CN1127060A - 用于x射线图象应用的多能量系统 - Google Patents
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Abstract
在一个全电子的多能量系统中,至少两级x射线能量在独立可控的和不同的功率或通量水平下被顺序和快速地产生。在这个系统中,有一个选择该系统运行电流的三极x射线管,和一个串联的、温度限制的二极管或三极管,用于控制第一个x射线管的端电压。这个系统在x射线成象应用中,例如在行李检查或骨骼密度测量以及医学荧光透视检查等方面,以低成本提供良好的性能。
Description
本发明涉及一种全电子的多能量系统,该系统能以独立可控和不同的功率级或通量水平,顺序而快速地生成至少二级x射线能量。
当测量人体的骨骼密度时,目的是确定病人是否患了一种骨骼结构的疾病,如骨质疏松症。在美国专利5,148,455中描述了一种x射线密度计,它利用一个x射线装置,靠两种不同电压间的转换以产生具有两种不同能量的一个准直光束。其电源产生一高能量级的脉冲和一低能量级的脉冲,因为这些脉冲来自60赫兹频率的主功率线,所以每六十分之一秒产生有一个高能量级脉冲和一个低能量级脉冲的一对脉冲。根据上述美国专利,由x射线束照射的对象,即病人,在使用骨骼密度计时,在他(或她)的位置上是不动的。在这种应用中,x射线能源和检测器相对于病人是移动的。采用这里描述的新发明,扫描时间可以减少,图像的分辨力可以改善,并具有更准确和可再现的密度的测量结果。
类似的美国专利5,044,002涉及一种x射线吸收计,它适合于反应位于一件行李中的物体的有效原子序数,以指示出具有给定成分的物体。这件被检查的行李要相对x射线束移动。该仪器的电源要适于提供x射线源所需要的高压和低压电平。根据美国专利5,044,002的一个实施例,高能级脉冲在150千伏下产生,低能级脉冲在75千伏下产生。这些脉冲的间隔,即一个脉冲开始和一个相邻的不同能量的脉冲开始之间的时间是1/120秒。这样,产生的一个脉冲的频率和上面提到的美国专利5,148,455中的一样。然而,这个频率对更快地检查连续通过检查装置的行李来说是一种限制。在这种情况下。管子在整个高低能量输出的周期内工作在一个固定的灯丝电流下,由于管子的阳极电流对美国专利5,044,002和5,148,455中的两种能量脉冲来说是近似一样的,故在滤波之前的高能通量至少是4倍的低能通量,因此需要一个同步旋转的x射线滤波器以减少x射线管的高能辐射量,这就对该系统的速度有了一个限制。
在骨骼密度计或保安系统中,通过改变来自具有恒定阳极电源电压的x射线管的单峰能量谱可以获得“双能量”的一些优点。K流线式过滤器,如钐氧化物或铈可用作管排出(tube exit)过滤器以产生两个不等的连续能量峰。在通过被测量物体的透射之后,透射光束由两个分离的检测器检测,这两个检测器分别最好地响应高和低能量。
一般地,低能检测器能反应高能和低能,高能检测器有格外的滤波以减少对低能的反应,因低能更容易被吸收或散射。就同时载有高能和低的x射线束来说,当它通过物体和检测器时,光束的几何散射会降低系统的分辨力。在那些低能检测器在高能检测器之前截断光束的系统中,这个缺点被加大了。此处叙述的发明排除了这些问题,它仅用一个检测器或检测器阵列来检测高能和低能,并且交替地让物体受到低能和高能的照射。这样,密度的电子计算就方便了,并且由于消除或减弱了x射线的散射和图象中的几何重叠和能量重叠,分辨力改善了。
医学上的数字减影法血管造影术的目的是利用最少的造影剂使心脏区域的血管可见。有源的x射线源可以是一个大功率的旋转阳极二极x射线管,用于在高和低能量下照出连续的闪光照片。一个大功率的三极管或四极管在栅极控制下,可改变加于旋转阳极管上的脉冲电压。当管子的灯丝电流没能随着管子从低能到高能转换而改变时,所产生的过高的能通量就会导致较高的信噪比。美国专利4,361,901描述了一个加栅极的医学x射线管,它可在高能脉冲下减少电流和x射线通量。可替代串联的三极管或四极管的另一种方法是用一个马达控制的可变电阻来调整x射线管的压降。这个控制相对于能量转换时间是慢的,从而使得当管子的电流被x射线管的栅极改变时串联的电阻基本上固定。根据美国专利5,253,282的说明,这个系统是相当复杂的,且使用昂贵的元件。
在最近的这个美国专利5,253,282中,一个有固定灯丝温度的管子在高能量下的过通量问题,可通过改变在高低能量下的相对脉冲宽度,以及进行通量响应对时间的积分来解决。这个技术只局限于那些允许这种积分的应用中。
本新发明的目的是克服先有技术的缺点,和制造出一种更快、更简易且便宜的系统,它能够以独立可控的不同功率提供至少二级x射线能量,以允许x射线管的电流和阳极电压较快的转换;同时能够更准备地识别出行李中的东西或是量测出骨骼的密度。这个新发明的基本特性在所附的权利要求书中加以描述。
在优选的实施例中,系统包括两个以串联相电连接的x射线管。其中一个有栅极,允许通过x射线管的电流随着栅极到阴极间的电压变化而变化。这个x射线也产生所要求的x射线束。第二个x射线管具有非线性阻抗特性,即在高能量的x射线输出时的低电流下有低阻抗,而在低能量的x射线输出时的高电流下有高阻抗。结果是,有栅极的管子尽管在很高的转换速度下也能运行在这样的条件下:x射线通量能够近似地设定为在高和低能量下具有相同的水平。第二个管子灯丝温度的控制可改变两个管子的相对阻抗,并且允许调整第一个管子的低能量级。
本发明的多能量系统用于连续操作的x射线图象应用。因此这个多能量系统还有一些装置,它们至少让一个被检查的物体被x射线束照射。此外也还有一些装置,用于检测透过被查物体的辐射的强度,分析和显示该辐射。
多能量系统用于区分不同种类的材料是很有利的。这种对材料的选择性是基于由本发明的多能量系统产生的x射线的穿透力。这个多能量系统在x射线管源里顺序地产生软和硬x射线。由于逐一地快速产生软和硬x射线,故由被查物体所吸收的辐射的强度能只用一个检测器,即用于两种辐射的同一个检测器来检测。这个检测器系统利用了x射线管快速转换能量级的能力。这说明本发明的系统能够较快地操作,且具有较高的分辨力。与采用原有技术的系统相比,能作出目前所未知的观察,而且测量更准确,更可以重现。
在骨骼密度计的应用中,管子头和检测器组件要相对病人移动。检测器一般由两个闪烁体和在软硬闪烁体之间具有K流线式过滤器的光电倍增管组成。本发明减少了一个闪烁体和过滤器以及所造成的散射。交替地用硬软x射线进行快速照射提供了与保安应用中相同的分辨力和速度优点,同时病人受到较少的辐射。
在医学和工业x射线荧光检查中,检测器是一个图象增强器,其电视摄像机的输出可由计算机利用源能(source energe)知识进行处理,并以较好的密度分辨力显示或记录。本发明的上述系统的速度目前受到在软硬图象曝光之间清除图象管的能力的限制。而该能力目前是被图象管限于每秒30帧。这在一般情况下是足够了,但由于本发明引进了图象技术可以指望有所改进。
在采用两个x射线管的实施例中,有可能利用两束x射线,即每一个x射线管产生一束x射线。来自二极管型x射线管的x射线束只产生软x射线而不是产生软和硬两束x射线。因此,在确定系统对软和硬x射线的反应时,有可能利用这些软x射线,借助图象处理计算机的延迟,加到来自三极管型x射线管的软x射线上。
也有可能利用本发明的系统调整反馈参考电压,从而具有三个x射线能量级,其中两个能量级从栅极x射线管发射,一个发自作为非线性电阻的x射线管。
利用两个适当安置的具有不同光谱输出特性的x射线管作为源,和利用系统尽可能高的速度也能允许该系统利用两个x射线管和一个具有立体图象分别和显示的检测器产生三维图象。在这个实施例中,交替由低和高能在视频监视器屏幕上产生的经过处理的彩色图象,可以通过右和左的彩色接目镜观察,以便按适当的深度关系定位物体。
当本发明的多能量系统用于保安目的时,由这个多能量系统所产生的硬和软辐射可以在金属和塑料之间选择材料,这是因为硬x射线对金属有好的穿透力,这样就有利于把甚至如在金属盖子中的有害的塑料炸药分析出来。本发明的多能量系统对于检测由塑料制造的炸弹是实用的。
本发明系统的简易性使它具有可能的低成本。和常规的骨骼密度计或采用过滤达到“双能量”的行李检查系统相比,成本降低了,这是因为只用一个检测器或检测器阵列。而常规系统的成本还要加上一个简单的非临界温度限制的二极管或具有灯丝电源和控制的x射线管的成本。
在下面的图中对本发明作进一步描述,其中:
图1是用一个简要的侧视图说明本发明的一个优选实施例;
图2说明图1实施例的阳极电流和阳极电压之间的关系,该关系是串联二极管x射线管灯丝电流的函数;
图3说明三极管x射线管在不同的灯丝电流下和两个典型的阳极对阴极电压下的栅极电压(偏压)的变化对阳极电流的影响;
图4表明图1的实施例如何在20微秒内或在50,000赫兹的速率下产生一个高低能量周期。
图1中,一个三极管型x射线管1与一个二极管型的x射线管2在电的连接上是串联的。这两个x射线管1和2安装在充有液体、固体或凝胶绝缘材料的管腔3内,这些材料的目的是除热和防止高压击穿。在保安应用中,管腔3位于传送带4的近旁,被查物体在带上是可移动的。管2的阳极电流由电源6供给,x射线管1的栅极电压7由驱动器和控制器8转换。管1的栅极到阴极电压由驱动电压从零开始进行转换,这里最大管电流取决于管1和管2的发射电流。这个发射电流可由两个管子的阴极上的灯丝电流调整,使得灯丝9的温度可控。对灯丝的相对温度(见图2)的调整允许两个管子的相应的阻抗设置在峰管电流以及对电源电压分配(division)的改变。当它只产生软x射线时,这也用来设置管1两端的电压。
当被控的栅极驱动器由负压驱动栅极7时,两个x射线管1和2中的管流将减少。由于管1的阻抗增加,故x射线管1两端的电压将增加,同时x射线管2两端的电压将减少。
x射线管1产生所要求的x射线束10,它对准传送带4上的被查物体5。这个多能量系统x射线束由交替的硬或软x射线组成,这取决于管1的栅极在那个时刻的电压。透过被查物体5的辐射的强度被检测器11的单个阵列检测。检测器的输出由数字计算机17用程序或算法进行分析,定量比较软辐射通量与硬辐射通量。计算机显示出精确的、可再现的、分辨力准确的物体5的密度图象。
简图1表示是一个单元,其中管1的灯丝接地,管2的阳极连到一个正的低纹波、高稳定的主高压恒定电源上。该系统也能在管2的阳极接地以及灯丝隔离时在负高压下运行。利用两个可变的灯丝电源,系统也能用两个半值高压源运行,这时正极连到管2的阳极,负极连到管1的阴极。方波栅极驱动电压总是与有源管1的灯丝有关。高压电源最好是高频型的,电源的高压元件12放在管头罩内。其它类型的也可采用,只要具有足够的稳定性和低纹波。在图1所示的实施例中,图4中整流的恒定电位直流高压“A”,通过调整高频发生器和控制器6的高精度参考电压来设定和维持。这个电压通过高增益放大器和高压部分比较,这个高增益放大器控制高频脉冲的宽度或是控制供给发生器的低压。这个反馈保持高压“A”和稳定基准之间的准确关系。
图2是x射线管2(或是一个三极x射线管,它有一个聚焦杯,其作用象栅极并且连到与栅极绝缘的灯丝上)的阴极发射曲线图,作为阳极对阴极电压和灯丝电流的非线性函数。阴极是钨丝。应当注意,这个装置的阻抗随着管电流的增加而增加,以至于管子的端电压与电流是不成比例的。例如,在2.8安培的灯丝电流下,在阳极电流0.25毫安(mA)时的管端电压近似是2千伏。而在1毫安,即4倍于这个电流时,该电压是80千伏,即0.25毫安时电压的40倍。通过改变灯丝电流,在特定的阳极电流下,可以调整阳极对阴极的电压,或者,在特定的阳极对阴极电压下,可以调整阳极电流。由于灯丝的热惯性,当灯丝电流改变时,阳极电流或电压的变化较慢,需0.5秒到3秒才能稳定下来。在特定的阳极电流下,增加灯丝电流,可减小管子阻抗,反之亦然。
图3是x射线管1的曲线图,其中栅极连到负的直流电流源上(偏压)。当栅极电压从一个值转换到另一个值时,阳极电流将迅速改变(在1微秒内)。例如,在80千伏和3.05安培的灯丝电流下,将栅极偏压从-400伏改变到-600伏时,阳极电流在不到1微秒内从1.0毫安变到0.25毫安。管电流转换的时间取决于栅极对灯丝低的电荷容量改变所需要的时间。本发明利用了二极和三极x射线管的上述特性。
在图4中,一正的高压电源12连到二极x射线管2的阳极。这个二极x射线管2的灯丝再连到带栅极的三极x射线管1的阳极,然后经过一个小电阻接地。因此二极管2和三极管1是串联的,除了在转换期间的电容充电电流以外,流过两上管子的阳极电流是相等的。因此,在本实施例的这个例子中,三极管1在栅极零偏压和不到3.05安培的灯丝电流下,可以通过4毫安的(阳极)电流,而当栅极加偏压时,这个电流就较低,例如1毫安。然而这1毫安的电流必须来自x射线管2。在设置x射线管2的灯丝电流(见图1)为2.8安培时,二极管2的管端压降为80千伏。如果管1的栅极把管1的电流减少到0.25毫安,则管2的压降就变到只有2千伏。因此依赖于管1的栅压,管1的阳极可以是140千伏、0.25毫安,或者是60千伏、1.0毫安。为了加速在管2的阴极和管1的阳极的结点处的对地电容充电,让管1的电流在短时间内提开到4毫安是必要的。这样缩短了该点电压从140千伏变到60千伏的时间。这些关系也示于图4中,该图也表明该实施例如何形成一个高低能量周期。
在这个系统中,准确地设置和保持关键电流和电压量的关系概括在图1中,并类似于前面描述的在图4中设置主高压“A”。在低能半周期的电流提升部分,电流级“C”是通过调整电流控制器18的一参考电压来设定的。用一个放大器比较这个参考电压与管1阴极串联的电阻两端的电压,调整管1的灯丝电流达到所要求的峰值或平均值。在低能控制器14设定的一参考电压与管2两端的峰值或平均电压“E”相比较,并调整管2的灯丝电流,使得电压“E”保持在要求值。出现在高能半周期的由管1阴极电阻两端的电压传感到的电流“D”与一参考电压比较,该参考电压在控制器8中控制和保持管1栅极电压的三个值。
x射线能级和通量水平可以在模拟或数字程序控制下,如图1中15所示,通过调整各种参考电压来改变,以尽可能完善地检测或测量所要求的物体或材料。参考数字16表示各电压控制装置6、8、14和18的调整元件。在一个改变后,它将用几秒钟达到新的条件,这是因为它需要时间使灯丝温度稳定。
在图1中,检测器11,图象处理、编程和显示器17取决于这个多能系统应用的类型。在保安应用中,行李沿传送带移动,产生一水平扫描。一个垂直的x射线扇形束截断盖有闪烁体的光电二极管的垂直阵列,它将垂直图象信息输入计算机17进行图象处理和显示。在本发明中,检测器可以是一个单独的阵列,它交替地受硬和软x射线照射。由于散射少,且得自硬和软射线的图象被极好地寄存,所以分辨力是极好的。此外,由于很高的转换速度,物体在两次扫描之间几乎是不动的。
当要求从x射线管1输出更大功率以加快待测量物体5在传送带4上的运动时,可以增加x射线管1的电流,x射线管2的x射线输出可以借助检测器输出的延迟而加到管1的低压输出上。
Claims (9)
1.一个用于x射线图象应用的多能量系统,其中至少产生两级不同功率电平或x射线能量水平的x射线能量,它包括:一个高度稳定的被调节的高压电源;两个串联的x射线管,其中一个x射线管有一个电压驱动控制栅极,它允许管子电流快速变化,并产生x射线束,还有一些用x射线束照射被检查物体的装置,其中第二个x射线管用作由自身灯丝温度控制的非线性电阻,所述两个x射线管在电连接上是串联的,以便允许通过所述两个x射线管的电流去改变施加于第一个管子上的电压;一些用于检测透过被检查物体的x射线强度的装置;和一个用于按计划或程序值设置、调节和维持照射x射线能级和通量水平的装置。
2.根据权利要求1所述的系统,包括两个x射线管,其中一个是三极管型的,另一个是二极管型的。
3.根据权利要求1所述的系统,包括两个x射线管,它们都是三极管型的x射线管。
4.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中一个单一的检测器用于检测透过被检查物体的硬和软x射线的强度。
5.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中一个检测器阵列用于检测透过被检查物体的硬和软x射线的强度。
6.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中一个三极x射线管的栅极能够与一个有源三极x射线管的栅极同步,以允许在高低能级之间有一些中等能级和x射线通量水平。
7.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中用模拟或数字程序设计装置中反馈参考电压去设定、调整和维持照射用的x射线能级和通量水平,该系统可以改变x射线能级和通量水平以优化系统检测或成象特殊材料或物体密度的能力。
8.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中两个x射线管是物理上分离的,具有不同x射线谱的有源x射线源,安装在适当的位置上,以便利用单一的检测器阵列或图象—增强器—照像机—监视器这一链路和顺序的双照射源去完成对被检查物体的三维立体投影。
9.根据权利要求1或7的系统,其中反馈参考电压被调整成有三个x射线能级,其中两个能级从栅极x射线管发射,一个从用作非线性电阻的x射线管发射。
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Also Published As
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JP2778835B2 (ja) | 1998-07-23 |
CA2162918A1 (en) | 1995-09-28 |
JPH08512169A (ja) | 1996-12-17 |
FI955545A (fi) | 1996-01-16 |
EP0699374A4 (en) | 1996-12-11 |
EP0699374A1 (en) | 1996-03-06 |
WO1995026120A1 (en) | 1995-09-28 |
FI955545A0 (fi) | 1995-11-17 |
US5490196A (en) | 1996-02-06 |
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