CN102947538A - 减少曲折度的压裂方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一系列射流喷嘴具有设计成冲击井壁并形成裂缝的伸缩结构。喷嘴可以通过经其泵送的流体或者利用来自于井底钻具组合内部的某些机械力而伸出。伸缩组件的前端可以为锐利的并且进行硬化,以方便裸眼中地层裂缝的形成。伸缩结构可以布置成单排或多排,且周向间隔成使得每个伸缩结构被设计成覆盖45度或以下的目标周向距离,从而使得来自于至少一个喷嘴的射流将位于最大地层应力位置的22.5度的范围内,从而减小通过喷嘴射流所产生裂缝的曲折度,同时可能因增大的环空压力而改善压裂。
Description
发明人:Maria M.O’Connell;Michael H.Johnson和David A.Castillo
技术领域
本发明涉及裸眼中的射流压裂,更特别地,涉及利用延伸构件产生裂缝,同时利用通过射流工具输送到裸眼裂缝中和/或输送到周围环形空间中的加压流体使产生的裂缝扩展。
背景技术
在裸眼中进行压裂是复杂的课题并且被许多作者研究和记述。无论使用爆炸物还是流体射流,与产生的裂缝相关的问题之一它们的扩展方式。如果扩展模式随着裂缝从钻孔产生而变得更加曲折,则会产生被称作脱砂的不利情况,这会在井投产之后急剧减少井产能。
由于在该区域内作用的地球环境应力场,任何钻孔中沿任意井朝向的水力压裂是复杂的。这种复杂性还缘于极度应力集中,这在井周围的许多位置处沿着钻孔发生。例如,钻孔周围存在比其他位置(在这些位置,极端压缩压力防止拉伸断裂的产生)更易产生张拉裂缝的位置。已经提出使这种情况减到最低程度的一种方法是使用在地层中产生一系列扇形狭槽的射流,这是考虑了地层中的一系列共面空腔会减小曲折度。这个想法在SPE 28761 Surjatmaadja、Abass和Brumley的名称为Elimination of Near-wellbore Tortuosities by Means ofHydrojetting(1994)一文中进行了讨论。其它参考文献例如为USP7,017,665;5,335,724;5,494,103;5,484,016和美国公开2009/0107680也讨论了在地层中开缝。
其它方法使射流喷嘴以倾斜角相对于井眼定位以影响裂缝扩展的方式。这种方法的一些实例是USP 7,159,660;5,111,881;6,938,690;5,533,571;5,499,678和美国公开2008/0083531和2009/0283260。
其它方法包括一些结合了射流压裂的环形空间泵送形式。该技术的一些实例是USP 7,278,486;7,681,635;7,343,974;7,337,844;7,237,612;7,225,869;6,779,607;6,725,933;6,719,054和6,662,874。
已经提出安装到伸缩组件上的喷嘴,思路在于:如果喷嘴更靠近地层,压裂性能将得到改进。这在提交于2009年11月13日的名称为利用射流工具强化裸眼(Open Hole Stimulation with Jet Tool)的美国申请12/618,032中进行了讨论,该申请共同转让给Baker Hughes Inc。在用于压裂的伸缩构件的另一变形中,思路在于使伸缩构件伸出到井壁并且在环形空间中设置隔开的封隔器,从而避免对水泥的需要并且允许在使用伸缩构件中的一部分初始压裂地层之后从伸缩构件进行开采。这在提交于2009年5月11日的名称为利用伸缩构件进行压裂和密封环形空间(Fracturing with Telescoping Members and Sealing theAnnular Space)的美国申请序号12/463944中进行了讨论,该申请也被共同转让。
本发明使用伸缩构件并且以足够的作用力将它们抵靠着井壁向外驱动以机械地形成裂缝。伸缩构件可以通过流经它们的流体或者从井底钻具组合内使用机械力例如楔块装置或者套管整形器(其同样提供了使内部容纳伸缩构件的管状壳体的直径扩大的选择)来强制它们移动而被向外驱动。伸缩构件内可以具有缩颈(constriction)以起到喷嘴或者仅起到通路作用,其在具有足够压差的足量流体通过射流喷嘴输送时起到流体喷嘴的作用。在另一实施例中,喷嘴围绕壳体定位成使至少一个喷嘴从希望周向应力为最小压缩应力集中(其与最大拉伸应力集中相同)的位置沿两个相反方向中之任一均位于22.5度以内,使得所形成的裂缝具有较小曲折度并提高随后的开采。根据伸缩构件的尺寸和井径,喷嘴可以布置成单排或多排。通过使至少一个喷嘴靠近钻孔内地层的大应力位置,所形成和扩展的裂缝的曲折程度变小。在本发明的范围由所附权利要求书确定的情况下,通过阅读具体实施方式和相关附图,本发明的这些和其它优点对本领域技术人员来说变得更易理解。
发明内容
一系列射流喷嘴具有设计成冲击井壁并形成裂缝的伸缩结构。喷嘴可以通过经其泵送的流体或者利用来自于井底钻具组合内部的某些机械力而伸出。伸缩组件的前端可以为锐利的并且进行硬化,以方便裸眼中地层裂缝的形成。伸缩结构可以布置成单排或多排,且周向间隔成使得每个伸缩结构被设计成覆盖45度或以下的目标周向距离,从而使得来自于至少一个喷嘴的射流将位于最大地层应力位置的22.5度的范围内,从而减小通过喷嘴射流所产生裂缝的曲折度,同时可能因增大的环空压力而改善压裂。
附图说明
图1显示了可伸出的射流喷嘴的阵列,它们抵靠裸眼井被向外驱动以产生裂缝,并且显示了以减小曲折度的方式使喷嘴间隔的可替换实施例;和
图2是伸缩喷嘴如何撞击井壁以产生裂缝的细节,所述裂缝随后利用通过喷嘴的和/或输送到环形空间中的流体进行扩展。
具体实施方式
在一个实施例中,作为多个射流喷嘴中之一的射流喷嘴10由若干个嵌套在一起的伸缩部件,诸如12和14组成。根据接合井壁16所需的伸出程度,可以具有两个以上的嵌套部件。优选的应用是在裸眼中。伸出最远并强力地撞击井壁16的最内嵌套部件被设计成通过冲击产生裂缝。该部件在前端可以具有一个或多个尖锐部位17以破坏和刺入地层。前端还可以进行硬化以防止位于前端的尖锐部位在被驱动进入地层18时断裂。伸缩元件12和14限定用作喷嘴的通道,或者可替换地,可以具有开口或其它收敛部,以便不但产生压裂地层的喷射力,而且还能够使构件12和14朝向井壁16起始加速以开始压裂操作。伸缩构件12和14能够用棘齿连接在一起,从而允许它们径向伸出撞击井壁16并且使它们保持伸出并防止缩回到壳体20中。射流喷嘴组件上的压降导致诸如12和14的伸缩部件以大作用力移动抵靠井壁16以形成裂缝。可替换地,喷嘴10可以最初被阻塞,使得在它们后面传递的压力向外驱动伸缩构件12和14并且插塞件随后能够被吹掉、溶解或通过任意其它手段去除。应当注意,伸缩构件伸出的目的在于撞击井壁16,不需要对井壁进行密封。正是井壁冲击利用尖锐前端17来形成裂缝。可替换地,前端可以硬化且为钝头,使用井壁冲击来在井壁16处形成裂缝。随后开始流体流动并且流体进入由尖锐部位17形成的裂缝,使得裂缝进一步张开并远离钻孔而扩展。在裂缝通过伸缩部件12和14扩大时利用一些流体流继续施加压力具有下列效果:使裂缝进一步远离钻孔延伸,并且当输送用来使裂缝保持敞开的可选的支撑剂时保持裂缝敞开,即使在通过喷嘴的压力变小时也是如此。作为另一选择,伸缩构件中可以具有筛网并且能够随后用于开采地层18。
裂缝22在利用伸缩部件12和14形成之后可以通过从地面经由壳体20或围绕其外部的环形空间24输送的压力进行延伸。
在另一实施例中,喷嘴10在主体20上的位置通过减小曲折度而提高了所形成裂缝的质量。喷嘴可以具有如图1所示伸缩式设计或者它们可以为固定的。喷嘴在主体20上的布置方式通过定位喷嘴10使得存在从最小压缩应力集中区域起算周向不超过22.5度的喷嘴而提高了裂缝质量。例如,根据在特定区域起作用的应力场,对于几乎水平的裸眼钻井,可以发现最小压缩应力集中区域大致位于接近12点钟和6点钟的位置。对于其它应力场或其它井轨迹而言,可以发现这些最小压缩应力集中区域位于沿着钻井的其它位置定位,例如9点钟和3点钟,或者相对于钻井的顶-底侧倾斜的方向。通过使用周向隔开不超过45度(不管是在一个平面内还是如图1所示的若干排)的喷嘴,结果是:没有哪一个喷嘴从其中心算起与最小压缩应力集中区域对准的角度超过22.5度。在壳体20和周围井壁16的尺寸允许的情况下,可以获得使用更紧密间隔的致密填料。对分配起作用的因素是每个喷嘴的直径和壳体20的压力等级——其受到其内的用于放置喷嘴的开口数量的影响。如果使用如图1所示的多个排,相邻排中的交错喷嘴允许喷嘴更紧密地靠在一起。当喷嘴更紧密定位以与地层中的最小压缩应力集中区域对准时,尤其是从井壁算起超过井眼直径距离处所形成的水力裂缝倾向于变宽变深并且曲折度更小。使喷嘴更朝向地层中的最大压缩应力集中区域的其它不佳定位将促使曲折度变大,因为裂缝将在向地层中扩展等于井径的长度时偏离并且沿与产生的裂缝的方向垂直的方向扩展。随后,裂缝更易变得曲折并且沿着水平钻孔或者横向于钻孔在与钻孔轴线平行的平面内延伸。通过对在具有已知应力场的地层中钻孔如何影响其周围的应力分布进行模拟和数学建模可以识别低应力区域。利用该信息,使至少一个喷嘴与低应力区域的真正中心(true alignment)不超过22.5度的喷嘴间隔获得了具有最小曲折度的最佳裂缝。
如上所述通过穿透地层形成裂缝的伸缩式喷嘴的特征还可以与喷嘴的间隔协同作用,以获得同样如上所述的较小曲折度。
本领域技术人员应当认识到,本发明在射流压裂环境下以机械方式形成裂缝,使得所形成的裂缝通过经由喷嘴和/或环绕喷嘴壳体的环形空间输送的流体压力进一步扩展。除了形成裂缝的独特方法之外,本发明的喷嘴位置和地层中最小压缩应力集中区域(其位于进入地层至少井眼直径的距离处)相关。通过布置至少一个喷嘴与最小压缩应力集中区域相距不超过22.5度,最终曲折度大大减小。将单排或多排喷嘴10以相邻喷嘴之间的周向距离为大约45度的嵌套方式隔开可以实现该效果。从更广泛地意义上讲,本发明认识到,根据预定应力环境下钻孔的偏差,喷嘴朝向与较小压缩应力集中区域的之间的用于减小裂缝曲折度的关系。
上文对优选实施例进行了描述,本发明的范围由下列权利要求书的字面和等同范围确定,在不脱离本发明范围的情况下,本领域技术人员可以进行许多改进。
Claims (19)
1.一种在地下位置压裂地层的方法,包括:
将至少一个伸缩式喷嘴定位在壳体上;
将壳体输送到地下位置;
将伸缩式喷嘴伸出以撞击地层;
利用所述撞击产生裂缝;
利用输送给所述裂缝的压力来扩展所述裂缝。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,包括:
提供可相对移动的部件作为所述伸缩式喷嘴,所述部件具有贯穿开口。
3.如权利要求2所述的方法,包括:
在可相对移动的部件上设置与地层接合的至少一个锐利前部边缘。
4.如权利要求2所述的方法,包括:
在可相对移动的部件上设置与地层接合、且与所述可相对移动的部件的其它部分相比硬化的前部边缘。
5.如权利要求2所述的方法,包括:
使所述可相对移动的部件保持伸出状态,防止其径向缩回与地层脱离接触。
6.如权利要求2所述的方法,包括:
在所述开口中设置节流部以用作所述喷嘴。
7.如权利要求2所述的方法,包括:
利用所述开口中的流体或压力使所述可相对移动的部件伸出。
8.如权利要求2所述的方法,包括:
提供多个喷嘴作为所述至少一个伸缩式喷嘴;
使一或多排中的相邻喷嘴周向间隔,使得所述间隔在与所述壳体的轴线垂直的平面内不超过45度。
9.如权利要求2所述的方法,包括:
提供多个喷嘴作为所述至少一个伸缩式喷嘴;
将所述喷嘴呈阵列布置,所述阵列使至少一个喷嘴在位于地下位置的地层中的低应力位置的周向22.5度以内。
10.如权利要求2所述的方法,包括:
提供多个喷嘴作为所述至少一个伸缩式喷嘴;
将所述喷嘴呈阵列布置,所述阵列通过使至少一个喷嘴朝向位于地下位置的地层中的低应力位置而减小所产生裂缝的曲折度。
11.如权利要求8所述的方法,包括:
将所述喷嘴设置成多排并且使相邻排中的喷嘴偏移。
12.如权利要求10所述的方法,包括:
在至少一个喷嘴中设置筛网;
在利用具有所述筛网的所述喷嘴形成裂缝之后,通过具有所述筛网的所述喷嘴对地层进行开采。
13.一种在地下位置压裂地层的方法,包括:
将多个喷嘴定位在壳体上;
将壳体输送到地下位置;
将所述喷嘴呈阵列布置,所述阵列通过使至少一个喷嘴朝向位于地下位置的地层中的低应力位置而减小所产生裂缝的曲折度。
14.如权利要求13所述的方法,包括:
将所述喷嘴呈阵列布置,所述阵列使至少一个喷嘴在位于地下位置的地层中的低应力位置的周向22.5度以内。
15.如权利要求14所述的方法,包括:
使一或多排中的相邻喷嘴周向间隔,使得所述间隔在与所述壳体的轴线垂直的平面内不超过45度。
16.如权利要求15所述的方法,包括:
给所述喷嘴提供伸缩特征,使所述伸缩套管伸出以冲击地层;
利用所述冲击形成裂缝;
利用传送给所述裂缝的压力液压地使所述裂缝扩展。
17.如权利要求16所述的方法,包括:
提供可相对移动的部件作为所述喷嘴,所述部件具有贯穿开口。
18.如权利要求17所述的方法,包括:
在可相对移动的部件上提供与地层接合的至少一个锐利前部边缘。
20.如权利要求17所述的方法,包括:
在可相对移动的部件上设置与地层接合、且与所述可相对移动的部件的其它部分相比硬化的前部边缘。
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
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US12/816,824 US8365827B2 (en) | 2010-06-16 | 2010-06-16 | Fracturing method to reduce tortuosity |
US12/816,824 | 2010-06-16 | ||
PCT/US2011/037544 WO2011159432A1 (en) | 2010-06-16 | 2011-05-23 | Fracturing method to reduce tortuosity |
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CN102947538A true CN102947538A (zh) | 2013-02-27 |
CN102947538B CN102947538B (zh) | 2015-12-16 |
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US (1) | US8365827B2 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN102947538B (zh) |
AU (1) | AU2011265704B2 (zh) |
BR (1) | BR112012032277B1 (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2802674C (zh) |
GB (1) | GB2497208B (zh) |
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WO (1) | WO2011159432A1 (zh) |
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Also Published As
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AU2011265704A1 (en) | 2013-01-10 |
US8365827B2 (en) | 2013-02-05 |
US20110308803A1 (en) | 2011-12-22 |
BR112012032277B1 (pt) | 2020-09-01 |
WO2011159432A1 (en) | 2011-12-22 |
CA2802674A1 (en) | 2011-12-22 |
NO346776B1 (no) | 2022-12-27 |
GB201222747D0 (en) | 2013-01-30 |
CN102947538B (zh) | 2015-12-16 |
GB2497208B (en) | 2017-06-21 |
AU2011265704B2 (en) | 2014-08-28 |
GB2497208A (en) | 2013-06-05 |
BR112012032277A2 (pt) | 2016-11-16 |
NO20121466A1 (no) | 2013-01-10 |
CA2802674C (en) | 2014-09-30 |
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