CN104272656A - 软件定义网络中的网络反馈 - Google Patents

软件定义网络中的网络反馈 Download PDF

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CN104272656A
CN104272656A CN201380022889.7A CN201380022889A CN104272656A CN 104272656 A CN104272656 A CN 104272656A CN 201380022889 A CN201380022889 A CN 201380022889A CN 104272656 A CN104272656 A CN 104272656A
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CN104272656B (zh
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M·P·坎彻尔拉
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Avago Technologies General IP Singapore Pte Ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
    • H04L45/42—Centralised routing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L41/00—Arrangements for maintenance, administration or management of data switching networks, e.g. of packet switching networks
    • H04L41/08—Configuration management of networks or network elements
    • H04L41/0893—Assignment of logical groups to network elements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L41/00—Arrangements for maintenance, administration or management of data switching networks, e.g. of packet switching networks
    • H04L41/08—Configuration management of networks or network elements
    • H04L41/0896—Bandwidth or capacity management, i.e. automatically increasing or decreasing capacities
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L41/00—Arrangements for maintenance, administration or management of data switching networks, e.g. of packet switching networks
    • H04L41/34—Signalling channels for network management communication
    • H04L41/342—Signalling channels for network management communication between virtual entities, e.g. orchestrators, SDN or NFV entities
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L43/00—Arrangements for monitoring or testing data switching networks
    • H04L43/02—Capturing of monitoring data
    • H04L43/026—Capturing of monitoring data using flow identification
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L43/00—Arrangements for monitoring or testing data switching networks
    • H04L43/20—Arrangements for monitoring or testing data switching networks the monitoring system or the monitored elements being virtualised, abstracted or software-defined entities, e.g. SDN or NFV
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L47/00—Traffic control in data switching networks
    • H04L47/10—Flow control; Congestion control
    • H04L47/24—Traffic characterised by specific attributes, e.g. priority or QoS
    • H04L47/2483—Traffic characterised by specific attributes, e.g. priority or QoS involving identification of individual flows
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L69/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services independent of the application payload and not provided for in the other groups of this subclass
    • H04L69/22—Parsing or analysis of headers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L41/00—Arrangements for maintenance, administration or management of data switching networks, e.g. of packet switching networks
    • H04L41/08—Configuration management of networks or network elements
    • H04L41/0894—Policy-based network configuration management
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L41/00—Arrangements for maintenance, administration or management of data switching networks, e.g. of packet switching networks
    • H04L41/08—Configuration management of networks or network elements
    • H04L41/0895—Configuration of virtualised networks or elements, e.g. virtualised network function or OpenFlow elements

Abstract

本发明的实施例提供了一种能够向软件定义网络中的控制器提供反馈的计算系统。计算系统包括策略管理模块和耦合到策略管理模块的通信模块。在运行过程中，策略管理模块识别指示数据流将如何被处理的本地策略并且识别与策略相关联的数据流。通信模块构建对于来自软件定义网络中的控制器的流定义的请求。流定义指示在软件定义网络中所述数据流如何被处理。

Description

软件定义网络中的网络反馈
技术领域
本公开内容涉及网络管理。更具体地说，本公开内容涉及一种用于促进软件定义网络中的网络反馈的方法和系统。
背景技术
互联网的指数增长使它成为异构数据流的普遍传输介质。这种异构性导致了对带宽与日俱增的需求。因此，设备供应商争相制造具有通用功能的更大更快的交换机，例如使用软件定义数据流，以有效传递更多通信量。然而，交换机的复杂程度不可能无止境地增加。它受限于比如物理空间，功耗和设计复杂性。此外，更高更通用功能的交换机通常更复杂、更昂贵。
软件定义流是数据通信网络中的一种新模式。任何支持软件定义流的网络可被称为软件定义网络。软件定义网络的示例可以是OpenFlow网络，其中网络管理员可以基于流定义来配置交换机如何运行，流定义可以跨越网络协议的不同层来定义。软件定义网络将控制相应网络设备(如，路由器和交换机)所需智能分开并且将控制机制分担给远程控制设备(通常是独立服务器或终端设备)。因此，软件定义网络为在网络中管理数据流提供了完整的控制和灵活性。
尽管支持软件定义流为网络带来令人满意的特性，但是在促进用于生成和管理软件定义网络中的流定义时仍然存在一些尚未解决的问题。
发明内容
本发明的实施例提供了一种能够向软件定义网络中的控制器提供反馈的计算系统。计算系统包括策略管理模块和耦合到策略管理模块的通信模块。在运行过程中，策略管理模块识别指示数据流将如何被处理的本地策略并且识别与策略相关联的数据流。通信模块构建对于来自软件定义网络中的控制器的流定义的请求。流定义指示在软件定义网络中所述数据流如何被处理。
在本实施例的变体中，通信模块将数据包识别为属于所述数据通信量流。策略管理模块随后确定所述数据包是否与所述策略相匹配，并且响应于所述数据包与所述策略相匹配而指令所述通信模块来构建所述请求。
在本实施例的变体中，软件定义网络是支持OpenFlow的网络。
在本实施例的变体中，计算系统是向软件定义网络提供服务的装置，并且策略与所述服务相关联。
在本实施例的变体中，计算系统也包括耦合到策略管理模块的策略执行模块。策略执行模块将请求标记为强制执行的，以指示所述请求的强制执行。
在进一步的变体中，计算系统也包括耦合到策略执行模块的脚本引擎。脚本引擎接收可被脚本引擎识别的格式的策略。
在进一步的变体中，计算系统也包括控制模块，其作为软件定义网络的控制器来操作计算系统。
附图说明
图1A图示依据本发明实施例的具有网络反馈支持的示例性软件定义网络。
图1B依据本发明的实施例、结合图1A的示例图示软件定义网络中的数据流卸载。
图2A呈现了图示依据本发明实施例的、在软件定义网络中智能网络设备提供反馈给控制器的过程的流程图。
图2B呈现了图示依据本发明的实施例、软件定义网络中的控制器基于来自智能网络设备的反馈生成流定义的过程的流程图。
图3图示依据本发明实施例的、通过智能网络设备进行策略执行的示例性软件定义网络。
图4A呈现了图示依据本发明实施例的、智能网络设备提供策略执行的反馈给软件定义网络中的控制器的过程的流程图。
图4B呈现了图示依据本发明实施例的、软件定义网络中的控制器基于来自智能网络设备的策略执行的反馈生成流定义的过程的流程图。
图5图示依据本发明实施例的具有作为控制器来操作的智能网络设备的示例性软件定义网络。
图6呈现了图示依据本发明实施例的、在软件定义网络中作为控制器操作的智能网络设备基于本地策略执行来生成流定义的过程的流程图。
图7图示依据本发明实施例的、在软件定义网络中能够给控制器提供反馈的示例性计算系统。
在这些图中，相似的参考标号指代相同的附图元素。
具体实施方式
以下描述被呈现以使本领域技术人员能够制造和使用本发明，并且以下描述是在特定应用及其要求的背景下被提供的。对公开的实施方式的多种修改对本领域技术人员是显而易见的，并且这里定义的一般原则在不背离本发明的精神和范围下可以被应用于其他实施方式和应用中。因此，本发明不局限于所展示的实施方式，而适用于与权利要求书一致的最广泛的范围。
在本发明的实施例中，在软件定义网络中基于网络状况和策略生成流定义的问题按如下方式解决：(1)在软件定义网络中，提供有关网络状况的反馈给控制器，从而允许控制器基于反馈来生成流定义；以及(2)由一个或多个智能网络设备在控制器上强制执行网络策略。
在软件定义网络中控制器通过生成包括规则和对应动作的流定义来提供转发智能(即，控制平面)。软件定义网络中的交换机是基于流定义操作的典型的被动实体。允许控制器基于软件定义网络的状况来控制交换机通常是可取的。理想情况下，控制器作为独立设备，应该提供适应于网络状况的流定义(例如使用OpenFlow定义的那些)。然而，使用现有技术，控制器一般基于本地配置和策略而不使用软件定义网络中可用的信息或状态来生成流定义。因此，控制器的有效性是有限的并且可能不会捕获网络的当前状况。
这里描述的上述问题的解决方案是双重的。首先，在软件定义网络中，能够做出关于网络状况决策的一个或多个智能网络设备，可以提供关于网络状况的反馈给控制器。这样的反馈采用控制器可识别和分析的格式。一旦接收到反馈，控制器分析这个反馈并基于反馈所指示的网络状况做出更智能的决策。为支持网络反馈，控制器也能够从智能网络设备接收反馈消息并依此生成流定义。
其次，除了允许智能网络设备提供反馈以外，控制器可以协助强制执行特定的配置和策略。许多智能网络设备要求复杂网络情景的表达，这通过简单网络反馈通常是做不到的。在本发明的实施例中，智能网络设备实施本地配置或策略来捕获复杂的网络状况，特别包括复杂的情景，并强制控制器生成反映配置和策略的流定义。在一些实施例中，如果智能网络设备有足够的能力(例如，处理和存储能力)，设备可以作为控制器来操作，从而在软件定义网络中消除对作为控制器操作的单独设备的需求。
在本公开内容中，术语“软件定义网络”指代通过在流定义中指定与流关联的动作来便于对相应数据流进行控制的网络。控制器可以是服务器，其与软件定义网络相耦合而在软件定义网络中提供相应的交换机及流定义。流定义可以包括优先级数值，指定流的规则，以及该流的动作(例如，转发端口或“丢弃”)。流定义的规则可以指定例如在十元组中的任意值的结合{输入端口，虚拟局域网(VLAN)标识，介质访问控制(MAC)源和目的地址，以太网类型，网际协议(IP)源和目的地址，网际协议，传输控制协议(TCP)源和目的端口}。其他包头域也可以被包括在流规则中。根据它的特异性，流规则可以对应于网络中的一个或多个流。各数据包一经匹配规则，软件定义网络中的交换机便将采取对应流定义中的动作。软件定义网络的示例包括、但不限于OpenFlow，如Open Networking Foundation(ONF)规范“OpenFlow Switch Specification”中所描述的那样，上述规范可从http://www.openflow.org/documents/openflow-spec-v1.1.0.pdf获得，并且通过引用而并入本文。
在本公开内容中，软件定义网络中能够处理软件定义流的交换机被称为“软件可定义”交换机。这样的软件可定义交换机可以包括处理软件定义流的端口和为了常规包转发(例如，层2/以太网交换，或IP路由)而预留的端口，后者在本公开内容中被称为“普通端口”。流定义通常包括一个或多个软件可定义输入端口，该定义适用于这些端口。通过任何端口到达的任何流潜在地可以是通用流定义的匹配。
术语“策略”在通常意义上被使用，指代为与任意网络层相关联的数据流提供特定动作的任何操作或操作组。任何与网络设备对数据流做出决策相关联的动作都可以被称为“策略”。术语“智能网络设备”也在通常意义上被使用，指代网络中能够做出决策、感知网络状况、和/或实施策略的任何设备。“智能网络设备”可以是与交换机分离的设备，或运行在交换机中的硬件或软件模块。能够提供服务(即，网络所要求的特定功能)的“智能网络设备”也可以被认为是装置。在本公开内容中，术语“智能网络设备”和“装置”可以互换使用。
在一些实施例中，软件定义网络是结构交换机，并且软件定义网络中的各交换机是结构交换机的成员交换机。结构交换机可以是以太网结构交换机。在以太网结构交换机中，耦合成任意拓扑结构的任意数量的交换机可以在逻辑上表现为单个交换机。任何新交换机可以无需任何人工配置以“即插即用”方式加入或离开结构交换机。结构交换机对于终端设备表现为单个逻辑交换机。
尽管本公开内容采用基于OpenFlow的示例来呈现，但是本发明的实施例不限于使用OpenFlow或特定的开放系统互联参考模型(OSI参考模型)层而定义的网络。在本公开内容中，术语“软件定义网络”在通常意义上被使用，并且可以指代任何通过控制器、基于软件定义规则来促进数据流交换的网络。术语“流定义”同样在通常意义上被使用，并且可以指代任何识别属于特定流的数据帧和/或规定交换机应当如何处理帧的规则。
术语“终端设备”可以指代主机、常规的层2交换机、或任何其他类型的网络设备。此外，终端设备可以被耦合到远离网络的任何交换机或主机上。终端设备也可以是若干网络设备接入网络的聚集点。
术语“消息”指代可在网络上一起被传输的一组二进制位。“消息”不应被解读为将本发明的实施例局限于任何特定网络层。“消息”可被指代一组二进制位的其他名词取代，例如“帧”、“包”、“单元”、或“数据报”。术语“帧”在通常意义上被使用，并且不应被解读为将本发明的实施例局限于层2网络。“帧”可被指代一组二进制位的其他名词取代，例如“包”、“单元”、或“数据报”。
术语“交换机”在通常意义上被使用，并且可以指代运行在任何网络层的任何独立的或结构交换机(fabric switch)。“交换机”不应被解读为将本发明的实施例局限于层2网络。任何能够转发通信量给终端设备的设备可以被认为是“交换机”。“交换机”的示例包括、但不限于：层2交换机、层3路由器、多链接半透明互联(TRILL)路由桥(RBridge)、光纤路由器、或结构交换机。
术语“以太网结构交换机”指代若干互联的物理交换机，它们组成单个可扩展的逻辑交换机。在结构交换机中，任意数量的交换机可以被连接成拓扑结构，并且整组交换机共同充当单个逻辑交换机。这个特征使得有可能使用很多更小、便宜的交换机来构造大的结构交换机，该结构交换机从外部被视为单个逻辑交换机。
图1A图示依据本发明实施例的具有网络反馈支持的示例性软件定义网络。软件网络100包括能够处理软件定义流的软件可定义交换机101、102、103、104、105和106。控制器120在逻辑上耦合到网络100中的所有软件可定义交换机。控制器120和网络100中的相应交换机之间的逻辑连接可以包括一个或多个物理链路。终端设备112和118被分别耦合到交换机104和101。终端设备112可以是运行虚拟机114和116的物理主机。智能网络设备130被耦合到交换机103。在一些实施例中，设备130是向网络100提供服务(例如，防火墙保护，负载均衡，入侵检测/防护，网络/设备虚拟化等)的装置。
在一些实施例中，虚拟机116作为虚拟安全设备来操作，该虚拟安全设备具有检测特定网络状况例如网络100上的安全攻击的必要智能。在运行过程中，虚拟机116检测网络100中的一个或多个交换机上的攻击。然而，因为虚拟机116是虚拟设备，与其他虚拟机例如虚拟机114共享物理资源，所以虚拟机116没有足够的能力(例如，处理和/或存储需求)来保护整个网络免于攻击。此外，虚拟机116没有网络100的全局视图。例如，虚拟机116不知道设备130。
为了解决这个问题，一旦检测到攻击，虚拟机116便构建包括所检测到的攻击的反馈消息并发送该消息至控制器120。该反馈消息采用控制器120已知的格式。虚拟机116可以与控制器120通过一个或多个物理链路建立逻辑连接132来交换信息。在一些实施例中，控制器120包括能够接收和处理来自网络设备的反馈的软件/硬件模块，从而允许控制器做出更智能的决策以及解决反馈所指出的问题。控制器120接收反馈消息并识别当前网络状况(例如，识别所检测到的攻击)。控制器120随后生成一个或多个流定义来反击以及将流定义分发给与攻击相关联的交换机。
例如，当虚拟机115检测到来自终端设备118的攻击，虚拟机116在反馈消息中包括该信息。因此，控制器120也知晓了来自终端设备118的已检测的攻击的关联。作为响应，控制器120将进行反击的流定义分发给交换机101。交换机101使用数据结构(例如，链表)来存储流定义并将流定义合并到硬件中(例如，在内容可寻址存储器或CAM中)的查找信息中。这种流定义的示例可以包括、但不限于：丢弃从与所检测的攻击相关联的IP地址(在本例中为终端设备118的IP地址)接收的所有通信量，特定种类的通信量的重定向以做进一步检查、转发潜在有害的通信量到筛选或过滤设备、以及这些动作的任意组合。
除了虚拟机116外，控制器120可以接收来自设备130的反馈。设备130可以通过一个或多个物理链路建立与控制器120的逻辑连接来交换信息。因为虚拟机116和设备130各自独立地提供反馈给控制器120，所以反馈不是相互协调的。例如，控制器120可以从虚拟机116和设备130在不同时间点接收两个相关的反馈消息。这些反馈消息可以影响反映相同策略的流定义的生成。因此，控制器120可以做出关于是否基于特定反馈消息来生成流定义的最后决策。一旦接收到来自虚拟机116的反馈消息，控制器120便可以等待一段时间来接收来自其他网络设备即设备130的反馈消息。一旦控制器120接收来自虚拟机116和设备130的反馈消息，控制器120便处理这些反馈并决定是否生成流定义。注意，来自虚拟机116和设备130的反馈可以对应于相关(例如，相互依赖的)或不相关的事件。
智能网络设备，比如设备130，通常是昂贵的。例如，使用现有技术，设备130的每端口成本可以显著地高于标准交换机，例如交换机101和105。通常，通过设备130的通信量越大，发生的成本越高。例如，通过设备130的大量数据通信量要求设备130配备有大量昂贵的处理器和更多存储器。因此，将通信量从昂贵设备例如设备130卸载到相对便宜的交换机例如交换机101和105，可以带来显著的成本降低。
图1B依据本发明的实施例，结合图1A的示例图示软件定义网络中的数据流卸载。在运行过程中，终端设备112中的虚拟机114发起与终端设备118的双向数据通信140。在这个示例中，终端设备118可以是数据服务器。数据通信140的上行数据流路径142和下行数据流路径144-1通过设备130来接收设备130提供的特定服务。将下行数据流路径144-1从昂贵设备130卸载到相对便宜的交换机101和105，可以带来显著的成本降低。
使用现有技术，网络100可以允许智能网络设备比如设备130仅处理上行流的通信量。例如，如果设备130是负载均衡装置，则网络100允许设备130通过仅检查上行流路径142的通信量来对网络100中的通信量做负载均衡。然后，通过从设备130卸载数据通信量可以带来显著成本降低，仅检查上行流路径142的通信量会带来一些局限。通过不检查下行流路径144-1的通信量，设备130无法进行基于内容的负载均衡(其通常需要同时检查部分下行数据流144-1)或实现更高级的安全特征，例如“SYN攻击”防护。例如，如果终端设备118是视频服务器，则下行流路径144-1的通信量包括到虚拟机114的流传输视频。基于内容的负载均衡可以仅通过检查部分下行流路径144-1来执行。因此，使用现有技术，通过卸载所有下行通信量来获得成本降低限制了可以提供给网络100的服务。
为了解决这一问题，设备130提供反馈给控制器120以部分或全部卸载选择性的下行流。例如，设备130首先检查下行通信量的几个包，并提供与下行通信量相关联的服务。之后，如果下行流路径144-1的通信量是带宽密集的(例如，视频流或大文件共享)，则设备130可以构建请求控制器120生成用于卸载来自设备130的通信量的流定义的反馈消息。设备130可以通过识别与流路径相关联的端口号(例如，对应于端口号8080的所有视频流)或检查属于下行流路径144-1的通信量的数据包的包头，来识别下行流路径144-1的通信量为带宽密集的。在设备130将下行流路径144-1识别为用于卸载的候选之后，设备130创建相应的反馈消息。在一些实施例中，反馈消息识别了下行流路径144-1并且可以包括一个或多个期望的将在下行流路径144-1的通信量上执行的动作(例如，网络地址转换或NAT)。
一旦接收到反馈消息，控制器120便检测下行流路径144-1以作为用于卸载的候选。在一些实施例中，控制器120进一步识别更合适的路径用于虚拟机114和终端设备118之间的数据通信140。更合适路径的示例可以包括、但不限于：更短距离的数据路径，更少跳的数据路径，更低拥塞的数据路径，更高/更低使用率的数据路径，以及更低延迟的数据路径。在图1B的示例中，下行流路径144-1的最合适的路径可以是通过交换机101和105而绕过交换机102的路径。控制器120生成指令交换机101通过下行流路径144-2来转发通信量到交换机105的流定义，这个路径是对应于下行流路径144-1的已进行卸载的下行流路径。控制器120可能生成另一流定义，其指令交换机105通过下行流路径144-2将通信量转发到终端设备112。控制器120分别发送这些流定义到交换机101和105。因此，交换机101和105从设备130卸载通信量并重定向通信量通过下行流路径144-2。尽管图1B的示例描述了基于网络反馈的下行流路径144-1的数据卸载，但是如果需要的话，控制器120可以生成用于对上行流路径142、或对上行数据流路径142和下行数据流路径144-1同时进行卸载的流定义。
从智能网络设备卸载通信量可以允许部署众多更小、更便宜的智能网络设备而非昂贵高性能设备，以便以分布式的方式来提供服务。例如，如果智能网络设备130是防火墙，则设备130可以借助于流卸载。从设备130卸载带宽密集的数据流提供了高可扩展性。在这样场景下，智能但较低性能的防火墙相对于较低智能但较高吞吐量的防火墙更适合于网络100。因此，反馈机制和设备130的智能允许网络100在不要求更昂贵、更高性能设备的情况下接收服务。
因为设备130不检查下行流路径144-2的通信量，所以下行流路径144-2的控制消息也绕过设备130。然而，一旦数据通信140中断，交换机101和105则需要移除对应的流定义实体。此外，设备130需要清除与数据通信140相关联的状态。因此，设备130需要接收控制消息以知晓数据通信140的当前状态。为了达到这个目的，当设备130发送反馈消息给控制器120时，设备130可以指示仅数据通信140的数据包(即，非控制包)需要从设备130卸载。因此，下行数据包遵循下行流路径144-2，而下行控制包遵循下行流路径144-1。
当设备130检测到数据通信140的中断时，设备130构建指示数据通信140的中断的通知消息。设备130发送这个消息给控制器120。控制器120随后为交换机101和105生成指令消息，该指令消息包括用于移除与数据通信140相关联的流定义的指令。例如，当交换机101接收到指令消息时，交换机101移除与流路径142、144-1和144-2相关联的流定义。通过检查控制消息，设备130在不间断进行的通信期间可以促进除操纵(例如，服务器失败)之外的其他服务。
网络反馈
在图1B的示例中，智能网络设备130提供反馈给控制器120。一旦接收到反馈，控制器120便基于反馈生成流定义。图2A呈现了图示依据本发明实施例的、在软件定义网络中智能网络设备提供反馈给控制器的过程的流程图。设备首先识别与设备相关联的数据流(操作202)并检查数据流是否需要设备所提供的服务(操作204)。注意，设备可能不提供任何服务。
如果数据流需要设备所提供的服务，则设备在数据流上执行该服务(操作206)。例如，如果设备是防火墙，则在操作206中，设备检查数据流是否被允许继续。设备可以基于该服务可选地检查数据流是否有效(操作208)。一些服务，比如负载均衡，不需要有效性检查。如果所识别的数据流是无效的，则设备对无效流执行规定的动作(操作220)。例如，如果设备是入侵防护设备，则设备通过检查流是否是入侵流来检查流的有效性。如果是，则规定的动作可以是丢弃该入侵流。
如果所识别的流是有效的，则设备检查是否针对这个流调用策略(操作210)。例如，如果数据流是视频流，则针对数据流的策略可以是从设备卸载数据流，如结合图1B所述。如果策略被调用，则设备基于策略生成对流定义的请求(操作212)并构建包括该请求的反馈消息(操作214)。设备随后发送这个反馈消息给软件定义网络的控制器(操作216)。这个反馈消息采用控制器可识别和可分析的格式。如果策略没有被调用(操作210)或者发送消息给控制器后(操作216)，设备基于它的转发表来转发这个数据流通信量(操作218)。
图2B呈现了图示依据本发明的实施例、软件定义网络中的控制器基于来自智能网络设备的反馈生成流定义的过程的流程图。一旦从智能网络设备接收到请求流定义的反馈消息(操作252)，控制器便检查是否控制器具有任何其他相关的请求(操作254)。这个操作确保控制器考虑所有相关的请求来生成流定义，如结合图1A所述。如果控制器具有任何其他相关的请求，则控制器取回相关的请求(操作256)。如果控制器没有任何其他相关的请求(操作254)或取回相关的请求之后(操作256)，控制器分析请求以生成流定义(操作258)。
控制器随后检查请求是否是当前可寻址的(操作260)。因为控制器具有网络的全局视图，所以控制器可以决定来自设备的请求是否是可寻址的。例如，如果请求是针对改变数据流的路径的并且被改变的路径转移了来自另一个为流提供了必需服务的设备的数据通信量，则控制器可以将请求视为不可寻址的。如果请求是当前不可寻址的，则控制器可以可选地保存这个请求以供将来评估(操作270)。否则，控制器基于请求生成一个或多个流定义(操作262)。控制器识别与流定义相关联的交换机(操作264)，构建包括流定义的通知消息(操作266)，并发送相应的通知消息给对应的识别出的交换机(操作268)。
策略执行
在图1B的示例中，智能网络设备130可以请求控制器120生成流定义。然而，这个请求的执行点是控制器120，其中控制器120决定是否处理这个请求。然而，软件定义网络100中的设备130也可以作为网络策略的执行点，其中设备130可以强制控制器120生成流定义。图3图示依据本发明实施例的、通过智能网络设备进行策略执行的示例性软件定义网络。
软件定义网络300包括软件可定义交换机301、302、303、304、305和306，它们能够处理软件定义流。控制器320在逻辑上耦合到在网络300中的所有软件可定义交换机。控制器320和网络300中相应交换机之间的逻辑连接可以包括一个或多个物理链路。终端设备312和314被分别耦合到交换机305和301。智能网络设备330和340被分别耦合到交换机302和304。在一些实施例中，设备330和340中的一个或两者是向网络300提供服务(例如，防火墙保护，负载均衡，入侵检测/防护，网络/设备虚拟化等)的装置。
在一些实施例中，设备330可以作为策略执行点来操作。设备330允许网络管理员以灵活的方式表达一个或多个策略。基于这些策略，设备330显式地强制控制器320生成一个或多个流定义。设备330可以与控制器320通过一个或多个逻辑链路建立逻辑连接332以交换信息。注意，虽然网络300包括许多智能网络设备，但不是所有设备都需要成为执行点。例如，网络300包括设备330和340。然而，设备340在软件定义网络中并不作为执行点来操作而作为普通智能网络设备来操作，例如图1B的示例中的设备130。
在图3的示例中，网络管理员可以表达特定的策略给设备330。例如，策略可以指示设备330监测对特定电子邮件账户的所有访问。因为用户可以从有互联网访问的任何地址访问该电子邮件账户，所以任何访问该电子邮件账户的数据通信量都需要监测。设备330可以针对相应的访问维护状态。使用现有技术，这种程度的密集大规模检查超出了常规控制器320的范围。因此，对于这种策略执行，设备330比控制器320更适合。在一些实施例中，网络管理员使用一种应用脚本引擎(例如，OpenScript)来表达策略。
如果设备330检测到任何从IP地址对这个电子邮件账户的恶意访问，则监测与这个IP地址相关联的所有活动(例如，从这个IP地址对其他电子邮件账户或服务的访问)是可取的。然而，其他来自这个IP地址的通信量可能不通过设备330。此外，设备330可能不便于这种额外的监测。因此，需要额外的网络级别策略来监测来自这个IP地址的所有通信量。为了便于全网络监测，设备330强制控制器320为网络300中的交换机生成一个或多个流定义以提供这种监测。
假设设备330检测到来自终端设备324针对数据流的策略匹配(例如，从恶意IP地址对电子邮件账户的恶意访问)。因此，设备330调用第二策略(例如，监测来自这个恶意IP地址的所有通信量)。设备330指示控制器320生成对应于第二策略的流定义。一旦接收到这个指令，控制器320生成流定义并发送流定义到网络300中的一个或多个对应交换机。在一些实施例中，网络300可以进一步包括一个监测设备350。对应于第二策略的流定义可以指定相应的交换机来转发所有与这个恶意IP地址相关联的通信量给监测设备350。因此，如果交换机305检测到来自恶意IP地址的数据流，则交换机305转发这个流给交换机306，交换机306继而转发这个流给监测设备350。监测设备350可以检查接收到的流并收集有关所有恶意活动的信息。
图4A呈现了图示依据本发明实施例的、智能网络设备提供策略执行的反馈给软件定义网络中的控制器的过程的流程图。设备识别相应的本地流(操作402)。设备随后检查接收到的与这个流相关联的数据通信量(操作404)并将流的特征与所表达的强制执行的策略进行比较(操作406)。该策略可以由网络管理员使用应用脚本引擎来表达。设备检测是否策略已经针对这个流被触发(操作410)，这个策略可以是与所表达的策略不同的策略，如结合图3所述。
如果没有策略被触发，则设备继续检查通信量(操作404)。否则，设备基于被触发的策略生成对流定义的请求(操作412)并标记这个请求为“强制执行的”(操作414)。设备随后构建包括这个请求的反馈消息(操作416)并发送这个反馈消息给软件定义网络的控制器(操作418)。这样，控制器识别这个请求为来自执行点。在一些实施例中，设备标记这个反馈请求为“强制执行的”。设备可以基于设备所提供的一项服务可选地检查流是否有效(操作420)。如果所识别的数据流是无效的，则设备对无效流执行规定的动作(操作424)。如果所识别的数据流是有效的，则设备转发这个数据流通信量给从其接收这个数据流通信量的本地交换机(操作426)。注意，设备也可以提供非强制执行的反馈给控制器，如结合图2A所述。
图4B呈现了图示依据本发明实施例的、软件定义网络中的控制器基于来自智能网络设备的策略执行的反馈生成流定义的过程的流程图。一旦从智能网络设备接收到请求流定义的反馈消息(操作452)，控制器检查请求是否是强制执行的(操作454)。接收到的反馈消息或请求可以指示强制执行。如果请求不是强制执行的，则控制器检查是否控制器具有任何其他相关的请求(操作456)。如果控制器具有任何其他相关的请求，则控制器取回相关的请求(操作460)。如果控制器没有任何其他相关的请求(操作456)或在取回相关的请求之后(操作460)，控制器分析请求以生成流定义(操作462)。
控制器随后检查请求是否是当前可寻址的(操作464)。如果请求当前不可寻址，则控制器可以可选地保存这个请求以供将来评估(操作466)。如果请求是强制执行的(操作454)或请求是当前可寻址的(操作464)，则控制器基于请求生成一个或多个流定义(操作470)。控制器识别与流定义相关联的交换机(操作472)，构建包括流定义的通知消息(操作474)，并发送相应的通知消息给对应的识别出的交换机(操作476)。
集成控制器
在一些实施例中，智能网络设备可以作为软件定义网络中的控制器而不是单独的控制器来操作。图5图示依据本发明实施例的具有作为控制器来操作的智能网络设备的示例性软件定义网络。网络500包括两个软件定义网络552和554。网络552包括软件可定义交换机501、502、503和504。智能网络设备532作为网络552的控制器来操作。尽管设备532仅被物理地耦合到交换机504，但是设备532在逻辑上耦合到网络552中的所有软件可定义交换机。设备532和网络552中相应的交换机之间的逻辑连接可以包括一个或多个物理链路。终端设备512和514被分别耦合到交换机501和502。
类似地，网络554包括软件可定义交换机505、506、507和508。智能网络设备534作为网络554的控制器来操作。尽管设备534仅被物理地耦合到交换机505，但是设备534在逻辑上耦合到网络554中的所有软件可定义交换机。设备534和网络554中相应的交换机之间的逻辑连接可以包括一个或多个物理链路。终端设备516被耦合到交换机507。网络554还包括另一智能网络设备536。尽管设备536不是控制器，但是设备536仍可以作为一个或多个策略的执行点来操作。
如结合图3所述，设备532和534能够接收所表达的策略。在一些实施例中，设备532和534支持应用脚本引擎来表达策略。设备532和534作为策略执行点来操作，并使用它们各自空闲的能力(例如，处理和存储)以作为控制器来操作。因为主机托管(co-location)的缘故，设备532和534不需要显式地指示控制器生成任何流定义。相反，基于策略，设备532和534可以本地生成相应的流定义。
尽管传统的控制器可以基于运行在控制器上的一个或多个应用提供灵活性，但是这些传统的控制器通常被装备用来仅处理异常数据包。此外，管理大型网络的单个控制器通常不能扩展来处理密集的通信量。如果智能网络设备532和534有足够的能力，则设备532和534可以通过提供灵活的策略执行和将大型网络(如网络500)划分成独立受控的小网络(如网络552和554)来克服这种限制。这样，设备532和534在网络中提供灵活的平台来部署策略并适合作为控制器来操作。
图6呈现了图示依据本发明实施例的、在软件定义网络中作为控制器操作的智能网络设备基于本地策略执行来生成流定义的过程的流程图。设备识别相应的本地流(操作602)。设备随后检查接收到的与这个流相关联的数据通信量(操作604)并将流的特征与所表达的强制执行的策略进行比较(操作606)。该策略可以由网络管理员使用应用脚本引擎来表达。设备检测策略是否已经针对这个流被触发(操作610)，这个策略可以是与所表达的策略不同的策略，如结合图3所述。
如果没有策略被触发，则设备继续检查数据通信量(操作604)。否则，设备基于策略生成一个或多个流定义(操作612)。设备识别与流定义相关联的交换机(操作614)，构建包括流定义的通知消息(操作616)，并发送相应的通知消息给对应的识别出的交换机(操作618)。设备可以基于设备所提供的服务可选地检查流是否有效(操作620)。如果所识别的数据流是无效的，则设备对无效流执行规定的动作(操作622)。如果所识别的数据流是有效的，则设备转发这个数据流通信量给从其接收这个数据流的本地交换机(操作624)。
示例性交换机
图7图示依据本发明实施例的、在软件定义网络中能够给控制器提供反馈的示例性计算系统。在这个示例中，计算系统700包括通用处理器712、存储器714、若干通信端口702、策略管理模块720、被耦合到策略管理模块720的通信模块740、数据包处理器710、和存储设备750。存储器714可以是非瞬态存储器，它保存有指令，当这些指令被处理器712执行时会使得计算系统700提供反馈给控制器、执行所提供的反馈、和/或作为控制器来操作计算系统。计算系统700可以具有和控制器的逻辑连接，该逻辑连接类似于软件定义网络中软件可定义交换机和控制器之间的逻辑连接。在一些实施例中，软件定义网络是支持OpenFlow的网络。
策略管理模块720可以是基于软件、硬件或两者结合的模块。例如，策略管理模块720可以是存储在存储设备中的一组指令，并且当被处理器运行时执行前面提及的方法。策略管理模块720也可以部分或全部在硬件中实现，例如在专用集成电路(ASIC)芯片或现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)中实现。策略管理模块720识别指示数据流将如何被处理的策略。这个策略可以是安全的、操作的、或数据转发策略。运行过程中，策略管理模块720识别与策略相关联的数据流。基于该识别，通信模块740构建包括来自控制器的对流定义的请求的反馈消息。流定义指示在软件定义网络中数据流如何被处理。数据包处理器710通过通信端口702之一传输这个消息。一旦接收到属于这个数据流的数据包，通信模块740便标识该数据包与数据流的关联。
策略管理模块720决定数据包是否与策略匹配。如果数据包与策略匹配，则策略管理模块720指令通信模块740构建反馈消息，如结合图1A所述。策略管理模块720也在数据包和控制包之间进行区分，并相应地将数据包与策略相匹配，如结合图1B所述。在一些实施例中，计算系统700包括服务模块760，它作为装置来操作计算系统700。服务模块760向软件定义网络提供与策略相关联的服务。
在一些实施例中，计算系统700也包括策略执行模块730，它被耦合到策略管理模块720中。策略执行模块730标记反馈消息中的请求为强制执行的，这表明请求的强制执行。计算系统700也可以包括脚本引擎732，其与策略执行模块730相关联。脚本引擎732能够接收采用可识别格式的所表达的策略。例如，如果脚本引擎732是基于OpenScript的应用脚本引擎，则采用OpenScript格式的脚本代码来表达的任何策略都可以被脚本引擎732识别。
在一些实施例中，计算系统700也包括控制模块760，其作为软件定义网络中的控制器来操作计算系统700。控制模块760为计算系统700提供控制器所要求的所有必要的功能。例如，控制模块760为软件定义网络生成相应的流定义。注意，这种生成与任何其他控制器独立开来(即，计算系统700所控制的交换机不被任何其他控制器主动控制)。控制模块760在软件定义网络中识别一个或多个与流定义相关联的交换机。通信模块740随后为交换机构建包括流定义的通知消息。
注意，以上提到的模块可以在硬件及软件中实现。在实施例中，这些模块被存储在存储器中的计算机可执行指令实体化，该存储器在计算系统700中被耦合到一个或多个处理器。当被执行时，这些指令使得处理器执行前面提及的功能。
总之，本发明的实施例提供了一种用于在软件定义网络中向控制器提供反馈的计算系统和方法。在实施例中，计算系统包括策略管理模块和耦合到策略管理模块的通信模块。运行过程中，策略管理模块识别指示数据流将如何被处理的本地策略并识别与该策略相关联的数据流。在软件定义网络中，通信模块构建来自控制器的对流定义的请求。流定义指示在软件定义网络中数据流如何被处理。
这里描述的方法和过程可以被实例化为代码和/或数据，其可以被存储在计算机可读的永久存储介质中。当计算机系统读取和执行存储在计算机可读的永久存储介质中的代码和/或数据时，计算机系统执行这些实例化为数据结构和代码并且被存储在介质中的方法和过程。
这里描述的方法和过程可以被执行和/或被包括在硬件模块或装置中。这些模块或装置可以包括、但不限于：专用集成电路(ASIC)芯片，现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)，在特定时间执行特定软件模块或一段代码的专用的或共享的处理器，和/或其他已知或后期开发的可编程逻辑设备。当硬件模块或装置被激活时，它们执行包括其中的方法和过程。
对本发明实施例的上述描述仅被呈现用以图示和描述的目的。它们不用以穷尽或限制本公开内容。因此，许多修改和变化对本领域从业者是显而易见的。本发明的范围在所附权利要求书中限定。

Claims (21)

1.一种计算系统，包括：
策略管理模块，可配置用以：
识别指示数据流将如何被处理的本地策略；以及
识别与所述策略相关联的数据流；以及
通信模块，耦合到所述策略管理模块并且可配置用以构建对于来自软件定义网络中的控制器的流定义的请求，其中所述流定义指示在所述软件定义网络中所述数据流如何被处理。
2.根据权利要求1所述的计算系统，其中所述通信模块进一步可配置用以将数据包识别为属于数据通信量流；并且
其中所述策略管理模块进一步可配置用以：
确定所述数据包是否与所述策略相匹配；以及
响应于所述数据包与所述策略相匹配而指令所述通信模块来构建所述请求。
3.根据权利要求1所述的计算系统，其中所述软件定义网络是支持OpenFlow的网络。
4.根据权利要求1所述的计算系统，其中所述计算系统是向所述软件定义网络提供服务的装置；并且
其中所述策略与所述服务相关联。
5.根据权利要求1所述的计算系统，进一步包括策略执行模块，所述策略执行模块耦合到所述策略管理模块并且可配置用以将所述请求标记为强制执行的，以指示所述请求的强制执行。
6.根据权利要求5所述的计算系统，进一步包括脚本引擎，所述脚本引擎与所述策略执行模块相关联并且可配置用以接收策略，其中所接收的策略采用可被所述脚本引擎识别的格式。
7.根据权利要求5所述的计算系统，进一步包括控制模块，所述控制模块可配置用以作为所述软件定义网络的控制器来操作所述计算系统。
8.一种计算机可执行的方法，包括：
通过计算机识别指示数据流将如何被处理的本地策略；
识别与所述策略相关联的数据流；以及
构建对于来自软件定义网络中的控制器的流定义的请求，其中所述流定义指示在所述软件定义网络中所述数据流如何被处理。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法，进一步包括：
将数据包识别为属于所述数据通信量流；
确定所述数据包是否与所述策略相匹配；以及
响应于所述数据包与所述策略相匹配而构建所述请求。
10.根据权利要求8所述的方法，其中所述软件定义网络是支持OpenFlow的网络。
11.根据权利要求8所述的方法，其中所述计算机是向所述软件定义网络提供服务的装置；并且
其中所述策略与所述服务相关联。
12.根据权利要求8所述的方法，进一步包括将所述请求标记为强制执行的，以指示所述请求的强制执行。
13.根据权利要求12所述的方法，进一步包括接收采用本地可识别脚本表达的策略。
14.根据权利要求12所述的方法，进一步包括作为所述软件定义网络的控制器来操作所述计算机。
15.一种非瞬态计算机可读存储介质，所述非瞬态计算机可读存储介质存储有指令，所述指令在被计算机执行时使得所述计算机执行一种方法，所述方法包括：
识别指示数据流将如何被处理的本地策略；
识别与所述策略相关联的数据流；以及
构建对于来自软件定义网络中的控制器的流定义的请求，其中所述流定义指示在所述软件定义网络中所述数据流如何被处理。
16.根据权利要求15所述的非瞬态计算机可读存储介质，其中所述方法进一步包括：
将数据包识别为属于数据通信量流；
确定所述数据包是否与所述策略相匹配；以及
响应于所述数据包与所述策略相匹配而构建所述请求。
17.根据权利要求15所述的非瞬态计算机可读存储介质，其中所述软件定义网络是支持OpenFlow的网络。
18.根据权利要求15所述的非瞬态计算机可读存储介质，其中所述计算机是向所述软件定义网络提供服务的装置；并且
其中所述策略与所述服务相关联。
19.根据权利要求15所述的非瞬态计算机可读存储介质，其中所述方法进一步包括将所述请求标记为强制执行的，以指示所述请求的强制执行。
20.根据权利要求19所述的非瞬态计算机可读存储介质，其中所述方法进一步包括接收采用本地可识别脚本表达的策略。
21.根据权利要求19所述的非瞬态计算机可读存储介质，其中所述方法进一步包括作为所述软件定义网络的控制器来操作所述计算机。
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