CN103890480A - 生产四型气缸及将其安装在用于气态流体运输的运输厢体中方法 - Google Patents

生产四型气缸及将其安装在用于气态流体运输的运输厢体中方法 Download PDF

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CN103890480A
CN103890480A CN201280051934.7A CN201280051934A CN103890480A CN 103890480 A CN103890480 A CN 103890480A CN 201280051934 A CN201280051934 A CN 201280051934A CN 103890480 A CN103890480 A CN 103890480A
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container
gaseous fluid
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system described
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CN103890480B (zh
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史蒂夫·坎贝尔
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Tranzgaz Inc
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Tranzgaz Inc
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    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C1/00—Pressure vessels, e.g. gas cylinder, gas tank, replaceable cartridge
    • F17C1/16—Pressure vessels, e.g. gas cylinder, gas tank, replaceable cartridge constructed of plastics materials
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60P—VEHICLES ADAPTED FOR LOAD TRANSPORTATION OR TO TRANSPORT, TO CARRY, OR TO COMPRISE SPECIAL LOADS OR OBJECTS
    • B60P3/00—Vehicles adapted to transport, to carry or to comprise special loads or objects
    • B60P3/22—Tank vehicles
    • B60P3/2205—Constructional features
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65B—MACHINES, APPARATUS OR DEVICES FOR, OR METHODS OF, PACKAGING ARTICLES OR MATERIALS; UNPACKING
    • B65B3/00—Packaging plastic material, semiliquids, liquids or mixed solids and liquids, in individual containers or receptacles, e.g. bags, sacks, boxes, cartons, cans, or jars
    • B65B3/04—Methods of, or means for, filling the material into the containers or receptacles
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F17C3/00—Vessels not under pressure
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    • B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING 
    • B63B17/00—Vessels parts, details, or accessories, not otherwise provided for
    • B63B17/0027—Tanks for fuel or the like ; Accessories therefor, e.g. tank filler caps
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B63J2099/003—Burning of transported goods, e.g. fuel, boil-off or refuse of cargo oil or fuel, or of boil-off gases, e.g. for propulsive purposes
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Abstract

提供了一种用于运输冷冻气态流体的轻质联运或公路拖车基础系统。所述系统包括封闭且保温的运输厢体，以及多个耐低温四型压力容器。所述压力容器的直径至少为三英尺，其安装在用于容纳气态流体的运输厢体内。

Description

生产四型气缸及将其安装在用于气态流体运输的运输厢体中方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种生产耐低温四型压力容器及将该压力容器安装在用于气态流体的储存和/或运输的保温运输厢体中的方法。
背景技术
当前在冷冻条件下，通过公路，铁路或海运运输诸如天然气、氢气的气态物质的过程中由于重量、潜在的故障风险、可获得的压力容器系统成本容器而存在问题。众所周知，钢制容器非常重并且容易腐蚀。由于减压而引起的焦耳-汤普森效应（Joule Thompsoneffects）致使存在易碎性/延展性破坏的潜在危险，因此限制钢制容器接近环境储存温度。钢制容器关于潜在应用具有显著限制，因为压缩气体的冷冻通常会增加密度，由此增加在同一储存空间体积中的净容积，从而增加成本效益和潜在盈利能力。
二型压力容器系统具有类似的重量和腐蚀问题。
使用碳钢衬层的三型压力容器系统也具有类似的重量和腐蚀问题以及在低温下的延展性问题。
由铝制衬层制成的三型压力容器系统在一定程度上克服了在对比温度下的重量和延展性问题，但是铝易于腐蚀。因此，腐蚀引起的故障风险仍然存在，尤其在管道接口处。另外，制成无缝的具有铝制管线的三型压力容器基于有限直径而具有成本效益。因此，对于使用此三型压力容器的气态流体的大容量储存和/或运输而言，需要大量压力容器。这将需要很多个连接器，每个连接器都是一个潜在的故障源。这降低了可选方案的安全等级。更进一步，庞大的运输项目需要的大量这种相对小的三型压力容器和相应的连接器证实这项目不可行。关于相对小的直径的四型压力容器，也存在大量连接器的潜在问题。
当前，由挤压式高密度聚乙烯材料（HDPE）管子和注塑成型的圆顶而制成的四型容器正在以长水平布置（long horizontal arrangement）进入市场。然而，由于这种储液箱的设计，它们不能被冷冻。从此可以看出，这导致了容积以及经济性的不利因素。在冷冻条件下由HDPE管子和注塑成型的圆顶制成的现有的四型压力容器设计上的问题很多。首先，挤压式HDPE管子的前束效应（toe-ineffect）在管子端部和注塑成型圆顶边缘焊接线处留下了环形凹部。这造成在在焊接线处圆直径的不连续。如果压力容器被冷冻，衬层的相对于层压外壳的体积收缩就会在焊接线上产生应力集中。这是衬层失效的源头，因此是不期望的。
其次，关于冷冻，此压力容器设计的第二潜在问题在于端口凸起衬层接口的设计。当将端口凸起插入到注塑模具中时，它使用冷却和相对的紧缩效应将HDPE材料密封到端口凸起的相对的凸片和狭槽中。这样，一旦压力容器制作完成，任何额外的冷冻都将会使HDPE材料进一步紧缩，这可使材料脱离凸片和狭槽或将这个位置的衬层材料撕裂。这都不是期望的结果，因为衬层完整性遭到破坏。
更进一步，即使已知的四型容器可以被冷冻，其它两个问题仍然存在。第一个问题是在公路或铁路应用中由于晃动而潜在的倾覆问题。诸如天然气的许多气态物质在压力下冷冻时会变成部分液体或流体状。流体状物质会在实施刹车时引起追尾碰撞。此碰撞力可能会使相当长的压力容器和/或相关的支撑系统倾覆或使其破坏。对于具有极性端口凸起的冷冻压力容器的水平布置所固有的第二个问题是，在液体未蒸发的情况下不能移除冷凝液体。这在冷冻系统中是是不可行的和/或不切实际的。这样，即使投入市场的四型压力容器可以被冷冻，由于冷凝液体还察觉到存在其他问题。
在挤压式HDPE管子及注塑成型圆顶的当前设计中还存在与冷冻无关的另外的固有问题。这涉及注塑成型部件的壁厚。这种部件本来就较薄（相对而言）。这可能造成衬层在绕制过程中的稳定性的重要缺陷。当相对薄壁的塑料圆顶必须承载衬层/心轴、细丝细丝纤维和湿树脂的全部重量时，细丝细丝纤维、湿树脂的量以及由此压力容器的最大操作压力在此方式上都会受限。同样，细丝细丝纤维的类型也同样适用。尤其注意的是，对于可比较的操作压力而言，玻璃纤维比碳纤维要重。总的来说，这种设计只在有限的操作压力下限制碳纤维的使用。
因此，需要一种用于储存和/或运输气态流体的新颖的联运集装箱或公路拖车系统。
发明内容
根据本发明的一个实施方式的一个目的，提供一种用于储存和/或运输冷冻的气态流体的轻质联运集装箱或用小型多节容器或公路拖车系统。其包括：
密闭且保温的运输厢体；以及
多个直径至少为三英尺的耐低温四型压力容器，它们固定在用于容纳所述气态流体的所述运输厢体内。
根据本发明的另一个实施方式的另一个目的，提供了一种提供用于储存和/或运输冷冻的气态流体的轻质联运集装箱或公路拖车系统的方法，所述方法包括：
将传统的液化天然气（LNG）装载到容置在用于运输加压液化天然气的运输厢体内的四型压力容器中。
根据本发明又一个目的，提供了一种轻质联运集装箱，其包括：容置在运输厢体内以通过船舶保持天然气的保温的四型压力容器。
根据本发明再一个目的，提供一种轻质联运集装箱或公路拖车系统，其包括：至少一个耐低温四型压力容器，其安装船舶上以储存作为用于所述船舶的燃料的天然气。
工业实用性
本发明已经应用于气态流体处理和用于运输流体的合适的集装箱方面。
附图说明
图1是根据一个实施方式的具有三个四型压力容器模块的五十三英尺的互联容器的立体截面图；
图2是图1的圆柱形压力容器的圆顶端部的衬层部件的截面图；
图3是根据本发明的实施方式的气体式四型压力容器衬层的纵向横截面视图；
图4是根据本发明的实施方式的球形四型压力容器衬层的横截面视图；
图5是与图4的压力容器衬层一起使用的极性端口凸起的凸内部构件的局部切除的纵向视图；
图6是与图5的凸部分相应的凹外部构件的局部切除的纵向视图；
图6A是其中具有机加工凹槽的图6的极性端口凸起的内表面的立体图；
图7是示出图5和图6的端口凸起构件之间的相互适配关系的局部切除的纵向视图；
图8是安装到压力容器的圆顶端部衬层部件上的相互适配端口凸起构件的横截面视图；
图9是根据另一个实施方式作为心轴的圆柱形压力容器的纵向横截面视图；
图10是具有四个圆柱形压力容器的图1的四型压力容器模块支撑框架局部立体图；
图11是将诸如图3所示的圆柱形压力容器容置在标准四十英尺的联运集装箱内的压力容器模块支撑框架的截面图；
图12是示出与联运集装箱有关的附加辅助构件的具有四型压力容器模块支撑框架的二十英尺联运集装箱的立体截面图；
图13是定位在标准四十英尺联运集装箱内的两个压力容器模块支撑框架立体截面图；
图14是根据另一个实施方式具有隔板的压力容器的剖开立体图；
图15是示出定位在圆柱形四型压力容器周围的泡沫绝缘体和光纤电缆的联运集装箱的纵向横截面视图；
图16是示出安装在压力容器周围是不粘薄膜以及安装在容器内壁上的不粘材料和毯式绝缘体的容置在联运集装箱内的压力容器的立体截面图；
图17是示出定位在容器内的汲取管的圆柱形四型压力容器的纵向横截面视图；
图18是相互连接的压力容器和阀机构以及与之有关的网络示意图；
图19是容置在公路拖车内的四型压力容器的纵向横截面视图；
图20是保持用于运输气态流体的一组联运集装箱的船只的视图；
图21是保持用于运输气态流体的一组联运集装箱的海洋驳船的视图。
具体实施方式
现在参照图1-图21描述基于根据本发明的实施方式的系统轻质联运集装箱或公路拖车。一个或多个四型压力容器10专门设计用于低温环境并且安装在密闭且保温的运输厢体12中。运输厢体12可以是联运框架或厢体、公路拖车等。压力容器10用来储存和/或运输气态流体，所述气态流体包括但不局限于天然气，液化天然气，氢气和空气。
四型压力容器10的衬层14由吹塑成型的诸如高密度聚乙烯的低温抗腐蚀聚合材料制成。相对大的衬层14被吹塑成型为两个或多个部件，所述两个或多个部件设计为在圆顶端部衬层部件20处提供相对大的壁厚16，但具有压力容器10的本体部分的相对小的圆柱形壁厚18。在吹塑时，圆顶端部定位在吹塑成型机（未示出）的底部上且居中在吹管/通风井上。这有助于确保圆顶端部的壁厚并且将穿孔定位圆顶的顶点处。衬层部件20的吹塑成型在材料内留下小的残余应力，因此在冷冻条件下，前束和应力集中被显著降低。衬层部件20的吹塑成型还确保低孔隙度和低渗透率，因为太妃糖状的HDPE材料的分子首先在纵向上伸展，然后在向外吹塑时在环向上伸展。
如图3所示，为了制作完整的衬层14，由吹塑成型处理制成的两个或多个衬层部件20在加厚的圆柱形边缘24处被对接熔合焊接。这些加厚边缘24在吹塑成型衬层部件20之间提供更安全的焊接。加厚边缘24通过吹塑成型机的模具设计和程序设计实现。至少两个衬层部件20包括具有测量的截面轮廓的圆顶端部，以保证正常操作期间的等张力纤维应力。吹塑模具和相关的程序设计还提供了较厚的圆顶端壁厚度、相对薄的主体壁厚、在前述圆柱形边缘处加厚。诸如如图4所示，如果压力容器是球形的，那么可测量的形状就变得多余了。在进行衬层部件20圆顶端部的衬层部件20的顶点。在前述实施方式的可选方案中，衬层被诺托模制成型（roto-molded）。
图5和图6分别示出了各个极性端口凸起28的凸内部构件29和凹外部构件31。图内部构件29包括在一端处扩口的耐低温金属管30。将相同合金的金属内板36固定到扩口端34上。凹外部构件31包括轴向连接到相同合金的耐低温金属外板40上的管式弯曲配件32。用于将配件永久地弯曲到凸内管30上的较薄圆柱部分38可位于管弯曲配件32上。如图6A所示，板40在其内表面上沿径向具有多个凹槽50或星芒图案。
图7和图8示出了对极性端口凸起的安装。为了将内板36定位到内管30的扩口端34上，内板36的内边缘被加工成适配在内管30的扩口端34上。然后将内板36压缩到扩口端34上。内管30的扩口放置内板36滑落并且提高了旋转刚性。为了将内板36的内边缘永久地固定到内管30的扩口端34上，在扩口端34的板/管接口的可视边缘处实施焊接。由于将内板36压紧到扩口端34上，如果在操作过程中出现任何剪切应力都，那么都会减少焊接。焊接也密封了内管30和内板36之间的潜在泄漏路径。如果需要，在将内管30和内板36压缩在一起之前，还可以在内管30和内板36之间使用密封剂。
扩口还提供了如漏斗状喷嘴在端口凸起28的端部处产生的可操作功能。这通过端部孔口的排放减少了流体阻力和压降。通过减小潜在的压降，在此入口可能出现的焦耳-汤普森效应和相关不良后果也减少了。
如图8示出的，通过将内部构件29插入通过在圆顶端部衬层部件20中的穿孔33来完成端口凸起28的装配。通过吹塑成型机的通风井形成穿孔33。如果穿孔33不是足够大以适配凸内部构件29，那么可以将穿孔进行铰孔以便将端口凸起28适配成极紧公差，即，在10/1000英寸内。为了进入圆顶衬层部件20的内侧，将进入孔切入到非测量圆顶端部中。
为了将两个构件定位到圆顶衬层部件20的顶点上，在移除最少量的聚合物衬层材料的情况下，可以机加工内顶点区域，以便将内板36适配在光滑表面上。然而，外顶点区域也机加工为光滑表面，机加工区域的深度使得当将外板40定位到机加工区域上时，外板40的外侧边缘保持与圆顶衬层部件20的外表面齐平。一旦将两个端口凸起构件29和31定位在适当位置中，就将两个相对的板36和40压缩在一起，以使得在所述板之间的聚合物衬层材料变成压缩的聚合物材料44.压缩将使衬层材料弹性或甚至塑性变形。为了保持在外板40和圆顶衬层部件20之间的齐平表面过渡，使外板40的直径大于内板36的直径。该结果使得当将相对的板36和40压缩在一起时，内板36将相对于聚合物衬层材料44和外板的外表面转移，以在聚合物衬层材料44和所述外板40的外表面之间留下齐平过渡。
一旦将端口凸起板压缩在一起而使得相对板之间的间距达到规定尺寸，则凹构件的弯曲适配件32便圆柱式压缩，以使得所述适配件永久地弯曲到内管30上。这可利用单一弯曲来完成，然而，可以进行两次或三次弯曲，以使得外部适配件32塑性变形，而内管30弹性变形。将此弹性和塑性变形结合以确保两个构件之间结合张力。内管30的变形从管的内侧是可见的。
内板36和夹入的衬层材料44之间的初级密封是定位在内板36的外边缘附近的O型密封圈35。为了容纳O型密封圈35，在靠近外边缘的内板36的内表面中机加工出一个凹槽。作为二级密封，将相似的O型密封圈37放置在内管30和内板36之间接口处。为了容纳二级O型密封圈37，在内板36的内边缘中机加工出腔体。O型密封圈的布置在焊接形成泄漏的不太可能的情况下会确保内板36和内管30之间的密封。
如果想密封更好的话，可以将第三个O型密封圈安装在外板40和弯曲配件32之间的接口边缘处。为了容纳此O型密封圈，在外板40的内边缘中机加工出腔体凹槽。
为了进一步提高内板36和聚合物衬层材料44之间的密封，在内板36的内表面中机加工出连续环形凹槽48。当将端口凸起板36和40压缩在一起时，聚合物衬层材料44弹性或塑性变形到这些环形凹槽中，每个环形凹槽都增强了端口凸起衬层接口的密封效果。环形凹槽48还有助于抵抗夹在所述端口凸起板36和40之间的压缩聚合物衬层材料48的潜在脱离，这在极度低温条件下可能发生。
对于衬层材料44和端口凸起板36及40之间的另外的抗脱离阻力，用于容纳O型密封环的圆形腔体制造的足以使得，当将相对的板36和40压缩在一起时，衬层材料44的凸片46在圆顶穿孔33的周边边缘处形成。凸片46抵抗可能由于衬层材料44相对于金属端口凸起材料的生成热收缩（或缺乏热收缩）而出现的潜在脱离。
既然期望超低温条件，那么金属端口凸起材料是一种耐低温合金，包括但不局限于不锈钢，铝或者钛。
为了阻止端点冲击对端口凸起28的潜在负面影响，将锥形颈部42适配所述端口凸起28（图8）的弯曲配件32上。锥形颈部构件42从衬层14向外扩口，使得将端点冲击分布到压力容器10的层压外壳22上而不是衬层14上。为了固定锥形颈部构件42，锥形颈部构件42弯曲到外凹端口凸起构件31上。
由于在细丝纤维缠绕工艺过程中，衬层14和端口凸起28的旋转稳定性极其重要，因此将星芒凹槽50机加工到外板40的内表面中。这些星芒凹槽50增大了外部端口凸起40和变形衬层材料44之间的抗扭强度/抗剪强度。
为了增大在细丝纤维缠绕工艺过程中作为心轴15的衬层14的稳定性，将心轴15（图9）装配到整体缠绕轴52上。缠绕轴52牢固地附接到两个端口凸起28上，使得来自细丝缠绕机的驱动架（drive-stock）的心轴15的旋转在相反的方向上驱动两个端口凸起28。这消除了在缠绕处理过程中衬层14的可能扭转。缠绕轴52还在两个端口凸起连接处装有密封件，以使得在细丝缠绕处理过程中，心轴15能够被填充空气或惰性气体以有助于保持刚度。
为了在细丝缠绕处理过程中增加或调节所设置的心轴15的内部压力，将阀54定位在与细丝缠绕机的尾架相关的缠绕轴52的端部处。为了确保心轴15的轴向对准，将端口凸起的内管30磨制或机加工为，使得缠绕轴52的外表面和端口凸起28的内管30的内表面之间存在小于万分之一英寸的间隙。
当将用于容置储存和运输气态流体26的四型压力容器冷冻时，“冷冻”集装箱12可以用作用于储存或运输前述气态流体26的厢体装置。这种“冷冻”集装箱12具有由夹在合成物或耐低温金属面板之间的硬质泡沫绝缘体制成的壁。作为替换，由波纹金属壁制成的标准联运集装箱12的内壁具有固定到内表面上的刚性膨胀泡沫或毯式绝缘体81。
由于需要定期检查容置在密闭集装箱12内的压力容器10，每个压力容器支撑模块框架11（图10）设计为易于安装、移除和重新安装到联运集装箱12.优选设计为由耐低温金属或合成物制成的矩形框架。模块支撑框架11可以支撑在水平或垂直方向上为球形（图11）的一个较大四型压力容器10，或者支撑在水平方向上的直径约为3英尺的多个圆柱形压力容器10。每个模块支撑框架11都定尺寸为使得其恰好适合通过ISO联运集装箱12的端门。为了有助于安装和移除模块支撑框架11，将耐低温金属件56永久地安装在联运集装箱12中。在所述结构件56和集装箱12（图12）的门开口的拐角内部对准的情况下，将耐低温金属件56定位在所述集装箱12的上部和下部长边缘处。当将耐低温金属件56固定到两个相邻平面中时，于是作为对集装箱12的附加结构支撑的这些耐低温金属件56被加倍。附加垂直件58还可以安装在所述集装箱12的垂直边缘附近，以进一步增大所述集装箱12的结构完整性。一旦模块框架11处于适当位置处，则通过弯曲或螺栓连接将该模块框架11固定到附加结构件56。
压力容器支撑框架11的尺寸被设计为使得安装灵活和可操作性好。长度约为17.0英尺长，使得单个框架11将适配到标准二十英尺ISO冷冻集装箱12或二十英尺英尺ISO船运集装箱12中。类似地，两个这种压力支撑框架11将适配在具有用于在所述集装箱12内的制冷设备78的空间的四十英尺冷冻集装箱或船运集装箱12中。类似地，三个压力容器支撑框架11将适配在五十三英尺ISO集装箱中。
框架11中的四型压力容器10的相对短的尺寸减小了压缩且储存在压力容器10内的流体状货物26的可能晃动。为了进一步阻止晃动的潜在负面影响，在每个圆柱形压力容器10的内部存在至少一个隔板60（图14）。此隔板60由与衬层14相同的聚合物材料制成并且热焊接到衬层部件20的内表面上。
将压力容器10的长度限制在大约17英尺的第三个原因是可以通过颈部在水平方向上支撑压力容器10。如果此压力容器10太长，则颈部式支撑系统是不适用的。当管理机构需要定期检查时，关于对此压力容器10的颈部式支撑的设计允许对外表面的完全可视检查。这还消除了在正常操作期间对于侧壁的可能应力集中。
当将四型压力容器10用在冷冻环境中时使用，图15中所示的硬质泡沫绝缘体80，以使得压力容器10外侧的以及支撑框架11的外周边内侧的全部空隙都被填充以绝缘体80.在所述模块支撑框架11的周边内侧不存在空隙。绝缘体80可以由刚性的吹制泡沫构成。另外，毯式绝缘体81可以固定到联运集装箱壁的内表面上。
由于吹制泡沫绝缘体80可以粘到压力容器10的外壁上，因此诸如聚乙烯或聚丙烯的薄层牺牲非粘性材料82（图16）在使用任何吹制膨胀泡沫绝缘体80之前都包绕在所述压力容器10周围。当将每个模块支撑框架11都安装好时，则可以将泡沫绝缘件80吹如支撑框架11和联运集装箱12的绝缘壁之间的空隙空间中。类似地，薄膜式牺牲层材料82可以设置在覆盖集装箱12的内壁的绝缘体81的下方和上方，以使得任何吹入膨胀泡沫绝缘体80都不会粘到所述集装箱壁或其绝缘体81上。
当预期液体或流体状气体存在于四型压力容器10内时，将汲取管62（图17）连接到定位在水平方向上的每个压力容器10的一个端口凸起28上。汲取管62的作用是吸取停留在所述压力容器10（在水平方向上）下侧的液体或流体状气体。汲取管62具有使端部接触或几乎接触在最低高度处的压力容器衬层14的内侧壁的弯曲长度和柔韧性。汲取管62的第二个作用是可能过滤通过在气体排放后有意保留在压力容器10内的液体装载到所述压力容器10中的气体。此液体可能是天然气，其中这种天然气液体在天然气中用作溶剂，以便在不需要附加压力或冷却的情况下增大净气体体积的密度。
为了便于装载互卸载气体或液体，将与汲取管62相关的的端口凸起28连接到液体连接管64（图18）上。液体连接管64延伸到集装箱12的操作舱口或操作门，在所述操作舱口或操作门处液体连接管64通过液体隔离阀66终止。液体隔离阀66提供了将在与汲取管62相关的端部上的相应压力容器10隔离的装置。
将相对的端口凸起（不具有汲取管62）连接到同样延伸到集装箱12的操作舱口或操作门（未示出）的气体连接管67。然而，气体连接管67类似地通过气体隔离阀68终止，就在将每个压力容器10的气体隔离阀68之前设置压力释放阀72。
在液体连接管64和气体连接管67各自上的隔离阀的主要作用是在储存尤其在运输过程中将所有压力容器10隔离以保证最大安全性。
每个压力释放阀72都连接到开口端通风管（未示出）的下游侧上。上述布置允许将每个压力容器10容置在待隔离的所述联运集装箱12中，并且提供过压保护。
为了装载和卸载气体或液体，将一个或多个泵79连接到一个或多个快速连接喷嘴74上。快速连接喷嘴74附接到气体歧管连接隔离阀70和液体歧管连接隔离阀73。所述气体歧管连接隔离阀70还附接到相应气体歧管69.类似地，所述液体歧管连接隔离阀73相应地附接到液体歧管71.气体歧管69连接到全部气体隔离阀68。类似地，液体歧管71连接到全部液体隔离阀66。在每个连续快速连接喷嘴74之间设置双用途的隔离阀75，以使得能够通过气体隔离阀68或液体隔离阀66将一个或全部快速连接喷嘴74连接到压力容器10。这种布置也允许气体歧管69和液体歧管71一起使用，以将气态流体26装载到四型压力容器10中或将气态流体26从四型压力容器10中卸载。
为了冷冻或加热在所述四型压力容器10内气态流体货物26，将冷却/加热管线76布置为与气体连接管67或液体连接管64（图18）之一或两者的外表面直接连接。这种对所述气体连接管67或液体连接管64的直接连接运行对压力容器10及其中的气体流体26进行冷却和/或加热，同时还消除了对主集装箱12内的冷凝器或蒸发器需求。这是非常有益的，因为所述集装箱12中没有空间用来操作冷凝器或蒸发器。
为了向压力容器10和其内的气态流体26直接提供冷却或加热，将所述冷却/加热管线76连接到附接于或封闭于主集装箱12内的冷冻/加热单元78。另选地，冷却/加热管线76可连接到冷冻/加热单元78，冷冻/加热单元78远离主集装箱12但是通过延伸的冷却/加热管线76连接到主集装箱12。
为了消除对主联运集装箱12内的压力容器10的可视检查的可能需求，压力容器10可以具有包绕在压力容器10周围的光敏光纤电缆84（图15），以便实时监控应变和温度。光纤电缆84将相互连接，以使得主集装箱12内的全部压力容器10都利用单一光源进行监控。光纤电缆84还可以在四型压力容器10的层压外壳22的多层细丝纤维内缠绕。
为了避免气态流体的从连接到管道的任何适配件中的可能泄露，排除了压力释放阀，在主集装箱12内的全部这种管道的连接都是利用扣环法兰或类似的非焊接连接。
虽然前述的实施方案是在冷冻条件下用于联运集装箱中的气态流体的储存和/或运输，但是同样用于相似尺寸的公路拖车。
对于在海运环境下运输大体积的气态流体26，将包含压力容器10的多个集装箱12装配到海船86（图20中示出）或驳船88（图21示出）上并且多个集装箱12的相互连接94，使得海船86或驳船88变成气态流体运输容器。在海船86或驳船88上使用相互连接94的联运集装箱12的优点在于在集装箱12内的系统的通风不需要存在于集装箱12中的空隙空间。联运集装箱12的外侧是耐海洋环境的，并且由此，其能够利用海洋性气候进行通风。利用其内具有耐低温四型压力容器10的相互连接94的集装箱12将现有的海船86或驳船88改装成气态流体运输容器，相对于新建造的海船86或驳船88气体运输系统提供了显著的成本优势。
利用弯曲的连接适配件形成的在海船86或驳船88上的多个集装箱12的相互连接94，使得在不需要对管和适配件进行焊接的情况下，消除了通过船舱中或甲板上的连接而泄露的可能性。
为了避免将气态流体26装载到压力容器封闭系统或将气态流体26从压力容器封闭系统中卸载所需的压缩机，将低压气态流体26冷冻为使得密度增大到约300kg/m3。在此密度下，当前用于石油化学工业（非天然气）中的专用泵79可以用来增加压力和密度。对于进一步增压，使用与用于加压和移动传统液化天然气（LNG）的泵类似的泵79。
为了将传统LNG加载到气态流体储存和运输系统中，通过泵送和加热将LNG增压到约零下一百摄氏度或以上，并且装载到储存和运输系统中。然后将作为加压的液化天然气的气体运输到市场终端。
利用气体封闭系统的联运特性，将一个或多个集装箱12安装在海船86或驳船88的甲板上或船身内，以储存用作燃料90的天然气，从而向所述海船86（图20）或驳船88提供动力。在某些情况下，仅仅耐低温四型压力容器10本身用于储存作为海船86或驳船88（图21）的燃料的天然气。
为储存或运输井筒流体（wellbore fluids），首先移除游离水。然后，为了安全、有效储存和/或运输的目的，将剩余的混合物冷冻并且装载到所述四型联运储存和运输系统中。
就发明的其他特性而言，下面几点是重要的方面：
i.衬层部件在焊接线处的壁厚比所述衬层其它区域的厚度厚；
ii.在熔合焊接所述衬层部件之前，将由聚合物衬层材料制成的一个或多个隔板安装在衬层部件内；
iii.端口凸起包括多个构件，所述多个构件一体地安装在一起并且压缩到圆顶衬层顶点上，然后圆柱式弯曲到一起，以便使端口凸起构件永久地固定到彼此并且固定到聚合物衬层圆顶的顶点；
iv.端口凸起包括两个不同的部件；
v.每个端口凸起都包括：耐低温金属管凸构件，其具有连接到一个端部处的补充板；第二部件，其包括用于弯曲到连接于在一个端部处的补充板的所述管上的耐低温金属凹适配件；
vi.在凸管构件上的补充板是内板并且其直径可能比凹构件外板小；vii.内板具有定位到外边缘附近的内面上的O型密封圈；
viii.内板具有定位其内边缘和耐低温金属管的外直径之间的O型密封圈；
ix.内板具有多个凹槽，所述多个凹槽机加工到在所述板的内面上的环形图案中；x.外板具有凹槽，所述凹槽机加工到在外板的内表面上的星芒图案中；
xi.压缩足以使夹在所述端口凸起的两个构件之间的聚合物衬层材料弹性或塑性变形；
xii.凹槽机加工到邻近端口凸起的内管构件的内板的内面和外板的内面的之一或两个上；
xiii.耐低温金属管在连接到内板的端部处扩口；
xiv.耐低温金属凹配件制造成具有较薄圆柱形部分，以有助于弯曲到耐低温金属凸管上；
xv.锥形颈部安装在耐低温凹配件的外侧上；
xvi.通过使用牢固地连接到两个端口凸起上的一体式缠绕轴，将纤维增强塑性外壳细丝缠绕到衬层上；
xvii.一体式缠绕轴形成了在端口凸起之间的气密密封；
xviii.一体式缠绕轴配备有阀和阀杆，以便在细丝缠绕处理过程中使衬层内部增压；
xix.框架具有大约17英尺（5.18米）的长度尺寸；
xx.端口凸起分别连接到气体连接管和液体连接管中的每个上；
xxi.气体连接管在隔离阀处终止；
xxii.气体连接管也在隔离阀之前连接到压力释放阀；
xxiii.液体连接管在隔离阀处终止；
xxiv.汲取管被牢固连接并密封到端口凸起内部，所述端口凸起与具有邻近所述四型压力容器的内侧壁的端部的液体连接管相关；
xxv.一个或多个气体隔离阀通过气体歧管连接管相互连接；
xxvi.至少一个快速连接装载与排放喷嘴分别连接到气体歧管连接隔离阀和液体歧管连接隔离阀；
xxvii.将一个或多个隔离阀安装于在气体歧管连接隔离阀和液体歧管连接隔离阀之前的连续的所述快速连接喷嘴之间，使得通过所述气体歧管连接管或液体歧管连接管之一或两个装载和/或卸载气态流体成为可能；
xxviii.可以通过扣环法兰或弯曲形成管道的连接；
xxix.液体连接管或气体连接管通过与冷却和/或加热管线的相应直接接触而被冷却或加热；
xxx.联运集装箱或公路拖车配备有冷冻设备；
xxxi.联运集装箱或公路拖车被供给适于连接到外部冷冻/加热系统的冷却/加热管线；
xxxii.联运集装箱或公路拖车具有在安装所述绝缘材料之前安装到集装箱壁内部上的非粘性材料；
xxxiii.四型压力容器封闭在硬质泡沫绝缘体中；
xxxiv.监控或检查的方式包括一体式包绕在四型压力容器外面的光纤电缆；
xxxv.联运集装箱或公路拖车用作用于气态流体的、具有沿着所述集装箱的内边缘安装的另外的耐低温金属件的储存和/或运输集装箱，以增加所述集装箱的结构完整性；
xxxvi.金属件用于固定和协助包含在联运集装箱或公路拖车内的所述四型压力容器的框架的安装；
xxxvii.联运集装箱安装在漂浮容器上并且在漂浮容器上相互连接，以将所述容器转换成气态流体运输容器；
xxxviii.所述多种气态流体中的一种气态流体可以是未处理或稍加处理过的井筒流体。

Claims (19)

1.一种用于运输冷冻气态流体的轻质联运或公路拖车基础系统，其包括：
密闭且保温的运输厢体；以及
多个直径至少为三英尺的耐低温四型压力容器，它们固定在用于容纳所述气态流体的所述运输厢体内。
2.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其中，所述耐低温四型压力容器包括：
聚合物吹塑成型或诺托模制成型衬层，其由至少两个衬层部件制成；
在所述衬层上的耐低温金属极性端口凸起；以及
纤维增强塑性外壳，其由在所述聚合物衬层上的热塑性基体中的连续的纤维材料束的细丝缠绕形成。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的系统，其中，所述气态流体选自：天然气及其组分、氢气、氮气、二氧化碳、井筒内含物、空气及其组合物。
4.根据权利要求2或3所述的系统，其中，所述纤维材料选自玻璃纤维、玄武岩纤维、碳纤维及其组合物。
5.根据权利要求2至4中任一项所述的系统，其中，将在极性端部处永久地固定端口凸起的两个或多个所述衬层部件熔合焊接在一起，以形成完整的衬层。
6.根据权利要求2至5中任一项所述的系统，其中，所述端口凸起通过压缩和弯曲固定到所述衬层部件的圆顶部分的顶点上。
7.根据权利要求2至6中任一项所述的系统，其中，所述聚合物吹塑成型衬层包括高密度聚乙烯（HDPE）。
8.根据权利要求2至7中任一项所述的系统，其中，所述熔合焊接的衬层部件形成球形或圆柱形。
9.根据权利要求2至8中任一项所述的系统，其中，所述衬层部件的主体部分的壁厚是最薄的。
10.根据权利要求2至9中任一项所述的系统，其中，所述衬层的圆顶端部的壁厚大于主体壁厚。
11.根据权利要求1至10中任一项所述的系统，其中，矩形形状的耐低温金属或非金属合成框架支撑至少一个四型压力通气并且定尺寸为适配通过所述运输厢体的端门。
12.根据权利要求2至11中任一项所述的系统，其中，所述四型压力容器在垂直或水平方向上支撑在金属或非金属矩形框架中的所述端口凸起处。
13.根据权利要求1至12中任一项所述的系统，还包括固定到所述联运集装箱或公路材料的内表面上的绝缘体材料。
14.根据权利要求1至13中任一项所述的系统，其中，所述四型压力容器包绕有诸如聚乙烯或聚丙烯的非粘性薄膜式材料。
15.根据权利要求1至14中任一项所述的系统，其中，所述天然气或其它气态流体被冷却且压缩为使得密度超过300kg/m3。
16.根据权利要求1至15中任一项所述的系统，其中，所述冷冻和压缩的气态流体被泵送，以便装载和/或卸载。
17.一种在运输厢体内的保温的四型压力容器组，其用于储存作为船舶的燃料的天然气。
18.根据权利要求17所述的容器，还包括定位在所述容器周围用于监控温度和/或应变的光纤电缆。
19.一种提供用于储存和/或运输冷冻气态流体的轻质联运集装箱或公路拖车系统的方法，其包括：
将传统的液化天然气（LNG）装载到容置在用于通过公路或通过海运运输加压液化天然气的运输厢体内的保温四型压力容器中。
CN201280051934.7A 2011-08-22 2012-08-22 生产四型气缸及将其安装在用于气态流体运输的运输厢体中方法 Active CN103890480B (zh)

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