | Advanced Technology Emission Solutions Inc. | Process for manufacturing a component for an emissions treatment unit |
US10094819B2 (en) | 2012-12-04 | 2018-10-09 | Nestec S.A. | Trimethylamine-N-oxide as biomarker for the predisposition for weight gain and obesity |
RU2547833C1 (ru) * | 2013-02-04 | 2015-04-10 | Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "Объединенная Компания РУСАЛ Инженерно-технологический центр" | Способ получения оксида алюминия |
CN105121347A (zh) * | 2013-02-04 | 2015-12-02 | 俄罗斯工程技术中心 | 氧化铝 |
US9468904B2 (en) | 2013-12-31 | 2016-10-18 | Ada Carbon Solutions, Llc | Sorbent compositions having pneumatic conveyance capabilities |
US9314767B2 (en) | 2014-03-07 | 2016-04-19 | Ada Carbon Solutions, Llc | Sorbent compositions having pneumatic conveyance capabilities |
DE102014113620A1 (de) | 2014-09-22 | 2016-03-24 | Ftu Gmbh | Puzzolane zur Abgasreinigung |
US10422480B2 (en) * | 2014-11-11 | 2019-09-24 | Basf Se | Storage vessel comprising a one-piece shaped body of a porous solid |
MX2018005341A (es) | 2015-10-30 | 2018-08-14 | Corning Inc | Filtros de ceramica porosa y metodos para hacer los mismos. |
MX2019004348A (es) * | 2016-10-12 | 2019-09-19 | Basf Corp | Articulos cataliticos. |
US10981831B2 (en) | 2017-09-21 | 2021-04-20 | Crown Products & Services, Inc. | Dry mix and concrete composition containing bed ash and related methods |
CN111511455B (zh) * | 2017-10-31 | 2023-03-31 | 康宁股份有限公司 | 蜂窝体和包含蜂窝体的颗粒过滤器 |
CN109107363B (zh) * | 2018-08-04 | 2021-07-23 | 山东迅达化工集团有限公司 | 制备双孔径硫/氧化铝脱汞剂的方法 |
WO2020031434A1 (ja) * | 2018-08-10 | 2020-02-13 | 日本碍子株式会社 | ハニカム構造体、排気ガス浄化装置、排気システム及びハニカム構造体の製造方法 |
JP2021535068A (ja) | 2018-08-31 | 2021-12-16 | コーニング インコーポレイテッド | コーディエライト‐インディアライト‐擬板チタン石構造セラミック体、バッチ組成物混合物、及びこれらからセラミック体を製造する方法 |
FR3090420B1 (fr) * | 2018-12-21 | 2020-12-11 | Berger Produits | Procede de depot d’un catalyseur a la surface d’un bruleur a combustion catalytique |
DE112020000312T5 (de) * | 2019-03-22 | 2021-09-30 | Ngk Insulators, Ltd. | Wabenstruktur und abgasreinigungsvorrichtung |
US20200406178A1 (en) * | 2019-06-29 | 2020-12-31 | Aqua Guidance Technologies, Ltd. | Process for forming porous filter media |
TWI731556B (zh) | 2020-01-17 | 2021-06-21 | 財團法人工業技術研究院 | 多孔材料及其製備方法 |
CN112588015B (zh) * | 2020-11-25 | 2022-10-18 | 重庆纤维研究设计院股份有限公司 | 制备光催化空气净化棒状二氧化硅颗粒复合纤维毡的方法 |
JP7178432B2 (ja) * | 2021-01-18 | 2022-11-25 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | 排気浄化フィルタ |
EP4074670A1 (en) | 2021-04-16 | 2022-10-19 | Khan, Abbas | Lightweight fine particulates produced majorly from biomass-coal combustion fly ash |
CN113244866B (zh) * | 2021-05-14 | 2022-05-06 | 昆明理工大学 | 一种微波辅助气体催化合成轻烃的装置及其方法 |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4973459A (en) * | 1989-05-09 | 1990-11-27 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Apparatus and method for removing gaseous contaminants and particulate contaminants from a hot gas stream |
CN1162499A (zh) * | 1995-12-06 | 1997-10-22 | 住友化学工业株式会社 | 无机多孔烧结体及过滤器 |
US5750026A (en) * | 1995-06-02 | 1998-05-12 | Corning Incorporated | Device for removal of contaminants from fluid streams |
CN1478912A (zh) * | 2002-07-15 | 2004-03-03 | ������������ʽ���� | 多孔烧结金属及其过滤器,以及制备该多孔绕结金属的方法 |
CN1705502A (zh) * | 2003-02-28 | 2005-12-07 | 揖斐电株式会社 | 陶瓷蜂窝状结构体 |
Family Cites Families (254)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US293745A (en) | 1884-02-19 | Filter | ||
US1852489A (en) | 1931-02-17 | 1932-04-05 | Joseph S Belt | Heat exchanger |
US2449822A (en) | 1942-12-11 | 1948-09-21 | Svenska Cellulosa Ab | Heat exchanging apparatus |
US2544752A (en) * | 1949-06-10 | 1951-03-13 | Lawrence F Gelbman | Process for making lightweight aggregates using fragile nodules |
US2892240A (en) | 1955-06-08 | 1959-06-30 | Charles A Frankenhoff | Fly ash |
US2946112A (en) | 1956-07-10 | 1960-07-26 | Koppers Co Inc | Process of producing light weight aggregate |
US2926137A (en) | 1956-11-30 | 1960-02-23 | Calvert Robert | Filter aid from fly ash |
US3343680A (en) | 1964-02-17 | 1967-09-26 | Gen Services Company | Filter and method of making same |
US3574530A (en) | 1967-10-02 | 1971-04-13 | Pullman Inc | Method of removing sulfur dioxide from waste gases |
US3505008A (en) | 1967-10-30 | 1970-04-07 | Dow Chemical Co | Separation of fly ash and sulfur dioxide from flue gases |
GB1385907A (en) | 1971-05-07 | 1975-03-05 | Ici Ltd | Support and catalyst |
US4071369A (en) | 1971-03-19 | 1978-01-31 | Fredrik Wilhelm Kurz | Method of manufacturing porous ceramic products by reacting flue gas dust and filter dust with clays or the like, such as expanded clay |
US3739553A (en) | 1971-06-14 | 1973-06-19 | H Aine | Exhaust emission control means for internal combustion apparatus |
GB1341513A (zh) | 1971-06-30 | 1973-12-25 | ||
US3704786A (en) | 1971-08-30 | 1972-12-05 | Marc Lerner | Particulate filter media having a gradient of removal ratings |
US4073729A (en) | 1972-01-13 | 1978-02-14 | Wasag-Chemie Ag | Filtering process using inorganic synthetically prepared filter sand |
SE364699B (zh) | 1972-07-13 | 1974-03-04 | Cementa Ab | |
US3911149A (en) * | 1973-10-10 | 1975-10-07 | Us Agriculture | Method for coloring fruits and vegatables |
US3885977A (en) | 1973-11-05 | 1975-05-27 | Corning Glass Works | Anisotropic cordierite monolith |
US3975201A (en) | 1973-11-15 | 1976-08-17 | Owens-Illinois, Inc. | Vehicle and printing pastes for use in the manufacture of microelectronic packages |
US4025462A (en) | 1974-03-27 | 1977-05-24 | Gte Sylvania Incorporated | Ceramic cellular structure having high cell density and catalyst layer |
US3953562A (en) | 1974-07-15 | 1976-04-27 | International Business Machines Corporation | Process for the elimination of dimensional changes in ceramic green sheets |
US3940301A (en) | 1974-08-01 | 1976-02-24 | Caterpillar Tractor Co. | Method of manufacturing an open cellular article |
US4006533A (en) | 1974-08-28 | 1977-02-08 | Squires Arthur M | Treating gas and granular material in panel bed |
US3957694A (en) | 1974-09-27 | 1976-05-18 | General Electric Company | Radiation curable inks |
JPS5144913B2 (zh) | 1974-10-03 | 1976-12-01 | ||
US3991149A (en) | 1974-10-03 | 1976-11-09 | Steven Hurwitt | Method for controlling the thickness of ceramic tape |
US3953703A (en) | 1974-10-03 | 1976-04-27 | Materials Research Corporation | Method for drying ceramic tape |
US4120735A (en) | 1974-10-25 | 1978-10-17 | Gilbert Associates, Inc. | Brick and method of making same |
US3954672A (en) | 1974-11-04 | 1976-05-04 | General Motors Corporation | Cordierite refractory compositions and method of forming same |
US4166037A (en) | 1975-05-30 | 1979-08-28 | Societe Pica | Activated carbon filter having plural layers |
US4038063A (en) | 1975-12-17 | 1977-07-26 | E. C. P., Inc. | Method and apparatus for making continuous foam glass product |
US4190533A (en) | 1976-02-12 | 1980-02-26 | Amsted Industries Incorporated | Filter method |
US4041592A (en) | 1976-02-24 | 1977-08-16 | Corning Glass Works | Manufacture of multiple flow path body |
US4041591A (en) | 1976-02-24 | 1977-08-16 | Corning Glass Works | Method of fabricating a multiple flow path body |
GB1581029A (en) | 1976-05-21 | 1980-12-10 | Exxon Research Engineering Co | Classifying particles using fluidised bed systems and supplying classified particles to a process zone |
US4069063A (en) | 1976-11-24 | 1978-01-17 | Westvaco Corporation | Cement composition |
JPS5365995A (en) | 1976-11-26 | 1978-06-12 | Ngk Insulators Ltd | Method of manufacturing honeycomb body comprising ceramics of positive characteristic belonging to barium titanate group |
US4107013A (en) | 1976-12-13 | 1978-08-15 | Scm Corporation | Ultraviolet curable latexes |
GB1585801A (en) | 1977-01-04 | 1981-03-11 | Kroyer K K K | Methods and apparatus for production of cements |
IN148328B (zh) | 1977-04-18 | 1981-01-17 | Rca Corp | |
US4142864A (en) | 1977-05-31 | 1979-03-06 | Engelhard Minerals & Chemicals Corporation | Catalytic apparatus |
US4197205A (en) | 1977-05-31 | 1980-04-08 | Gene Hirs | Deep bed filter |
US4110187A (en) | 1977-09-02 | 1978-08-29 | Eastman Kodak Company | Ultraviolet curable polyester binder and coating formulation |
US4225443A (en) | 1978-03-22 | 1980-09-30 | The Taulman Company | Sintered-glass-granule filter medium |
JPS5839799B2 (ja) | 1978-05-02 | 1983-09-01 | 日産自動車株式会社 | 大型ハニカム構造体の製造方法 |
US4254616A (en) | 1979-07-31 | 1981-03-10 | Exxon Research And Engineering Co. | Process for flue gas desulfurization or nitrogen oxide removal using a magnetically stabilized fluid cross-flow contactor |
US4255166A (en) | 1979-07-31 | 1981-03-10 | Exxon Research And Engineering Company | Process for the removal of particulates entrained in a fluid using a magnetically stabilized fluid cross-flow contactor |
US4276071A (en) | 1979-12-03 | 1981-06-30 | General Motors Corporation | Ceramic filters for diesel exhaust particulates |
US4264346A (en) | 1979-12-12 | 1981-04-28 | General Motors Corporation | Diesel exhaust particulate traps |
JPS5695902A (en) | 1979-12-29 | 1981-08-03 | Toyobo Co Ltd | Uv-curable resin composition |
JPS56133598A (en) | 1980-03-24 | 1981-10-19 | Ngk Insulators Ltd | Heat transfer type ceramic heat exchanger and its manufacture |
US4329162A (en) | 1980-07-03 | 1982-05-11 | Corning Glass Works | Diesel particulate trap |
US4743382A (en) | 1980-08-06 | 1988-05-10 | The State Of Oregon Acting By And Through The State Board Of Higher Education On Behalf Of Oregon State University | Method and apparatus for separating suspended solids from liquids |
US4436682A (en) | 1980-12-15 | 1984-03-13 | Revere Copper And Brass, Inc. | Roll compacting of polymer powders into fully dense products |
US4430108A (en) | 1981-10-14 | 1984-02-07 | Pedro Buarque De Macedo | Method for making foam glass from diatomaceous earth and fly ash |
US4416675A (en) | 1982-02-22 | 1983-11-22 | Corning Glass Works | High capacity solid particulate filter apparatus |
US4415344A (en) | 1982-03-01 | 1983-11-15 | Corning Glass Works | Diesel particulate filters for use with smaller diesel engines |
JPS58151356A (ja) | 1982-03-03 | 1983-09-08 | 水澤化学工業株式会社 | 水硬性セメント組成物 |
US4440867A (en) | 1982-05-14 | 1984-04-03 | Ensotech, Inc. | Calcined, high surface area, particulate matter, processes using this matter, and admixtures with other agents |
US4587068A (en) | 1983-06-24 | 1986-05-06 | Materials Research Corporation | Method of making ceramic tapes |
US4483944A (en) | 1983-07-27 | 1984-11-20 | Corning Glass Works | Aluminum titanate-mullite ceramic articles |
US4652411A (en) | 1984-05-23 | 1987-03-24 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Method of preparing thin porous sheets of ceramic material |
GB8413982D0 (en) | 1984-06-01 | 1984-07-04 | Tate & Lyle Plc | Filter |
US4645605A (en) * | 1984-07-13 | 1987-02-24 | Agritec, Inc. | Filtration with biogenetic silica |
US4613374A (en) | 1985-02-21 | 1986-09-23 | Conversion Systems, Inc. | Pozzolanically stabilized compositions having improved permeability coefficients |
US4637995A (en) | 1985-03-18 | 1987-01-20 | Corning Glass Works | Preparation of monolithic catalyst supports having an integrated high surface area phase |
US4765545A (en) * | 1985-03-21 | 1988-08-23 | Ricegrowers' Co-Operative Mills, Ltd. | Rice hull ash filter |
JPS6236083A (ja) * | 1985-08-09 | 1987-02-17 | 日本特殊陶業株式会社 | 多孔質セラミツクスの製造法 |
US5100633A (en) | 1985-11-07 | 1992-03-31 | Passamaquoddy Technology Limited Partnership | Method for scrubbing pollutants from an exhaust gas stream |
US4629483A (en) | 1986-01-06 | 1986-12-16 | Refractron Corp. | Ceramic filter with plural layers of different porosity |
US4968460A (en) | 1986-03-07 | 1990-11-06 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Ceramics |
US4777153A (en) | 1986-05-06 | 1988-10-11 | Washington Research Foundation | Process for the production of porous ceramics using decomposable polymeric microspheres and the resultant product |
US4681788A (en) | 1986-07-31 | 1987-07-21 | General Electric Company | Insulation formed of precipitated silica and fly ash |
US4944817A (en) | 1986-10-17 | 1990-07-31 | Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System | Multiple material systems for selective beam sintering |
US4863538A (en) | 1986-10-17 | 1989-09-05 | Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System | Method and apparatus for producing parts by selective sintering |
US4804521A (en) | 1986-11-07 | 1989-02-14 | Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System | Process for removing sulfur from sulfur-containing gases |
US4786342A (en) | 1986-11-10 | 1988-11-22 | Coors Porcelain Company | Method for producing cast tape finish on a dry-pressed substrate |
US5401481A (en) * | 1986-11-10 | 1995-03-28 | Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System | Processes for removing acid components from gas streams |
US4888054A (en) | 1987-02-24 | 1989-12-19 | Pond Sr Robert B | Metal composites with fly ash incorporated therein and a process for producing the same |
US4877506A (en) | 1987-04-08 | 1989-10-31 | Fee Darrell C | Monolithic solid electrolyte oxygen pump |
NL8701660A (nl) | 1987-07-14 | 1989-02-01 | Tno | Verbrandingsinrichting met een gefluidiseerd bed. |
US4747945A (en) | 1987-07-14 | 1988-05-31 | Culligan International Company | Lightweight media depth filter |
GB8717860D0 (en) * | 1987-07-28 | 1987-09-03 | Enviroguard Inc | Formation of soluble silicates |
US4976760A (en) | 1987-12-02 | 1990-12-11 | Cercona, Inc. | Porous ceramic article for use as a filter for removing particulates from diesel exhaust gases |
US4871495A (en) | 1987-12-02 | 1989-10-03 | The Duriron Company, Inc. | Process for producing porous ceramic filter for filtering of particulates from diesel exhaust gases |
US4898631A (en) | 1988-01-15 | 1990-02-06 | California Institute Of Technology | Method for fabricating ceramic filaments and high density tape casting method |
US5244726A (en) | 1988-02-23 | 1993-09-14 | The Hera Corporation | Advanced geopolymer composites |
US4883497A (en) | 1988-03-28 | 1989-11-28 | Arch Development Corporation | Formation of thin walled ceramic solid oxide fuel cells |
US5497620A (en) | 1988-04-08 | 1996-03-12 | Stobbe; Per | Method of filtering particles from a flue gas, a flue gas filter means and a vehicle |
EP0337047A1 (fr) | 1988-04-13 | 1989-10-18 | Rijksuniversiteit Gent Fakulteit Landbouwwetenschappen Leerstoel Voor Bodemfysika | Procédé pour augmenter la surface spécifique et l'activité d'une matière adsorbante constituée d'alumino-silicates et matière ainsi obtenue |
US5002710A (en) | 1989-01-12 | 1991-03-26 | Rutgers University A Not For Profit Corporation Of The State Of New Jersey | Composition useful for producing thin ceramic sheets |
US5108614A (en) | 1989-05-10 | 1992-04-28 | Serrener Consultation Inc. | Device and a method for filtering a liquid with wood ash to remove impurities therefrom |
JP2994404B2 (ja) * | 1989-07-06 | 1999-12-27 | ハイ・コントロール・リミテッド | バインダーをフォーム状にして塗布する研磨シートの製造方法 |
DE3924411A1 (de) | 1989-07-24 | 1991-01-31 | Hoechst Ceram Tec Ag | Rippenrohrwaermetauscher |
US4971601A (en) | 1989-08-24 | 1990-11-20 | Texaco Inc. | Partial oxidation of ash-containing solid carbonaceous and/or liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuel |
US5284695A (en) | 1989-09-05 | 1994-02-08 | Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System | Method of producing high-temperature parts by way of low-temperature sintering |
DE3937809A1 (de) | 1989-11-14 | 1991-05-16 | Schwaebische Huettenwerke Gmbh | Filter zum abscheiden von verunreinigungen |
US5204055A (en) | 1989-12-08 | 1993-04-20 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Three-dimensional printing techniques |
US4964888A (en) | 1989-12-27 | 1990-10-23 | Uop | Multiple zone adsorption process |
US5145826A (en) * | 1990-12-04 | 1992-09-08 | Amoco Corporation | Fluid bed incineration catalyst |
US5086093A (en) | 1990-04-02 | 1992-02-04 | Allied-Signal Inc. | Aqueous organic compositions as ceramic binders for casting and molding |
DE4021495A1 (de) | 1990-07-05 | 1992-01-09 | Schwaebische Huettenwerke Gmbh | Abgasfilter |
US5322562A (en) | 1990-07-12 | 1994-06-21 | Sandoz Ltd. | Production of cement-mortar dry mix |
DE4029749A1 (de) | 1990-09-20 | 1992-03-26 | Schwaebische Huettenwerke Gmbh | Filter |
US5071449A (en) | 1990-11-19 | 1991-12-10 | Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. | Gas separation by rapid pressure swing adsorption |
US5221484A (en) | 1991-01-10 | 1993-06-22 | Ceramem Separations Limited Partnership | Catalytic filtration device and method |
DE4109227A1 (de) | 1991-03-21 | 1992-09-24 | Schwaebische Huettenwerke Gmbh | Abgasfilter und/oder katalysator |
DE4110285A1 (de) | 1991-03-28 | 1992-10-01 | Schwaebische Huettenwerke Gmbh | Filter- oder katalysatorkoerper |
US5308457A (en) | 1991-04-05 | 1994-05-03 | Catalytica, Inc. | Self-contained system for controlling gaseous emissions from dilute organic sources and a process for using that system |
US5426779A (en) * | 1991-09-13 | 1995-06-20 | Salient Software, Inc. | Method and apparatus for locating longest prior target string matching current string in buffer |
DE4137105A1 (de) | 1991-11-12 | 1993-05-13 | Schwaebische Huettenwerke Gmbh | Anordnung eines katalysators fuer die abgase eines verbrennungsmotors |
US5232955A (en) | 1991-12-16 | 1993-08-03 | Mol Magyar Olaj Es Gazipari Reszvenytarsasag | Process for producing a high strength artificial (cast) stone with high permeability and filter effect |
US5203936A (en) | 1991-12-16 | 1993-04-20 | W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn. | Clean burning green ceramic tape cast system using polyisobutylene binder |
US5256609A (en) | 1991-12-18 | 1993-10-26 | W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn. | Clean burning green ceramic tape cast system using atactic polypropylene binder |
US5275771A (en) | 1992-01-03 | 1994-01-04 | Corning Incorporated | Expansion reduction of cordierite |
DE4211787C1 (de) | 1992-04-08 | 1993-11-04 | Schott Glaswerke | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur herstellung eines filters in form eines keramischen wabenkoerper-monolithen |
US5292436A (en) | 1992-05-13 | 1994-03-08 | Kansas State University Research Foundation | Tapered bed filtration apparatus |
US5405571A (en) | 1992-06-16 | 1995-04-11 | Aluminum Company Of America | Tape casting fiber reinforced composite structures |
DE4238120C1 (de) | 1992-11-12 | 1994-03-17 | Schott Glaswerke | Verfahren zum rechnergesteuerten, stirnseitigen, wechselweisen Verschließen von Kanälen eines Wabenkörper-Monolithen für Abgasreinigungsanlagen von Verbrennungsmotoren |
DE4339167B4 (de) | 1992-11-20 | 2006-09-14 | Corning Inc. | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Cordieritkörpern |
JP2664119B2 (ja) | 1992-11-20 | 1997-10-15 | 日本碍子株式会社 | 曲りハニカム構造体 |
US5409870A (en) | 1992-11-20 | 1995-04-25 | Corning Incorporated | Modified cordierite precursors |
US5306646A (en) | 1992-12-23 | 1994-04-26 | Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc. | Method for producing textured substrates for thin-film photovoltaic cells |
US5279994A (en) | 1993-02-11 | 1994-01-18 | W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn. | Aqueous processing of green ceramic tapes |
DE4316924C2 (de) | 1993-05-20 | 1996-03-21 | Hoechst Ag | Gießmasse zur Herstellung von grünen Keramikfolien enthaltend Polyvinylalkohol-Fettsäureester als Dispergiermittel, Verfahren zur Herstellung von grünen Keramikfolien und eines keramischen Substrats |
US5476375A (en) | 1993-07-12 | 1995-12-19 | Institute Of Gas Technology | Staged combustion in a porous-matrix surface combustor to promote ultra-low NOx Emissions |
US5487855A (en) | 1994-09-16 | 1996-01-30 | Nalco Chemical Company | Polymeric binders for enhancing green strength of pressed ceramics |
US5427721A (en) | 1993-10-29 | 1995-06-27 | W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn. | Method of making microcellular ceramic bodies |
US5345761A (en) | 1993-12-02 | 1994-09-13 | Ford Motor Company | Energy management system for hybrid vehicle |
GB9325492D0 (en) | 1993-12-14 | 1994-02-16 | Engelhard Corp | Improved particulate filter,and system and method for cleaning same |
US5401695A (en) | 1994-01-24 | 1995-03-28 | Rohm And Haas Company | Process for preparing ceramic products |
DE4424019C1 (de) | 1994-07-08 | 1996-01-04 | Degussa | Verfahren zum ein- oder beidseitigen Verschließen oder Füllen von Strömungskanälen in einer Ringzone eines zylindrischen Katalysator-Wabenkörpers |
US5639402A (en) | 1994-08-08 | 1997-06-17 | Barlow; Joel W. | Method for fabricating artificial bone implant green parts |
US5547640A (en) | 1995-01-06 | 1996-08-20 | Kim; Dae S. | Compact high temperature air purifier |
US5645730A (en) * | 1995-02-21 | 1997-07-08 | Envirocorp Services & Technology, Inc. | Acid wastewater treatement |
US5519087A (en) | 1995-04-28 | 1996-05-21 | Rohm And Haas Company | Binders for ceramic products |
US5686039A (en) | 1995-06-30 | 1997-11-11 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Methods of making a catalytic converter or diesel particulate filter |
JP2756934B2 (ja) * | 1995-07-10 | 1998-05-25 | 株式会社テトラ | 石炭灰を原料とする焼結体とその製造方法 |
US5658372A (en) * | 1995-07-10 | 1997-08-19 | Corning Incorporated | System and method for adsorbing contaminants and regenerating the adsorber |
US5711833A (en) | 1995-07-25 | 1998-01-27 | Thermicedge Corporation | Process for the production of thin walled ceramic structures |
JPH0948679A (ja) * | 1995-08-02 | 1997-02-18 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | セラミックスフィルタエレメント及びその製造方法 |
EP0761279B1 (en) | 1995-08-22 | 2002-11-20 | Denki Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Honeycomb structure |
WO1997009283A1 (en) | 1995-09-08 | 1997-03-13 | Strabala William M | Fly ash composites and methods for making same |
US5626763A (en) | 1995-10-11 | 1997-05-06 | Mathews; Alexander P. | Tapered bed apparatus for fluid-solid mass transfer operations |
US5714228A (en) | 1995-12-18 | 1998-02-03 | General Motors Corporation | Ceramic catalytic converter substrate |
US5904892A (en) | 1996-04-01 | 1999-05-18 | Saint-Gobain/Norton Industrial Ceramics Corp. | Tape cast silicon carbide dummy wafer |
US6409817B1 (en) * | 1996-05-06 | 2002-06-25 | Agritec, Inc. | Fine-celled foam composition and method having improved thermal insulation and fire retardant properties |
US5705444A (en) | 1996-05-06 | 1998-01-06 | Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Company | Filter material of ceramic oxide fibers and vermiculite particles |
US5728198A (en) | 1996-09-30 | 1998-03-17 | The Boc Group. Inc. | Process and apparatus for gas purification |
US5766528A (en) | 1997-02-14 | 1998-06-16 | Northrop Grumman Corporation | Ceramic tape formulations with green tape stability |
JP3581518B2 (ja) * | 1997-03-27 | 2004-10-27 | 三菱重工業株式会社 | セラミックフィルタエレメントの製造装置 |
EP0991602B1 (en) | 1997-06-27 | 2004-05-12 | Elk Premium Building Products, Inc. | Process for the production of coated structural articles |
JPH1129346A (ja) | 1997-07-07 | 1999-02-02 | Boogen Fuairu:Kk | 人工骨材・軽量骨材等として用いる吸着酸化触媒材及びその製造方法 |
EP0894530B1 (en) | 1997-07-28 | 2003-09-10 | Corning Incorporated | Mercury removal catalyst and method of making and using same |
US5901683A (en) | 1997-07-28 | 1999-05-11 | General Electric Company | Indirect monitoring and control of visible exhaust emissions from a diesel engine |
US5983488A (en) | 1997-07-30 | 1999-11-16 | M-C Power Corporation | Sol-casting of molten carbonate fuel cell matrices |
US6306925B1 (en) | 1997-12-19 | 2001-10-23 | Usbiomaterials Corporation | Tape cast multi-layer ceramic/metal composites |
US6375452B1 (en) * | 1998-02-13 | 2002-04-23 | Welex, Incorporated | Sheet processing system |
US5997794A (en) | 1998-08-18 | 1999-12-07 | Energy Research Corporation | Method of making matrix for carbonate fuel cells |
US6238618B1 (en) * | 1998-10-01 | 2001-05-29 | Corning Incorporated | Production of porous mullite bodies |
EP0992272A1 (en) | 1998-10-08 | 2000-04-12 | Corning Incorporated | Porous honeycomb filter body formed in a press |
AU746591B2 (en) | 1998-10-19 | 2002-05-02 | Synthes Gmbh | Hardenable ceramic hydraulic cement |
US6290847B1 (en) | 1998-12-17 | 2001-09-18 | Corning Incorporated | Gravity-flow water filtration device |
US6454941B1 (en) | 1998-12-17 | 2002-09-24 | Corning Incorporated | Gravity-flow water filtration device |
US6405875B1 (en) | 1998-12-18 | 2002-06-18 | Corning Incorporated | Water filtration device and method |
US6196344B1 (en) | 1999-09-10 | 2001-03-06 | Ford Global Technologies, Inc. | Control system and method for a hybrid electric vehicle |
JP4014767B2 (ja) | 1999-09-17 | 2007-11-28 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | 硬質マクロアレイ |
EP1516659B1 (en) | 1999-09-29 | 2006-12-13 | Ibiden Co., Ltd. | Honeycomb filter and ceramic filter assembly |
EP1235761A1 (en) | 1999-10-05 | 2002-09-04 | Corning Incorporated | Method of making phosphate-based ceramic filters |
JP4136319B2 (ja) | 2000-04-14 | 2008-08-20 | 日本碍子株式会社 | ハニカム構造体及びその製造方法 |
US20020014051A1 (en) | 2000-04-20 | 2002-02-07 | Fraval Hanafi R. | High strength light-weight fiber ash composite material, method of manufacture thereof, and prefabricated structural building members using the same |
US6322605B1 (en) | 2000-05-31 | 2001-11-27 | Corning Incorporated | Diesel exhaust filters |
US6328779B1 (en) | 2000-05-31 | 2001-12-11 | Corning Incorporated | Microwave regenerated diesel particular filter and method of making the same |
US20020003112A1 (en) * | 2000-07-07 | 2002-01-10 | Golden Josh H. | Process and apparatus for removal of heavy metals from wastewater |
DE10035544B4 (de) | 2000-07-21 | 2012-01-05 | Daimler Ag | Filteranordnung für eine Abgasreinigungsanlage |
US6375451B1 (en) | 2000-08-23 | 2002-04-23 | The Boeing Company | Tape casting machine with profiled doctor blade |
US6464744B2 (en) | 2000-10-03 | 2002-10-15 | Corning Incorporated | Diesel particulate filters |
WO2002038513A1 (en) | 2000-11-07 | 2002-05-16 | Corning Incorporated | Pollucite-based ceramic with low cte |
US6440198B1 (en) | 2000-11-09 | 2002-08-27 | Siemens Westinghouse Power Corporation | Cost effective moving granular bed filters for particulates and contaminants removal |
US6368102B1 (en) | 2000-12-01 | 2002-04-09 | Cleveland State University | High-temperature, non-catalytic, infrared heater |
JP2002248498A (ja) | 2001-02-26 | 2002-09-03 | Katayama Chem Works Co Ltd | 余剰汚泥の処理方法 |
KR20030000221A (ko) * | 2001-06-22 | 2003-01-06 | 주식회사 하누산업 | 수분함유도가 높은 연질육포의 제조방법 및 염지용액 |
KR100434679B1 (ko) * | 2001-06-30 | 2004-06-07 | 영성산업 주식회사 | 폐기물을 이용한 하,폐수 처리용 다공성 담체 및 그제조방법 |
US6881703B2 (en) | 2001-08-08 | 2005-04-19 | Corning Incorporated | Thermally conductive honeycombs for chemical reactors |
US6421599B1 (en) | 2001-08-09 | 2002-07-16 | Ford Global Technologies, Inc. | Control strategy for an internal combustion engine in a hybrid vehicle |
US6887291B2 (en) | 2001-08-30 | 2005-05-03 | Tda Research, Inc. | Filter devices and methods for carbon nanomaterial collection |
US20030041730A1 (en) | 2001-08-30 | 2003-03-06 | Beall Douglas M. | Honeycomb with varying channel size |
US6827754B2 (en) | 2001-09-13 | 2004-12-07 | Hitachi Metals, Ltd. | Ceramic honeycomb filter |
DE20117862U1 (de) | 2001-11-06 | 2003-04-10 | Daimler Chrysler Ag | Dieselpartikelfilter sowie Dieselmotor mit einem Dieselpartikelfilter |
US6613299B2 (en) | 2001-11-13 | 2003-09-02 | Sud-Chemie Prototech, Inc. | Catalyzed diesel particulate matter exhaust filter |
ATE372449T1 (de) | 2001-12-03 | 2007-09-15 | Hitachi Metals Ltd | Keramischer wabenfilter |
US8029737B2 (en) * | 2002-02-05 | 2011-10-04 | Ibiden Co., Ltd. | Honeycomb filter for exhaust gas decontamination, adhesive, coating material and process for producing honeycomb filter for exhaust gas decontamination |
US6673300B2 (en) | 2002-02-28 | 2004-01-06 | Corning Incorporated | Method for plugging selected cells in a honeycomb |
US6695967B2 (en) | 2002-03-13 | 2004-02-24 | Ceramem Corporation | Reaction bonded alumina filter and membrane support |
DE60324121D1 (de) | 2002-03-29 | 2008-11-27 | Ibiden Co Ltd | Keramikfilter und abgasdekontaminierungseinheit |
US6849181B2 (en) | 2002-07-31 | 2005-02-01 | Corning Incorporated | Mullite-aluminum titanate diesel exhaust filter |
US7585352B2 (en) | 2002-08-21 | 2009-09-08 | Dunn John P | Grid electrostatic precipitator/filter for diesel engine exhaust removal |
US7087109B2 (en) | 2002-09-25 | 2006-08-08 | Z Corporation | Three dimensional printing material system and method |
JP4172986B2 (ja) | 2002-10-10 | 2008-10-29 | 日本碍子株式会社 | ハニカム構造体及びその製造方法並びに当該ハニカム構造体を用いた排ガス浄化システム |
WO2004036002A1 (ja) * | 2002-10-16 | 2004-04-29 | Mitsubishi Fuso Truck And Bus Corporation | 内燃機関の排気浄化装置 |
US6946013B2 (en) | 2002-10-28 | 2005-09-20 | Geo2 Technologies, Inc. | Ceramic exhaust filter |
US7572311B2 (en) * | 2002-10-28 | 2009-08-11 | Geo2 Technologies, Inc. | Highly porous mullite particulate filter substrate |
US6835224B2 (en) | 2003-01-03 | 2004-12-28 | General Motors Corporation | Open end diesel particulate trap |
KR20030022221A (ko) | 2003-02-07 | 2003-03-15 | 이정민 | 스트로를 구비한 음료용기 |
US6883321B2 (en) | 2003-04-25 | 2005-04-26 | Bendix Commercial Vehicle Systems Llc | Filter assembly for exhaust gases |
PL360102A3 (en) | 2003-05-13 | 2004-11-15 | "ENERGOMAR-NORD" Sp.z o.o. | Method for manufacturing highly reactive calcium sorbing agents and facility designed for manufacturing highly reactive calcium sorbing agents |
JP2005034797A (ja) * | 2003-07-18 | 2005-02-10 | Mitsui Eng & Shipbuild Co Ltd | 排ガス浄化用フィルタおよびフィルタエレメントの製造方法 |
JP2005060159A (ja) | 2003-08-11 | 2005-03-10 | Nishida Kosan:Kk | 無機系廃棄物を活用した保水、透水性セラミックスブロック及びその製造方法 |
US7328805B2 (en) | 2003-09-08 | 2008-02-12 | Charah Enviromental, Inc. | Method and system for beneficiating gasification slag |
US6991668B2 (en) | 2003-09-26 | 2006-01-31 | Towsley Frank E | Diesel soot filter |
US20070041880A1 (en) * | 2003-12-20 | 2007-02-22 | Bernd Reinsch | Exhaust treatment device |
US7387829B2 (en) | 2004-01-13 | 2008-06-17 | Ibiden Co., Ltd. | Honeycomb structure, porous body, pore forming material for the porous body, and methods for manufacturing the pore forming material, the porous body and the honeycomb structure |
JP2005248726A (ja) * | 2004-03-01 | 2005-09-15 | Toyota Motor Corp | 排ガス浄化用フィルタ触媒 |
US7550118B2 (en) | 2004-04-14 | 2009-06-23 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Multilayer mats for use in pollution control devices |
FR2869608B1 (fr) | 2004-04-29 | 2006-08-04 | Centre Nat Rech Scient Cnrse | Preparation de films de ciment par coulage en bande |
JP4849824B2 (ja) * | 2004-05-17 | 2012-01-11 | イビデン株式会社 | 親水性多孔質材、親水性多孔質材の製造方法、高分子電解質型燃料電池用加湿部材、及び、固体高分子型燃料電池用セパレータ |
EP1600202A1 (en) * | 2004-05-24 | 2005-11-30 | Nederlandse Organisatie voor toegepast-natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek TNO | Method and means for chemically modifying gases of fumes |
DE102004026589A1 (de) | 2004-06-01 | 2006-01-19 | Siemens Ag | Verfahren zur Überwachung eines Partikelfilters |
US7291197B2 (en) * | 2004-07-29 | 2007-11-06 | Caterpillar Inc. | Particulate trap filter element |
US7722829B2 (en) * | 2004-09-14 | 2010-05-25 | Basf Catalysts Llc | Pressure-balanced, catalyzed soot filter |
US7655088B2 (en) | 2005-01-14 | 2010-02-02 | Alkemy, Ltd. | Synthetic aggregates comprising sewage sludge and other waste materials and methods for producing such aggregates |
US7780781B2 (en) * | 2005-01-14 | 2010-08-24 | Alkemy, Ltd. | Pyroprocessed aggregates comprising IBA and low calcium silicoaluminous materials and methods for producing such aggregates |
US20060162929A1 (en) | 2005-01-26 | 2006-07-27 | Global Synfrac Inc. | Lightweight proppant and method of making same |
JP4812316B2 (ja) | 2005-03-16 | 2011-11-09 | イビデン株式会社 | ハニカム構造体 |
US7745363B2 (en) | 2005-05-09 | 2010-06-29 | Corning Incorporated | Geopolymer composites and structures formed therefrom |
JP5252916B2 (ja) | 2005-05-23 | 2013-07-31 | 日本碍子株式会社 | ハニカム構造体 |
CN101213156B (zh) | 2005-05-31 | 2014-07-16 | 康宁股份有限公司 | 包含成孔剂组合的形成钛酸铝陶瓷的批料混合物和生坯,以及它们的制造和烧制方法 |
US20060272319A1 (en) | 2005-06-02 | 2006-12-07 | Dettling Joseph C | Segregated catalyzed metallic wire filter for diesel soot filtration |
EP1741685B1 (de) | 2005-07-05 | 2014-04-30 | MANN+HUMMEL Innenraumfilter GmbH & Co. KG | Poröser beta-SiC-haltiger keramischer Formkörper und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung. |
US7311081B2 (en) * | 2005-07-08 | 2007-12-25 | Infineon Technologies Ag | Electronic throttle control system with integrated controller and power stage |
EP1935489A4 (en) | 2005-08-31 | 2012-01-25 | Ngk Insulators Ltd | WAVY CATALYTIC BODY AND ASSOCIATED METHOD OF MANUFACTURE |
JP5000873B2 (ja) * | 2005-09-21 | 2012-08-15 | 日本碍子株式会社 | 多孔質体の製造方法 |
EP1775022B1 (en) * | 2005-10-12 | 2021-01-27 | Center for Research and Technology-Hellas (CERTH) | Process of producing a catalytic coating and catalyst filters |
US20070179056A1 (en) | 2006-01-27 | 2007-08-02 | Baek Jeom I | Sorbent for removal of trace hazardous air pollutants from combustion flue gas and preparation method thereof |
US8162040B2 (en) | 2006-03-10 | 2012-04-24 | Spinworks, LLC | Heat exchanging insert and method for fabricating same |
US7736430B2 (en) | 2006-03-16 | 2010-06-15 | William Marsh Rice University | Compositions and methods for controlling the setting behavior of cement slurries using carbonated fly ash |
US7648548B2 (en) | 2006-05-10 | 2010-01-19 | Corning Incorporated | High porosity cordierite composition |
ATE509002T1 (de) | 2006-07-21 | 2011-05-15 | Dow Global Technologies Llc | Verbessertes dieselpartikelfilter |
US20080226346A1 (en) | 2007-01-17 | 2008-09-18 | 3D Systems, Inc. | Inkjet Solid Imaging System and Method for Solid Imaging |
US7514010B2 (en) | 2007-03-08 | 2009-04-07 | Salmon Daniel J | Water filtering method and apparatus |
US8545598B2 (en) * | 2007-06-19 | 2013-10-01 | Pmi Ash Technologies, Llc | Mercury removal systems using beneficiated fly ash particles and methods thereof |
EP2180933A4 (en) * | 2007-08-03 | 2011-08-10 | Errcive Inc | POROUS BODIES AND METHODS |
US20090044515A1 (en) | 2007-08-14 | 2009-02-19 | Shuguang Lu | System and method for removing particulate matter from a diesel particulate filter |
US8007573B2 (en) * | 2007-09-28 | 2011-08-30 | General Electric Company | Filter and associated method |
US7749476B2 (en) | 2007-12-28 | 2010-07-06 | Calera Corporation | Production of carbonate-containing compositions from material comprising metal silicates |
US7754169B2 (en) | 2007-12-28 | 2010-07-13 | Calera Corporation | Methods and systems for utilizing waste sources of metal oxides |
DK2274066T5 (da) | 2008-04-11 | 2021-02-15 | Liqtech Int A/S | Keramisk blindfilter, et filtersystem og fremgangsmåde til filtrering |
US8317905B2 (en) | 2008-10-03 | 2012-11-27 | Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company | Particulate removal from gas streams |
US8196533B2 (en) | 2008-10-27 | 2012-06-12 | Kentucky-Tennessee Clay Co. | Methods for operating a fluidized-bed reactor |
WO2010059268A1 (en) | 2008-11-19 | 2010-05-27 | Murray Kenneth D | Carbon dioxide control device to capture carbon dioxide from vehicle combustion waste |
US9440192B2 (en) | 2009-01-16 | 2016-09-13 | Basf Corporation | Diesel oxidation catalyst and use thereof in diesel and advanced combustion diesel engine systems |
WO2010141368A2 (en) | 2009-05-31 | 2010-12-09 | Corning Incorporated | Honeycomb reactor or heat exchanger mixer |
US8815183B2 (en) | 2009-08-31 | 2014-08-26 | Corning Incorporated | Zoned monolithic reactor and associated methods |
-
2008
- 2008-07-31 EP EP08796966A patent/EP2180933A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2008-07-31 AU AU2008284107A patent/AU2008284107B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2008-07-31 SG SG2012057451A patent/SG183687A1/en unknown
- 2008-07-31 US US12/671,825 patent/US8361420B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2008-07-31 US US12/183,917 patent/US7981375B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2008-07-31 WO PCT/US2008/071793 patent/WO2009020835A2/en active Application Filing
- 2008-07-31 CN CN200880110124.8A patent/CN101827638B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2008-07-31 JP JP2010520197A patent/JP2010535696A/ja active Pending
-
2010
- 2010-02-03 US US12/699,736 patent/US8551216B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2011
- 2011-06-03 US US13/152,275 patent/US8092753B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2011-06-03 US US13/152,273 patent/US8097220B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2011-12-11 US US13/316,534 patent/US8221694B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2011-12-15 US US13/327,300 patent/US8623287B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2012
- 2012-06-12 US US13/494,073 patent/US8361406B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2012-12-25 US US13/726,583 patent/US8821803B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2014
- 2014-08-27 US US14/469,612 patent/US9468887B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2014-10-21 JP JP2014214293A patent/JP5982085B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2016
- 2016-10-17 US US15/294,941 patent/US10393047B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4973459A (en) * | 1989-05-09 | 1990-11-27 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Apparatus and method for removing gaseous contaminants and particulate contaminants from a hot gas stream |
US5750026A (en) * | 1995-06-02 | 1998-05-12 | Corning Incorporated | Device for removal of contaminants from fluid streams |
CN1162499A (zh) * | 1995-12-06 | 1997-10-22 | 住友化学工业株式会社 | 无机多孔烧结体及过滤器 |
CN1478912A (zh) * | 2002-07-15 | 2004-03-03 | ������������ʽ���� | 多孔烧结金属及其过滤器,以及制备该多孔绕结金属的方法 |
CN1705502A (zh) * | 2003-02-28 | 2005-12-07 | 揖斐电株式会社 | 陶瓷蜂窝状结构体 |
Also Published As
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
CN101827638B (zh) | 多孔体和方法 | |
JP4398260B2 (ja) | 炭化珪素質多孔体及びその製造方法 | |
KR101648483B1 (ko) | 세라믹 허니컴 구조체 및 그 제조 방법 | |
US6736875B2 (en) | Composite cordierite filters | |
EP1301261B1 (en) | Cordierite body | |
O’Sullivan et al. | Degradation resistance of silicon carbide diesel particulate filters to diesel fuel ash deposits | |
Oya et al. | Performance evaluation of SiC-DPF sintered with sintering additive | |
CN106458765A (zh) | 陶瓷结构体 | |
Adler et al. | Handbook of Advanced Ceramics: Chapter 8.1. Diesel Particulate Filters | |
Choi et al. | Thermal aging behavior of SiC substrate in the presence of ash materials and alkali metals | |
O'Sullivan et al. | Comparison of corrosion resistance of cordierite and silicon carbide diesel particulate filters to combustion products of diesel fuel containing Fe and Ce additives |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
C06 | Publication | ||
PB01 | Publication | ||
C10 | Entry into substantive examination | ||
SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
C14 | Grant of patent or utility model | ||
GR01 | Patent grant | ||
CF01 | Termination of patent right due to non-payment of annual fee |
Granted publication date: 20160713 Termination date: 20170731 |
|
CF01 | Termination of patent right due to non-payment of annual fee |