CN102678384A - Stirling engine - Google Patents

Stirling engine Download PDF

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Publication number
CN102678384A
CN102678384A CN2012101842879A CN201210184287A CN102678384A CN 102678384 A CN102678384 A CN 102678384A CN 2012101842879 A CN2012101842879 A CN 2012101842879A CN 201210184287 A CN201210184287 A CN 201210184287A CN 102678384 A CN102678384 A CN 102678384A
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
piston
cylinder
acting
air distribution
air
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Application number
CN2012101842879A
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Chinese (zh)
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CN102678384B (en
Inventor
夏致俊
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Huahe Huihui Qingdao Technology Co ltd
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ZHENJIANG BOLIN PHOTOELECTRIC TECHNOLOGY CO LTD
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Priority to CN201210184287.9A priority Critical patent/CN102678384B/en
Priority to PCT/CN2012/078007 priority patent/WO2013181873A1/en
Publication of CN102678384A publication Critical patent/CN102678384A/en
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Publication of CN102678384B publication Critical patent/CN102678384B/en
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02GHOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02G1/00Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants
    • F02G1/04Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type
    • F02G1/043Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type the engine being operated by expansion and contraction of a mass of working gas which is heated and cooled in one of a plurality of constantly communicating expansible chambers, e.g. Stirling cycle type engines
    • F02G1/053Component parts or details
    • F02G1/0535Seals or sealing arrangements
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02GHOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02G1/00Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants
    • F02G1/04Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type
    • F02G1/043Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type the engine being operated by expansion and contraction of a mass of working gas which is heated and cooled in one of a plurality of constantly communicating expansible chambers, e.g. Stirling cycle type engines

Abstract

The invention discloses a Stirling engine with good sealing performance and high thermal efficiency. The device comprises a gas distribution cylinder, a gas distribution piston, a heating device, a cooling device, a working cylinder and a working piston; the working piston is matched and sealed with the working cylinder through a piston ring and can slide in a reciprocating manner; the air distribution cylinder is connected with the acting cylinder through an air flow channel, and the air distribution piston and the acting piston synchronously reciprocate; the airflow channel is provided with two branches, and the two airflow channels are respectively led to the left inner cavity and the right inner cavity of the acting cylinder; the right inner cavity is connected with the air flow channel through an exhaust valve, and the right side of the acting piston is provided with a touch part opposite to the exhaust valve. Its advantages are: the energy loss is reduced, and the efficiency of the engine is improved; the sealing difficulty of the action part is reduced, the sealing performance is improved, and the loss of heat energy is reduced; the leakage-proof function is generated, and the sealing effect is further improved; the leakage loss of the whole working gas medium is reduced, and the efficiency is improved.

Description

Stirling engine
 
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of good airproof performance, Stirling engine that the thermal efficiency is high.
Background technique
Traditional Stirling engine; Generally all be heating and cooling to be carried out in the air distribution cylinder both sides through being arranged on air distribution cylinder external heated device and cooling unit; Contraction through heated air expansion and cooled gas cooperates the gas distribution piston in the air distribution cylinder to move again; Thereby the acting piston that drives in the acting cylinder does work, and in the Stirling engine structure of existing technology, influences the action of air distribution cylinder for avoiding the heating and cooling device; Normally heating equipment and cooling unit are arranged on the both sides external of air distribution cylinder, are provided with thus and make its thermal efficiency not high.The sealing requirements of Stirling engine itself is than higher simultaneously; And in the existing technology Stirling engine through the acting piston with the acting cylinder the dynamic seal (packing) sliding contact be the weakest link of whole sealing system; Because the character of its dynamic seal (packing); Make its sealing be difficult to effective raising, this also is that the restriction Stirling starts efficient effectively to improve one of main difficult problem.
Summary of the invention
The technical problem that the present invention will solve provides a kind of good airproof performance, Stirling engine that the thermal efficiency is high.
In order to solve the problems of the technologies described above, Stirling engine of the present invention comprises heating equipment and cooling unit, acting cylinder and acting piston that air distribution cylinder, gas distribution piston, the axial both sides of air distribution cylinder are provided with; Gas distribution piston can axially move back and forth in air distribution cylinder, and has the gap of supplied gas circulation between gas distribution piston edge and the air distribution cylinder inwall; The acting piston also can reciprocatingly slide through piston ring and acting cylinder fitted seal; Air distribution cylinder is connected with the acting cylinder through air-flow path, and gas distribution piston moves back and forth with the acting piston synchronously; Air-flow path has two-way branch, and the tow channel gas circulation road leads to the left side inner chamber and the right side inner chamber of acting cylinder respectively; Left side inner chamber and right side inner chamber all seal; The right side inner chamber is connected with air-flow path through an outlet valve; Acting piston right side is provided with the shake-up part relative with outlet valve; Can open outlet valve when the acting piston touches part when moving to the right side limit position, and when the piston that does work leaves the right side limit position exhaust valve closure.
Between said gas distribution piston and the air distribution cylinder inwall ball is set.
Said heating equipment and cooling unit all are positioned at air distribution cylinder; And the global shape of heating equipment and cooling unit is bar-shaped that relative air distribution cylinder axially is provided with, and on the end face of the both sides of gas distribution piston, has heating equipment slot and the cooling unit slot that matches with bar-shaped heating equipment and cooling unit simultaneously.
Said acting piston drives an output shaft rotation through the first connecting rod and first crank, and said output shaft drives gas distribution piston through second crank and second connecting rod and moves back and forth synchronously.
Said second crank and second connecting rod are positioned at the distribution Seal cage of a sealing, and the distribution Seal cage communicates with air distribution cylinder.
Said air distribution cylinder is coated with adiabator layer with acting cylinder periphery.
Said first crank and first connecting rod are arranged in the acting Seal cage of a sealing, and the acting Seal cage communicates with the left side inner chamber or the right side inner chamber of acting cylinder.
Said air-flow path is provided with and can and be mixed in the deaerator that the lubricating oil separation of the action component in the air-flow reclaims with gasification.
Respectively through the sealing of mechanical rotation Sealing, the mechanical rotation Sealing is lubricated and cooling by a lubrication oil circulation cooling system between said distribution Seal cage and acting Seal cage and the output shaft; Said lubrication oil circulation cooling system comprises an oil supplying device, and oil supplying device is provided with fuel-displaced pipeline and return line, leads to return line behind the gap between fuel-displaced pipeline process output shaft and the mechanical rotation Sealing; Said return line is provided with pipe and presses modulating valve, is used for making the lubricant oil of backflow to produce certain back pressure.
Advantage applies of the present invention exists:
1, because heating equipment and cooling unit all are arranged on air distribution cylinder inside, it is directly heated the gas of air distribution cylinder both sides or freeze, reduced the loss of energy, improved engine efficiency;
2, owing to crank-connecting rod and piston be installed in be fixed in the Seal cage, reduce the sealing difficulty of action component, improved sealing, also reduced heat energy loss;
3, two groups of mechanical sealing elements are by the lubricated cooling of lubrication oil circulation cooling system; Pipe is set in the return line of lubrication oil circulation cooling system simultaneously presses modulating valve; Not only mechanical sealing element has been carried out the cooling cooling, also increased the pressure in the mechanical sealing surface outside simultaneously, offset inboard pressure to external leakage through the oil pressure in the outside; Produce the effect of anti-leak, further improved sealing effect;
4, because the both sides inner chamber of work done cylinder is sealing; The leakage that produces owing to work doing pistons is poorly sealed in its left side inner chamber gas work done process can be got back to air distribution cylinder through the outlet valve of right side inner chamber; Reduced the leakage loss of whole work done gas medium, also helped raising the efficiency.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the cylinder part structural representation of Stirling engine of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the main shaft part-structure schematic representation of Stirling engine of the present invention.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing and embodiment, Stirling engine of the present invention is done further explain.
As shown in Figure 1, Stirling engine of the present invention comprises heating equipment 10 and cooling unit 11, acting cylinder 5 and acting piston 7 that air distribution cylinder 1, gas distribution piston 3, air distribution cylinder 1 axial both sides are provided with; Gas distribution piston 3 can axially move back and forth in air distribution cylinder 1, and has the gap of supplied gas circulation between gas distribution piston 3 edges and air distribution cylinder 1 inwall; Acting piston 7 also can reciprocatingly slide through piston ring 8 and acting cylinder 5 fitted seal; Air distribution cylinder 1 is connected with acting cylinder 5 through air-flow path 9, and gas distribution piston 3 moves back and forth with acting piston 7 synchronously, wherein:
One end of gas distribution piston 3 is connected with the second connecting rod 20 that is arranged on air distribution cylinder 1 one sides; Second connecting rod 20 is connected with second crank 19 of shape; One side of air distribution cylinder 1 is provided with an air distribution cylinder Seal cage 16 that matches with air distribution cylinder 1; Second crank 19 and second connecting rod 20 are positioned at the distribution Seal cage 16 of the sealing of setting, and distribution Seal cage 16 communicates with air distribution cylinder 1; During installation; Be installed in an end of the output shaft 23 of second crank 19 on the casing of air distribution cylinder Seal cage 16 through stuffing box bearing; The other end stretches out outside the casing of air distribution cylinder Seal cage 16, will stretch out the fixed base of the outer output shaft 23 of the casing of air distribution cylinder Seal cage 16 through mechanical rotation sealing 28 and air distribution cylinder Seal cage 16 simultaneously and seal; Be arranged on gas distribution piston 3 in the air distribution cylinder 1 with being separated into two cavitys in the air distribution cylinder 1; Chamber, a left side is a heating chamber; Right chamber is a cooling chamber; The heating equipment 10 that air distribution cylinder 1 axial both sides are provided with carries out heating and cooling respectively with 11 pairs of two cavitys of cooling unit; Heating equipment 10 all is positioned at air distribution cylinder 1 with cooling unit 11, and the global shape of heating equipment 10 and cooling unit 11 is bar-shaped that relative air distribution cylinder axially is provided with, and settles the direction that moves axially of direction and gas distribution piston to parallel; It can be helical heating pipe or the cooling tube that is connected with the circuit heat medium, also can be the heating pipe with reciprocal medium channel or the cooling tube of other form; On the end face of the both sides of gas distribution piston 3, have simultaneously the heating equipment slot 12 and cooling unit slot 13 that match with bar-shaped heating equipment 10 and cooling unit 11, can carry out heating and cooling with cooling unit 11 through the heating equipment 10 that is provided with thus; Between gas distribution piston 3 and air distribution cylinder 1 inwall ball 4 is set; Air distribution cylinder 1 can be made up of two-part, and two-part air distribution cylinder 1 links together through bolt, is provided with hot isolating seal circle 35 between two-part air distribution cylinder.
Acting cylinder 5 comprises an acting cylinder block; One end of acting cylinder block is provided with end cap; The end cap of acting cylinder links together through bolt with the acting cylinder block, and the end cap of acting cylinder is provided with elevated-temperature seal part 37 with acting between the cylinder block, and the right side that the end cap of the cylinder that wherein does work both can be arranged on the acting cylinder block also can be arranged on the left side of the cylinder block that does work; In order to solve the problem of sealing, preferably be arranged on the right side of acting cylinder block; Acting piston 7 also can reciprocatingly slide with acting cylinder 5 fitted seal through the piston ring 8 that prevents gas permeation; One end of acting piston 7 is connected with the first connecting rod 22 that is arranged on acting cylinder 5 one sides; First connecting rod 22 connects and is connected with first crank 21 of shape; First crank 21 and first connecting rod 22 are arranged in the acting Seal cage 17 of sealing, and acting Seal cage 17 communicates with the left side inner chamber or the right side inner chamber of acting cylinder 5; During installation; Be installed in an end of the output shaft 24 of first crank 21 on the casing in acting cylinder seal chamber 17 through stuffing box bearing; The other end stretches out outside the casing in acting cylinder seal chamber 17, and the outer output shaft 24 of casing that will stretch out acting cylinder seal chamber 17 simultaneously seals through the fixed base of mechanical rotation sealing 29 with acting cylinder seal chamber 17; Mechanical rotation sealing 29 is by rotating ring, stationary ring, and the seal arrangement that several mechanical parts such as spring and seal ring constitute, it utilizes the pressure of spring, and two end faces of rotating ring and stationary ring are fitted tightly mutually; Air distribution cylinder 1 is coated with adiabator layer 18 with acting cylinder 5 peripheries.
Like Fig. 1, as shown in Figure 2, air distribution cylinder 1 is following with acting cylinder 5 annexations:
The output shaft 24 of first crank 21 and the output shaft 23 of second crank 19 link together through coupling 32; Also can be set to the same axis by two output shafts; Output shaft 23,24 is provided with belt flywheel 2; The phase angle of first crank 21 and second crank 19 is set to differ 90 degree simultaneously, and acting piston 7 drives an output shaft rotation through the first connecting rod 22 and first crank 21, and output shaft drives gas distribution piston 3 through second crank 19 with second connecting rod 20 and moves back and forth synchronously; Air-flow path 9 has two-way branch, and the tow channel gas circulation road leads to the left side inner chamber and the right side inner chamber of acting cylinder respectively; Left side inner chamber and right side inner chamber all seal; The right side inner chamber is connected with air-flow path 9 through an outlet valve 14; Acting piston right side is provided with the shake-up part 15 relative with outlet valve 14; When acting piston 7 moves to the right side limit position, touch part 15 and can open outlet valve 14; And outlet valve 14 is closed when acting piston 7 leaves the right side limit position; Air-flow path 9 is provided with and can and be mixed in the deaerator 33,36 that the lubricating oil separation of the action component in the air-flow reclaims with gasification, is connected with the return line 34 that leads to air distribution cylinder Seal cage 16 and acting cylinder seal chamber 17 on the deaerator 33,36, and wherein deaerator 33,36 can a shared return line 34; Lubricating oil in the mechanism can be mixed in when high temperature in the working medium pressurized gas, gets back in air distribution cylinder Seal cage 16 and the acting cylinder seal chamber 17 through return line through the oil after deaerator separates; The air-flow path that is connected acting cylinder 5 left chambeies is provided with aeration valve 6 and safety valve 38; When flow leakage, can in time carry out tonifying Qi; Also guaranteed simultaneously safety; Respectively through 28,29 sealings of mechanical rotation Sealing, mechanical rotation Sealing 28,29 is lubricated and cooling by a lubrication oil circulation cooling system between distribution Seal cage 16 and acting Seal cage 17 and the output shaft 24; The lubrication oil circulation cooling system comprises an oil supplying device 25, and oil supplying device 25 is provided with fuel-displaced pipeline 26 and return line 27, and fuel-displaced pipeline 26 leads to return line 27 through output shaft 24 and mechanical rotation Sealing 28,30 backs, the gap between 29; Return line 27 is provided with pipe and presses modulating valve 31, is used for making the lubricant oil of backflow to produce certain back pressure.
Working principle:
When gas distribution piston 3 right laterals to right summit; Pressurized gas in the cooling chamber flows in the heating chamber through the gap between gas distribution piston 3 and the air distribution cylinder 1; Built-in cooling unit 11 cooling gas distribution pistons 3; And left end expands rapidly because most of pressurized gas has all flow through to come directly with the built-in heating equipment 10 and the cylinder body of heating and contact, and the pressurized gas after the expansion is equally through the gap outflow of gas distribution piston 3 and air distribution cylinder 1; Flow to acting cylinder 5 through air-flow path 9, promote 7 actings of acting piston.
When gas distribution piston 3 left lateral to left summit; High temperature compressed gas in the heating chamber flows in the cooling chamber through the gap between gas distribution piston 3 and the air distribution cylinder 1; Built-in heating equipment 10 heating gas distribution pistons 3; And the refrigerant circulation cooling on the cylinder body with built-in cooling unit 11 and cooling of coming directly of the most of high temperature compressed gas stream of left end, the high temperature and high pressure gas cooling is shunk, and makes contraction of gas in the acting piston 7 through air-flow path 9 equally; The acting piston moves to left immediately, goes round and begins again like this and realizes that acting rotatablely moves.
Wherein, The shake-up part 15 that acting piston 7 one ends are provided with in the course of action; When acting piston 7 does work near summit, the cylinder right side to the right; This shake-up part 15 is backed down the spool of outlet valve 14, will leak the pressurized gas of coming from acting piston 7 upper piston rings and send gas distribution piston back to through leaking muffler.
Certainly, above-mentioned explanation is not to be limitation of the present invention, and the present invention also is not limited in above-mentioned giving an example, and variation, remodeling, interpolation or replacement that the technician in present technique field is made in essential scope of the present invention also should belong to protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (9)

1. a Stirling engine comprises air distribution cylinder (1), gas distribution piston (3), air distribution cylinder (1) axially heating equipment (10) and cooling unit (11), acting cylinder (5) and the acting piston (7) of both sides setting; Gas distribution piston (3) can axially move back and forth in air distribution cylinder (1), and has the gap of supplied gas circulation between gas distribution piston (3) edge and air distribution cylinder (1) inwall; Acting piston (7) also can reciprocatingly slide through piston ring (8) and acting cylinder (5) fitted seal; Air distribution cylinder (1) is connected with acting cylinder (5) through air-flow path (9), and gas distribution piston (3) moves back and forth with acting piston (7) synchronously; It is characterized in that: said air-flow path (9) has two-way branch, and the tow channel gas circulation road leads to the left side inner chamber and the right side inner chamber of acting cylinder respectively; Left side inner chamber and right side inner chamber all seal; The right side inner chamber is connected with air-flow path (9) through an outlet valve (14); Acting piston right side is provided with the shake-up part (15) relative with outlet valve (14); When acting piston (7) moves to the right side limit position, touch part (15) and can open outlet valve (14), and outlet valve (14) is closed when acting piston (7) leaves the right side limit position.
2. according to the described Stirling engine of claim 1, it is characterized in that: between said gas distribution piston (3) and air distribution cylinder (1) inwall ball (4) is set.
3. according to the described Stirling engine of claim 1; It is characterized in that: said heating equipment (10) and cooling unit (11) all are positioned at air distribution cylinder (1); And the global shape of heating equipment (10) and cooling unit (11) is bar-shaped that relative air distribution cylinder axially is provided with, and on the both sides end face of gas distribution piston (3), has heating equipment slot (12) and the cooling unit slot (13) that matches with bar-shaped heating equipment (10) and cooling unit (11) simultaneously.
4. according to the described Stirling engine of claim 1; It is characterized in that: said acting piston (7) drives an output shaft rotation through first connecting rod (22) and first crank (21), and said output shaft drives gas distribution piston (3) through second crank (19) and second connecting rod (20) and moves back and forth synchronously.
5. according to the described Stirling engine of claim 4, it is characterized in that: said second crank (19) and second connecting rod (20) are positioned at the distribution Seal cage (16) of a sealing, and distribution Seal cage (16) communicates with air distribution cylinder (1).
6. according to the described Stirling engine of claim 4; It is characterized in that: said first crank (21) and first connecting rod (22) are arranged in the acting Seal cage (17) of a sealing, and acting Seal cage (17) communicates with the left side inner chamber or the right side inner chamber of acting cylinder (5).
7. according to the described Stirling engine of claim 1, it is characterized in that: said air distribution cylinder (1) and acting cylinder (5) periphery are coated with adiabator layer (18).
8. according to the described Stirling engine of claim 1, it is characterized in that: said air-flow path (9) is provided with deaerator (33,36).
9. according to claim 5 and 6 described Stirling engines; It is characterized in that: respectively through mechanical rotation Sealing (28,29) sealing, mechanical rotation Sealing (28,29) is lubricated and cooling by a lubrication oil circulation cooling system between said distribution Seal cage (16) and acting Seal cage (17) and the output shaft; Said lubrication oil circulation cooling system comprises an oil supplying device (25); Oil supplying device (25) is provided with fuel-displaced pipeline (26) and return line (27), leads to return line (27) behind the gap between fuel-displaced pipeline (26) process output shaft and the mechanical rotation Sealing (28,29); Said return line (27) is provided with pipe and presses modulating valve (31).
CN201210184287.9A 2012-06-06 2012-06-06 Stirling engine Active CN102678384B (en)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201210184287.9A CN102678384B (en) 2012-06-06 2012-06-06 Stirling engine
PCT/CN2012/078007 WO2013181873A1 (en) 2012-06-06 2012-07-01 Stirling engine

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201210184287.9A CN102678384B (en) 2012-06-06 2012-06-06 Stirling engine

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CN102678384A true CN102678384A (en) 2012-09-19
CN102678384B CN102678384B (en) 2014-03-19

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WO (1) WO2013181873A1 (en)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN104675555A (en) * 2013-11-27 2015-06-03 科林洁能能源公司 Piston module for Sterling engine
CN105508076A (en) * 2016-01-19 2016-04-20 江苏源之翼电气有限公司 Hot-air engine with air moving piston internally provided with regenerator
CN107762660A (en) * 2017-11-27 2018-03-06 品孚罗特过滤设备(北京)有限公司 Backheat structure and the Stirling engine for including the backheat structure

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5632149A (en) * 1994-11-28 1997-05-27 Sanyo Electric Company, Ltd. Heat exchanger for a gas compression/expansion apparatus and a method of manufacturing thereof
US5743091A (en) * 1996-05-01 1998-04-28 Stirling Technology Company Heater head and regenerator assemblies for thermal regenerative machines
US6161389A (en) * 1998-02-06 2000-12-19 Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. Stirling machine with heat exchanger having fin structure
CN101619687A (en) * 2009-08-11 2010-01-06 深圳市中科力函热声技术工程研究中心有限公司 Piston-free Stirling engine system

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP3258872B2 (en) * 1995-10-11 2002-02-18 三洋電機株式会社 Stirling equipment

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5632149A (en) * 1994-11-28 1997-05-27 Sanyo Electric Company, Ltd. Heat exchanger for a gas compression/expansion apparatus and a method of manufacturing thereof
US5743091A (en) * 1996-05-01 1998-04-28 Stirling Technology Company Heater head and regenerator assemblies for thermal regenerative machines
US6161389A (en) * 1998-02-06 2000-12-19 Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. Stirling machine with heat exchanger having fin structure
CN101619687A (en) * 2009-08-11 2010-01-06 深圳市中科力函热声技术工程研究中心有限公司 Piston-free Stirling engine system

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN104675555A (en) * 2013-11-27 2015-06-03 科林洁能能源公司 Piston module for Sterling engine
CN105508076A (en) * 2016-01-19 2016-04-20 江苏源之翼电气有限公司 Hot-air engine with air moving piston internally provided with regenerator
CN105508076B (en) * 2016-01-19 2017-03-29 江苏源之翼电气有限公司 Built-in regenerator moves the thermomotor of gas piston
CN107762660A (en) * 2017-11-27 2018-03-06 品孚罗特过滤设备(北京)有限公司 Backheat structure and the Stirling engine for including the backheat structure

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CN102678384B (en) 2014-03-19
WO2013181873A1 (en) 2013-12-12

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