CN102187053A - 将自调节核反应堆用于处理地下地层 - Google Patents

将自调节核反应堆用于处理地下地层 Download PDF

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CN102187053A
CN102187053A CN2009801404495A CN200980140449A CN102187053A CN 102187053 A CN102187053 A CN 102187053A CN 2009801404495 A CN2009801404495 A CN 2009801404495A CN 200980140449 A CN200980140449 A CN 200980140449A CN 102187053 A CN102187053 A CN 102187053A
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S·V·源
H·J·万嘉
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Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij BV
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/16—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
    • E21B43/24—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/16—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
    • E21B43/24—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection
    • E21B43/2401—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection by means of electricity
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B44/00—Automatic control systems specially adapted for drilling operations, i.e. self-operating systems which function to carry out or modify a drilling operation without intervention of a human operator, e.g. computer-controlled drilling systems; Systems specially adapted for monitoring a plurality of drilling variables or conditions
    • E21B44/02—Automatic control of the tool feed
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01C—RESISTORS
    • H01C3/00—Non-adjustable metal resistors made of wire or ribbon, e.g. coiled, woven or formed as grids
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/40—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes
    • H05B3/42—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes non-flexible
    • H05B3/48—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes non-flexible heating conductor embedded in insulating material
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/16—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
    • E21B43/24—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection
    • E21B43/2405—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection in association with fracturing or crevice forming processes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2214/00—Aspects relating to resistive heating, induction heating and heating using microwaves, covered by groups H05B3/00, H05B6/00
    • H05B2214/03—Heating of hydrocarbons
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
    • Y10T29/49082—Resistor making
    • Y10T29/49083—Heater type

Abstract

本发明描述处理地下地层的系统和方法。用于处理地下地层的系统可以包括地层中的多个井眼。系统可以包括位于至少两个井眼中的至少一个加热器。系统可以包括自调节核反应堆。自调节核反应堆可以向至少一个加热器提供能量以将地层温度提高至使得可以自地层产生烃的温度。随时间向至少一部分地层的热量输入可以大约相关于自调节核反应堆的衰减速率。地层中的多个井眼的至少一部分之间的间距可以相关于自调节核反应堆的衰减速率。自调节核反应堆可以以约1/E的速率衰减。

Description

将自调节核反应堆用于处理地下地层
背景部分
1.技术领域
本发明一般涉及自各种地下地层例如含烃地层产生烃、氢、和/或其它产品的方法和系统。
2.背景技术
得自地下地层的烃常常用作能源、原料和消费品。对现有烃资源耗尽的担忧和所得烃整体品质下降的担忧引起对更有效采收、处理和/或使用现有烃资源的过程的开发。可以用原位过程来自地下地层移出烃物质。可能需要改变地下地层中烃物质的化学和/或物理特性以使得更易自地下地层移出烃物质。化学和物理变化可以包括在地层中产生烃物质的可移动流体、组成变化、溶解度变化、密度变化、相变和/或粘度变化的原位反应。流体可以是，但不限于，气体、液体、乳液、浆料和/或具有类似液流的流体特征的固体颗粒料流。
可以将加热器置于井眼中以在原位过程期间加热地层。有许多不同类型的可以用来加热地层的加热器。自地下地层转化和/或移出烃物质所必需的能量将最主要地决定所产生烃物质的效率和利润率。因此，需要可以引起产生烃物质所需的能量需求和/或能量成本减少的任意系统和/或方法。
Kehler的美国专利号3,170,842描述了适用于井的钻孔中的亚临界核反应堆和中子产生装置。Kehler描述用核反应堆测井钻孔，用核反应堆加热钻孔，或者通过加热原位热解油母岩，其中采用钻孔中的核反应堆作为所述母岩中的热来源。核反应堆具有变化宽广的、预先确定的功率输出和中子产生速率以及将所述功率输出或中子产生速率改变或保持不变在适于核反应堆所选使用意图的预先确定的水平的装置。核反应堆包括激励至中子产生水平或功率输出的多个亚临界阶段，其取决于可通过适合机械装置相对核反应堆主体移动的初级中子发生器的位置。
Justheim的美国专利号3,237,689描述用于原位蒸馏油母岩沉积物和其它固体碳质物质的方法和装置，通过其完成更有效且完全的蒸馏并且实现显著的劳动节省。采用相邻于有关区域的核反应堆来向循环通过一个或多个换热器的换热介质供热，所述换热器向一个或多个热锋供热以进行油母岩沉积物的原位蒸馏。
Justheim的美国专利号3,598,182描述蒸馏和氢化碳质物质的烃内含物的方法，其中用热氢来释放和蒸馏烃内容物。实施该方法的优选设备包括氢来源，改变氢温度的装置，碳质物质中的地下洞穴，和母岩表面处用于调节氢温度的温度调节装置。热氢可以来自任意来源，但优选得自用氢作冷却剂的核反应堆或者得自煤的碳化。
Justheim的美国专利号3,766,982描述原位处理油母岩或其它烃类物质的方法，其通过热流体例如空气或烟道气作为传热剂来使油母质或其它烃类物质挥发，优选还作为具有充足热量的载体来使物质裂解和裂开从而使其可渗透自其通过的气流。通过远离热气引入位置的一个或多个钻孔采收挥发化烃类物质。在核反应堆、卵石加热器或者其它适合的加热装置中实现在地上或地下将空气或其它相对便宜的换热气体加热至所需温度。
Frohling的美国专利号4,765,406描述通过将热载体注射入含油层来测试原油采收的方法。该方法这样进行：通过进行催化甲烷化反应并将所得热量传递至可以是蒸汽或惰性气体的热载体，在原油储层中或在井进入该储层的位置产生热能。将热载体引入粗含油层并增加原油的流动性。可以使用各种能量来源，包括煤，油，气体火焰加热器，太阳能装置等，虽然申请人优选使用高温核反应堆。
Jager的美国专利号4,930,574描述通过将核加热蒸汽引入油田和移出、分离并制备逸出的油-气-水混合物进行三次油采收和气体利用的方法。该方法包括用来自氦冷高温反应堆的热量来加热蒸汽重整器并在蒸汽发生器中产生蒸汽，将蒸汽发生器中制得的蒸汽通过管道部分加料至油田，分离甲烷和来自逸出的油-气-水混合物的其它组分，在预热器中预热甲烷，并随后将蒸汽发生器中产生的蒸汽和甲烷部分加料至蒸汽重整器以将甲烷分离为氢和一氧化碳。O′Brien的美国专利申请公开No.20070181301描述自油母岩萃取烃产品的系统和方法。该方法包括将核能源用于断裂油母岩地层的并提供充足热量和压力以产生液态和气态烃产品的能量。该方法也包括自油母岩地层萃取烃产品的步骤。
迄今已付出大量努力来开发自含烃地层经济地产生烃、氢、和/或其它产品的方法和系统。然而，目前还存在许多无法从其经济地产生烃、氢和/或其它产品的含烃地层。因此，需要改善的方法和系统，其降低处理地层的能耗，减少处理过程的排放，使得便于安装加热系统，和/或与运用地表基设备的烃采收过程相比减少向上覆地层的热损失。
发明概要
本文描述的实施方案一般涉及用于处理地下地层的系统和方法。在某些实施方式中，本发明提供用于处理地下地层的一种或多种系统和一种或多种方法。
在某些实施方式中本发明提供，自地下地层产生烃的原位热处理系统，其包括：地层中的多个井眼；置于至少两个井眼中的至少一个加热器；和自调节核反应堆，将其配置以向至少一个加热器提供能量以将地层温度提高至使得可以自地层产生烃的温度。
在某些实施方式中本发明提供，自地下地层产生烃的原位热处理系统，包括：地层中的多个井眼；置于至少两个井眼中的至少一个加热器；和自调节核反应堆，将其配置以向至少一个加热器提供能量以将地层温度提高至使得可以自地层产生烃的温度；其中随时间向地层的至少一部分输入的热量至少大约相关于自调节核反应堆的衰减速率。
在某些实施方式中本发明提供，自地下地层产生烃的原位热处理系统，包括：地层中的多个井眼；置于至少两个井眼中的至少一个加热器；和自调节核反应堆，将其配置以向至少一个加热器提供能量以将地层温度提高至使得可以自地层产生烃的温度；其中所述地层中多个井眼的至少一部分之间的间距至少部分相关于自调节核反应堆的功率衰减速率。
在某些实施方式中本发明提供，自地下地层产生烃的原位热处理系统，包括：地层中的多个井眼；置于至少两个井眼中的至少一个加热器；和自调节核反应堆，将其配置以向至少一个加热器提供能量以将地层温度提高至使得可以自地层产生烃的温度；其中自调节核反应堆以约1/E的速率衰减。
在某些实施方式中本发明提供自地下地层产生烃的方法，其可以包括如本文描述的系统。在其它实施方式中，特定实施方案的特征可以与其它实施方案的特征相组合。比如说，一个实施方案的特征可以与任意其它实施方案的特征相组合。在其它实施方式中，用本文描述的任意系统和方法进行地下地层的处理。在其它实施方式中，可以将额外特征加入本文描述的特定实施方案。
附图说明
借助下述详细描述的益处并参照附图，本领域技术人员能够明晰本发明的优势。
图1显示一个实施方案的示意图，其涉及处理含烃地层的原位热处理系统的一部分。
图2描述一个实施方案的示意图解，其涉及使用核反应堆的原位热处理系统。
图3描述一个实施方案的前视图，其涉及使用球床式反应堆的原位热处理系统。
图4描述一个实施方案的示意图解，其涉及自调节核反应堆。
图5描述一个实施方案的示意图解，其涉及具有使用自调节核反应堆的u-形井眼的原位热处理系统。
图6描述原位热处理功率注入要求的功率(W/ft)(y-轴)-时间(yr)(x-轴)图。
图7描述对于井眼间不同间距的原位热处理功率注入要求的功率(W/ft)(y-轴)-时间(天)(x-轴)图。
图8描述对于井眼间不同间距的原位热处理的储层平均温度(℃)(y-轴)-时间(天)(x-轴)图。
虽然本发明容易具有各种变型和备择形式，仍通过举例方式将特定实施方案展示在附图中并且可以在本文中详细描述。附图可能不是按比例的。然而，应理解附图和对其的详细说明并不期望将本发明限制于所公开的特定形式，恰恰相反，本发明意图是涵盖属于权利要求所定义的本发明主旨和范围内的全部变型、等价物和替代物。
发明详述
下述描述一般涉及在地层中处理烃的系统和方法。可以处理所述地层以产生烃产品、氢和其它产品。
″API比重度″是指15.5℃(60°F)下的API比重度。API比重度通过ASTM方法D6822或ASTM方法D1298来测定。
″流体压力″是地层中的流体所产生的压力。″岩石静压力″(有时称为″岩石静应力″)是地层中的压力，其等于每单位面积上覆岩体的重量。″静水压力″是地层中由水柱所施加的压力。
″地层″包括一种或多种含烃层，一种或多种非烃层，上覆地层，和/或下伏地层。″烃层″是指地层中含有烃的层。烃层可以含有非烃物质和烃物质。″上覆地层″和/或″下伏地层″包括一种或多种不同类型的不可渗透的物质。例如，上覆地层和/或下伏地层可以包括岩石，母岩，泥岩，或湿润/紧密的碳酸盐。在原位热处理过程的某些实施方式中，上覆地层和/或下伏地层可以包括含烃层，所述含烃层相对不可渗透并且在原位热处理处理期间不经受引起上覆地层和/或下伏地层的含烃层显著特征变化的温度。例如，下伏地层可以含有母岩或泥岩，但是在原位热处理过程期间下伏地层不可加热至热解温度。在某些情况下，上覆地层和/或下伏地层可以具有一定渗透性。
″地层流体″是指地层中存在的流体并且可以包括热解流体，合成气，流动的(mobilized)烃，和水(蒸汽)。地层流体可以包括烃流体以及非烃流体。术语″流动的流体″是指含烃地层中作为地层热处理的结果能够流动的流体。″产生的流体″是指自地层移出的流体。
″热源″是基本上通过传导和/或辐射传热向至少一部分地层供热的任意系统。例如，热源可以包括导电物质和/或电加热器例如绝缘的导体，细长的构件，和/或配备在导管中的导体。热源还可以包括通过在地层外部或在地层中燃烧燃料产生热量的系统。所述系统可以是表面喷燃器，井下气体喷燃器，无焰分布式燃烧器，和天然分布式燃烧器。在某些实施方式中，提供给一个或多个热源或在一个或多个热源中产生的热量可以通过其它能量来源供给。其它能量来源可以直接加热地层，或者可以将能量施加至直接或间接加热地层的传递介质。应理解向地层施加热量的一个或多个热源可以使用不同的能量来源。因此，举例来说，对于给定地层某些热源可以自导电物质、电阻式加热器供热，某些热源可以自燃烧供热，而某些热源可以自一个或多个其它能量来源供热(例如，化学反应，太阳能，风能，生物质，或可再生能量的其它来源)。化学反应可以包括放热反应(例如，氧化反应)。热源还可以包括导电物质和/或加热器，其向紧邻的和/或围绕加热位置例如加热器井的区域供热。
″加热器″是用于在井或近井眼区域中产生热量的任意系统或热源。加热器可以是，但不限于，利用地层中或自地层产生的物质进行反应的电加热器、喷燃器、燃烧器，和/或其组合。″重烃″是粘稠的烃流体。重烃可以包括高度粘稠的烃流体例如重油，焦油，和/或沥青混合料。重烃可以包括碳和氢，以及较低浓度的硫、氧和氮。其它元素也可以在重烃中以痕量存在。重烃可以通过API比重度分类。重烃一般地具有约20°之下的API比重度。重油，例如，一般具有约10-20°的API比重度，而焦油一般具有约10°之下的API比重度。重烃的粘度于15℃一般大于约100厘泊。重烃可以包括芳族化合物或其它复杂环烃。
重烃可以存在于相对可渗透的地层中。相对可渗透的地层可以包括在例如砂或碳酸盐中夹带的重烃。″相对可渗透的″是针对地层或其一部分的定义，其平均渗透性为10毫达西或更大(例如，10或100毫达西)。″相对低的渗透性″是针对地层或其一部分的定义，其平均渗透性小于约10毫达西。1达西等于约0.99平方微米。不可渗透层一般具有的渗透性为小于约0.1毫达西。
包括重烃的某些类型地层还可以包括，但不限于，天然矿物蜡，或天然沥青矿。″天然矿物蜡″一般在基本上管状矿脉中发生，该矿脉可以宽数米、长数千米且深数百米。″天然沥青矿″包括含芳族组成的固体烃并一般在大矿脉中发生。自地层例如天然矿物蜡和天然沥青矿原位采收烃可以包括熔化以形成液体烃和/或用溶液法自地层开采烃。″烃″一般定义为主要由碳和氢原子形成的分子。烃还可以包括其它元素例如，但不限于，卤素，金属元素，氮，氧，和/或硫。烃可以是，但不限于，油母质，沥青，焦沥青，油，天然矿物蜡，和沥青矿。烃可以位于或相邻于土地中的矿物母岩中。母岩可以包括，但不限于，沉积岩，砂岩，沉积石英岩，碳酸盐，硅藻土，和其它多孔介质。″烃流体″是包括烃的流体。烃流体可以包括、夹带非烃流体例如氢、氮、一氧化碳、二氧化碳、硫化氢、水和氨，或被夹带在它们当中。
″原位转化过程″是指这样的过程，其中自热源加热含烃地层以将至少一部分地层的温度提高至热解温度以上，从而使得地层中产生热解流体。
″原位热处理过程″是指这样的过程，其中用热源加热含烃地层以将至少一部分地层的温度提高至引起流动的流体、减粘裂化和/或含烃物质热解的温度以上，从而使得地层中产生流动流体、经减粘裂化的流体和/或热解流体。
″绝缘的导体″是指任意的细长物质，其能够导电并且整个或部分被电绝缘材料覆盖。
″热解″是由于施加热量而导致的化学键断裂。例如，热解可以包括仅通过热量将化合物转化为一种或多种其它物质。可以将热转移至地层的一部分以导致热解。
″热解流体″或″热解产品″是指基本上在烃热解期间产生的流体。通过热解反应产生的流体可以与地层中其它流体混合。混合物被视为热解流体或热解产品。如本文所用，″热解区域″是指已经反应或正在反应以形成热解流体的地层体积(例如，相对可渗透的地层例如焦油砂地层)。
″热叠加″是指从两个或更多个热源向地层的选定区域供热，从而使得热源之间至少一个位置的地层温度被热源所影响。
″焦油砂地层″是这样的地层，其中烃主要以夹带在矿物晶粒框架或其它主体岩(例如，砂或碳酸盐)中的重烃和/或焦油形式存在。焦油砂地层的实例包括下述地层，例如Athabasca地层，Grosmont地层，和Peace River地层，上述三种都位于加拿大阿尔伯塔；和委内瑞拉Orinoco带中的Faja地层。
层的″厚度″是指层截面厚度，其中截面与层表面垂直。
″u-形井眼″是指这样的井眼，其自地层的第一开孔，经过地层的至少一部分，并且通过地层中的第二开孔向外延伸。在本上下文中，井眼可以是仅大致为″v″或″u″形，应理解对于视为″u-形″的井眼，″u″的″腿部″不需要相互平行或者与″u″的″底部″垂直。
″提质″是指提高烃的品质。例如，提质重烃可以引起重烃API比重度的增加。
″减粘裂化″是指在热处理期间流体中的分子解开(untangling)和/或在热处理期间大分子断裂为较小分子，这引起流体粘度的降低。
术语″井眼″是指通过钻井或将导管插入地层形成的地层中的孔道。井眼可以具有基本上圆形的截面，或其它截面形状。如本文所用，在意指地层中开孔的情况下术语″井″和″开孔″可以与术语″井眼″互换使用。
可以以各种方式处理地层以产生许多不同的产品。在原位热处理过程期间，可以用不同阶段或过程来处理地层。在某些实施方式中，对地层的一个或多个部分进行溶液开采以将可溶矿物自这些部分移出。溶液采矿可以在原位热处理过程之前，在原位热处理过程期间，和/或在原位热处理过程之后进行。在某些实施方式中，进行溶液开采的一个或多个部分的平均温度可以保持在约120℃之下。
在某些实施方式中，加热地层的一个或多个部分以将水自这些部分移出和/或将自这些部分移出甲烷和其它挥发性烃。在某些实施方式中，在移出水和挥发性烃期间可以将平均温度自环境温度提高至约220℃之下的温度。
在某些实施方式中，将地层的一个或多个部分加热至使得地层中的烃可以运动和/或减粘裂化的温度。在某些实施方式中，将地层的一个或多个部分的平均温度提高至这些部分中烃的流动温度(例如，至100℃至250℃、120℃至240℃或150℃至230℃的温度)。在某些实施方式中，将一个或多个部分加热至地层中可以进行热解反应的温度。在某些实施方式中，可以将地层的一个或多个部分的平均温度提高至这些部分中烃的热解温度(例如，230℃至900℃、240℃至400℃或250℃至350℃的温度)。
用多个热源加热含烃地层可以确立热源周围的热梯度，其以希望的加热速率将地层中烃的温度提高至希望的温度。通过希望产品的流动温度范围和/或热解温度范围的升温速率可以影响自含烃地层产生的地层流体的质量和数量。将地层温度经过流动温度范围和/或热解温度范围缓慢提高使得可以自地层制备高品质、高API比重度的烃。将地层温度经过流动温度范围和/或热解温度范围缓慢提高使得可以将地层中存在的大量烃移出作为烃产品。在某些原位热处理实施方式中，将地层的一部分加热至希望的温度而不是将温度经过温度范围缓慢加热。在某些实施方式中，所希望的温度是300℃，325℃，或350℃。可以选择其它温度作为所希望的温度。
来自热源的热叠加允许在地层中相对快速且有效地确立所希望的温度。可以调节自热源进入地层的能量输入以保持地层中的温度基本上处于希望的温度。
可以自地层经过生产井制备流动和/或热解产品。在某些实施方式中，将一个或多个部分的平均温度提高至流动温度并且自生产井产生烃。在生产之后由于在所选值之下流动性降低，可以将一个或多个部分中的平均温度提高至热解温度。在某些实施方式中，在到达热解温度之前，可以将一个或多个部分的平均温度提高至热解温度并且没有显著进行生产。包括热解产品的地层流体可以经过生产井产生。
在某些实施方式中，可以将一个或多个部分的平均温度提高至在流动和/或热解之后足以允许合成气产生的温度。在某些实施方式中，可以将烃提高至足以允许合成气产生的温度并且在到达足以允许合成气产生的温度之前没有显著进行生产。例如，可以在约400℃至约1200℃，约500℃至约1100℃，或约550℃至约1000℃的温度范围产生合成气。可以将合成气产生流体(例如，蒸汽和/或水)引入各部分中以产生合成气。合成气可以自生产井产生。
溶液开采，移出挥发性烃和水，使烃流动，热解烃，产生合成气，和/或其它过程都可以在原位热处理过程期间进行。在某些实施方式中，某些过程可以在原位热处理过程之后进行。所述过程可以包括，但不限于，自经处理的部分回收热量，将流体(例如，水和/或烃)储存在经预先处理的部分中，和/或将二氧化碳固定在经预先处理的部分中。
图1描述一个实施方案的示意图，其涉及用于处理含烃地层的原位热处理系统的一部分。原位热处理系统可以包括屏蔽井100。屏蔽井用来形成处理区域周围的屏障。该屏障抑制流体流入处理区域和/或自其流出。屏蔽井包括，但不限于，脱水井，真空井，捕集井，注射井，泥浆井，冷冻井，或其组合。在某些实施方式中，屏蔽井100是脱水井。脱水井可以除去液体水和/或抑制液体水进入待加热的地层部分或进入正在加热的地层。在图1描述的实施方式中，屏蔽井100显示仅沿热源102的一侧延伸，但是屏蔽井一般围绕所用或待用以加热地层的处理区域的全部热源102。热源102位于至少一部分地层中。热源102可以包括导电物质。在某些实施方式中，热源包括加热器例如绝缘的导体，导管包导体式加热器，表面喷燃器，无焰分布式燃烧器，和/或天然分布式燃烧器。热源102还可以包括其它类型的加热器。热源102向至少一部分地层供热以加热地层中的烃。可以经过供给线104向热源102供给能量。取决于用来加热地层的一个或多个热源的类型，供给线104在结构上可以不同。热源的供给线104可以为导电物质或电加热器传播电力，可以为燃烧器运输燃料，或者可以运输在地层中循环的换热流体。在某些实施方式中，可以通过一个或多个核电站提供用于原位热处理过程的电力。使用核电使得可以减少或消除自原位热处理过程的二氧化碳排放。
加热地层可以导致地层渗透性和/或孔隙率的增加。由于气化和除水、除烃和/或形成裂缝引起地层质量减少可以导致渗透性和/或孔隙率的增加。由于地层渗透性和/或孔隙率增加，流体可以更容易地流入地层的加热部分。因为渗透性和/或孔隙率增加，地层加热部分中的流体可以通过地层移动可观的距离。所述可观的距离可以超过1000m，其取决于各种因素，例如地层渗透性，流体特性，地层温度，和导致流体运动的压力梯度。流体在地层中移动可观的距离的能力使得生产井106可以在地层相对较远的间隔分布。生产井106用于自地层移出地层流体。在某些实施方式中，生产井106包括热源。生产井中的热源可以加热在生产井处或其附近的地层的一个或多个部分。在某些原位热处理过程实施方式中，每米生产井自生产井供给至地层的热量小于每米热源自加热地层的热源施加至地层的热量。自生产井施用至地层的热量可以通过相邻于生产井的气化和移出液相流体增加相邻于生产井的地层渗透性和/或通过形成大裂缝和/或微小裂缝来增加相邻于生产井的地层渗透性。
在某些实施方式中，生产井106中的热源允许地层流体自地层以蒸气相移出。在生产井处或经过其提供加热可以：(1)在生产流体在紧邻上覆地层的生产井中移动的情况下，抑制产生流体的冷凝和/或回流，(2)增加向地层中的热量输入，(3)与不设热源的生产井相比增加自生产井的生产速率，(4)抑制高碳数化合物(C6烃及以上)在生产井中的冷凝，和/或(5)在生产井处或在其附近增加地层渗透性。
地层中的地下压力可以相应于地层中产生的流体压力。随着地层加热部分中的温度上升，作为原位流体的热膨胀、增加的流体产生和水气化的结果，加热部分的压力也可以增加。控制自地层的流体移出速率使得可以控制地层中的压力。地层中的压力可以在许多不同位置进行测定，例如生产井附近或生产井处，热源附近或热源处，或监测井处。
在一些含烃地层中，抑制自地层产生烃直至地层中的至少一些烃已流动和/或热解。在地层流体具有所选品质的情况下，可以自地层产生地层流体。在某些实施方式中，所选品质包括API比重度为至少约20°、30°或40°。抑制生产直至至少一些烃流动和/或热解可以增加重烃至轻烃的转化。抑制初始生产可以使得自地层最小化地产生重烃。产生大量重烃将需要昂贵的设备和/或缩短生产设备的寿命。
在某些实施方式中，可以允许由地层中产生的流动流体、热解流体或其它流体膨胀所产生压力增加，尽管地层中可能还不存在向生产井106的开放通路或任意其它散压装置。可以允许流体压力增加至岩石静压力。在流体逼近岩石静压力的情况下，含烃地层中可以形成裂缝。例如，在地层的加热部分中热源102至生产井106可以形成裂缝。加热部分中裂缝的产生可以缓解该部分中的一些压力。必须将地层压力保持在所选压力之下以抑制不希望的生产，上覆地层或下伏地层的破裂，和/或地层中烃的焦化。在到达流动和/或热解温度并允许自地层生产之后，可以变化地层中的压力以改变和/或控制所产生地层流体的组成，控制地层流体中可凝流体对比非可凝流体的百分比，和/或控制产生中的地层流体的API比重度。例如，降低压力会引起较多可凝流体组分的产生。可凝流体组分可以含有较大百分比的烯烃。
在某些原位热处理过程实施方式中，可以保持足够高的地层压力以促进产生API比重度大于20°的地层流体。保持增加的地层压力可以在原位热处理期间抑制地层下沉。保持增加的压力可以降低或消除在地表压缩地层流体以在收集导管中运输流体至处理设施的需要。
在地层的加热部分中保持增加的压力可以令人惊讶地允许产生大量具有增加的品质和相对低分子量的烃。可以保持压力，从而使得所产生的地层流体具有最低量的含所选定碳数以上的化合物。所选定碳数可以是最多25，最多20，最多12，或最多8。某些高碳数化合物可以被夹带在地层蒸气中并随蒸气自地层移出。保持增加的地层压力可以抑制蒸气中夹带高碳数化合物和/或多环烃化合物。高碳数化合物和/或多环烃化合物可以在地层中以液相保持显著的时间间隔。显著时间间隔可以提供充足的时间以使化合物热解形成较低碳数的化合物。
产生自生产井106的地层流体可以通过收集管线108运输至处理设施110。地层流体还可以从热源102产生。例如，流体可以从热源102产生以控制相邻于热源的地层压力。产生自热源102的流体可以通过管道或管线运输至收集管线108或所产生的流体可以通过管道或管线直接运输至处理设施110。处理设施110可以包括分离设备，反应设备，提质设备，燃料室，涡轮机，贮藏容器，和/或用于处理所产生地层流体的其它系统和设备。处理设施可以从自地层产生的至少一部分烃形成运输燃料。在某些实施方式中，运输燃料可以是喷气燃料，例如JP-8。
在某些实施方式中，将热源、热源电源、生产设备、供给线和/或其它热源或生产支持设备置于隧道中以使得可以使用较小尺寸的加热器和/或较小尺寸的设备用来处理地层。将上述设备和/或结构置于隧道中还可以减少处理地层的能耗，减少自处理过程的排放，使得便于加热系统安装，和/或与运用地表基设备的烃采收过程相比减少向上覆地层的热损失。在某些实施方式中，用核能来加热用于循环系统的传热流体以加热地层的一部分。核能可以通过核反应堆提供，例如球床式反应堆、轻水反应堆或者可裂变金属氢化物反应堆。使用核能提供很少或无二氧化碳排放的热源。另外，在某些实施方式中，因为通过直接运用产生自核反应的热量而不产生电，避免了热电转化和电热转化导致的能量损失，所以使用核能更为有效。
在某些实施方式中，核反应堆加热传热流体例如氦。例如，氦流经球床式反应堆，而热量传递至氦。可以将氦用作加热地层的传热流体。在某些实施方式中，核反应堆加热氦，而氦通过换热器以向用来加热地层的另一传热流体供热。核反应堆可以包括含有包封的二氧化铀富集燃料的压力容器。可以将氦用作从核反应堆移出热量的传热流体。可以在换热器中将热量自氦传递至循环系统中所用的传热流体。循环系统所用的传热流体可以是二氧化碳、熔融盐或其它流体。在某些温度下，传热流体当然可能实际上不是流体。传热流体可以在较低温度下具有固体的许多特性而在较高温度下具有流体的许多特征。球床式反应堆系统可以例如从PBMR Ltd(Centurion，南非)获得。图2描述使用核能来热处理区域200的系统的示意图。该系统可以包括氦系统气体运料车202，核反应堆204，换热器设备206，和传热流体运料车208。氦系统气体运料车202可以将加热氦从核反应堆204吹送、泵送或压缩至换热器设备206。来自换热器设备206的氦可以通过氦系统气体运料车202到达核反应堆204。来自核反应堆204的氦的温度可以是约900℃至约1000℃。来自氦气运料车202的氦的温度可以是约500℃至约600℃。传热流体运料车208可以使传热流体自换热器设备206流经处理区域200。传热流体可以通过传热流体运料车208到达换热器设备206。传热流体可以是二氧化碳、熔融盐，和/或其它流体。在离开换热器设备206之后，传热流体的温度可以是约850℃至约950℃。
在某些实施方式中，系统包括辅助发电设备210。在某些实施方式中，辅助发电设备210将氦自换热器设备206通过发生器以发电来产生动力。可以将氦送至一个或多个压缩机和/或换热器以在将氦送至核反应堆204之前调节氦的压力和温度。在某些实施方式中，辅助发电设备210用传热流体(例如，氨或氨水)发电。可以将来自换热器设备206的氦送至额外的换热器设备以将热量传递至传热流体。可以使传热流体经过动力循环(例如Kalina循环)以发电。在一个实施方式中，核反应堆204是400MW反应堆而辅助发电设备210产生约30MW的电力。
图3描述用于原位热处理过程的布置的示意性前视图。可以在地层中形成井眼(其可以是U-形或其它形状)以限定处理区域200A，200B，200C，200D。所显示处理区域的各侧能形成额外的处理区域。处理区域200A，200B，200C，200D可以具有的宽度超过300m，500m，1000m，或1500m。可以在井开口区域212中形成井眼的井出口和入口。可以沿处理区域200各侧形成轨道线214。仓库，管理办公室，和/或废燃料的贮藏设施可以位于轨道线214的近端。设施216可以沿轨道线214的支线间隔形成。设施216可以包括核反应堆，压缩机，换热器设备，和/或循环热传热流体至井眼所需的其它设备。设施216还可以包括处理产生自地层的地层流体的地面设施。在某些实施方式中，设施216′中产生的传热流体可以在经过处理区域200A之后在设施216″中由反应堆再加热。在某些实施方式中，用各个设施216来向相邻于所述设施的处理区域200的一半中的井提供热处理流体。在自处理区域的生产完成之后，可以通过轨道将设施216移动至另一设施位置。
在某些实施方式中，用核能来直接加热地下地层的一部分。地下地层的一部分可以是烃处理区域的一部分。与使用核反应堆设施来加热传热流体，然后将其提供至地下地层以加热地下地层相反，可以将一个或多个自调节核加热器置于地下以直接加热地下地层。可以将自调节核反应堆置于一个或多个隧道中或与其紧邻。
在某些实施方式中，处理地下地层需要将地层加热至希望的初始上端范围(例如，约250℃至350℃)。在将地下地层加热至所希望的温度范围之后，温度可以保持在该范围内持续希望的时间(例如，直至已热解的烃百分比或地层中的平均温度达到所选值)。随着地层温度上升，在一段时间内可以缓慢降低加热器温度。目前，本文说明的某些核反应堆(例如，球形燃料核反应堆)，在活化时达到约900℃的天然温度输出极限，最终随着铀-235燃料耗尽而衰减并在加热器处造成随时间产生更低的温度。某些核反应堆(例如，球形燃料核反应堆)的天然功率输出曲线可以用来对某些地下地层提供希望的加热-时间特征。在某些实施方式中，通过自调节核反应堆(例如，球床式反应堆或可裂变金属氢化物反应堆)提供核能。基于其设计，自调节核反应堆不可以超过一定温度。相对传统核反应堆，自调节核反应堆可以是基本紧凑的。自调节核反应堆的尺寸可以是，例如，大约2平方米，3平方米，或5平方米或更小。自调节核反应堆可以是模块化的。图4描述自调节核反应堆218的示意图解。在某些实施方式中，自调节核反应堆包括可裂变金属氢化物220。可裂变金属氢化物可以充当核反应的燃料和核反应的减速剂。核反应堆的核心可以包括金属氢化物材料。包含于氢化物中的氢同位素的温度驱动的流动性可以起控制核反应的作用。如果在自调节核反应堆218的核心222中温度增加至设定点以上，则氢同位素自氢化物解离并逸出核心，从而功率产生下降。如果核心温度降低，则氢同位素与可裂变金属氢化物重新结合从而使上述过程逆转。在某些实施方式中，可裂变金属氢化物可以是粉化形式，这使得氢可以更容易地渗透可裂变金属氢化物。
由于其基本设计，自调节核反应堆可以包括很少的，如果存在，与核反应本身的控制有关的移动部分。自调节核反应堆的小尺度和简单结构可以具备明显的优势，特别是相对全球目前普遍使用的常规商业核反应堆。优势可以包括相对容易的制备，可运输性，可靠性，安全性，和财政可行性。自调节核反应堆的紧凑设计使得反应堆可以在有关设施处构建并运输至使用场所，例如含烃地层。在到达和安装时，自调节核反应堆可以是活化的。
自调节核反应堆可以以数十兆瓦每设备的数量级产生热功率。可以在含烃地层使用两个或更多个自调节核反应堆。可以在约450℃至约900℃，约500℃至约800℃，或约550℃至约650℃的燃料温度下操作自调节核反应堆。工作温度可以为约550℃至约600℃。工作温度可以为约500℃至约650℃。
自调节核反应堆可以包括核心222中的能量提取系统224。能量提取系统224可以以由活化的核反应堆所产生的热量的形式提取能量。能量提取系统可以包括循环通过管线224A和224B的传热流体。可以将管道的至少一部分置于核反应堆的核心中。流体循环系统可以将传热流体连续循环通过管线。置于核心中的管线的密度和体积可以取决于可裂变金属氢化物的富集程度。在某些实施方式中，能量提取系统包括碱金属(例如，钾)热管。热管可以通过免除对传送传热流体通过核心的机械泵的需要进一步简化自调节核反应堆。自调节核反应堆的任意简化可以减少发生任意故障的机会并增加核反应堆的安全性。能量提取系统可以包括联接至热管的换热器。传热流体可以自换热器传送热能。
核反应堆的尺度可以由可裂变金属氢化物的富集程度决定。较高富集程度的核反应堆引起相对较小的反应堆。合适的尺度可以最终由含烃地层的特定规格和地层的能量需求确定。在某些实施方式中，用可转换氢化物稀释可裂变金属氢化物。可转换氢化物可以形成自可裂变部分的其它同位素。可裂变金属氢化物可以包括可裂变U235氢化物而可转换氢化物可以包括同位素U238。在某些实施方式中，核反应堆的核心可以包括形成自约5％U235和约95％U238的核燃料。
可裂变金属氢化物与可转换或非可裂变氢化物混合的其它组合也是可行的。可裂变金属氢化物可以包括钚。钚的低熔化温度(约640℃)使得其氢化物颗粒不优选作为反应堆燃料以驱动蒸汽发生器，但是可以用于需要较低反应堆温度的其它用途。可裂变金属氢化物可以包括氢化钍。因为其高熔化温度(约1755℃)，钍使得可以进行反应堆的较高温度操作。在某些实施方式中，使用可裂变金属氢化物的不同组合以便实现不同的能量输出参数。
在某些实施方式中，核反应堆218可以包括一个或多个贮氢容器226。贮氢容器可以包括一种或多种非可裂变吸氢材料以吸收自核心排出的氢。非可裂变吸氢材料可以包括核心氢化物的非可裂变同位素。非可裂变吸氢材料可以具有接近可裂变材料的氢化物解离压力。
核心222和贮氢容器226可以被绝缘层228隔开。绝缘层可以充当中子反射器以减少自核心的中子渗漏。绝缘层可以减低热反馈。绝缘层可以保护贮氢容器免于被核核心加热(例如，来自室中气体的辐射加热或对流加热)。
可以通过环境氢气压力来控制核心有效稳态温度。可以通过非可裂变吸氢材料所保持的温度来控制环境氢气压力。可裂变金属氢化物的温度可以独立于提取中的能量的量。能量输出可以取决于能量提取系统自核反应堆提取动力的能力。
可以监测反应堆核心中的氢气的纯度并周期性再加压以保持正确的量和同位素含量。在某些实施方式中，经由通过一个或多个管(例如，管230A和230B)通到核反应堆核心来保持氢气。可以通过控制供给至自调节核反应堆的氢气压力来控制自调节核反应堆的温度。可以基于在一个或多个点(例如，在传热流体进入一个或多个井眼的点)的传热流体温度来调节压力。
在某些实施方式中，发生在自调节核反应堆中的核反应可以通过引入中子吸收气体来控制。足量的中子吸收气体可以猝灭自调节核反应堆中的核反应(最终将反应堆温度降低至环境温度)。中子吸收气体可以包括氙135。
在某些实施方式中，用控制棒来控制活化的自调节核反应堆的核反应。可以将控制棒至少部分地置于自调节核反应堆的核核心的至少一部分中。控制棒可以形成自一种或多种中子吸收物质。中子吸收物质可以包括，但是不限于，银，铟，镉，硼，钴，铪，镝，钆，钐，铒，和铕。
目前，本文描述的自调节核反应堆在活化时，到达约900℃的天然温度输出极限，最终随燃料消耗而衰减。自调节核反应堆的天然功率输出曲线可以用来提供某些地下地层的希望的加热对时间特征。在某些实施方式中，自调节核反应堆可以具有这样的天然能量输出，其以约1/E(E有时称为欧拉指数并相当于约2.71828)的速率衰减。在某些实施方式中，自调节核反应堆可以具有这样的天然功率输出，其在约4年至约8年的时间段内衰减至初始功率的1/E。一般地，一旦地层已加热至希望的温度，则需要更少的热量并且输入地层以加热地层的热能的量随时间减少。在某些实施方式中，随时间向地层的至少一部分的热量输入大约相关于自调节核反应堆的功率衰减速率。由于至少一些自调节核反应堆的天然衰减，可以这样设计加热系统使得该加热系统能够利用来自核反应堆的功率的天然衰减速率。加热系统一般包括两个或更多个加热器。一般将加热器置于位于地层各处的井眼中。井眼可以包括，例如U-形和L-形井眼或其它形状的井眼。在某些实施方式中，井眼之间的间距基于自调节核反应堆的功率输出衰减速率来确定。
自调节核反应堆最初可以向至少一部分井眼提供约300瓦/英尺的功率输出；并在此后，随预先确定的时间间隔降低至约120瓦/英尺。该预先确定的时间间隔可以通过自调节核反应堆本身的设计(例如，核核心所用燃料以及燃料的富集程度)来确定。取决于地层，功率输出的天然降低可以匹配随时间的功率注入。可以调节任一种变量(例如，功率输出和/或功率注入)从而使得两种变量至少大约相关或匹配。可以设计自调节核反应堆以在4-9年，5-7年，或约7年期间内衰减。自调节核反应堆的衰减时间段可以相应于IUP(原位提质过程)和/或ICP(原位转化过程)加热循环。
在某些实施方式中，加热器井眼之间的间距取决于用来提供动力的一个或多个核反应堆的衰减速率。在某些实施方式中，加热器井眼之间的间距为约8米至约11米，约9米至约10米，或约9.4米至约9.8米。
在某些情况下，可以有利的是，将自调节核反应堆的特定水平的功率输出持续比核核心中的燃料物质的天然衰减所通常允许的更长的时间段。在某些实施方式中，为了保持输出水平在希望的范围内，可以将第二自调节核反应堆联接至处理中(例如，加热中)的地层。在某些实施方式中，第二自调节核反应堆可以具有衰减的功率输出。第二反应堆的功率输出可以由于先前使用已有所降低。两个自调节核反应堆的功率输出可以基本上相当于第一自调节核反应堆的初始功率输出和/或希望的功率输出。可以根据需要将额外的自调节核反应堆联接至地层以实现所希望的功率输出。上述系统可以有利地增加自调节核反应堆的有效使用寿命。
自调节核反应堆的有效使用寿命可以通过使用由核反应堆所产出的热能来产生蒸汽而延长，其取决于地层和/或所用的系统，可以比本文描述的其它用途需要远远更少的热能。蒸汽可以用于许多目的，包括但不限于，发电，就地产氢，转化烃，和/或提质烃。通过将产生的蒸汽注射入地层可以将烃原位转化和/或流动。
产品物流(例如，包括甲烷，烃，和/或重烃的物流)可以产生自用由核反应堆加热的传热流体加热的地层。由核反应堆或第二核反应堆所产生的热量而产生的蒸汽可以用来重整至少一部分产品物流。可以重整产品物流以制备至少一些分子氢。
分子氢可以用来提质至少一部分产品物流。可以将分子氢注射入地层。产品物流可以产生自地面提质过程。产品物流可以产生自原位热处理过程。产品物流可以产生自地下蒸汽加热过程。
可以将至少一部分蒸汽注入地下蒸汽加热过程。至少一些蒸汽可以用来重整甲烷。至少一些蒸汽可以用于发电。地层中的至少一部分烃可以通过蒸汽和/或来自蒸汽的热量来使之流动。
在某些实施方式中，自调节核反应堆可以用来发电(例如，经由蒸汽驱动涡轮机)。电可以用于通常与电有关的任意数量的用途。特别地，电可以用于与需要能量的原位热处理过程有关的用途。
来自自调节核反应堆的电可以用来对井下电加热器提供能量。电可以用来冷却流体以形成处理区域周围的低温屏障(冷冻屏障)，和/或向位于原位热处理过程场所或其附近的处理设施供电。在某些实施方式中，核反应堆所产生的电用于电阻式加热用于使传热流体循环通过处理区域的导管。在某些实施方式中，核电用来发电，其驱动原位热处理过程所需要的压缩机和/或泵(压缩机/泵提供压缩气体(例如到达多个氧化器组件的氧化流体和/或燃料)至处理区域)。如果用常规电能来源来驱动原位热处理过程的压缩机和/或泵，则在原位热处理过程的寿命期间运行压缩机和/或泵将需要原位热处理过程的大量成本。
自调节核反应堆的热转化为电可以不是核反应堆产生的热能的最有效用途。在某些实施方式中，用自调节核反应堆产生的热能来直接加热地层部分。在某些实施方式中，将一个或多个自调节核反应堆在地下置于地层中，从而使得产生的热能直接加热地层的至少一部分。可以将一个或多个自调节核反应堆在地下置于地层中、在上覆地层之下，从而增加自调节核反应堆产生的热能的有效使用。可以将置于地下的自调节核反应堆包入用于进一步保护的材料。例如，可以将置于地下的自调节核反应堆包入混凝土容器。
在某些实施方式中，可以用传热流体提取自调节核反应堆产生的热能。可以用传热流体将自调节核反应堆产生的热能转移至和分布通过地层的至少一部分。传热流体可以循环通过自调节核反应堆能量提取系统的管线。随着传热流体在自调节核反应堆核心中循环并由其通过，核反应所产生的热量加热传热流体。
在某些实施方式中，可以用两种或更多种传热流体来传递自调节核反应堆产生的热能。第一传热流体可以循环通过自调节核反应堆能量提取系统的管线。第一传热流体可以通过换热器并用来加热第二传热流体。第二传热流体可以用于原位处理烃流体，为电解设备提供动力和/或用于其它意图。第一传热流体和第二传热流体可以是不同的物质。使用两种传热流体可以降低系统和人员不必要地暴露于第一传热流体所吸收的任意辐射的风险。可以使用抗核辐射吸收(例如，亚硝酸盐或硝酸盐)的传热流体。
在某些实施方式中，能量提取系统包括碱金属(例如，钾)热管。热管可以通过避免需要机械泵来将传热流体传送通过核心来进一步简化自调节核反应堆。自调节核反应堆的任意简化可以降低发生故障的机会并提高核反应堆的安全性。能量提取系统可以包括联接至热管的换热器。传热流体可以自换热器传送热能。
传热流体可以包括天然或合成油，熔融金属，熔融盐，或其它类型的高温传热流体。传热流体可以具有在普通操作条件下的低粘度和高热容。在传热流体是熔融盐或具有在地层中固化潜力的其它流体的情况下，系统的管线可以与电源电连通以在需要时对管线进行电阻式加热和/或可以将一个或多个加热器置于管线中或相邻于管线以保持传热流体为液态。在某些实施方式中，将绝缘的导体加热器置于管线之中。绝缘的导体可以熔化管中的固体。
图5描述原位热处理系统一个实施方案的示意图解，其置于地层232中，具有使用自调节核反应堆218的u-形井眼234。图5描述的自调节核反应堆218可以产生约70MW的热能。在某些实施方式中，井眼234之间的间距基于自调节核反应堆218的能量输出衰减速率来确定。
U-形井眼可以通过上覆地层236下伸并进入含烃层238。相邻于上覆地层236的井眼234中的管线可以包括绝缘部分240。隔热的储油罐242可以经过管线244接收来自地层232的熔融盐。管线244可以运输温度为约350℃至约500℃的熔融盐。储油罐中的温度可以取决于所用熔融盐的类型。储油罐中的温度可以为大约350℃。泵可以通过管线246将熔融盐移动至自调节核反应堆218。各泵可能需要移动，例如6kg/秒至12kg/秒的熔融盐。各自调节核反应堆218可以向熔融盐供热。熔融盐可以自管线248通至井眼234。在某些实施方式中，通过层238的井眼234的加热部分可以自约8,000英尺(约2400m)延展至约10,000英尺(约3000m)。来自自调节核反应堆218的熔融盐的出口温度可以是约550℃。各自调节核反应堆218可以供给熔融盐至进入地层的约20个或更多个井眼234。熔融盐流经地层并经过管线244流返储油罐242。
在某些实施方式中，核能用于热电联产过程。在自含烃地层(例如焦油砂地层)产生烃的实施方式中，所产生的烃可以包括一种或多种含重烃的部分。烃可以用多于一种过程产生自地层。在某些实施方式中，核能用来帮助产生至少某些烃。可以将所产生的重烃中的至少某些经受热解温度。可以用热解重烃来产生蒸汽。蒸汽可以用于许多意图包括，但不限于，发电，转化烃，和/或提质烃。
在某些实施方式中，用自调节核反应堆加热传热流体。可以将传热流体加热至允许蒸汽产生的温度(例如，约550℃至约600℃)。在某些实施方式中，原位热处理过程气体和/或燃料通至重整设备。在某些实施方式中，原位热处理过程气体与燃料混合，然后通至重整设备。原位热处理过程气体的一部分可以进入气体分离设备。气体分离设备可以自原位热处理过程气体移出一种或多种组分以产生燃料和一种或多种其它物流(例如，二氧化碳或硫化氢)。燃料可以包括，但是不限于，氢、具有最大碳数5的烃或其混合物。
重整器设备可以是蒸汽重整器。重整器设备可以将蒸汽与燃料(例如甲烷)组合以产生氢。例如，重整设备可以包括水煤气变换反应催化剂。重整设备可以包括一个或多个能使氢与其它组分分离的分离系统(例如膜和/或变压吸附系统)。燃料和/或原位热处理过程气体的重整可以产生氢物流和碳氧化物物流。燃料和/或原位热处理过程气体的重整可以用本领域用于催化和/或热重整烃以产生氢的已知技术来进行。在某些实施方式中，用电解来自蒸汽产生氢。氢物流的一部分或全部可以用于其它意图例如，但不限于，用于原位或易位氢化烃的能源和/或氢源。
自调节核反应堆可以用来在相邻位于含烃地层的设施处产生氢。由于氢以多种方式用于在含烃地层就地转化和提质烃，在含烃地层就地产生氢的能力是高度有利的。
在某些实施方式中，用地层中储存的热能加热第一传热流体。按照多种不同热处理方法，可以在地层中获得热能。
相对许多目前的恒定输出核反应堆，自调节核反应堆具有数种优势。然而，存在数种新核反应堆，其设计已受到建筑管理批准。核能可以通过多种不同类型的可用核反应堆和目前正在研发的核反应堆(例如IV代反应堆)来提供。
在某些实施方式中，核反应堆包括超高温反应堆(VHTR)。VHTR可以使用例如氦作为冷却剂来驱动用于原位处理烃流体的气体涡轮机，为电解设备提供动力，和/或用于其它意图。VHTR可以产生的热多至约950℃或更高。在某些实施方式中，核反应堆包括钠冷式快速反应堆(SFR)。SFR可以设计为较小规模(例如，50MWe)并因此可以以更高性价比就地制备以用于原位处理烃流体，为电解设备提供动力，和/或用于其它意图。SFR可以具有模块化设计并因此可能便于移动。SFR可以产生的温度为约500℃至约600℃，约525℃至约575℃，或540℃至约560℃。
在某些实施方式中，用球床式反应堆来提供热能。球床式反应堆可以产生多至165MWe。球床式反应堆可以产生的温度为约500℃至约1100℃，约800℃至约1000℃，或约900℃至约950℃。在某些实施方式中，核反应堆包括超临界水冷式反应堆(SCWR)，其至少部分基于先前的轻水反应堆(LWR)和超临界化石燃料锅炉。SCWR可以产生的温度为约400℃至约650℃，约450℃至约550℃，或约500℃至约550℃。
在某些实施方式中，核反应堆包括铅冷式快速反应堆(LFR)。LFR可以以一系列尺寸制成，从模块化系统直至数百兆瓦或更高。LFR可以产生的温度为约400℃至约900℃，约500℃至约850℃，或约550℃至约800℃。在某些实施方式中，核反应堆包括熔融盐反应堆(MSR)。MSR可以包括可裂变，可转换，和裂变同位素，其溶于沸点为约1400℃的熔化氟化物盐。熔化氟化物盐可以充当反应堆燃料和冷却剂。MSR可以产生的温度为约400℃至约900℃，约500℃至约850℃，或约600℃至约800℃。
在某些实施方式中，用两种或更多种传热流体(例如，熔融盐)来将热能传递至含烃地层和/或自其传递出热能。可以加热(例如用核反应堆)第一传热流体。可将第一传热流体循环通过地层的至少一部分中的多个井眼以便加热地层的该部分。第一传热流体可以具有第一温度范围，在此范围中第一传热流体为液体形式且稳定存在。可将第一传热流体循环通过地层的一部分直至该部分到达希望的温度范围(例如，接近第一温度范围上端的温度)。
可以加热(例如用核反应堆)第二传热流体。第二传热流体可以具有第二温度范围，在此范围内第二传热流体为液体形式并稳定存在。第二温度范围的上端可以更热并超过第一温度范围。第二温度范围的低端可以与第一温度范围重叠。可将第二传热流体循环通过地层的一部分中的多个井眼以便将地层的该部分加热至比用第一传热流体所可能实现的温度更高的温度。
使用两种或更多种不同的传热流体的优势可以包括例如下述能力：将地层的一部分加热至比通常可能温度高得多的温度并且尽可能少地使用其它补充加热方法(例如电加热器)以增加整体效率。如果无法获得具有能将地层的一部分加热至所希望温度的温度范围的传热流体，则将必需使用两种或更多种不同的传热流体。
在某些实施方式中，在含烃地层的一部分已被加热至希望的温度范围之后，可将第一传热流体再循环通过地层的该部分。在再循环通过地层之前第一传热流体可以是不加热的(而不是在熔融盐的情况下(如果必需)，将传热流体加热至熔点)。可以使用由于地层的先前原位热处理已经储存在地层该部分中的热能来加热第一传热流体。然后，可将第一传热流体自地层转移出来，从而使得第一传热流体回收的热能可以重新用于在地层该部分中，在该地层第二部分，和/或其它地层中的某些其它过程。
实施例
下文描述非限制性实施例。
功率需求模拟。进行模拟以确定用熔融盐加热地层的功率需求。将熔融盐循环通过含烃地层中的井眼并随时间评价用熔融盐加热地层的功率需求。改变井眼之间的距离以确定其对功率需求的效果。
图6描述原位热处理功率注入需求的曲线250，其涉及功率(W/ft)(y-轴)-时间(yr)(x-轴)。图7描述井眼间不同间距的原位热处理功率注入需求，其涉及功率(W/ft)(y-轴)-时间(天)(x-轴)。曲线252-260描述图7中的结果。曲线252描述间距约14.4米的加热器井眼的所需功率-时间。曲线254描述间距约13.2米的加热器井眼的所需功率-时间。曲线256描述加拿大阿尔伯塔的Grosmont地层的所需功率-时间，其中加热器井眼呈六角形式分布且间距约12米。曲线258描述间距约9.6米的加热器井眼的所需功率-时间。曲线260描述间距约7.2米的加热器井眼的所需功率-时间。
从图7的图示可知，曲线258表示的井眼间距是大约相关于某些核反应堆随时间的功率输出的间距(例如，至少一些核反应堆具有在例如约4至约9年内衰减至约1/E的功率输出)。图7中的曲线252-256描述间距约12米至约14.4米的加热器井眼的所需功率输出。大于约12米的加热器井眼之间的间距将需要比某些核反应堆将所能提供的更多的能量输入。小于约8米的加热器井眼之间的间距(例如，图7曲线260所示)可能无法有效利用某些核反应堆所提供的能量输入。图8描述对于井眼间不同间距的原位热处理的储层平均温度(℃)(y-轴)-时间(天)(x-轴)。曲线252-260基于井间距的功率输入需求描述地层温度随时间的增加。在某些实施方式中，含烃地层原位热处理的目标温度例如可以为约350℃。目标地层温度可以取决于至少地层类型和/或所希望的烃产品而变化。图8中曲线252-260的井眼间距与图7中曲线252-260的那些相同。图8中的曲线252-256描述间距约12米至约14.4米的加热器井眼的地层温度随时间的增加。大于约12米的加热器井眼之间的间距可能过于缓慢地加热地层，从而使得可能需要比某些核反应堆将所能提供的更多的能量(在该实施例中特别是在约5年之后)。小于约8米的加热器井眼之间的间距(例如图8曲线260所示)对于某些原位热处理情况来说将过于快速地加热地层。由图8的图示可知，曲线258所示的井眼间距可以是在希望的时间框架(例如约5年)内实现约350℃的典型目标温度的间距。基于本说明书，本发明各个方面的其它变型和备择实施方案对本领域技术人员来说将是明显的。因此，本说明书仅解释为示例性，其目的是教导本领域技术人员实施本发明的一般方式。应理解，本文所展示和描述的发明形式视为目前优选的实施方式。可以取代本文说明和描述的那些要素和物质，可以颠倒各部分和过程，并且可以独立地运用的本发明的某些特征，而本领域技术人员在获得本说明书的教益之后对其都将明了。可以对本文描述的要素进行改变而不背离下述权利要求中所描述的本发明的主旨和范围。此外，应理解本文独立描述的特征可以在某些实施方式加以组合。

Claims (19)

1.用于自地下地层产生烃的原位热处理系统，其包括：地层中的多个井眼；置于至少两个井眼中的至少一个加热器；和自调节核反应堆，将其配置以向至少一个加热器提供能量以将地层温度提高至使得可以自地层产生烃的温度；其中随时间向地层的至少一部分输入的热量至少大约相关于自调节核反应堆的功率衰减速率。
2.权利要求1的系统，其中所述自调节核反应堆包括核心，其中所述核心包括粉化的可裂变金属氢化物材料。
3.权利要求1的系统，其中通过引入中子吸收物质降低自调节核反应堆的温度。
4.权利要求1的系统，其中通过引入中子吸收气体降低自调节核反应堆的温度。
5.权利要求1的系统，其中所述自调节核反应堆将温度保持在约500℃至约650℃。
6.权利要求1的系统，其中所述自调节核反应堆在地下置于地层中。
7.权利要求1的系统，其中所述自调节核反应堆在地下置于地层中、在上覆地层之下。
8.权利要求1的系统，其还包括至少第二自调节核反应堆，其中在第一时间段之后将所述第二自调节核反应堆与自调节核反应堆联接，使得两个经联接自调节核反应堆的功率输出至少等于自调节核反应堆的初始输出。
9.权利要求1的系统，其中所述自调节核反应堆提供的能量包括通过循环系统使其循环经过至少一个加热器的传热流体。
10.权利要求9的系统，其中所述传热流体是熔融盐。
11.权利要求9的系统，其中传热流体的至少一部分直接循环经过自调节核反应堆。
12.权利要求1的系统，其中所述地层中多个井眼的至少一部分之间的间距至少部分相关于自调节核反应堆的功率衰减速率。
13.权利要求1的系统，其中来自所述自调节核反应堆的功率在约4至9年内衰减至初始功率的约1/E。
14.权利要求1的系统，其中所述自调节核反应堆最初向井眼的至少一部分提供约300瓦/英尺的功率输出，其经过预先确定的时间间隔减少至约120瓦/英尺。
15.权利要求1的系统，其中所述自调节核反应堆最初向井眼的至少一部分提供约300瓦/英尺的功率输出，其经过预先确定的时间间隔减少至约120瓦/英尺，其中所述预先确定的时间间隔为约4至约8年或约5至约7年。
16.权利要求1的系统，其中配置所述自调节核反应堆以向至少一个加热器提供能量以将至少一部分地层的温度增加至约300℃至约400℃的范围。
17.权利要求1的系统，其中配置所述自调节核反应堆以向至少一个加热器提供能量以在预先确定的时间间隔内将至少一部分地层的温度增加至约300℃至约400℃的范围，其中所述预先确定的时间间隔为约4至约8年或约5至约7年。
18.权利要求1的系统，其中所述地层中多个井眼的至少一部分之间的间距为约8米至约11米，约9米至约10米，或约9.4米至约9.8米。
19.自地下地层产生烃的方法，所述方法包括使用如权利要求1-18中任一项所描述的系统。
CN2009801404495A 2008-10-13 2009-10-09 将自调节核反应堆用于处理地下地层 Pending CN102187053A (zh)

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