CN101983469A - 与能量采集关联的储能装置的无源过电压/欠电压控制和保护 - Google Patents

与能量采集关联的储能装置的无源过电压/欠电压控制和保护 Download PDF

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CN101983469A
CN101983469A CN2009801124009A CN200980112400A CN101983469A CN 101983469 A CN101983469 A CN 101983469A CN 2009801124009 A CN2009801124009 A CN 2009801124009A CN 200980112400 A CN200980112400 A CN 200980112400A CN 101983469 A CN101983469 A CN 101983469A
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circuit
terminal
energy
energy storage
voltage
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CN101983469B (zh
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P·C·布兰特纳
J·A·基廷
R·R·约翰逊
T·N·布拉多
P·B·纳拉亚南
B·J·纽德克尔
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Saplast Research LLC
Phonex Corp
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Infinite Power Solutions Inc
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0029—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with safety or protection devices or circuits
    • H02J7/0031—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with safety or protection devices or circuits using battery or load disconnect circuits
    • H02J7/0032—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with safety or protection devices or circuits using battery or load disconnect circuits disconnection of loads if battery is not under charge, e.g. in vehicle if engine is not running
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0029—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with safety or protection devices or circuits
    • H02J7/00308—Overvoltage protection
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/02—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries for charging batteries from ac mains by converters
    • H02J7/04—Regulation of charging current or voltage
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0029—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with safety or protection devices or circuits
    • H02J7/00302—Overcharge protection
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0029—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with safety or protection devices or circuits
    • H02J7/00306—Overdischarge protection

Abstract

本文描述的是，例如，电池或电容器过电压(过充电)和欠电压保护电路，该电路，例如，配置成除非检测到充电能量否则不从要充电的电池或电容器汲取电流，并当感测到过充电状态时不对储能装置充电。例如，除非存在过电压状态，否则保护电路不导通。可通过包括电阻性负载和例如齐纳二极管的有源器件的各种分流负载使系统的输入能量分流至地。在一些实施例中，不需要切换入站功率。在限值内，不需要对入站功率作调节。当入站功率足以对电池或电容器充电时，如果过充电电压状态存在，则可通过采用的分流调节器产生调节。电压或电流中的任一种形式的充电源可用来提供充电能量。将所述电池或电容器过电压(过充电)和欠电压保护电路与例如无线传感器的电负载组合将得到自主供电的无线传感器系统。

Description

与能量采集关联的储能装置的无源过电压/欠电压控制和保护
关联申请
本申请涉及和要求2008年10月8日提交的题为“环境供电的无线传感器模块(Environmentally-Powered Wireless Sensor Module)”的S/N 61/103,746美国临时专利申请以及2008年4月2日提交的题为“无源电池或电容器过电压控制和保护电路(Passive Battery or Capacitor Overvoltage Control and Protection Circuit)”的S/N 61/041,841美国临时专利申请根据35U.S.C.§119的权益，这两篇申请均全篇地援引包含于此。
技术领域和发明背景
本发明，例如，涉及安全地利用可再充电能量装置的装置、方法和系统。
例如薄膜固体电解质电池或电容器的一些储能装置，当面临高充电电压连续或瞬时涌入时容易受到损坏。例如，如果放电超过其设计参数，则电池可能损坏。
过充电保护涉及当任意时间段在电池单元或电容器输入侧允许相对大电压时的一种情况。为了防止过充电，装置保护电路可用来监视电流和电压并当感测到过充电时抑制电池充电。
欠电压状态也具有损坏储能装置的可能性。在电池中，例如，在欠电压状态下，电池可能放电超过恢复点。
因此，存在保护储能装置过充电和/或过放电状态的需要。
为了实现上面提到的功能，当前可用的技术一般对于过充电电路要求来自要充电装置的功耗。即，已有技术可包括使用来自要充电的电池或电容器的静态电流的电路。另外，当前已知的技术可包括当过充电状态存在时切换以禁用充电源，即使没有充电源或存在类似能量也好。其它已知的过电压控制电路在输入功率输入至要充电的储能装置前使用将输入功率箝位在已知电压的电压调节方案。这些可使用从可再充电装置或从输入功率至系统的大量功率。这些机构可能不是理想的，由于，例如，它们增加了取自要充电的电池或电容器的漏电流量，或使用以其它方式允许输入到可再充电储能装置中的输入能量。
附加地，需要一种电子装置，例如，这种电子装置不需要过多的存储装置要求并能有效地聚集能量，即使是非常微量的能量，而不会，例如，在操作或再充电过程中因过电压或欠电压而受到损坏。
此外，认识到需要一种过电压和/或欠电压保护电路，该保护电路，例如，不使用来自储能装置的大量静态电流工作，也不会在不需要调节时通过调节来本质上加重或浪费输入充电能量，由此消耗可再充电储能装置和可用输入充电能量两者较少的能量。
发明概述
如更详细和通过下面的示例所述的本发明的各个方面和实施例，致力于背景技术的某些缺陷和相关业内涌现出来的需求。因此，本发明，例如，针对实质上避免由于相关领域内的限制和劣势造成的一个或多个缺陷或问题。
环境能量以许多形式存在并在许多场合下是可用的，但具有潜在的不可靠量，通过结合无源过电压和/或欠电压控制保护电路的能量采集装置的帮助，提供将该能量转换成有益的电形式的机会。根据场合，例如，可立即使用采集的能量，或直接存储在有源电压控制不是必需的，例如，电容器或薄膜电池的储能装置中，并在定义时间间隔或当某些环境条件存在时使用，例如当接收到所属或远程连接的设备的请求时。
本发明某些示例性实施例的一个目的是使用相邻地连接或包含在柔性基板或芯片上的能量采集器(例如压电机构或能量吸收天线)以采集来自一个或多个非传统源的能量，并提供充电能量以对例如电容器或电池的储能装置进行再充电。本发明的另一目的涉及一种装置，例如，该装置可用于对储能装置再充电而不使装置经历可能损坏的过充电或欠电压状况同时使用来自可再充电装置的最低功率并从可用的充电能量中取得最低功率。例如，这允许可再充电装置的可用输入功率的最大使用。
由于例如薄膜固体电解质电池的一些储能装置，敏感于连续或瞬时的高充电电压涌入，过充电和/或欠电压电路对以安全方式对电池再充电尤为有用。例如，这在储能装置位于遥远区域而需要高可靠性的场合下尤为重要——上述能量采集系统可对储能装置再充电，并且过充电和/或过放电电路可确保储能装置不因充电电压或负载要求的过量和/或不足状态而受到损坏。
例如，当存在充电源能量时，本发明的某些实施例可通过监视电压电平而限制来自要充电的储能装置的功率使用。例如，可在下列事件时切换功率耗散电路：(a)存在充电能量和(b)来自输入充电装置的能量电平大于要充电的装置的预定安全电平。例如，本发明的又一优点可以是将非常小的能量源较佳地安全连接于该电路而无需电压调节，由于，例如，仅在可再充电装置侧观察到可能的过充电电压状态下，并仅在充电能量存在时，才通过该电路施加调节。
例如，本发明中的监视器和功率耗散电路可单独由充电能量供电。如果充电能量不可用，则仅可从储能装置取得非常微量的漏电流。此外，仅非常少量的充电能量可用于确定是否存在过电压状态。另外在本发明中，例如，当存在过电压状态时，可切换功率耗散电路。例如，当下列情况时确定这种状态的存在：(a)存在充电能量以及(b)来自输入充电装置的能量的电压电平大于要充电装置的预定安全电平。当撤去过电压状态后，保护电路返回至静态。由于，例如，较佳地在该电路中监视过电压，所以不必经由充电能量源提供最大电压调节。例如，可通过功率耗散电路消耗掉功率。
微量能量聚集可能随时间缓慢地积累至过充电状态。在一些周围环境中，使用全部可用能量而没有功耗恒定调节是关键的。本发明的一些实施例可能不同于现有技术的地方在于，例如，在那些实施例中，可能不发生电压调节，除非过充电状态可能存在于可再充电储能装置并且仅当再充电能量存在时。
附图简述
参照某些优选实施例的附图对本发明某些实施例的一些特征和优点进行描述，该说明旨在阐述示例并且不对本发明的完整范围构成限制。
结合包含以提供对本发明各实施例进一步理解的附图，这些附图构成本说明书的一部分，并示出与说明书一起用来解释本发明某些原理的本发明示例性实施例，在附图中：
图1是无源电池或电容器过电压控制和保护电路的示例性实施例的方框图。
图1a是阻断电路的示例性实施例的示意图。
图2是电压监视电路的示例性实施例的示意图。
图3是另一电压监视电路的示例性实施例的示意图。
图4是另一电压监视电路的示例性实施例的示意图。
图5是分流调节器功率消耗选择的示例性实施例的示意图。
图6是另一分流调节器功率消耗选择的示例性实施例的示意图。
图7是使用并联的多个充电源的示例性实施例的方框图。
图8是使用串联的多个充电源的示例性实施例的方框图。
图9是对并联的多个电池、电池单元或电容器充电的示例性实施例的方框图。
图10是对串联的多个电池、电池单元或电容器充电的示例性实施例的方框图。
图11是欠电压保护电路的示例性实施例的电路图。
优选实施例的详细说明
下面结合附图中示出的示例性实施例对本发明的这些和其它方面更详细地进行说明。
要理解，本发明不局限于本文所述的具体方法、组合、材料、制造技术、用途和应用，因为它们可变。还要理解，本文中使用的术语仅旨在描述特定实施例，而不旨在限制本发明的范围。必须注意，本文中和所附权利要求中使用的单数形式“一”、“一个”和“该”包括复数形式，除非上下文清楚地指出相反情形。因此，例如“一个元件”的表示是一个或多个元件的表示，并包括本领域内技术人员所知的其等效物。同样，对于另一示例，对“一个步骤”或“一个装置”的表示是对一个或多个步骤或装置的表示，并可包括子步骤和辅助装置。应当以可能的最大涵盖意义来理解所使用的全部连接词。因此，应当理解术语“或”为具有逻辑“或”的定义而不是逻辑“异或”的定义，除非上下文明确指出相反情形。要理解，本文中描述的结构也指向这类结构的功能性等效物。应当如此理解可解释成表达近似含义的语言，除非上下文明确指出相反情形。
除非另有定义，本文中使用的所有技术和科学术语具有本发明所属技术领域内人员所共同理解的相同含义。描述了较佳的方法、技术、装置和材料，尽管与本文所述相同或等效的任意方法、技术、装置或材料可用于本发明的实践或试验。要理解本文描述的结构同样指这类结构的功能性等效物。
以描述和公开为目的，通过引用而结合这里所引证的所有专利和其它公开物。例如，这些公开物中描述的方法可与本发明结合使用。这些公开物是在本申请提交日前为了公布而单独提供的。这里没有任何内容应当解释为承认发明人没有资格借助在先发明或为任何其它理由使本公开享有在先权益。
图1是无源电池或电容器过电压控制和保护电路的示例性实施例的方框图。在该实施例中，输入充电装置105可耦合于阻抗匹配电容器104。输入充电装置105可，例如，为耦合于整流器和滤波器的压电电源，以通过振动、挠曲或冲击事件获得脉冲能量，并在电容器104两侧产生电压。这些实施例中某些实施例的阻抗匹配电容器104是专用的并能针对充电源作出选择。电压监视电路100和阻断电路101可连接于同一输入节点107。要充电的电池或电容器或其它储能装置可连接于阻断电路101的输出节点108。另外，分流功率耗散电路102的输入连接于储能装置106，而分流功率耗散电路102的输出可连接于节点109。在图1所示示例性实施例中，节点109接地，但在其它实施例中，节点109可连接于其它部件，例如储能装置。分流功率耗散电路102也连接于电压监视电路100的输出节点。在这种配置中，来自电压监视电路100的信号可，例如，使分流功率耗散电路102工作。
在若干实施例中，输入充电装置105可以是基于射频能量换能器或能将太阳能、风能、振动、例如走路或慢跑的步行者动作、水运动、温度变化、磁场或旋转运动转换成例如电力的可用能量的装置的能量采集机构。另外，输入充电装置105也可包括升压转换器。
除了电池或电容器，储能装置106也可以是机械储能装置，例如飞轮、小型飞轮、微机电系统(MEMS)或机械弹簧。储能部件也可以是热能储能装置，例如热质容器，或可以是化学能储能装置，例如具有氢容器的氢气发生器或具有臭氧容器的臭氧发生器。这些装置的每一个可用来基于系统示例性元件存储能量。
图1a是阻断电路的示例性实施例的示意图。在该实施例中，肖特基二极管110可用作阻断电路以防止电流从要充电的装置106流至电压监视电路100。为了达到相同的功能，也可将其它机构用作阻断电路，例如MOSFET开关和控制电路、继电器或微机电开关等有源半导体装置。由于设计简单和非常低的正向电压降，肖特基二极管可以是优选的器件，这较佳地导致增加的充电效率。
回过头来参见图1，如果储能装置106处于欠电压状态并需要充电，则在阻抗匹配电容器104处观察到的能量会使电流流入储能装置106。在许多情形下，尤其是对低能量输入充电装置，该能量可能不对功率耗散电路102供电，这是因为由于储能装置的电流汲取，在输入节点107处观察到的电压可能仅略高于电池或电容器106上的电压。由于储能装置106变得完全充电，其电压，如节点108处观察到的那样，可上升并达到预定电平。该预定电平可关联于储能装置安全的完全充电电平。完全充电的薄膜电池的预定电平，例如，可以是4.10V。当储能装置106已到达等于或高于预定值的充电电压电平时，由输入充电装置形成的后继充电脉冲可将节点107处的电压上升至大于预定充电电平的电平，并且功率耗散电路102，例如，可导通并将充电脉冲通过节点109耗散出去。在一些实施例中，通过输入充电装置105(例如使具有不充分光运作在电压模式的太阳能电池阵列或采集来自无线电波的非常少量周围电磁能量的天线等)产生低电流。在这些条件下，由低电流输入充电装置105产生的电流虽然经历较长时间但仍在电容器104上累积电压。随着电容器104上的电压累积至略高于储能装置106上的电压的电平(考虑到阻断电路101两侧的电压降)，电流流入储能装置106。在这些实施例中，只有如果电压在储能装置106上建立至预定水平——指它被完全充电——电压监视电路100才能供能。直到对储能装置106完全充电，才会失去对电压监视电路100的供电。对其它充电源105来说也是如此，所述其它充电源105包括但不局限于电压或电流模式下的DC源、电压或电流模式下的整流AC源、电压或电流模式下的压电电源、珀耳帖源、燃料电池源、电压或电流模式下的太阳能源、RF源、感应源、磁源和放射性同位素(活性)至电能转换源。
在一些实施例中，能量负载(未示出)可连接于节点108，并直接从储能装置106供能。在其它实施例中，能量负载可连接于节点107，并直接从输入充电装置105供电。在又一些其它实施例中，能量负载可连接于功率耗散电路102的输出。能量负载是否连接于一个或多个这些负载可取决于由输入充电装置105提供的能量的预期参数以及能量负载的敏感性。
在这些和其它实施例中，可通过连接于保护电路的储能装置对许多种传感器中的一种或多种供电，由此充当能量负载并形成用于感测一个或多个参数的系统。一些实施例也可包括允许系统通信的通信电路以及一个或多个天线。在这些实施例中，当与能量采集装置结合(采集环境能量)时，该系统可充当自主供电无线通信系统。这些系统可，例如，包括多个发送和/或接收(或具有这两种能力的)装置。这些系统可，例如，用作调谐至多个频率并采集发送的信息和/或执行，例如，基于接收的某信息发送信号的功能的无线信号侦听装置。这些系统当具有其它类型传感器时可充当无线传感器并交换由传感器测得的数据。系统也可用作，例如，自主电路的无线接收机部件，它一旦接收到无线命令信号即执行功能。
在若干实施例中，无源功率管理单元、输入充电装置以及储能装置中的一些或全部部件全部形成在一块基板上，例如，柔性电路板或半导体芯片上。
在储能装置是，例如，薄膜电池或电容器的可再充电装置的若干实施例中，这给予本发明能接近无限地实施的机会。本发明，例如，允许在能量采集机构中采集通过射频、风能、太阳能、振动、人类活动、水运动、温度变化和旋转运动产生的能量，并允许采集的能量确保对可再充电储能装置如此地充电。
图2是电压监视电路的示例性实施例的示意图。监视电路200可以是，例如，具有用来提供隔离的高阻放大器204的一系列精确低电流分流电压基准202，单纯由输入充电能源供电，所述输入充电能源隔离基准电流直到从输入充电装置获得足够能量为止。装置204可以是高阻、低静态电流运算放大器，该运算放大器是通过与其非反相输入相同的线路供电的。该示例性装置可以不使用功率，除非通过输入线路210可得功率或当充电功率可用时。本示例性实施例中运算放大器的这种用途有助于实现要求的低功率操作，因为如果没有来自输入充电装置的充电能量的话，就可能没有由电压监视电路使用的静态电流。当装置204工作时运作的装置208可以是起到比较器作用的另一运算放大器。装置208可通过与非反相输入相同的线路供电。二极管202，例如，可以是“现售的”1.25V分流基准。可选择地，分压电阻器206、207可用来确保装置208的非反相输入处的电压较佳地在最大电压的预定限制内。
图3是另一电压监视电路的示例性实施例的示意图。该图示出，为了取得与图2所示相同的功能，电压监视电路300可包括，例如，仅一个精确低电流分流电压基准302、分压电阻器306和307、提供隔离的高阻放大器304，该高阻放大器304单独由充电能源供电，隔离基准电流直到储能装置(未示出)被充电和/或可从输入充电装置(未示出)获得足够能量为止。
图4是另一电压监视电路的示例性实施例的示意图。它示出特定的电压监视器的单芯片方案。芯片可以是单独由输入充电能源供电的半导体402，所述输入充电能源隔离基准电流直到从输入充电装置获得足够能量为止。该半导体芯片的一个例子可以是Seiko S-1000电压检测器，该电压检测器具有极低的静态电流以及固定的检测电压值。
图5是分流功率耗散电路500的示例性实施例的示意图。在本实施例中，电路500可包含由具有正向偏压电阻器506的一对场效应管(FET)502、504构成的功率耗散电路开关516。尽管使用图示为串联耦合的双FET开关502、504可使漏电流相当小，但也可代替地使用一个FET以进一步减少损耗。电路500也可包含分流电压基准电路508。该分流电压基准电路508可包含通过两电阻器512、514的可调的齐纳二极管分流负载511。电路500可单独通过视为电压监视电路(未示出)的输入充电能源(未示出)供电，并连接于输入节点510，由此隔绝功率耗散电路500直到可从输入充电装置获得足够能量并且存在过电压状态为止。当存在由充电能源提供的多余能量时，电压监视器可驱动功率耗散电路开关516以从储能装置(连接于Vbat)抽取多余能量至分流电压基准电路。
图6是另一分流调节器功率耗散电路600的示例性实施例的示意图。在电路600中，与图5所示类似地，功率耗散电路开关装置612可包含双FET开关602、604以及正向偏压电阻器506。然而，不同于图5，电路600可仅包含简单的电阻性负载608。电路600可单独由视为电压监视电路(未示出)的输入充电能量源(未示出)供电，并连接于输入节点610，由此隔离功率耗散电路600直到从输入充电装置获得充足能量并且存在过电压状态为止。在某些实施例中，连接于输入610的电压监视电路可维持其基准电压并根据需要使功率耗散电路600切换“导通”和“断开”。可通过是否形成充电脉冲并使电压上升超过预定充电电平的判断来维持基准电压。
图5和图6示出功率耗散电路切换装置和包含分立装置的功率耗散电路的某些示例性选择。功率耗散电路切换装置的其它示例可包括使用一个或多个双极型晶体管、场效应管、继电器、微机电开关(MEMS)继电器或半导体电路的电路。
其它分流功率耗散电路的例子可包括，例如，半导体电路的使用。所有这些例子，例如，可单独由输入充电能源供电，所述输入充电能源隔离功率耗散电路直到多余能量从输入充电装置进入并且储能装置存在过电压状态为止。
上面图示为单独实体的电路也可通过使用组合半导体电路组合到单芯片方案中。例如，电压监视器电路和功率耗散电路可组合到半导体电路中。又如，电压监视电路、阻断电路和功率耗散电路也可组合到一个半导体电路中。这一配置，例如，可具有少至三个外部连接：至输入充电装置的输入连接、连接于储能装置的输出以及漏极，用于接地或连接于能使用或聚集多余能量的装置的。单个组合的半导体电路也可包括在任意前面示出的示例性实施例中未示出的电路。例如，除了电压监视电路、阻断电路或功率耗散电路外，半导体电路还可包括用于将AC充电输入转换成DC的整流电路、升压变换器以及无上限电压调整要求的升压变换器的组合。所有这些组合的半导体电路可单独通过输入充电能源供电，所述输入充电能源隔离功率耗散电路，直到可从输入充电装置得到充足能量且存在过电压状态为止。
本发明不仅适用于一个输入充电装置和要充电的一个电池或电容器，如图1所示(105、106)，还可适用于串联或并联的多个输入充电装置以及要充电的串联或并联的多个电池或电容器。
图7示出使用并联的多个输入充电装置的示例性实施例的方框图。在图7中，多个输入充电装置702并联耦合以充当阻断电路和电压监视电路两者的单个输入源。所有输入充电装置可进一步连接于同一阻抗匹配电容器704。注意，多个输入充电装置702不一定是相同类型的装置，由于在某些场合下，通过多种方法获得能量是有利的。
图8示出使用串联的多个输入充电装置的示例性实施例的方框图。在图8中，多个输入充电装置802可串联地连接以充当阻断电路和电压监视电路两者的单个输入源。每个输入充电装置，例如，可耦合于相应的阻抗匹配电容器804。如前面提到的，多个输入充电装置802不一定是相同类型的装置，由于在某些场合下，通过多种方法获得能量是有利的。
图9示出对并联的多个电池、电池单元或电容器充电的示例性实施例的方框图。在图9中，要充电的多个电池或电容器902可并联耦合于单个阻断电路904的输出。
图10示出对串联的多个电池、电池单元或电容器的示例性实施例的方框图。在图10中，要充电的多个电池或电容器1002可串联连接于多个阻断电路1004的输出。要充电的每个单独电池或电容器可，例如，耦合于其相应的阻断电路。可控制对通过相应阻断电路单独充电的每个电池或电容器的电压，所述阻断电路也具有相应功率耗散电路。
当对串联的多个电池或电容器充电时，也可，例如，仅监视堆栈顶部的电压并从堆栈顶部开始调整。在这种情形下，对于串联连接的所有电池或电容器，较佳地仅需要一个阻断电路和一个功率耗散电路。
图11示出可选的欠电压保护电路1100的电路图。如果连接，则输入端子连接于节点108而输出端子连接于电子用户电路(未示出)。欠电压保护电路通过监视节点108处的电压而运作，并当该电压落到低于最小预定欠电压电平时，电子用户电路通过切换电路(未示出)从储能装置断开。一旦储能装置的电压达到高于预定欠电压电平的值，电路1100就工作，以将储能装置重新连接于电子用户电路。预定低电压电平一般针对储能装置的类型是特定的。例如，薄膜电池可具有高于2.0V的存储工作范围，并且因此将预定电压电平设定为2.5V。
前面描述的实施例和示例仅为示例性的。本领域内技术人员应当理解本文具体描述实施例的多个变例，它们均落在本发明公开的范围内。如此，本发明仅由下面权利要求书限定。因此，本发明旨在覆盖其全部修整形式，只要它们落在所附权利要求书及其等效物的范围内。

Claims (52)

1.一种装置，包括：
具有充电电位能量的至少一个输入充电装置；
包含输入端子和输出端子的至少一个阻断电路，所述阻断电路输入端子连接于所述至少一个输入充电装置；
连接于所述至少一个阻断电路的所述输出端子的至少一个储能装置，所述至少一个储能装置具有电压和预定的安全电压电平；
包含输入端子、基准端子和输出端子的至少一个电压监视电路，所述第一电压监视电路输入端子连接于所述阻断电路输入端子；以及
至少一个功率耗散电路，所述功率耗散电路配置成当来自所述至少一个输入充电装置的充电能量超过所述至少一个储能装置中的电压并且所述储能装置的电压超过预定过充电值时电连接于所述至少一个储能装置。
2.如权利要求1所述的装置，其特征在于，还包括并联地电连接于所述阻断电路输入端子的多个输入充电装置。
3.如权利要求1所述的装置，其特征在于，还包括串联地电连接于所述阻断电路输入端子的多个输入充电装置。
4.如权利要求1所述的装置，其特征在于，还包括并联地电连接于所述至少一个阻断电路的所述输出端子的多个储能装置。
5.如权利要求1所述的装置，其特征在于，还包括串联地电连接于所述至少一个阻断电路的所述输出端子的多个储能装置。
6.如权利要求1所述的装置，其特征在于，还包括夹设在所述至少一个输入充电装置和所述阻断电路输入端子之间的至少一个整流电路。
7.如权利要求1所述的装置，其特征在于，还包括夹设在所述至少一个输入充电装置和所述阻断电路输入端子之间的至少一个RC滤波电路。
8.如权利要求1所述的装置，其特征在于，还包括夹设在所述至少一个输入充电装置和所述阻断电路输入端子之间的至少一个电容性DC电流阻断装置。
9.如权利要求1所述的装置，其特征在于，还包括夹设在所述至少一个输入充电装置加上关联的整流装置和所述阻断电路输入端子之间的至少一个电容性DC电流阻断装置。
10.如权利要求6所述的装置，其特征在于，还包括连接于所述至少一个输入充电装置的升压变换器。
11.如权利要求1所述的装置，其特征在于，所述至少一个输入充电装置包括从下组中选取的任意装置：DC电流源、AC电流源、经整流的AC电流源、DC电压源、AC电压源、经整流的AC电压源、压电电源、热电源、燃料电池源、射频换能器、太阳能电池、风力涡轮机、放射性同位素转电源、感应源、磁源、振动能量清除器、水运动-电能转换器、旋转运动-电能转换器、温度变化-电能转换器、磁致伸缩装置。
12.如权利要求1所述的装置，其特征在于，所述至少一个阻断电路包括从下组中选取的任意装置：二极管、肖特基二极管、机械继电器、固态继电器、有源半导体装置、微机电开关、场效应晶体管、场效应晶体管对、场效应晶体管阵列。
13.如权利要求1所述的装置，其特征在于，所述至少一个电压监视电路配置成仅当所述至少一个输入充电装置的所述充电电压超出所述至少一个储能装置的所述预定安全电压电平时才电连接于所述至少一个输入充电装置和所述至少一个储能装置。
14.如权利要求1所述的装置，其特征在于，所述至少一个电压监视电路配置成使所述至少一个功率耗散电路与所述至少一个储能装置隔离，直到所述至少一个储能装置电压超出所述预定安全电压电平为止。
15.如权利要求1所述的装置，其特征在于，所述至少一个电压监视电路包括从下组中选取的任意装置：具有高阻抗放大器的单精度低电流分流电压基准、具有至少一个高阻放大器的多个精确低电流分流电压基准；半导体监视装置。
16.如权利要求1所述的装置，其特征在于，所述至少一个功率耗散电路包括：
功率耗散电路切换装置；以及
电连接于所述功率耗散电路切换装置的分流功率耗散电路。
17.如权利要求16所述的装置，其特征在于，所述功率耗散电路切换装置包括从下组中选取的任意装置：场效应晶体管、双极型晶体管、继电器、MEMS继电器、半导体电路。
18.如权利要求16所述的装置，其特征在于，所述分流功率耗散电路包括从下组中选取的任意电路：分流电压基准电路、电阻性负载电路、半导体电路、电池、消费者电子装置。
19.如权利要求1所述的装置，其特征在于，所述至少一个功率耗散电路和所述至少一个电压监视电路位于单个半导体芯片上，并由所述至少一个输入充电装置单独供电。
20.如权利要求1所述的装置，其特征在于，所述至少一个功率耗散电路、所述至少一个阻断电路和至少一个电压监视电路位于单个半导体芯片上并由所述至少一个输入充电装置单独供电。
21.如权利要求1所述的装置，其特征在于，将所述至少一个输入充电装置、所述至少一个阻断电路、所述至少一个储能装置和所述至少一个功率耗散电路设置在柔性基板上。
22.如权利要求1所述的装置，其特征在于，将所述至少一个输入充电装置、所述至少一个阻断电路、所述至少一个储能装置和所述至少一个功率耗散电路设置在柔性基板内。
23.如权利要求21所述的装置，其特征在于，所述柔性基板包括从下组中选取的材料：基于聚酰亚胺的柔性电路、基于聚酯的柔性电路、基于聚萘二甲酸乙二酯的柔性电路、基于聚醚酰亚胺的柔性电路、基于芳族聚酰胺的柔性电路以及基于环氧树脂的柔性电路。
24.如权利要求1所述的装置，其特征在于，将所述至少一个输入充电装置、所述至少一个阻断电路、所述至少一个储能装置和所述至少一个功率耗散电路设置在印刷电路板上。
25.如权利要求1所述的装置，其特征在于，所述至少一个输入充电装置包括从下组中选取的任意装置：压电换能器、射频换能器、太阳能电池、风力涡轮机、振动能量清除器、水运动-电能转换器、旋转运动-电能转换器、以及温度变化-电能转换器、磁致伸缩能量转换器。
26.如权利要求1所述的装置，其特征在于，所述至少一个储能装置包括从下组中选取的任意装置：电池、薄膜电池、电容器、薄膜电容器、化学双层电容器、磁电元件、压电元件、热质容器、飞轮、小型飞轮、小型机电系统(MEMS)、机械弹簧、进一步包括氢容器的氢发生器以及进一步包括臭氧容器的臭氧发生器。
27.一种装置，包括：
第一节点；
包括输入端子和输出端子的至少一个电压监视电路，所述至少一个电压监视电路输入端子连接于所述第一节点；
包括输入端子和输出端子的至少一个阻断电路，所述阻断电路输入端子电连接于所述第一节点；
电连接于所述阻断电路输出端子的第二节点；
具有输入端子和输出端子的至少一个功率耗散电路，所述至少一个功率耗散电路的所述输入端子电连接于所述第二节点；以及
电连接于所述至少一个功率耗散电路的所述输出端子的第三节点。
28.如权利要求27所述的装置，其特征在于，还包括电连接于所述第二节点的至少一个储能装置，所述至少一个储能装置具有电压。
29.如权利要求28所述的装置，其特征在于，还包括至少一个功率耗散电路，所述至少一个功率耗散电路配置成当所述至少一个储能装置的所述电压大于预定过充电值时允许电流从所述功率耗散电路的所述输入端子流至所述功率耗散电路的所述输出端子。
30.如权利要求28所述的装置，其特征在于，所述功率耗散电路的所述输入端子当由所述至少一个电压监视电路测得的电压小于预定过充电值时与所述功率耗散电路的所述输出端子电隔离。
31.如权利要求27所述的装置，其特征在于，还包括连接于所述第一节点的至少一个输入充电装置。
32.如权利要求31所述的装置，其特征在于，所述至少一个输入充电装置包括能量采集装置。
33.如权利要求32所述的装置，其特征在于，所述至少一个能量采集机构包括从下组选取的任意装置：压电换能器、射频换能器、太阳能电池、风力涡轮机、振动能量清除器、水运动-电能转换器、旋转运动-电能转换器、磁致伸缩能量转换器以及温度变化-电能转换器。
34.如权利要求28所述的装置，其特征在于，还包括能量负载，所述能量负载电连接于所述第一节点。
35.如权利要求28所述的装置，其特征在于，还包括能量负载，所述能量负载电连接于所述第二节点。
36.如权利要求28所述的装置，其特征在于，还包括能量负载，所述能量负载电连接于所述第三节点。
37.如权利要求35所述的装置，其特征在于，还包括夹设在所述能量负载和所述第二节点之间的欠电压保护电路，所述欠电压保护电路适于当所述至少一个储能装置的所述电压小于预定欠电压值时使所述能量负载电隔绝于所述第二节点。
38.如权利要求31所述的装置，其特征在于，还包括电连接于所述第二节点的至少一个储能装置，其中所述至少一个输入充电装置、所述至少一个电压监视电路、所述至少一个阻断电路、所述至少一个储能装置以及所述至少一个功率耗散电路位于柔性基板上。
39.如权利要求31所述的装置，其特征在于，还包括电连接于所述第二节点的至少一个储能装置，其中所述至少一个输入充电装置、所述至少一个电压监视电路、所述至少一个阻断电路、所述至少一个储能装置以及所述至少一个功率耗散电路位于柔性基板内。
40.如权利要求38所述的装置，其特征在于，所述柔性衬底包括从下组中选取的材料：基于聚酰亚胺的柔性电路、基于聚酯的柔性电路、基于聚萘二甲酸乙二酯的柔性电路、基于聚醚酰亚胺的柔性电路、基于芳族聚酰胺的柔性电路以及基于环氧树脂的柔性电路。
41.如权利要求31所述的装置，其特征在于，还包括所述至少一个输入充电装置、所述至少一个电压监视电路、所述至少一个阻断电路、所述至少一个储能装置以及所述至少一个功率耗散电路设置在印刷电路板上。
42.如权利要求31所述的装置，其特征在于，还包括所述至少一个输入充电装置、所述至少一个电压监视电路、所述至少一个阻断电路、所述至少一个储能装置以及所述至少一个功率耗散电路设置在印刷电路板内。
43.如权利要求28所述的装置，其特征在于，所述至少一个储能装置包括从下组选取的任意装置：电池、薄膜电池、电容器、薄膜电容器、化学双层电容器、磁电元件、压电元件、热质容器、飞轮、小型飞轮、小型机电系统(MEMS)、机械弹簧、进一步包括氢容器的氢发生器以及进一步包括臭氧容器的臭氧发生器。
44.一种环境能量供电的系统，包括：
电连接于第一节点的至少一个输入充电装置，所述输入充电装置包括能量采集装置；
无源功率管理单元，所述无源功率管理单元包括第一端子、第二端子和第三端子，所述第一端子电连接于所述第一节点，所述无源功率管理单元包括：
至少一个电压监视电路，所述至少一个电压监视电路包括第一端子和第二端子，所述电压监视电路的所述第一端子电连接于所述无源功率管理单元的所述第一端子；
至少一个阻断电路，所述至少一个阻断电路包括第一端子和第二端子，所述至少一个阻断电路的所述第一端子电连接于所述无源功率管理单元的所述第一端子且所述至少一个阻断电路的所述第二端子电连接于所述无源功率管理单元的所述第二端子；
至少一个功率耗散电路，所述至少一个功率耗散电路包括输入端子、输出端子和信号端子，所述功率耗散电路输入端子电连接于所述无源功率管理单元的所述第二端子且所述功率耗散电路输出端子电连接于所述无源功率管理单元的所述第三端子；以及
电连接于所述无源功率管理单元的所述第二端子的至少一个储能装置；
其中所述至少一个功率耗散电路配置成当所述至少一个储能装置的电压电平超出预定过充电值时使所述无源功率管理单元的所述第二端子电连接于所述无源功率管理单元的所述第三端子。
45.如权利要求44所述的环境能量供电系统，其特征在于，还包括所述功率耗散电路由所述至少一个输入充电装置单独供电。
46.如权利要求44所述的环境能量供电系统，其特征在于，所述至少一个储能装置包括从下组中选取的任意装置：电池、电容器。
47.如权利要求44所述的环境能量供电系统，其特征在于，还包括当所述至少一个储能装置的电压电平大于预置过充电值时使所述至少一个输入充电装置与所述至少一个储能装置的电连接断开。
48.如权利要求44所述的环境能量供电系统，其特征在于，所述至少一个功率耗散电路配置成当所述至少一个储能装置的所述电压低于预定过充电值时使所述至少一个储能装置与所述至少一个功率耗散电路的所述第三端子电隔绝。
49.如权利要求44所述的环境能量供电系统，其特征在于，还包括所述功率耗散电路的所述输出端子连接于从下组中选取的任意装置：分流电压基准电路、电阻性负载电路、半导体电路、附加储能装置、消费者电子设备。
50.一种自主供电的能量系统，包括：
电连接于第一节点的至少一个输入充电装置，所述输入充电装置包括能量采集装置；
包括第一端子、第二端子和第三端子的无源功率管理单元，所述第一端子电连接于所述第一节点，所述无源功率管理单元包括：
至少一个电压监视电路，所述至少一个电压监视电路包括第一端子和第二端子，所述电压监视电路的所述第一端子电连接于所述无源功率管理单元的所述第一端子；
至少一个阻断电路，所述至少一个阻断电路包括第一端子和第二端子，所述至少一个阻断电路的所述第一端子电连接于所述无源功率管理单元的所述第一端子而所述至少一个阻断电路的所述第二端子电连接于所述无源功率管理单元的所述第二端子；
包括输入端子、输出端子和信号端子的至少一个功率耗散电路，所述功率耗散电路输入端子电连接于所述无源功率管理单元的所述第二端子且所述功率耗散电路输出端子电连接于所述无源功率管理单元的所述第三端子；
电连接于所述无源功率管理单元的所述第二端子的至少一个储能装置，所述储能装置包括薄膜电池；
连接于所述储能装置的至少一个无线系统，所述无线系统包括至少一个无线传感器；并且
其中所述至少一个功率耗散电路配置成当所述至少一个储能装置的电压电平超出预定过充电值时将所述无源功率管理单元的所述第二端子电连接于所述无源功率管理单元的所述第三端子。
51.如权利要求50所述的自主供电能量系统，其特征在于，所述至少一个功率耗散电路配置成当所述至少一个储能装置的电压电平小于预定过电压值时使所述至少一个储能装置与所述至少一个功率耗散电路的所述输出端子电隔绝。
52.一种装置，包括：
具有充电电压的至少一个输入充电装置；
包括输入端子和输出端子的至少一个阻断电路，所述阻断电路输入端子连接于所述至少一个输入充电装置；
连接于所述至少一个阻断电路的所述输出端子的至少一个储能装置，所述至少一个储能装置具有电压和预定的安全电压电平；
包括输入端子、基准端子和输出端子的至少一个电压监视电路，所述第一电压监视电路输入端子连接于所述阻断电路输入端子；以及
并联连接于所述至少一个储能装置的至少一个功率耗散电路。
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