CN1124176C - 喷入温度控制的脲用于选择性催化还原以减少发动机的NOx排放量 - Google Patents

喷入温度控制的脲用于选择性催化还原以减少发动机的NOx排放量 Download PDF

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CN1124176C
CN1124176C CN98805246A CN98805246A CN1124176C CN 1124176 C CN1124176 C CN 1124176C CN 98805246 A CN98805246 A CN 98805246A CN 98805246 A CN98805246 A CN 98805246A CN 1124176 C CN1124176 C CN 1124176C
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杰里米·D·彼得-霍布林
埃里克·N·巴利斯
约翰·E·霍夫曼
西奥多·J·塔拉布尔斯基
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Abstract

一种使用脲水溶液来减少贫燃料燃烧内燃机的NOx排放量的安全可靠的SCR系统。保持脲溶液的温度足够低使之不能在高温下停留很长的时间，从而不让脲水解到固体沉积的程度，以此防止溶液过热和水解。在一个优选实施方案中，一种类似于用在燃料喷射里的喷射系统对喷射器和回流管线进行定量供料。控制进料和喷射使之能供给足够的脲用于还原NOx并有足够的冷却供料和喷射系统的能力以避免水解和水解产品的沉积。

Description

喷入温度控制的脲用于选择性催化还原 以减少发动机的NOx排放量
技术领域
本发明涉及在使柴油发动机或其它贫燃料燃烧发动机(lean-burn engine)有效运行时能够安全可靠地减少其氮氧化物(NOx)排放量的装置和方法。
柴油发动机和贫燃料燃烧汽油发动机的优点在于能节约燃料，但是，在正常运行时产生NOx和微粒。当使用一些基本方法(一些影响燃烧过程本身的手段，如：废气再循环和发动机正时调整)减少了其中一种的排放量时，通常另一种的排放量将增加。因此，选择用来减少微粒污染和能很好地节约燃料的燃烧条件将增加NOx的排放量。
现行和拟议中的规定都要求生产厂家既能很好地节约燃料又要减少微粒和NOx的排放量，贫燃料燃烧发动机应当能够达到节约燃料的目的，但是，废气中高浓度的氧使得一般的废气催化系统不能有效地还原NOx。
多年来，还原NOx采用SCR(选择性催化还原)。然而直到今天，SCR仍然依赖于氨的使用，氨存在与其储存和运输相关的安全问题。脲更安全，但是还没有实际使用在很多SCR领域——特别是在车辆NOx源上——这是由于难以将它从固态或含水状态转化成它的活性气体形式，典型地是NHi和HNCO基。
现在对于这些与SCR，特别是用在车辆的柴油发动机或其它发动机的SCR相关的问题需要一个安全、经济并有效的答案。
背景技术
当使用SCR催化剂限制柴油发动机的NOx排放量时，在大多情况下不得不处理氨的危险性或催化剂中毒的风险性。关于这个问题，参看1995年9月R.J.Hulterman的理学博士论文：喷入脲对柴油发动机的NOx进行选择性催化还原。Hulterman介绍了许多挑战性的技术问题，包括雾化器的堵塞、分解问题和系统动力。类似地，在汽车工程师学会(SAE)论文里，标号为970185，题目为“用于减少重型柴油发动机的NOx排放量的脲催化剂的瞬态特性”的文章指出：一定要避免喷嘴过热。
把脲SCR应用在柴油发动机上的有限尝试需要在把脲加入废气处的后面使用大热解室或其它装置，这在Hug等人的专利US 5,431,893中得到了公开。这个类型的设备着重于随脲带来的已知问题。脲一旦加入柴油和废气里，如通常所介绍和这个专利中所建议的将需要时间以分解并可能导致喷嘴堵塞。为了使催化剂避免中毒，Hug建议使用大体积设备。另外，这个专利还强调必须保持脲溶液的温度低于100℃以防在通过喷嘴前分解。他们建议在脲进料时使用中等脲压并发现在供料线路堵塞时，必须有另外的方法把高压空气导入供料线路。很明显，Hug所使用的喷嘴能产生中等的细雾滴，辅助空气帮助其分散，但是，雾滴仍然很大，需要一个大的热解通道。也可参看WO97/01387和欧洲专利申请487,886A1。
这些参考文献所告诫的每一点关于将脲和SCR系统，特别是用于车辆污染源的SCR系统一起使用的困难都指出了本领域中已经存在并将继续存在的困难。
本领域期待方法和设备的发展以能够使脲在SCR方法中简单、可靠、经济和安全地使用。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种安全可靠的SCR系统以减少内燃机的NOx排放量。
本发明的另一个目的是消除与用在车辆中的氨的储存和处理相关的安全问题。
本发明还有一个目的是使应用在SCR还原NOx中的脲不会因为脲的水解而堵塞供料线路。
本发明还有另外一个目的是使脲能够应用在不会使催化剂变湿或不会使催化剂上有固体沉积物的SCR中。
更具体地说，本发明的另外一个方面的目的是为了达到在柴油发动机中通用的瞬变条件(transient conditions)，提供一种简单耐用的SCR系统以有快速反应时间。
本发明的更进一步和更具体的目的是使脲能够应用在180-650℃的温度范围内处理废气的SCR系统中。
本发明的更进一步和更具体的目的是使脲能够应用在能够与发动机管理系统(EMS)相结合的SCR系统中以此避免附加控制器的需要。
本发明的另外一个具体的目的是提供一个能达到上述目的的简单机械装置并优选为能够把试剂喷嘴设备和SCR催化剂进行紧耦合。
本发明提供了用于减少NOx的改善了的方法和设备，以此达到这些和其它的目的。
根据本发明的方法，减少了和废气系统相关联的贫燃料燃烧发动机的NOx排放量，其中的废气系统具有一个把含有NOx的废气运送到能有效地选择催化还原NOx的反应器里的废气通路。在一个实施方案中，它包括：把脲的水溶液从储存容器里通过管线加料进入喷射器；脲溶液从喷射器回流到储存容器，进料和回流的速度(rate)足以使所提供的脲满足还原废气中NOx的需要，并且保持脲溶液的温度足够低使之不能在高温下停留很长的时间，从而不让脲水解到固体沉积的程度(例如：低于大约140℃)；在对于SCR来说足够的废气温度下，往废气中喷入脲溶液；使废气通过SCR反应器。
在另一个实施方案中，不使用回流或者回流不再是唯一的保持脲溶液温度的方法。在这个实施方案中，使一种热交换流体如空气或发动机冷却剂在与喷射器以热交换的形式相接触。在这个实施方案中，脲溶液的温度可以升高到100℃以上，只要脲溶液在这个温度下能够保持在大于饱和蒸汽压的压力下。
本方法的优选方式是使用脲的浓缩液，例如：含有至少大约25(重量)％的脲。优选地是，当废气温度在大约180℃到大约650℃时喷入脲。
一个优选实施方案中的设备包括：通过管线将脲含水溶液从储存容器里加料进入喷射器的装置；脲水溶液从喷射器回流到储存容器的装置；进料和回流的比例(速度)足以使所提供的脲满足还原废气中NOx的需要并且保持脲溶液的温度足够低使之不能在高温下停留很长的时间，从而不让脲水解到固体沉积的程度(例如：低于大约140℃)；在对于SCR来说有效的废气温度下把脲溶液喷入废气的喷射器装置；从喷射器装置至SCR反应器的废气通道装置。
设备的优选实施方案包括：检测废气温度的装置；产生能代表检测到的废气温度的信号的装置；检测发动机载荷的装置；产生能代表检测到的发动机载荷的信号的装置；检测脲溶液温度的装置；产生能代表检测到的脲溶液温度的信号的装置；把产生的信号与基准值相比较并产生控制脲进料、喷入和回流的控制信号的装置。
附图简述
通过下面的详述部分特别是根据附图阅读时就会更好地理解本发明，其优点也更为明显，其中：
附图是一个流程图，示出了本发明的一个实施方案中的主要部件。
优选实施方案详述
在本说明书中，术语“贫燃料燃烧发动机”的意思包括能在进入的氧气浓度大于碳氢燃料的燃烧所需的化学计量值(或者说理论值)时运行的发动机，例如，氧至少过量1重量％。
术语“发动机”广义上包括所有燃烧碳氢燃料产热例如用于直接或间接转化为机械能或电能的燃烧器。奥托(Otto)内燃机、柴油机和涡轮机以及燃烧器和加热炉都包括在内并能从本发明受益。但是，因为所公开的是柴油发动机上的问题，可靠地还原NOx的优点的成功取得也是在柴油发动机上得到的，所以，在本说明书中均以柴油发动机作为例子。固定式和车辆发动机也包括在内。
术语“柴油发动机”的意思包括所有压缩点火发动机，这些发动机用在机动的(包括轮机)和固定的动力设备上，也用在每循环两冲程、四冲程及转缸式上。
术语“碳氢燃料”的意思包括所有那些从“馏出燃料”或“石油”而制备的燃料。汽油、喷气发动机燃料、柴油和其它各种的馏出燃料都包括在内。术语“馏出燃料”指的是所有通过将石油或石油馏份及残留物蒸馏而制备的那些产品。术语“石油”就是平常意义上的石油，包括不管其来源而包括在这个术语意义内的所有那些材料，包括不管粘度如何而是从化石燃料中得到的碳氢材料。
术语“柴油”意味着“馏出燃料”，包括符合ASTM中柴油的定义的柴油或其它的甚至不全是由馏出物构成并且能含有醇、醚、有机硝基化合物等(例如：甲醇、乙醇、乙醚、甲基乙基醚、硝基甲烷)。本发明的范围还包括从植物或矿物资源如：玉米、苜蓿、油页岩(shale)和煤中得到的乳浊液和液体燃料。这些燃料还可含有其它本领域技术人员所知道的添加剂，这些添加剂包括染料、十六烷值增进剂、抗氧化剂如2，6-二-叔丁基-4-甲酚、防腐剂、防锈剂如烷化丁二酸和酐、抑菌剂、阻胶剂、金属钝化剂、上部气缸润滑剂和防冻剂等。
术语“脲”的意思包含所有商业形式的脲，包括那些含有下述物质的脲：氰尿酰胺；氰尿二酰胺；碳酸铵；碳酸氢铵；氨基甲酸铵；氰酸铵；无机酸的铵盐，无机酸包括硫酸和磷酸；有机酸的铵盐，有机酸包括甲酸和乙酸；缩二脲；氰尿酸；异氰酸；蜜胺和三氰脲。一般地，商业形式的脲基本上是由脲组成的，含有95％或更多的脲或者其含水溶液里含有的是这个纯度的脲。
使用的脲含水溶液可达到其溶解度上限值。一般地，含水溶液含有基于溶液重量的大约2％到大约65％的试剂。本发明的优点在于能够使用脲浓缩液。现有技术指出必须使用脲的稀释溶液以免由于产品分解而造成沉积问题。本发明使用脲的最大优点在于不必考虑平常情况下氨或管线和喷嘴的堵塞。优选使用浓缩液是因为这样能够限定水量，这些水肯定要被储存、运输、蒸发，还要保护它们在冬天不结冰。一般的脲溶液的浓度为大约25％到大约50％，例如大约35％。
脲能以溶液形式储存也可在金属容器里以干燥形式储存。当以干燥形式储存时，在需要制备溶液时，通入水与脲相接触。在这种情况下，溶液浓度可在接近饱和浓度(储存和使用最少的水)或到适用于车辆或固定装置的任意浓度间变化。在一些情况下，对水和/或脲溶液的储存需要提供加热器以防结冰或缩短气化时间。同样，使用防冻材料也是有用的。
参考附图1，附图1是一个流程图，说明了本发明的一个实施方案。简言之，通过管线12和喷射器13把燃料加入柴油发动机10。发动机产生的含有NOx的废气流经废气管道20。用一个或多个喷射器如32把脲溶液从容器30加入到废气管线12。然后废气流经SCR反应器单元34。优选为用控制器40来控制这个过程，控制器40能与发动机管理系统(EMS)相结合以此避免附加控制器的需要。在未示出的一个实施方案中，脲溶液是在发动机的排气阀和涡轮增压器(turbocharger)的废气涡轮之间加入到废气的。
本发明能用脲含水溶液代替应用在SCR还原NOx中的氨，并且在这种方式下不会因为脲水解产品沉积或使催化剂变湿或使催化剂上有固体沉积物而堵塞溶液供料线路和喷射器系统。
通过确保在供料系统里不会发生水解的方法而取得在试剂供料系统里避免沉积相关的优点。通过在脲溶液导入废气里后促进脲的快速分解而取得避免在催化剂上沉积的优点。事实上，本发明不依赖低脲浓度来避免其在供料管线内的分解而是增加脲在废气里的分解速度。另外，本发明不需要使用空气把稀释的脲溶液冷却到100℃以下这样低的温度，特别是不需要为了能延迟废气造成的脲分解而往废气里导入的大量的空气。
附图示出了使用供料管线的试剂喷射器系统，例如，具有利用溢流管线33回流到供料的普通管架31。这个系统在储存容器30和喷射器32之间保持试剂的连续流动。这里所使用的术语喷射器指的是能够控制脲溶液从管架31到废气的流动的所有设施。喷射器可以是高压设施或低压设施。
低压设施是任意能得到的低压液体分布装置，例如用于喷漆这种类型的机械喷雾器、声波喷雾器、一种简单的具有分散设施的延伸到管里的阀(分散设施里有许多能产生细雾滴的小孔)、一种能够调节喷流型的舌针控制喷嘴等(pintle-controlled nozzle)。也可使用气动喷嘴，但是，使用这种喷嘴的优选条件是操作它时使用极小量的空气以降低其成本并且所用的空气能够冷却废气。在一些情况下，空气供应和其冷却功能在设计上可以兼顾，这时可使用空气冷却喷射器和/或辅助喷射脲溶液。
高压喷射器是用于喷射燃料这种类型的喷射设施，在操作时具有的急剧压力为1000-10,000每平方英寸磅表压(Psig)并具有可高达大约50,000每平方英寸磅表压(Psig)的动态喷射压力峰值。舌针型的喷射器在上述压力范围内操作还可有刮削、自净这样减少喷嘴出口处的喷射器沉积的附加优点。也可使用其它一些喷射器而不论其操作压力如何，例如一些操作压力大约为30每平方英寸磅表压(Psig)的喷射器。
优选使用在线混合装置以确保脲溶液很好地分布在废气里，特别是使用低压喷射器时。分布是重要的，因为高浓度的脲溶液能造成局部冷却，这能产生水滴或脲颗粒或残存的热解产品，然后就会影响SCR催化剂。合适的一种设施是如图所示的螺旋桨46。可选择使用的是小孔体、挡水器(misteliminator)、静态混合器、粒子收集器或其它类似的具有混合能力的设施。附图还示出了废气管道20里的弯曲部分21，它的作用是保证不使液态或固态的脲或脲残留物与SCR反应器34里的催化剂相接触。
附图所示的实施方案包括管架压力传感器(rail pressure sensor)35和压力调节阀36。受控制器40产生的控制信号所控制的阀36和泵37调节管架和回流管线内的压力。应注意的是，附图所示的压力管线31、31’和31”比不受压力的回流管线33和33’黑。在管线33上可选择性地使用热交换器50，当脲溶液过热时进行冷却。泵37和容器30之间的管线38和38’提供对脲溶液所需的搅拌。
控制器40优选为与发动机10的EMS相结合以免需要几种不同的控制器并且能够尽可能地利用现有的装配电路和传感器。附图示出了不同的传感器，其功能是检测不同的操作参数并产生代表所检测到的参数的操作信号。然后把操作信号送往控制器，控制器把它们与基准值相比较，计算一个或多个控制信号并把控制信号送往一个或多个受到控制的设施。
附图示出用于检测发动机的传感器41，用于检测废气温度的传感器42，用于检测容器30中脲的水平高度的传感器43，用于检测回流管线33中脲溶液温度的传感器44。发动机载荷可以用一个或多个适当的参数表示，例如燃料流量、发动机转速、节流位置或喷射系统参数是关键的参数，能够监测其中之一或类似参数以确定产生的NOx量和需要往加热单元里加入的试剂量或往废气里加入的其水解产品量。供选择的传感器如用于检测残留NOx浓度的传感器45可用于反馈控制，这种控制的程度是实际可行的。附图还用点线示出了要送往控制器的操作信号和要送往受到控制的设施的控制信号。
在这个系统中保持脲溶液的温度足够低使之不能在高温下停留很长的时间，从而不让脲水解到固体沉积的程度(例如：低于大约140℃)。对于一些发动机高载荷时，当废气温度从启动后升高到大约300℃到大约650℃，喷射器32的温度也将升高。除非采取预防措施，否则高温会造成脲在喷射前水解-由于水解产品比脲的溶解度低而引起水解产物沉积。本发明通过管线31和33(还有作为控制用的相关管线)从容器30把脲溶液连续循环以冷却喷射器。实际上，当系统加压到对应温度的饱和蒸汽压时，可进行适当地控制使溶液温度升高到大约105-130℃。因为在溢流管线上停留的时间短，脲溶液可以达到较高的温度而没有达到水解产品的溶解度上限。可以在容器30或其它供料或回流系统里使用附加的加热装置(图中未示出)以达到所需的温度。
本发明独有的优点是温度控制不需要空气-这就减少了设备的费用并消除了由于空气在废气上的冷却效应而造成的效率降低。本发明还有一个优点是把具有回流管线的高压喷射器装置设计为可在足够高的压力下操作从而产生雾化，优选为，在压力释放时至少有一部分脲溶液气化。这个特点能更好地把喷射器和SCR反应器34进行紧耦合。
然而，在另一个实施方案中，不使用回流管线33和33’或者回流不再是唯一的保持温度的方法。在这个实施方案中，使热交换流体如空气或发动机冷却剂与喷射器以热交换方式相接触。在这个实施方案中允许的是脲溶液的温度可以升高到100℃以上，只要脲溶液保持在该温度下饱和蒸汽压以上的压力。
可以在废气系统的一个或多个部件上作为涂层或作为独立部分使用可促进脲水解和/或热解的催化剂。例如，可以把它涂在废气管道20特别是在弯曲部分21上。还可把它使用在混合设施46上。这种形式的涂层有双重优点，既能保持操作系统干净又能促进脲的气化。合适的水解催化剂是含有从下述物质中选择的一种材料的催化剂：磷酸和酸式磷酸盐，碱金属的氢氧化物和碳酸盐如氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾、碳酸钠、碳酸钾，碱金属的硅酸盐，碱土金属的氢氧化物和氧化物，铝的氢氧化物和氧化物以及这些物质的两种或多种的混合物。也可参见Hofmann等人的专利US4,997,631，vonHarpe等人的PCT申请WO92/02291，Hofmann、Sun和Luftglass的专利US5,139,754，Jones的专利US5,281,403和Ebina的JP HEI 2-191,528，这些专利中进一步列举了催化剂及其技术。还可参见EP615,777，这个专利公开了一种混合氧化物催化剂Al2O3-TiO2-SiO2-ZrO2，这种催化剂能够在柴油废气里分解脲。
所用的SCR催化剂能够在氨存在的情况下减少排出的氮氧化物的浓度。例如，这些催化剂包括活性炭、木炭或焦炭、沸石、氧化钒、氧化钨、氧化钛、氧化铁、氧化铜、氧化锰、氧化铬、贵金属如铂族金属象铂、钯、铑、铱或其混合物。还可使用其它本领域传统用的和本领域技术人员所熟知的SCR催化剂材料。一般地是把这些SCR催化剂材料装在如金属、陶瓷、沸石或均匀独石这样的支撑体上，尽管还可以使用其它本领域所知的支撑体。
有用的SCR催化剂是下面的现有技术介绍的那些有代表性的工艺方法。选择性催化还原法用于还原NOx是已知的并能使用很多不同的催化试剂。例如，在欧洲专利申请WO210,392中，Eichholtz和Weiler讨论了用活性木炭或活性焦炭作为催化剂和氨一起催化除去氮氧化物的问题。Kato等人在专利US4,138,469中，Henke在专利US4,393,031中公开了用铂族金属和/或其它金属如钛、铜、钼、钒、钨或其氧化物和氨一起催化还原NOx取得了所要的催化还原效果。还可参见EP487,886，这个专利详细说明了在220-280℃的工作温度范围内使用V2O5/WO3/TiO2催化剂。其它基于铂的催化剂的工作温度甚至可以更低，例如，可以降到大约180℃。
Knight在加拿大专利1,100,292公开了另外一种催化还原法，它涉及沉积在耐高温氧化物上的铂族金属、金和/或银催化剂的应用。Mori等人在专利US4,107,272中讨论了用钒、铬、锰、铁、铜和镍的氧化硫化物、硫酸盐或亚硫酸盐化合物和氨气一起催化还原NOx的问题。
在多相催化系统里，Ginger在专利US4,268,488中公开了将含有氮氧化物的排出物在氨存在的情况下与第一种含有铜化合物如硫酸铜的催化剂接触再与第二种含有金属结合物如载体上硫酸钒和铁或钨和铁的催化剂接触。
脲加入排出物后，优选为将排出物在合适的高温一般为大约180℃到650℃如至少大约300℃下通过SCR催化剂。在这种情况下，排出物里的活性成分由于脲溶液的水解和气化能最有效地促进氮氧化物的催化还原。排出物里将含有过量的氧。使用本发明和上述任一SCR催化剂(具体引入这些文献作为参考)能降低或消除大量的氨或氨水的运输、储存和处理的需要。
因为本发明和其它降低排放及节约燃料技术是相容的，所以发动机设计人员、车辆生产厂家和翻新改进市场可以得到许多杂交技术。例如，用合适的铂族金属添加剂和/或辅助的催化剂组合物能催化燃料，辅助的催化剂组合物选自钠、锂、钾、钙、镁、铈、铁、铜、锰的化合物及其混合物。这些化合物是在现有文献中公开的那些化合物，例如，现有文献有：Bowers和Sprague的专利US4,892,562及US4,891,050，Epperly和Sprague的专利US5,034,020，Epperly、Sprague、Kelso和Bowers的专利US5,215,652，Peter-Hoblyn、Epperly、Kelso和Sprague的专利US5,266,083，Epperly、Sprague、Kelso和Bowers的专利WO90/07561，Peter-Hoblyn、Valentine和Sprague于1996年1月31日申请的美国专利，申请序列号为08/597,517，这里提出这些文献作为参考。当应用领域许可时，可以把这些化合物与一种或多种其它的铂族金属化合物如肥皂、乙酰丙酮酸盐、醇化物、β-二酮酸盐和磺酸盐混合在一起使用，这种类型的例子将在下面详细介绍。
铂族金属催化剂和/或其它催化剂可以以任何能够达到所要的目的的方式加入，例如，可把它加入到散装储存的燃料里，可加入到和发动机相关联的油箱的燃料里，或者连续地或间歇地如通过计量器加入到：通入发动机的燃料管线里，或者以蒸气、气体或气溶胶的形式加入到进气口、收集前的废气里、收集后循环到发动机前的废气里或者废气与进入的空气进行混合的混合室或类似装置里。
在使用时，特别是与粒子收集器相结合使用时，铂族金属催化剂组合物的使用浓度优选为每百万体积份燃料里低于2重量份的铂族金属(ppm)。为了达到本说明书的目的，所有“份每百万”这个符号都是基于重量与体积比，即，克/百万立方厘米(有时也表示为毫克/升)，除非另外指出，所给的百分比是重量百分比。辅助的催化剂的使用量以能够有效达到所需的目的为准，其使用量优选为所使用燃料的1-100ppm，例如，10-60ppm。
上述的说明书部分是为了告诉本领域的普通技术人员如何实现本发明，并不想把那些对于本领域技术人员在读过本说明书后显而易见的更改和变化进行详细介绍。然而，所有这些显而易见的更改和变化都包括在由下面的权利要求书所限定的本发明的范围内。权利要求书覆盖了所有系统和序列中的成分和步骤，除非上下文明确指出相反的效果，这些系统和序列能够有效地达到本发明所要达到的目的。

Claims (10)

1.一种减少和废气系统相关联的贫燃料燃烧发动机的NOx排放量的方法，其中的废气系统有一个把含有NOx的废气运送到能有效地选择催化还原NOx的反应器里的废气通路，它包括：
把脲水溶液从储存容器里通过管线加料进入喷射器；
脲溶液从喷射器回流到储存容器，进料和回流的速度足以使所提供的脲满足还原废气中NOx的需要，并且保持脲溶液的温度低于140℃，从而在脲溶液喷入废气之前不让脲水解到固体沉积的程度；
在对于SCR来说，180℃到650℃废气温度下往废气中喷入脲溶液；
使废气通过SCR反应器。
2.根据权利要求1的方法，其中的脲溶液含有至少25％重量的脲。
3.根据权利要求1的方法，其中脲溶液喷入废气里的压力至少为2.07×105帕斯卡(30psi)。
4.根据权利要求1的方法，其中的脲溶液全部或部分由附加的加热装置来加热。
5.根据权利要求1的方法，其中的脲溶液全部或部分由废气通过热传递来加热。
6.根据权利要求1的方法，其中的脲溶液是在发动机的排气阀和涡轮增压器的废气涡轮之间加入到废气的。
7.根据权利要求1的方法，其中的脲溶液加入到和SCR催化剂紧耦合连接的废气里。
8.根据权利要求1的方法，其中的脲溶液加入到废气里是由和发动机管理系统相结合的控制器所控制的。
9.一种减少和废气系统相关联的贫燃料燃烧发动机的NOx排放量的方法，其中的废气系统有一个把含有NOx的废气运送到能有效地选择催化还原NOx的反应器里的废气通路，它包括：
把脲含水溶液从储存容器里通过管线加料进入喷射器；
使一种热交换流体以热交换形式与管线和/或喷射器相接触，脲溶液进料速度和热交换流体的流速足以使所提供的脲满足还原废气中NOx的需要，并且保持脲溶液的温度低于140℃，从而不让脲水解到固体沉积的程度；
在对于SCR来说，180-650℃废气温度下往废气中喷入脲溶液；
使废气通过SCR反应器。
10.根据权利要求9的方法，其中脲溶液的温度可以升高到100℃以上并且溶液保持在大于该溶液温度下的饱和蒸汽压的压力下。
CN98805246A 1997-04-02 1998-03-31 喷入温度控制的脲用于选择性催化还原以减少发动机的NOx排放量 Expired - Lifetime CN1124176C (zh)

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