CN1124558A - 通信装置 - Google Patents

通信装置 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN1124558A
CN1124558A CN94192232A CN94192232A CN1124558A CN 1124558 A CN1124558 A CN 1124558A CN 94192232 A CN94192232 A CN 94192232A CN 94192232 A CN94192232 A CN 94192232A CN 1124558 A CN1124558 A CN 1124558A
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price
user
signal
supplier
network
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CN1081875C (zh
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迈克尔·安东尼·盖尔
迈克尔·罗伯特·维斯托·曼宁
乔斯-卢斯·费尔南德斯-维拉卡
纳斯·马丁
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British Telecommunications PLC
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British Telecommunications PLC
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Abstract

一个通信网络，其中的用户装置设置有一个选择设备(12)，它与服务供应者装置中的一个定价设备(20)通信。当需要通信或其它服务时，选择电路(12)轮询多个服务供应者，而各服务供应者的定价电路(20)生成一个指示其服务的价格水平的价格信号。然后选择电路(12)根据价格(以及诸如服务质量等其它因素)选择一个服务供应者。

Description

通信装置
本发明涉及通信装置，更具体地涉及从多个供应商之一提供与获得产品与服务的通信装置。
本发明主要但不是唯一涉及从多个电讯供应商向一个客户提供电讯服务。在许多国家(诸如英国)中，一个客户可从一个以上的电讯公司得到电讯服务。因此客户具有从一个以上的源获得服务的选择余地，并且这种选择是在价格、服务质量及其它因素(包括名牌可靠性)的基础上进行的。可以通过一个公用电讯网选用不同的电讯供应商。例如在英国，作为由一名第一供应商经营的电讯网的基本部分的一台电话机上可带有使用户能通过第一供应商的网络实现与其他供应商的网络连接的按钮。
当前，不同的电讯供应商以不同的价格提供服务，这些价格是在不同的基础上计算的。许多服务供应商在使用时间的基础上收费，但在不同的时段与不同的距离带上(诸如本地、长途或国际)可采用不同的收费率。不同供应商所采用的时段与距离带可以不同，此外，不同的供应商可提供优惠，诸如大批量使用折扣、预约、或网络低利用率时间上较低的价格。
所有这些使得电讯服务的用户作出基于价格的消息灵通的决定既困难又费时与费钱，并阻碍了电讯服务市场中竞争所能调整的定价的范围。通常，用户的意向是与特定的电讯服务供应商签订长时合同，并且服务供应商在各个这种长期合同之前要相对稳定地设定价格。价格的总水平(诸如通过参照一篮子不同服务确定的)可能要受到某些政府调节机构的调节。
一方面本发明一般性地涉及提供一种包含用户协商设备的电讯系统，该协商设备配置成与若干电讯服务供应商通信以接收来自各供应商的价格数据，并根据价格数据选择一个服务供应商；以及服务供应商协商设备，它配置成生成提供服务的估计价格并将该价格通知用户设备。本发明互相独立地同等对待用户设备与供应商设备；事实上，两者可位于不同国家管辖区内。
最好，价格是短期内设定的，能非常好地响应用户协商设备的各种服务需求。这一‘实时’价格设定还使直接与实时地在用户与供应商设备之间的更复杂的协商业务成为可能，诸如拍卖、易货或竞换业务。
因此，在一个示例性实施例中，一个电讯客户想要启动一次古老的电话服务(POTS)通话，在启动其手机设备并拨了目的地时，手机设备便发布一个轮询信号到电讯网指明通话的目的地，而连接在该网络上的服务供应商则在回答中发送一个价格信号(诸如单位时间价格，每分钟多少便士)。然后客户设备选择提供最低价格的网络，并发信号通知该供应商接通通话的要求。这样每一次通话业务能在竞争性定价的基础上进行。假定将来电讯供应商不仅可包括传统的电讯经营公司，还可包括具有闲置容量的私营网络(诸如电力、运输或其它公用事业)的业主，或者具有闲置容量的大规模电讯服务用户，本发明便能提供一种极为有效的资源分配机制，其中任何潜在的电讯服务供应商都能提出反映可利用的瞬时容量的一种价格，从而将电讯服务用户选配到可利用的电讯容量上(即使只是短暂地可利用的)并且有利于高效的电讯供应商。
事实上，本发明也可应用在网络的点之间有多条路径可利用的单个电讯网内；网络中的各交换机或转接中心以及它们之间的链路能有效地作为一个成本中心，并在具有通过若干不同的交换机或转接中心转接报文的选择余地时，各交换机或转接中心可发布一个价格信号，而使报文在提供最低价格的路径上转接。同样的原理也能延伸到其它通信网络元素上(诸如数据库)。从而网络能有效地“自我组成”，按照市场原则(服从宏观经济、规章或其它制约)分配其资源。
本发明还可延伸到电讯服务以外的服务；例如产品或服务的供应商(如娱乐供应商、教学设施、特殊兴趣群体或商店)也可具有通过电讯网与用户互连的定价与价格通告设备，从而使用户能使用他/她的电讯终端向多个竞争的源之一订货或服务。
也许有人认为本发明同样也能由人来实现。然而，深入研究后得出的结论则否定这一说明；例如在应用到电讯上时，显然不可能使用户为了进行一次电话通话而事先进行若干次初始通话来得到竞争报价以建立价格，然后再进行一次通话指令成功的报价人，由于首先这一过程的费用超过这些提供报价的通话，第二(在准备报价、协商、决定及定位通话)占用如此长的时间，从而完全丧失了利用电讯服务供求中的实时、短期浮动的优点的能力。
从下述说明与权利要求书中，本发明的许多其它优异特征、方面、实施例及应用将是显而易见的。
下面参照附图，仅仅用示例的方法描述本发明的实施例，附图中：
图1示意性示出按照本发明的第一实施例中本地与长途网络之间的连接；
图2为示意性展示图1的本地网络构成部分中的一个交换站的部件的方框图；
图3为示意性展示构成图2中的站的一部分的一个选择设备的结构的方框图；
图4为示意性展示图1的长途网络中的一个定价设备的结构的方框图；
图5a为示意性展示图3的选择设备所执行的进程的流程图；
图5b为示意性展示图4的定价设备所执行的进程的流程图；
图6为展示按照本发明的第二实施例的客户终端设备的结构的方框图；
图7为示意性展示图6的设备与之通信的多个电讯网的方框图；
图8为示意性展示图6的设备的操作进程的流程图；
图9为示意性展示本发明的第三实施例的结构的方框图；
图10为展示图9的装置所执行的进程的流程图；
图11为展示按照本发明的第四实施例的第一电讯网的结构的方框图；
图12为展示按照第四实施例的第二网络的部件的方框图；
图13为展示通过按照本发明的第五实施例的电讯网提供服务的方框图；
图14与图4对应，并指出按照本发明的第六实施例(图1可应用于它)的选择设备的结构；
图15与图3对应，并示意性展示按照第六实施例的连接设备的结构；
图16a为示意性展示该实施例中的选择设备所执行的进程的流程图；及
图16b为示意性展示该实施例中的图15的连接设备所执行的进程的流程图；及
图16c更详细地示出构成本实施例中图16b的步骤之一的进程；
图17a为示意性展示第七实施例中的选择设备的操作进程的流程图；以及
图17b为示意性展示第七实施例的报价设备的操作的流程图。第一实施例
下面描述本发明的第一实施例，其中本发明应用在长途电讯中。
参见图1，若干区域性电讯经营者(诸如局域或国家电讯经营者或私营网络)的网络1指定为1a、1b、1c。各依次连接在通过卫星、海底或洲际电缆向远程站3提供洲际通信信道的多个长途经营者(指定为2a、2b、2c)。各本地经营者1a、1b或1c能通过长途经营者2a、2b、2c中任何一个与远程站3连接。
参见图2，各局域网络1a-1c包含一个路由转换器或交换机10，它将网络1有选择地与经营者2a、2b、2c之一互连，以通过该长途经营者来确定长途通信量的路由。这些转接器构成现有的电讯网的一部分。
同时提供的有一个选择设备12，它配置成与网络2a、2b、2c信号通信接触来交换价格信息，如下面详述的。
参见图3，选择设备12包括一个数字处理器14；一个程序存储器16，存储控制处理器14的操作的程序；一个工作存储器18，存储处理器14在操作中使用的数据；以及发送与接收电路19a、19b(包括诸如分波长或分时多路传输及多路分离设备)，处理器14通过它与网络1并从而与长途经营者2a-2c连通。
一条控制线11从选择器电路12连到转接器10上；方便地，两者都位于网络1中的一个转接中心或交换站中。
参见图4，各国际经营者网络2a、2b、2c包含一个定价设备20，该设备包括一个处理器24、程序存储器26、工作存储器28、以及发送与接收电路29a、29b，后两者用于与选择设备12通信。处理器24还具有一条输入线21，用于接收来自该定价设备20所在的网络控制中心的关于诸如长途信道的当前可利用率等输入数据。
处理器14、24可执行其它任务并可例如构成网络规划或网络或服务管理计算设备的一部分。
参见图5与6，下面描述操作图1至4的装置的方法的一个实例。
参见图5a，各网络1a-1c的选择设备处理器14配置成在预定的时间间隔上在步骤100中估计其对长途通话的需求(例如通过检验正在进行中的这种通话的当前数量，与/或通过利用指示在一日中相关的时间上对长途电讯的典型需求的存储的平均数据，可能还包含考虑到日期类型-假日、工作日、周末等)。
然后在步骤102中处理器14通过表达一个招标信号(最好还指明它本身的要求或需求的近似预测水平)并将其通过发送电路19a发送到一些或所有长途经营者2a-2c来轮询长途经营者2a-2c。在这一信号前面可加上某些初始“握手”信号来证实选择设备12与定价设备20的身份。
参见图5b，在各国际经营者网络2a-2c中的定价设备处理器24配置成在步骤110中注意通过接收电路29b接收招标信号，在步骤111中制定价格，并在步骤120中通过发送机电路29a输出一个对应的价格水平信号。在本实施例中，价格计算步骤111出现在接收到招标信号之后，但在其它实施例中，有可能较不频繁地计算价格水平或在不同时间上计算并事先存储价格水平数据。
在计算价格的一种方法中，计算步骤111包括计算成本元素的步骤114(这通常由诸如劳力、建筑物、固定设备、维护及其它服务保障成本等长期因素主宰，从而可以是一个存储的常量或者一个相对不经常更新的存储值)；估计长途电讯资源的可利用率的步骤116(诸如通过监视当前空闲的跨大西洋电缆信道或卫星信道(或从占用的信道中推算出这一点)，与/或通过使用表示在相关时间上可利用率平均水平的长时平均值)；以及在其中考虑进其它定价因素的步骤118。
这些其它因素之一可以是诸如关于其它长途经营者收取的价格水平的“反馈”：或者以可以公开获得的他们的价格的直接信息的形式，或者以间接的形式从过去处理器14发布价格水平信号但未成功得到附加业务的事件次数的计数得到。
生成价格信号的一种简单算法如下，其中成本为C，而长途经营者可利用的容量为A：
价格＝((1＋a)·c)＋(b·(Atot/A))－(c·N)其中N为从其定价信号被接受以来上一次处理器24发布的定价信号的次数；Atot为长途经营者配置长途通信的总容量；而a、b与c则为常数。
从而，处理器24利用这一公式将初始价格设定在成本以上一定的百分比上，然后与当前资源的可利用率成反比关系改变价格(按照所谓“供给律”)并与服务的采纳率成正比关系改变价格(即按照所谓“需求律”)。当初始价格不合理地高时，通过与竞争的长途网络的对比，它会逐步降低直到与竞争中的网络的价格持平为止，而使各长途经营者竞争。
在制定价格时可计入由处理器14发送的需求水平，将其加在现有的需求上来计算(预测的)可利用率A。
价格信号除了指示价格水平(诸如每分钟、每包或每位)之外还可以给出所提供的服务的性质或质量的指示；例如，预期的传输模式的指示(诸如卫星或固定链路)；传输安全性的指示(诸如编码的、加密的或不加密的)，或包括涉及服务质量的参数在内的信道参数的指示，诸如延迟与/或位误码率(BER)。
在通过接收机电路19b收到来自各长途网络2a-2c的价格信号时，选择设备的处理器14配置成在图5a的步骤104中选择长途网络2a-2c之一，并存储或记录来自该网络的所关心的价格数据供将来开帐单中使用。然后处理器14在步骤106中在线11上输出一个对应的信号到转接器10，将任何长途通话的路由确定到选中的长途网络上。
在比较与选择步骤104中，处理器14的工作主要是选择最低的价格。然而最好也考虑到服务数据的主观(即用户判断的)或客观质量；例如，可以单纯地忽略发送的价格信号中包含指示不能接受的低级质量的质量数据的网络；或者更典型地，对于各长途网络，可计算一个调整后的价格如下：Padj＝a1Q1＋a2Q2＋……＋aiQi，其中a1、a2等为存储在存储器18中的预定常数，而Q1、Q2…Qi则为诸如延迟、BER等不同质量测度。除了采用常数，也可能采用下述形式的预定非线性函数F1、F2等来提供各种质量测度的非线性加权：
Padj＝P＋F1(Q1)＋F2(Q2)…Fi(Qi)
再者，处理器14最好配置成通过在存储器18中记录或存储代表在各长途经营者2a-2c中遇到的实际质量的数据而考虑进去在各长途网络中以前的实际经验，例如实际遇到的平均BER；客户投诉次数；网络中断发生率；可听见的回声水平等等。当新遇到没有跟踪记录的长途经营者时，也可以在调整后的价格上加上一个附加的“安全系数”。从而该“调整的价格”通常起到各长途经营者的满意性(从经济价值判断的)的指标的作用。
然后，处理器14选择最低的调整的价格(即，按照允诺的质量及根据以往性能预期的质量调整后的报价)。如果价格是以不同通货报价的，则还要计处货币兑换率，处理器14还可能要考虑到所涉及的货币兑换率的易变性，从而存储器18或处理器14可连接成从一个金融信息服务提供者接收货币变化数据。
参见图5b，当在步骤122中选中的定价设备检测到其价格被接受时，便在步骤104存储通话的同意价格供以后开帐单，未选中的定价设备20则不进行进一步的操作。
然后在一个连接在选择设备12与转接器10上的会计计算设备(未示出)上登记与存储(诸如卸载到一种记录介质上)在各价格上接入各长途网络2a-2c的通话量(最好还有诸如使用水平等单个用户数据)，以便与从长途网络经营者2a-2c接收的帐单进行比较。
发送机与接收机19a、19b、29a、29b发送相对少量的数据：包含在各种情况中的报价或价格报文的源与目的地的指示，以及相对少量的位，指示需求的大致水平与/或价格的大致水平与/或合同条款的预定的标准类型。从而，它们可以利用网络1、2中所存在的任何低级信号信道；例如带外或调外信号发送，或者数字包传输系统中的一部分包报头(诸如异步传输模式(ATM)或同步数字分层(SDH)系统)。
除了或代替上述客户网络1a-1c发布招标信号及供应商网络2a-2c用价格水平信号回答的轮询系统，定价设备22可配置成在市场条件改变时不等待招标信号而生成新的价格水平信号，而选择电路12可配置成对其作出应答。
无须说明，长途经营者2与地区网络1不一定是分开的；一个单一的实体可提供地区性及长途通信链路。
上文中考虑了长期或固定的成本。在本发明的某些实施例中，希望具有操作服务供应者的瞬时成本的短期消息。因此在这些实施例中的定价设备20是连接在网络2中的会计中心上的，并构成频繁更新的成本估计。
在这一类型的一个特定实施例中，定价设备20是配置成在收到轮询信号时通过从网络2的部件上读取成本数据而实时(即在接收轮询信号时)生成成本估算的。
在服务供应者本身所提供的服务依赖于另一个服务供应者(诸如在远程点3上)所提供的服务的情况中，定价设备20可配置成在收到来自用户1的轮询信号时本身又发布一个轮询信号到该或各其它服务供应者，以便得到要付给该其它服务供应者的价格的指示，供在为用户计算价格时使用。在用户接受了来自该定价设备20的价格时，这时该定价设备20便可通知该其它服务供应者这一接受行为。第二实施例
本发明的第二实施例中，客户(即电讯服务的最终用户)装备有选择电路12，它们配置成选择与连接在诸如一个市区或其它地区或通信自由贸易区(FTZ)中的多个电讯服务供应者中的一个之间。
参见图6，客户装置300(诸如移动电话)包括一个空中接口电路301，连接在一根无线电天线302上，以及在诸如“无线通路与局域电话网”(G.Calhoun，Artech House，Norwood，MA，USA(1992)中所讨论的那种数字蜂窝移动电话装置303上。同时提供的有一个选择器电路312，包括程序与数据存储器316、318；一个处理器314及互连处理器314与空中接口电路301的发送与接收电路319a、319b。
参见图7，若干不同无线通信网络供应者各有局域发送/接收台304a、304b、304c。例如，所有都按照通用标准(诸如GSM标准)提供数字蜂窝移动服务，或者某些可按照无绳电话标准(诸如DECT或CT2)工作。
连接在各台304a-304c上的有定价设备320a、320b、320c；定价设备320a-c可以在发送/接收台处，在数字移动基地台或交换机中，或者在一个中心或局域网络转接或网络控制站上。
为了简化，下面假定各发送/接收台304a-304c利用其它的兼容信令过程在不同的频带上工作。
在本实施例中，构成各定价电路320的元件与第一实施例中所示的构成定价设备20的相同，从而为了简明而不再重复说明。构成图7的选择电路312的元件的功能与构成第一实施例的选择设备12的相同，但为了使客户装置300致明显地增加尺寸，处理器314包括一个适当地编程的微处理器或微控制器设备，或者可包括已在装置300中执行其它功能的一个设备。
参见图8，它与图5a对应，下面描述本实施例的一般性操作。
当用户选择(如拨)一个号码时，它被选择电路312在步骤400中检测到。处理器314组成一则包含所拨的号码的国家代码(如果有的话)及地区代码的招标报文；并控制空中接口电路301通过发送电路319a在轮询步骤402中在各网络304a、304b、304c的信令频率上发送该招标报文。作为替代，如果设置了一个对所有网络经营者304公用的公用信令信道，则该招标报文可在该频率上广播。
现在各定价设备320a-320c遵照基本上与图5b中相同的过程。同样，可采用与上面第一实施例中相同的定价公式。然后各发回一个价格水平信号(每分钟或每位)连同服务类型与质量信息(诸如加密、半速率/全速率、当前BER等)。
再参见图8，处理器314通过空中接口301与接收器319b接收到价格报文，而处理器314如在第一实施例中那样考虑服务质量因素(与/或其它因素)调整各种价格，并在步骤404中取出最低的调整价格。然后在步骤406中将网络经营者的价格与身份存储在存储器318中，并在步骤408中控制空中接口301与选中的经营者建立一条链路一段通话的持续时间。
在通话期间，处理器314计数经过通话的当前时间，将此乘以所存储的收费率，并且为了方便用户亦可将当前收费率与累计收费显示在显示器305上。
在通话结束时，处理器314可在显示器305上生成一个提示符邀请用户通过操作输入设备(诸如小键盘)306确认刚结束的通话的质量是否可以接受。在用户表示通话不能接受的情况下，在存储器318中作出或更新一个项；诸如在将来从有关经营者接收的调整的价格上加上一个明显的升高值，以便将来更少可能选择该经营者。
在本实施例中，除了在用户试图进行一次去话呼叫时执行步骤400-408的操作以外，处理器314亦可配置成在其它时间进行这一工作；例如每当作为蜂窝式通信网络内的正常登记进程的一部分扫描可利用的信道时，或者周期性地在一次通话中，或者在移动装置300移出它当前正在与之通信的台304之一的覆盖区时。在本实施例中，处理器314可利用良好地建立的移交过程，使一个移动单元300改变频率，在蜂窝之间改变，或者在蜂窝经营者之间改变(当前通常是根据信号强度标准的)。在这一情况中，如上面所讨论的，也可利用所接收的信号强度或位误码率(BER)来形成调整的价格比较作为质量指标Qi之一。第三实施例
参见图9，第三实施例类似于第二实施例，但在本实施例中的用户终端500可以是诸如电话机或电视电话等固定的终端(诸如在“电讯中的数字信号处理”(Ed.)F.A.Westhall & S.F.A.Ip，Chapman & Hall，伦敦(1993)中所描述的)。它包括一台传统的电话机或电视电话装置503，配置成通过一个线路接口电路501与一条本地线路502连通。
在本实施例中，传统上大多数选择器电路512是设置在称作“(潇洒卡(Smart Card)”类型的卡511上的，上面带有处理器514、程序与数据存储器516、518以及(在本实施例中)一个信用单位存储器517于存储关于货物与服务的支付的信用额。客户装置500包括一个卡接纳入口505，卡便是插入其中的，入口中带有用于互连处理器514与发送与接收电路519a、519b的触点，后者与线路接口电路501连通。
本地环路线502(诸如铜或光纤电缆，可能包含一条无线链路)互连客户装置500(例如位于办公室或家中)与一个本地交换机523。本地交换机台523上的交换机转接电路521配置成不仅响应正常的拨号音调、脉冲或数字，还响应网络选择音调、脉冲、数字或其它信号，将客户装置500与若干竞争的网络504a、504b、504c中之一互连。例如，当前在英国，连接在英国电讯公用有限公司的网络上的客户房屋装置上可带有一个音调拨号钮，用户起动它导致本地交换机523将该用户互连到由Mercury电讯公用有限公司经营的网络所拥有或租赁的装置上。
在本实施例中，参见图10，当用户想要启动一次电话通信时，它将该卡511插入装置500中(步骤601)并启动一次通话(诸如通过摘下手机与拨号)。由于在本实施例中，卡511上带有能用于支付的信用单位，启动一次通话的过程中最好还包含一个安全或身份鉴定步骤，在该步骤中用户可输入(诸如)一个PIN码，在步骤602中将该码与保存在卡511上的存储器516-518中的数据对照，只在两者匹配时才允许进行通话(步骤603)。用户拨号后(步骤604)，处理器514在步骤605中通过发送电路519a与线路接口电路501依次为各可利用的网络经营者504a-504c生成一个轮询信号，该信号包括一个网络指示信号、一个轮询指示信号以及指示目的地号码与装置500的身份的信号。本地交换机523依次对各轮询信号作出反应，将各信号发送到对应的网络经营者504a-504c。
各网络504a-504c包含各自的定价单元520(未示出)，定价单元中包含与第一实施例中图2中所示的元件功能相同的元件，并且以第一实施例或第二实施例相同的方式操作。从而，在接收到轮询信号时，各定价单元520a-520c(未示出)在应答中通过交换机523发送一个定价信号回到处理器514，该信号通常按照图5b的进程指示收费水平(每分钟、每位、每包、每帧数据，每一个电路或者在虚拟电路的情况中每部分电路)。
接收到价格信号时，处理器514比较这些价格并在步骤606中选择具有最低价格(按照上述实施例调整后的)的网络504，并在步骤607中存储识别该网络的标识数据及收费率。
在步骤608中，处理器514通过发送电路519a及线路接口电路501生成一个网络选择信号并通过本地线路502将其发送到交换机523。然后交换机523以传统的方式将电话装置500连接到所要求的网络504上而在步骤609中进行通话。
在开始通话时，将指示呼叫者的身份(或者更具体地卡511的身份)的收费数据发送给网络504，使得网络504能随着通话的进行而自动按信用单位扣除其帐目；类似地，处理器514配置成随着通话的进行而将费用记入信用存储器517中的借方。处理器514可配置成在由存储的价格率所确定的预定定时间隔上自动地记入卡511的借方中，或者网络504可发送传统的收费音调到电话装置500(如在传统的用现金或卡付款电话中)来触发处理器514将费用记入信用存储器517的借方。如果信用存储器517是空的，处理器514配置成生成一个要求用户补充信用存储器的指示，或者终止通话。
除了采用一个“潇洒卡”信用存储器517，也同样可能采用带有存储预付信用数据或信用记帐数据(例如在信用卡中所采用的那种类型)的传统形式的磁条存储区的卡511，电话装置500上也同样设置有磁卡阅读器装置。
付款也同样可能是在通话结束时或在通话中改换网络(如果这出现得较早)时以单个操作进行的。
很明显在电讯服务进行中或刚结束时提供付款是有利于减少通话数据量的，否则用户需要存储它们(虽然当然在本实施例中也有选择地存储历史性通话成本数据)。这一优点也可同样应用在上述较早的实施例中。再者，在提供服务期间或刚结束时提供尽快付款使得能在短暂的机会中进行使用(诸如在短暂的有利兑换率时期中)，由于付款能在有利条件占统治地位时进行，这在第一实施例中特别有用。
在个人卡上至少提供控制处理器514的操作的程序数据的优点在于能使用户通过存储关于从供应者得到的服务的价格与质量的数据并在以后选择服务供应者时使用这些数据，而从其对不同服务供应者的经验中得益。从而，已开发出成功的定价算法的用户可以将卡上的算法出售、出租或传播给其它用户。
除了保持他们的个人卡以外，客户也可允许或要求一个公司(诸如一个电讯经营者)代表他们安全地保存他们的卡，诸如为了安全起见，用于兑换某些付款(诸如以用户使用佣金的方式)。在这一情况中，可允许持有该卡的实体本身去补正或改进对备用户的定价算法，或者使之符合特定用户的要求。
通常，处理器514可包含在适用于耦合到现行公用或私营电讯装置的其它类型的装置中(诸如，汽车音乐播放装置)。第四实施例
在第四实施例中，在一个电讯网中实践本发明，允许通过该网络的一则报文的不同路径互相竞争，从而允许该网络使用价格准则组织自己。
参见图11，一个电讯网可包括用电缆(或诸如无线链路等其它通信信道)702a-702g互连的多个交换机700a-700f。各交换机包括一个转接电路710，用于互连一条输入电缆与若干条导向客户装置、另一个交换机700或一个不同的网络的输出电缆中的一条。
各交换机也包括一个选择设备712及一个定价设备720。
本实施例中的各交换机700能作为一个独立效益或成本核算中心，目标在于使自己的工作效益最高。当一则报文要在连接在第一交换机700a上的一个节点(诸如用户站)与连接在第二交换机700c上的一个节点之间传输时，交换机700a便轮询通过各自的信道702a、702f连接在它上面的各交换机700b、700e。然后受到轮询的交换机以类似于上述实施例的方式计入成本与当前电路可利用的容量，计算价格并发送价格信号，而第一(轮询)交换机则选择通过该交换机的提供最低价格的路径。
如同在第一实施例中，定价设备720可结合频繁更新的短期成本估算值来估算价格。确定成本估算值的进程本身可能也需要一个定价设备来与网络的另一个部件(例如，一条干线或另一个交换机)协商价格，以便能象第一实施例中那样提供定价信号。
如果轮询的与选中的交换机两者是同一经济实体的部分，则无须进行实际的付款，但轮询交换机象征性地用协议的价格作为借方记帐，而被选中的交换机则对应地作为贷方记帐，这是在通话以后在本地或国家会计系统上作出一次记录的意义上。
这样，通过图11的网络的通信量是受到价格信号的控制的。经过一段时间之后，较忙的交换机会通过提高它们的价格来试图提高效益，从而一部分通信量将分散到不太忙的交换机上。从而网络能考虑调节其自身的通信量分配。同时有可能提供一个过程来利用在各盈利中心生成盈利的因素来扩展该中心，与/或来保证削减亏损的中心的容量，从而经营一个网络的单一经济实体的部分之间的自动价格竞争在重构该网络来支持较成功的路径方面能起一部分作用。
可以看出本实施例类似于第一实施例。其区别在于，在本实施例中，令由同一经济实体经营的并在传统上视为合作子系统的部件去互相竞争，作为内部通信量分配的一种手段。
参见图12，在本实施例中一个网络的效益中心710a-710h可包括极为不同的元件。
可作为效益中心经营的段/单元的实例如下：
转接交换机或交换机群
数据库或数据库群
点播电视中心
网络/服务管理平台
应用平台
信息高速公司
进入网络或数据库系统的收费门
LAN、MAN及WAN(局域网、维护警报网及广域网)私营网络
单个工作站、计算机、多媒体系统
通用与专用查号服务
通用与专用信息服务局。
在图12中，710a表示一条所谓“信息高速公路”；710b表示作为信息高速公路与一个网络(诸如一个WAN)之间的收费门工作的联结点；710c表示经由通路714连接在WAN712上的一群数据库716；以及710d表示连接在一群客户装置719上的一个本地交换机718。在各成本中心区中(在图12中示出为用虚线围超)设置了通常按照其它实施例的一个定价设备及一个选择设备。在图12的实施例中，各成本中心710的定价设备可配置成计入若干部件的成本；例如，成本中心710d的定价设备不仅计入经营交换机718的成本，并且还计入将该交换机连接在客户装置719及其它交换机或网络上的线路的成本。
将网络分成单个成本中心的级是可以变化的；经过一段时间之后，有可能想出更细的分法，以便更大地利用定价协商进程的自调节效果。
如同在其它实施例中，本实施例中的选择进程最好计入预期的或预测的质量或其它因素。本实施例可采用其它实施例的已作必要变动的特征。
定价信号可由ATM或SDH包报头携带。在本实施例中，可通过修正旨在用于智能网络(IN)的诸如信号7(S7)系统下工作的交换机的存储的程序控制(SPC)序列而实现本发明。第五实施例
在本实施例中，本发明应用在通过电讯网从通过该网络与用户互连的多个源供应货物或服务。
参见图13，多个服务供应者(例如点播电视供应者)具有定价站902a-902d，各包括一个定价电路920，及一个用于通过各自的传输信道(诸如本地线路)904a连接到网络903上的通信电路(这里未示出)。在网络中还提供有一个数据库站905，包括存储与各定价站906a-906d的价格水平信号对应的多种价格数据的一个数字存储器906(诸如RAM)，数据库站905通过一条通信链路907(诸如一条本地线路)连接在网络903上。
客户装置900包括声象再生装置911(例如，一台传统的电视机、或一台监视器及声频再生电路)；以及一个适用于接收点播的电视的声象信令单元910。同时设置的还有一个选择电路912，它具有大致上与图3、图6或图9中所示的选择设备相同的结构。
操作中，在各自的定价站902a-902d中的各定价设备920a-920d根据成本与需求以类似于相对于第一实施例描述的方式周期性地生成点播电视服务的估算价格。然后各定价站902周期性地发送价格水平数据P，连同：指示用户装置900为了获得与该价格相关的点播电视服务而要拨的身份或电话号码的数据(ID)；以及(可选用地)指示诸如清晰度、宽屏/窄屏制式、立体声/单声道或其它与服务质量有关的事项等的质量数据Q。
参见图14，当用户想要得到点播电视服务时，他便输入一个想要这样做的指示到选择电路912的处理器914中。在本实施便中，这时选择电路912生成通过网络903访问导向数据库站905的线路907的拨号音调或脉冲，并将一个所要求的服务的性质的指示(例如，要求一部西部或恐怖片的指示)发送到数据库站905。
作为应答，数据库站905提供价格、身份与质量数据，这些都是事先由各定价站902a-902d提供的。然后挂起连接，而选择电路912如在上述实施例中那样估算最低的“调整”价格，其中考虑了服务质量数据以及涉及过去所遇到的与具有相同身份的供应者相关联的质量与价格的一切存储的数据。
象前面那样作出选择之后，便存储价格率而控制电路914则选择一个由数据库站905提供的ID数据所指示的号码，在所报的价格上获得点播电视服务。
定价站902a-902d可以但并不必须设置在连接在网络903上的电视供应站上。
在实施例中，很明显许多不同类型的服务或者甚至货物可以相同的方式供应。
在上述实施例中，不同的定价站920访问一个中央数据库(或者其地区分布的更新拷贝)以取得价格数据。这样做的某些优点在于用户装置900只须访问一个单一的点而不是象上面的实施例中那样与多个供应者通信。它还具有这样的优点，通过假定数据库站905是由一个独立方(诸如管理机构)运行的而价格细节对其它供应者更具保密性。
除了在客户装置900中设置一个选择电路912之外，还可以用在数据库站905中设置一个选择电路912来供代替，这时它会向客户站推荐当前可获得的最贱或最佳值，而不是将所有涉及不同供应者的存储的价格信息提供给客户装置900，使其能够作出决定。
在这一情况中，不是设置一个向所有客户装置900建议相同的选择的单一选择电路912，而有可能使数据库站905存储为不同用户执行不同的选择进程的数据(例如，存储第一实施例中给出的价格调整公式中的不同预定常数)。在这一情况中，数据库站905从而有些象不偏不倚地推荐多个服务供应者之一的一个“经纪人”。
提供存储来自多个不同供应者的价格数据的一个独立数据库，从而有效地中断选择设备与定价设备之间的直接通信的配置也可应用在提供电讯服务的较早的实施例中。多媒体
在以上的实施例中，所提供的是声音或声/象电讯服务。同样有可能将本发明应用在多媒体电讯服务上，其中在一次单一的电讯对话中提供数据(诸如文本数据)通信信道以及图象与/或声音。在这一情况中，用户装置通常包括声音输入与输出设备(一个麦克风与一个扬声器)；图象输入与输出设备(一台摄象机及一个视觉显示单元)；一个图形输入设备(一个鼠标器、跟踪球或指示笔/板组合)；文件输入与输出设备(一个扫描器及一台打印机)；一个文本输入设备(一个键盘)；以及一个控制或监视显示器(通常带有一张菜单或诸如视窗(TM)等图形用户接口(GUI)的一个视觉显示单元)，用于与文本或图形输入设备一起控制该用户装置。
配置了一个或多个控制与处理设备(诸如Inte1486X微处理器等微处理器与/或Texas仪器公司TMSC30等数字处理设备)来处理与确定输入与输出设备之间及往来干线路接口电路的数据及声象信号的路由，线路接口电路适用于以适当的多媒体格式接收与发送数据(诸如ATM格式)。
可通过一条独立的逻辑信道(通常共用同一条物理电缆)来提供各数据流(声、象、文本)，并且可以以其它实施例中相同的方式独立地协商各信道上的连接的时期与价格。监示器上的显示可带有各信道的协商进展情况的指示，与/或收费或成本信息。
通常，用户装置可用计算机工作站提供，带有连接在上面讨论的声、象及文本输入与输出设备上的端口。第六实施例
在上文中的实施例中，将达到选择设备与定价设备之间的协议价格的进程是描述为每当出现服务需求时由选择设备发动的，该选择设备进行操作从来自竞争的定价设备的若干投标中选择一种。
然而经常出现电讯或其它服务供应者具有过剩的可利用的容量的情况。在电讯服务的用户(诸如跨国公司)购买了超过它们的需要的容量时也会出现同样的情况。
从而，在本实施例中，电讯资源是在可获得时周期性地提供的，并且电讯用户对可利用的资源进行竞卖。这一实施例对于电讯服务的用户为对电讯服务具有相对恒定的需求(在某一水平上)的大客户更为有用，而不是对私营个体或其它小的最终用户。
例如，本实施例可应用于第一实施例中参照图1所描述的情况，其中多个长途网络2a-2c向多个局域网络1a-1c提供服务。
参见图14与15，在本实施例中备长途网络(服务供应者)2包括一个选择器设备820，而各局域电讯网1(服务用户)则包括一个出价设备812。出价设备812包括一个处理器814、程序与数据存储器816、818、以及输入与输出信令设备819a、819b(功能上对应于图3的等效设备12、14、16、18、19a、19b)，选择设备820同样包括一个处理器824、程序与数据存储器826、828、以及输入与输出信令设备829a、829b(等效于图4的对应设备24、26、28、29a、29b)。
参见图16a与16b，下面描述本实施例的操作。
如同在第一实施例中，在长途网络2中的各处理器824配置成在步骤200中周期性地导出网络的可利用容量A(在定期的基础上，与/或响应长途信道的可利用率的突然改变)。然后将可利用的资源容量(诸如可利用的信道数)在步骤202中发送给局域网1a-1c的各出价设备812(连同诸如指示期望的服务质量、信道类型、位速率等)。
局域网1中的各出价设备812在步骤210中接收长途网络选择设备发送的资源容量信号；在步骤212中计算价格；并在步骤214中输出计算出的价格。
选择设备820在步骤204中接收来自各局域网1的价格提供信号，在步骤206中比较这些价格并选择最高的价格；并在步骤208中发回接受信号到选中的局域网，指示进入一个合约，该合约的执行已被适当连接。
各局域网1a-1c等待接收一个接受信号。未被选中的局域网不采取进一步的行动，而收到接受信号的局域网则在步骤218中连接到长途经营者上而在达成协议的价格上(这是同样存储在出价设备812中的)与长途经营者相互通信。
本实施例中的出价设备所执行的价格计算步骤212通常包括估计所提供的服务的需求的步骤220；估价正在使用的等效服务的当前成本的步骤222；估价过去使用的等效服务的存储的成本的步骤224；以及估价正在提供的服务的质量的步骤226(根据任何发送的质量数据及与以前从同一长途网络接收的服务的质量相关的任何存储的数据)，如图16c中所示。
如果由于正在提供的服务当前不是局域网1的多数用户所需要的使得步骤220中的估计需示量是低的，出价设备812可简单地完全不计算价格或者输出一个低价(例如为了以后转卖而得到这些服务)。如果在步骤220中所估计的需求已经基本上满足，从而不存在剩余的需求，出价设备812可根据在步骤222中估算的现有服务的成本，通过降低步骤222估算的现有成本(计入改变供应者中内在的成本)而计算出成本；及根据步骤226中估算的质量，并考虑进去步骤224中估算的任何有关的过去的成本数据(诸如指示特定的长途网络一般比现在的供应者便宜)加以调整而作出一个正的或负的调整。
如果处理器814在步骤220中估计到所提供的服务存在着大量的剩余需求，则处理器814通常将出价设定在与剩余的需求水平成正比的水平上。例如，处理器814可以在步骤228中估价它能出得起的最高可能价格(即网络1从提供的服务的收获中没有效益的价格)，并与当前不能满足的提供的服务的需求部分(剩余需求)成比例地在步骤222中所估算的现有服务价格(或者在224中估算的一种存储的过去价格)与这一最高可能价格之间设定出价。
从而，在本实施例中，出价设备212的操作通常是计算与它对提供的服务的不能满足的需求水平成正比的出价。
本实施例的其它方面的操作如对于第一实施例描述的。当然这两个实施例不是互斥的；本实施例的处理器812、824也可配置成包括第一实施例的处理器12、24。
本实施例也同样能在上述第二至第五实施例中的任何一个中应用。第七实施例
本实施例的操作类似于前面的实施例，其类似之处在于各长途电讯网2(服务供应者)包括一个选择设备820，而各局域网1(服务用户)则包括一个出价设备812。然而，在本实施例中，选择设备820更象以拍卖方式操作。
参见图17a与17b，在本实施例中，在估计步骤200及输出资源指示信号步骤202(如同在前面的实施例中)后面，将本实施例中的选择设备820配置成在步骤250中计算一个初始价格并在步骤252中将该价格发送到局域网1的各出价设备812。
本实施例中的价格计算步骤250可以基本上与第一实施例中的相同，但是除了在初始计算的价格上加上提价以外，以便将其抬高到现实能提供的资源的最高水平上。
在本实施例中，各出价设备在步骤210中接收资源信号并在步骤212中计算对资源的出价，这两个步骤都与前面的实施例中相同。然而，本实施例不输出该价格。反之，出价设备812等待来自选择设备820的价格信号，它是在步骤254中接收的。在步骤256中将接收的价格与步骤212中计算的价格进行比较。如果接收的价格等于或低于计算的价格，出价设备便在步骤258中发送表示接受的信号到选择设备820。选择设备820在步骤260中等待来自出价设备812的接受信号一个预定的时间间隔。
当接收到一个或一个以上接受信号时，采用第一个接受信号来订立供应合同，并在步骤262中发送回一个确认信号。如果在预定的时间内在步骤260中未接收到接受信号，则选择设备返回到步骤250通过从现有价格上减去一个预定的量而重新计算一个较低的价格。然后重复接下来的步骤直到从出价设备812之一接收到一个接受信号或者直到在计算步骤250中计算出的价格达到某一低阈值(低于它提供电讯服务是不经济的)为止。
在出价设备812上，在步骤258中发送一个接受信号之后，出价设备在步骤264中等待接收一个合同确认信号，并随后在步骤218中进行与选中的长途经营者连接。
如果在步骤254中所接收的价格信号高于在步骤212中计算的价格，出价设备在步骤266中检测是否选择设备820已发送了通知结束该进程的一个‘合同订立’信号。如果未发送，出价设备便返回到步骤254去等待接收来自选择设备820的一个较低价格信号。
虽然在上述进程中描述了一种逆向或‘荷兰式’拍卖，显然图17a与17b中的出价与选择设备812、820的操作很容易修改成进行正常的拍卖，其中选择设备生成的价格信号是递增的直到只有一个出价设备保持活跃为止。
再者，出价与选择设备之间的传输可以在一条公用的广播信道上进行，从而各出价设备能监视其它出价设备的表现而适当地改变其未来的表现。
虽然在上述‘传统的’拍卖进程中，价格信号序列是单调递增或递减的，但在某些实施例中也可能出现非单调的表现。第八实施例
在本实施例中，不是用服务换取金融支付，而是执行以一类服务换取另一类服务(或以服务易货或以货易服务)。
本实施例可用诸如第一实施例的装置执行。在本实施例中，选择设备12执行图5a中所示的步骤100-106。然而一开始选择设备12便执行容量估价的步骤来估价可以利用的服务容量(诸如60千位/秒数字链路)，并选择一种高可利用率的服务作为得到长途电讯服务的支付手段。因此，本实施例中步骤102中发送的轮询信号指示以一种标识的服务类型的单位(诸如分钟、包或位)所进行的支付。本实施例中的选择设备12的其余操作与图5a中的相同，但除所比较的价格是以标识的类型的通话服务为单位的而不是用钱表示的之外。
同样，在图5b中，在步骤118中估价的定价因素之一是向长途网络经营者提供的本地服务的需求或价值。如果价值是轻微的，则定价单元20所计算的价格(以指定的本地通话服务为单位)大大地高于长途经营者2对作为支付提供的本地服务的需求(或将一个价值放置在本地服务上)。
从而，在本实施例中，提供一种类型的电讯服务(本地服务)的单位来交换另一种类型的电讯服务(长途服务)的单位。
事实上，长途网络2也能提供本地服务而局域网1也能提供长途服务，因此本实施例能够在竞争的网络之间提供交互可操作性，以便充分利用两者的资源。
同样，本实施例也能用作在一个单一网络的局域与长途部分之间分配资源的一种手段。
在本实施例中为交换电讯服务而提供的资源不限于另一种电讯服务；它们可以是不同通货的支付数量；未来在一定价格上得到电讯服务的选择；或者诸如股份等其它类型的资产。其它实施例
有鉴于上文，许多其它的替代品、实施例与变型都是显而易见的。
例如，上述定价进程可延伸在若干协商阶段上，从漫天要价与就地还价到两者之间合拢在一个价格上。从而上述出价、招标、易货与拍卖进程可扩展到更复杂的价格协商组合。采用特殊战术(诸如对竞争报价的估算及杀价等)的更复杂机构也可以提供。
多个选择设备12可以互相通信以共享从定价单元接收的定价与质量信息，或者甚至在共担成本的基础上联合获得电讯服务。原则上这可能导致电讯服务市场的复杂交互作用，当多个选择设备同时在同一价格上作出相同的选择时，有可能导致突发的混乱或价格突变。
当用户装置带有一个视觉显示设备时，供应者装置可周期性地生成指示价格、性质或质量与/或服务可利用率数据的‘广告’报文，而用户装置则可以显示这些数据。
为了获得有关竞争者的价格信息，电讯服务供应者可仿冒选择设备的行为，为收集价格信息而发布轮询信号。该电讯供应者的定价设备便能在这些价格信息的基础上设定价格。为了防止这些行为，鉴别或安全过程可构成轮询与出价过程的一部分。
不采用PIN，也可能采用其它安全检验(诸如话音识别)。除了在一次通话业务之前也可能在通话业务期间中途进行这些安全检验。
也可能希望设置管理设备，它们周期性地监视定价设备(诸如在一个特定的地区内)所提供的价格来探测明显的垄断行为，在这种行为中竞争的供应者长时间地提供相同的价格，或者探测其它类型的反竞争行为。
用户装置可包含一个有选择地远程操作的阻断设备，在探测到这种行为时便停止它。
不是操作决定性的定价与选择算法，定价与选择设备可提供有自学习结构，其中采用诸如根据服务可利用率、需求水平及涉及这些与可能的其它因素的历史上存储的数据的“神经网络”算法(诸如多层感知或向后传播型前馈网络或者Hopfield网络)来计算价格与/或评估与比较报价。
可以设置允许人类操作员手动干预来取代或仲裁协商的装置。为了这一目的，可设置自动访问特定人员(诸如顾问或仲裁人)的装置。这些附加的功能可作为对个人计算机或电话装置的附件的插接模块提供。
很明显，本发明可应用在所有种类的电讯服务的供应中；例如古老的电话服务(POTS)；多媒体服务；电视电话；传真与数字报文通信；以及诸如此类。同样，本发明也能应用在通过电讯提供的服务；诸如点播电视、娱乐服务等等。
再者，本发明可应用在其它资源分配或服务供应领域中。例如，一台电网操作的计算机可以轮询多台竞争的发电机操作的计算机，来实时配置从选中的发电机通过电网供给的电力的价格与期限，正如上述实施例中所公开的。作为公用网络的替代品，可使用一个私营电讯网来发布价格与协商，或者替代地将信号作为调制叠加在电网上，从而它本身作为一个通信网络工作。
从而本发明不限于上述实施例，而能扩展到本发明的精神与范围之内的所有改型、变型或改进上。

Claims (30)

1、一种通信系统，包括用一条通信信道互连的至少一个资源用户装置(1)与至少一个资源供应者装置(2)，以及用于改变连接的路由装置(10)，其特征在于提供了定价装置(20)，用于生成及通过该系统发送指示与可替换的资源供应业务相对应的定价水平的多个竞争的定价信号；以及选择装置(12)，用于接收所述定价信号，选择所述业务中对应的一笔，并根据所述选择通过控制所述路由装置(10)来选择或改变所述连接。
2、按照权利要求1的一种系统，包括与一个所述用户装置(1)互连的多个所述供应者装置(2)，其中各所述供应者装置(2)包括一个定价装置(20)，用于生成一个定价水平信号并将其发送到所述用户装置，以及该用户装置(1)包括一个选择装置(12)，用于根据所接收的所述定价水平信号选择所述供应者装置(2)中之一。
3、按照权利要求1或2的一种系统，包括与一个所述供应者装置(2)互连的多个所述用户装置(1)，其中各用户装置包括一个定价装置(812)，用于生成一个与价格水平相关的定价水平信号并将其发送到所述供应者装置(2)，以及该供应者装置(2)包括一个选择装置(820)，用于根据所接收的所述定价水平信号选择所述用户装置(1)中之一。
4、按照任何一项前面的权利要求的一种系统，其中该选择装置(820)配置成发送指示单调地随时间变化的价格序列的一序列信号，以及各所述定价装置(812)配置成接收所述信号序列，并且当一个接收的信号指示一个与一个预定的水平对应的价格时便发送一个定价水平接受信号。
5、按照任何一项前面的权利要求的一种系统，其中该定价装置(20)与选择装置(12)配置成在一次应答对话中生成与发送一序列信号以协商一个价格水平。
6、按照任何一项前面的权利要求的一种系统，其中该定价水平信号是指示钱以外的一种支付资源的量的。
7、按照任何一项前面的权利要求的一种系统，其中该或各供应者装置(2)配置成根据它提供的资源的可利用率来计算供应价格数据。
8、按照任何一项前面的权利要求的一种系统，其中该或各供应者装置(2)配置成根据对它提供的资源的需求的估计来计算供应价格数据。
9、按照权利要求8的一种系统，其中该或各供应者装置(2)配置成接收来自其它供应者装置的价格水平信号，以及所述需求估计是根据这些信号的。
10、按照任何一项前面的权利要求的一种系统，其中该或各用户装置(1)配置成根据它对资源的需求水平来计算价格水平数据。
11、按照任何一项前面的权利要求的一种系统，其中该或各用户装置(1)配置成根据指示可比资源的以前的价格水平的存储的数据来计算价格水平数据。
12、按照任何一项前面的权利要求的一种系统，其中该或各用户装置(1)配置成存储指示各供应者装置(2)提供的资源的性能水平的数据，并且包括选择装置(12)，用于根据所述存储的数据来选择一个所述供应者装置(2)。
13、按照任何一项前面的权利要求的一种系统，其中该或各供应者装置(2)配置成生成与发送指示它所提供的资源的技术特征的信号。
14、按照权利要求13的一种系统，其中该技术特征涉及该资源的质量。
15、按照权利要求13或14的一种系统，其中该或各用户装置(1)包括选择装置，用于根据该技术特征选择一个所述供应者装置(2)。
16、按照任何一项前面的权利要求的一种系统，它包括一个电讯网络。
17、按照权利要求16的一种系统，其中该或各所述供应者装置(2)供应电讯服务。
18、按照权利要求17的一种系统，其中该或各用户装置(1)供应及使用电讯服务。
19、按照权利要求18的一种系统，其中该供应者装置(1)与该用户装置(2)包括一个单一的自我组成的电讯网。
20、按照权利要求16或17的一种系统，其中该或各用户装置(1)包括供单个客户使用的客户终端装置。
21、按照权利要求20的一种系统，其中该用户装置包括一个带有至少一部分所述定价装置与/或选择装置的可插入与卸下的部分。
22、按照权利要求20或21的一种系统，其中该用户装置(1)配置成执行一种安全检验，在操作以前确认其一个用户。
23、按照权利要求16的一种系统，其中该或各供应者装置(2)将加值的服务通过所述电讯网提供给该或各用户装置(1)。
24、按照权利要求23的一种系统，其中所述加值服务包括提供视频信号。
25、用于按照任何一项前面的权利要求的一种系统的一种用户协商装置。
26、用于按照任何一项前面的权利要求的一种系统的一种供应者协商装置。
27、用于按照任何一项前面的权利要求的系统的一种定价设备。
28、按照任何一项前面的权利要求的一种系统的一种选择设备。
29、一种通信网络，其中资源的供应是在通过一条通信信道的一次对话中互通价格协商信号的设备的对之间自动协商的。
30、一种通过一个通信网络发送信号的方法，包括通过自动发送价格信号与基于价格的选择进程，建立从多个竞争的可供选择者中选择的两个子系统之间的一个连接。
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