CN1134921A - 双银层、低辐射率玻璃涂层系统和用其制造的绝热玻璃构件 - Google Patents
双银层、低辐射率玻璃涂层系统和用其制造的绝热玻璃构件 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种特别是用在绝热玻璃构件(“IGS”)中的溅射涂敷玻璃层系统,它包括被厚度为约700-1.100的Si3N4层分开的二层涂银层并且还包括厚度分别为约300-550和约350-700的Si3N4的底涂层和外涂层,如此涂敷的玻璃获得少于0.02-0.09的标准辐射率(En)并具有良好的耐久性和极低的反射率。
Description
本发明涉及低辐射率值涂覆玻璃制品。更具体地说,本发明部分涉及由这些涂覆玻璃制成的绝热玻璃构件(例如门和窗)。
在商贸交往中现已充分证实用于使建筑门窗达到阳光控制性能的溅射涂敷玻璃层系统的重要性。另外,同样充分证实了将该层系统用在绝热玻璃构件(在该技术领域内已知为“IG”构件)中的重要性。后一种应用的实例包括由至少二层在周边密封以在其中形成绝热腔的玻璃形成的双层和三层玻璃窗和门。在这方面,该腔经常是用一种除空气外的气体,如氩来填充。
对于在市场中该IG构件的认可,重要的是直接与所使用的溅射涂敷层系统有关的下列特性。
1)与红外辐射反射率接受值结合的可见光透射率的期望值;
2)非镜像外观;
3)是中性的或在非有害颜色浓淡的合格范围内的颜色外观;
4)耐侯或耐其它化学侵袭的特性,经常叫做化学耐久性;和
5)在加工,特别是由二片或更多片玻璃(它们中的至少一片用前述涂层系统预先溅射涂敷过)制造IG窗或门所需的各种步骤期间的抗磨损性(经常叫做机械耐久性)。
除了这些物理特性外,所使用的涂层系统制造必须是经济实用的。如果它不是这样,最终的产品,比如IG构件,可能变得如此昂贵以致于没有需求。
在技术领域内众所周知的是,当试图获得这些所期望的特性时,它们经常是有冲突的,因此折衷经常变得不可避免。例如,可能不得不以耐久性(化学的或机械的,或二者均有)为代价获得满意的透射或IR(红外)反射水平。在其它折衷中,不希望的颜色和镜像窗(或门)变得不可避免。在更进一步的折衷中,产品成本变成一个重要因素。这些问题在本技术领域内产生了对一种在这些特性之间能达到一种更好的平衡的新型溅射涂敷层系统的需求。
在US5,344,718专利中,公开了各种优异的获得满意低辐射率(E)值的溅射涂敷层系统,并由此将之恰当地分类为“低辐射率(E)”种类系统(即高IR反射率种类涂层,如下定义)。另外,作为一类,该涂层系统通常表现出其耐久性接近或等于高温涂层的耐久性并由此十分满意。更进一步,这些涂层,特别在它们优选的技术方案中,表现出高可见光透射率。同时它们也表现出合理的中性颜色,该颜色分布稍微落入兰色的绿色一侧,然而,通过所获得的反射率水平对之恰当地遮蔽因此表现出基本上是中性。另外,它们的可见光反射率特性低于20%并由此当,例如,作为窗或门使用时无论是从外面还是从里面观看都避免了不希望的镜像外观。
在US5,344,718专利中所公开的这类层系统使用了各种Si3N4和镍或镍铬合金层以便在它们之间以选定的顺序夹入一层或更多层IR反射金属银,由此获得所期望的最终性能。该专利的整个公开内容,包括其背景部分,在此引入做为参考。
一般说来,该现有专利(′718)通过使用由5层或更多层组成的系统获得了独特的结果,其中从玻璃向外开始算起该系统包括:
a)Si3N4底涂层;
b)镍或镍铬合金层;
c)银层;
d)镍或镍铬合金层;和
e)Si3N4外涂层。
当该系统必不可少地由这五(5)层组成时,通常使用如下厚度:
层 范围(大约)
a(Si3N4) 400-425
b(Ni或Ni∶Cr) 7或更少
c(Ag) 95A-105A
d(Ni或Ni∶Cr) 7A或更少
e(Si3N4) 525-575
在该现有专利(′718)中,当使用多于五层时,如当使用二层银层时,从玻璃向外开始算起该系统通常包括以下层:
玻璃/Si3N4/Ni∶Cr/Ag/Ni∶Cr/Ag/Ni∶Cr/Si3N4。在该系统中,银的总厚度保持相同(即95A-105A)以致于每层银本身只有约50以便等于总量,同时Ni∶Cr和Si3N4层的总厚度与在五层系统中的相同。
同时,该系统,如在先有′718专利所公开的那样,形成对当时现有技术的系统,特别是在那份专利的背景部分中所论述的那些系统的一个明显的改进;尽管如此,在辐射率特性上仍保留有改进的余地。例如,在718专利的系统中,标准辐射率(En)通常低于或等于约0.12,同时,半球辐射率(Eh)通常低于约0.16。然而,实际上,真正能达到的是更低的限度,通常En约为0.09和Eh约为0.12。在这方面,可达到的面电阻(Rs)通常为约9-10欧姆/平方。
人们通常持有的看法是阻止达到更好的IR反射的(即,降低的“E”值)是如果为了获得更高的IR反射率而增加银的厚度,将发生下列四种不利影响中的至少一种或更多种:(1)产生耐久性损失;(2)最终的产品反射太高并因此变得镜像;(3)将使颜色产生不合格的高紫或红/蓝外观;和/或(4)可见光透射率将变得令人无法接受的低。
耐久性,不论是机械的还是化学的,是一个获得通常无论是作为单片使用还是,例如,在IG构件中使用的建筑玻璃的重要因素。如前所述,IG构件的加工、组装和密封要求机械耐久性优质,同时对每层进行周边密封以在之间形成绝热腔的需要主要由于不可避免地与涂层接触的密封剂的性质产生了对化学耐久性的要求。
在美学上,镜像和紫色性质会降低任何表现出这些特性的产品的市场销售。尽管可见光透射率损失是不希望的,但其没有变为真正有害,除非在单板中它降至低于约70%和在IG构件中它降至低于约63%。然而,在某些应用中,特别是在希望低遮蔽系数(即少于约0.6)的情况下,尽管辐射率相当低而透射率可能实际上太高。通常说来,在希望遮蔽性质的情况下(即达到更低的空调成本),整体可见光透射率应该保持在75%以下,优选地在73%以下,而在典型的IG构件中,透射率应该为约65%-68%。
以上看法的部分证实是在US5,302,449专利中所公开的相当复杂的层系统以及由Cardinal IG公司售出的以Cardinal 171为人们所已知的IG构件形式的它的假定商业对应物。像这份专利所指出的那样,该层系统,在层堆积上可变化材料的厚度和种类以获得一定的阳光控制性质,以及使用锌、锡、铟、铋的氧化物或它们合金的氧化物,包括锡酸锌的氧化物,的外涂层以获得耐磨损性。另外,该系统使用了一层或二层金,铜或银以获得它的最终结果。当使用二层银时,指出第一层厚度在100-150之间并且优选地约为125,同时其上面的第二层是在125-175之间。当只使用一层银时,指出它的厚度是约100A-175,优选地为140。该专利任何地方都没有公开镍或镍铬合金的应用,也没有将氮化硅在叠层排列中作为组分应用。
在真正的工业实践中,已发现前述Cardinal IG构件获得了包括满意的颜色特性和较好的非镜像可见光反射率(以下报道一个实施用于比较)在内的十分满意的阳光控制性能。然而,在其它情况下已发现该十分满意的系统缺乏化学耐久性,并且,如在本文中所述,可以将其说成缺乏化学耐久性,这是因为它没有通过规定的煮沸实验。尽管对此还不知道确切原因,但简单的推断是,像现有技术所陈述的那样,为了使其它特性获得所期望的水平,在至少一个所期望的特性上不得不做出牺牲。另外,由于叠层和所使用的组分的性质,该系统制造很昂贵,这主要是由于为了达到所期望结果所要求的层的数目和厚度所致。
在前述′718专利的背景部分中,公开了另一种在商业上作为超-EIII(Airco公司的一种产品)而为人们已知的现有技术的建筑玻璃层系统。该系统,从玻璃向外算起由下列叠层组成:
Si3N4/Ni∶Cr/Ag/Ni∶Cr/Si3N4
在实践中已发现在该超-EIII系统中Ni∶Cr含合金的Ni/Cr(重量)分别是80/20(即镍铬合金),报道两个镍铬合金层是7A厚,银层特定为约70厚[除声明该银可能是约100厚以外],并且Si3N4层较厚(例如,底涂层为320和外涂层为约450)。实际上,因为它薄,在实践中,已发现银(Ag)层在性能上确实际上是相当半连续。
同时该涂层获得了良好的“耐久性”(即该涂层耐擦划、耐磨损和化学稳定)并由此获得与高温涂层相比时该特性重要的尺度,对于约3mm厚的玻璃,Eh仅为约0.20-0.22,和En约0.14-0.17。这二个辐射率值都很高。另外,测定面电阻(Rs)较高,为15.8欧姆/平方(更满意的值约为10.5或更少)。这样,尽管发现机械和化学耐久性相当满意并且其整体可见光透射率也很高,为76±1%,以及尽管证明这些涂层与用在IG构件中的常规密封剂是相容的,但其处理IR辐射的能力比期望的要低。另外,其76±1%的很高的整体可见光透射率使得当要求更低的遮蔽特性时该系统是非常不合适的。
Airco(公司)在超-EIII系统之后,已设计了它的超-EIV系统。该系统包括从玻璃向外算起的下列叠层:
组分 厚度()
TiO2 约300
NiCrNx 约8
Ag 约105
NiCrNx 约8
Si3N4 约425
除了可见光透射率较高(例如大于80%),辐射强度较低(例如低于约0.10),和遮蔽系数明显较高(例如约0.80)外,该系统在性能上与超-EIII很相似。另外,由于将TiO2用作底涂层,该系统制造昂贵。
除了这些超-EIII和IV层系统外,在专利和专业文献中已报道了含有银和/或Ni∶Cr作为用于红外反射,和其它光控制目的的层的其它涂层。例如,参见Fabry-perot滤光器和在US3,682,528和4,799,745专利(和其中论述和/或引用的现有技术)中所公开的其它现有技术的涂层和技术。还可以参见在包括,例如,美国专利US4,179,181;3,698,946;3,978,273;3,901,997和3,889,026(仅列举了一小部分)在内的许多专利中产生的介电、金属夹层。尽管已知道或报道了这样的其它涂层,我们相信在我们的发明之前,这些现有技术的公开文献没有一个告诉人们或已获得能力使用高产溅射涂敷工艺并且,同时,获得了不仅接近或等于高温涂层耐久性,而且还获得优异阳光控制特性的建筑玻璃。
简而言之,在现有技术中的以上因素将导致专业人员直接远离任何合理的建议,该建议是在系统,如在′718专利中发现的这种系统中使银明显加厚,结合对Si3N4厚度的适当调整,可以全面达到所期望特性,特别是在以下特性的组合方面:(1)满意的,非紫或非红/蓝色;(2)非镜像外观,无论是外面,还是里面;(3)适度高,但不是太高的透射率值;(4)良好的机械耐久性;(5)优异的化学耐久性;和(6)特别低的辐射率值。
在我们的未决申请(顺序号081,356,515,1994.12.15申请,名称为“低辐射率玻璃涂层系统和由其制造的绝热玻璃构件”)中,针对上述问题和缺点,公开了一种满足技术要求的层系统。在其中公开的层系统从玻璃向外算起通常包括:
a)厚度为约450-600的Si3N4层;
b)厚度为约7A或少的镍或镍铬合金层;
c)厚度为约115-190的银层;
d)厚度为约7或更少的镍或镍铬合金层;
e)厚度为约580-800的Si3N4层;这样导致
当玻璃基本具有约2mm-6mm的厚度时,该涂覆玻璃基体具有至少约为70%的可见光透射率,少于约0.07的标准辐射率(En),少于约0.075的半球辐射率(Eh),少于约5.5欧姆平方的面电阻,并具有下列反射率,和颜色坐标,其中玻璃侧特性是:
RGY, 约 12—19
ah, 约 -3—+3
bh, 约 -5—-20
并且其中膜侧特性是:
RFY, 约 8—12
ah, 约 0—6
bh, 约 -5—-30
其中,RY是反射率并且ah,bh是用Hunter装置,Ill.C,10°观测仪测量的颜色坐标。
在该未决发明的某些方案中,将一块其一个表面上具有上述层系统的玻璃板与至少另一块玻璃板一起使用以便每块玻璃板基本平行于另一块玻璃板,但彼此隔开并在它们的周边密封以在它们之间形成绝热腔,由此形成用作窗,门,或墙的绝热玻璃构件(IG),其中如图2所示,该层系统位于表面24上以便使反射率和颜色坐标为:
当从外面观看时:
RGY, 约 16—18
a*, 约 -3—+3
b*, 约 0—-15
当从里面观看时:
RFY, 约 14—16
a*, 约 0—+5
b*, 约 0—-20并且可见光透射率至少约为63%,并优选为约65%-68%。当该涂层系统位于表面26时(图2),反射率和颜色坐标与上面填倒过来,但透射率保持相同。
如下所述,此处的星号,表示用Ill.C,2°观测仪常规测得的颜色坐标。
此处所用的术语“外面”意思是观测者从使用了该有涂层的玻璃板(即IG构件)的处所外面观测。此处所用的术语“里面”与“外面”的含义正相反,即观测者从安装了该构件的处所里面(例如,从住宅或办公建筑物的房间里向外看)观测的那一侧。
在该未决发明中公开的层系统是高度有效的。它们不仅获得了优异的阳光控制性能,而且它们同样是基本非反射的(例如,在有害的20%水平之下),和耐久性的(化学的和机械的)。尽管如此,现已十分令人吃惊的发现(并作为本发明的一部分)通过:(1)使用总厚度甚至超过该现有未决发明的双银层系统,(2)除了Si3N4底涂层和外涂层外,使用较厚的Si3N4中间层,和(3)用核化镍或镍铬合金层将各层隔开,可以使反射率更进一步减少,而不过分地影响上面所列出的其它期望的特性。
一般说来,通过提供由一种玻璃基体组成的溅射涂覆玻璃制品而获得独特的结果,在该玻璃基体上向外有一种层系统,该层系统包括:
a)厚度约300-500的Si3N4层;
b)厚度约7或更少的镍或镍铬合金层;
c)厚度约70-130的银层;
d)厚度约7或更少的镍或镍铬合金层;
e)厚度约700-1,100的Si3N4层;
f)厚度约7或更少的镍或镍铬合金层;
g)厚度约70-190的银层;
h)厚度约7A或更少的镍或镍铬合金层;
i)厚度约350-700的Si3N4层;
在某些特别优选的技术方案中,以上各层厚度是:
层 厚度()
a 约350-450
b 约≤7
c 约100-125
d 约≤7
e 约≤900-1,000
f 约≤7
g 约140-170
h 约≤7
i 约400-500
在某些特别优选的技术方案中,以上各层的厚度是:
层 厚度()
a 约400
b 约7
c 约110
d 约7
e 约950
f 约7
g 约155
h 约7
i 约450
在像本发明所设想的那样的制品中,当所说的玻璃基体具有约2mm-6mm的厚度时,该涂覆玻璃基体具有至少约70%,优选为约72%-76%的可见光透射率;约0.02-0.09,优选为约0.03-0.06的标准辐射率;约0.03-0.12,优选为约0.04-0.07的半球辐射率;约2-10,优选为3-5的面电阻(Rs),并具有下列反射率和颜色坐标,其中玻璃侧的特性是:
RGY,低于约10,优选约4-7;
ah是约-3—+5,优选约+2.5—+4.5;
和bh是约0—-10,优选约-4—-8.0;
并且其中膜侧的特性是:
RFY,低于约10,优选约3-7;
ah是约-3—+5,优选约0.0—2.0;
和bh是约0—-10,优选约0.0—-2.0;
其中RY是反射率并且ah,bh是用Hunter装置,Ill.C,10°观测仪测量的颜色坐标。
在本发明特定的技术方案中,将一块其一个表面上具有上述层系统的玻璃板与至少另一块玻璃板一起使用以便每块玻璃板基本上平行于其它的玻璃板,但它们相互隔开并在它们的周边密封以在它们之间形成绝热腔,由此形成用作窗,门或墙的绝热玻璃构件,其中如图2所示,该层系统位于表面24上以至于使反射和颜色坐标为:
从外面观测时:
RGY少于约16并优选为约9-12;
a*,约-3.0—+3.0并优选约0.0—+2.0;
b*,约0.0—-8.0,并优选约-4.5—-6.5;
从里面观测时:
RFY,少于约15并优选为约9-12;
a*,约-3.0—+3.0,并优选约0.0—+2.0;
b*,约0.0—-8.0,并优选约0.0—-2.0;并且可见光透射率至少为约63%,优选为约65%-68%。当该涂层系统位于表面26上(图2)时反射率和颜色坐标与上面颠倒过来,但透射率保持相同。如前所说,和如下所述,星号(*)表示Ill.C,2°观测仪。
现在根据本发明某些技术方案,以及参照附图描述本发明,其中:
图1是本发明层系统的局部侧截面图;
图2是如本发明所设想的IG构件的局部横截面图;
图3是使用如图2所说明的IG,构件作为窗、门、和墙的房屋的局部示意性透视图。
在玻璃涂层领域中,特别是当定义用在建筑领域中的涂覆玻璃的性能和阳光控制特性时,某些术语是广泛采用的。按照它们广为人知的含义在此使用这些术语。例如,在此使用:
可见波长光的强度“反射率”通过它的百分率来定义并被说成RxY,其中X对玻璃侧是“G”或对膜侧是“F”。“玻璃侧”(例如“G”)意思是从与存在涂层的玻璃基体一侧相反的另一侧观测,而“膜侧”(即“F”)意思是从存在涂层的玻璃基体一侧观测。另一方面,它也被说成“R对外”或“R对里”,“G相当于“向外”和“F”相当于“向内”。
在“a”和“b”坐标上测量颜色坐标。同时在此用下标“h”表示这些坐标以表明按照ASTME308-85(ASTM标准手册,vol.06.01“用CIE系统计算物体颜色的标准方法”),一般使用Hunter方法(或构件)Ill.C.10°观测仪。在其它时候,它们用星号(*)表示以表明另一个常规标准,即
在前述ASTME308-85的公开内容中也被作为参考的Ill.C,2°观测仪(方法)。
术语“辐射率”和“透射率”是本领域内人们所熟知的并在此按照它们广为人知的含义使用。这样,例如,此处的术语“透射率”意思是阳光透射率,它等于可见光透射率,红外能透射率,和紫外光透射率。于是通常将总的太阳能透射率表征为这些其它值的重量平均数。对于这些透射率,在380-720nm处用标准光源C技术检定可见光透射率:而红外是800-2100nm;紫外是300-400nm;总的太阳能是300-2100nm。然而,对于辐射率目的,使用特别的红外范围(即2,500-40,000nm),像下面所讨论的。
用已知的常规技术可以测量可见光透射率。例如,用分光光度计,如Beckman 5240(Beckman Sci.Inst.Corp),获得透射光谱曲线。然后用前述ASTM E-308的“用CIE系统物体颜色的方法”(ASTM标准手册Vol.14.02)计算可见光透射性。如果希望可以使用比规定少一些数量的波长点。测量可见光透射率的另一技术是使用分光计,如可商购的由pacific科技公司制造的Spectragard分光光度计。该仪器直接测量和记录可见光透射率。如此在所报道和测量的,用Ill.C,10℃观测仪,Hunter技术测量可见光透射率(除非另有所指)。
“辐射率”(E)是一定波长的光吸收和反射率的一个尺度,或特性。它通常用下式表示:
E=1-反射率膜
对于建筑目的,辐射率值在称为红外光谱“中程”,有时也称为“远程”的范围即约2500-40000nm内变得很重要,例如,像Lawrence Berkley实验室的WINDOW 4.1项,LBL-35298(1994)规定的那样,如后面所参考的那样。因此,在此所用的术语“辐射率”是指在该红外范围内像1991年提出的测量红外能量以计算辐射强度的ASTM,标准(由主要玻璃厂家协会提出并且命名为“用辐射测量法测定和计算建筑浮法玻璃产品的实验方法”)所规定的那样测得的辐射率值。该标准,和它的条款,在此引入做为参考。在该标准中,将辐射率作为半球辐射率(Eh)和标准辐射率(En)而报导。测量该辐射率值的数据的实际积累是按常规进行的并且可以采用,例如,带有“vw”附件的分光光度计(Beckman科技有限公司)进行。该分光光度计测量对应于波长的反射率,并由此而采用已在此引入作为参考的前述在1991年提出的ASTM标准计算辐射率。
在此所用的另一术语是“面电阻”。面电阻(Rs)是本领域内一个为人们所熟知的术语并按照它的广为人知的含义而在此使用。一般说来,该术语是指针对流过层系统的电流对应于玻璃基体上的层系统的任何正方形的欧姆电阻。面电阻说明该层反射红外能量的程度,并由此经常与辐射率一起用作该特性的尺度,它在许多建筑玻璃上是非常重要的。利用4-点探头欧姆计,如可省略的4-点电阻率探头,其上带有一个由signatone公司(santa clara,calif)制造的磁控仪表公司的M-800型头。
“化学耐久性”在此与过去已在本领域中使用的术语“耐化学性”或“化学稳定性”术语同义地使用。通过在约500毫升的5%HCl中将涂敷后的玻璃基体的2″×5″试样煮沸1小时(即在约220°F下)决定化学耐久性。如果在1小时的煮沸后试样的层系统表现出其没有直径大小约0.003″的针孔,就认为试样通过了该实验并由此认为该层系统具有“化学耐久性”。
采用两个实验中的一个来定义在此使用的“机械耐久性”。第一实验是用Pacific Scientific Abrasion Tester(或等同物),其中将2″×4″×1″尼龙刷轮转地经过层系统的上面500次,并使用150克的重量施加在6″×17″的试样上。在另一个,可替代的实验中,使用常规的Taber研磨机(或等同物)使4″×4″的试样承受两个C.S.10F研磨轮的300转的磨擦,每个轮子有500克的附加重量。在每一个实验中,当在可见光下用裸眼观察时,如果没有出现明显的可以看到的划痕,就认为通过了该实验,并且就说其是机械耐久的。
利用已知的光学曲线,或者可替换地利用常规的针状椭园计测量在所报道的系统中各层的厚度,并由此定义在此使用的术语“厚度”。这种方法和技术对专业人员来说是熟知的,因此除了注意在此所报道和所使用的厚度是以埃()为单位的光学厚度外不需要进一步作解释。
现在转到图1上来,它表示本发明一个典型技术方案的局部横截面简图。像所看到的,它使用了一个在建筑技术中惯用的典型玻璃基体1。该玻璃优选地由常规“浮法”工艺制造并由此叫成“浮法玻璃”。其通常的厚度是约2mm-6mm。该玻璃的组成不是关键的,并能广泛地变化。典型地,所使用的玻璃是在玻璃技术中熟知的钠-钙-硅类玻璃中的一种。
用来在玻璃基体1上形成层2a-e,3a-d,和4a,b的工艺和设备可以是常规的多-腔(多-靶)溅射涂敷系统,例如由Airco有限公司制造的那种。在这方面,在此所用的优选的溅射涂敷工艺与U.S5.344.718专利所公开的相同,其整个公开内容已预先在此引用作为参考。在这方面,层2a,2b,和2c是主要由Si3N4组成的层,其中可能存在少量掺杂物和/或与Si一起溅射并且同时在靶中使用的其它靶材料,从而维持系统导电性中的阳极。在未决的申请(顺序号.08/102,585,1993,8,15申请,现在的美国专利号__________)中已向人们指出了这样的概念。选择这种靶掺杂物和/或导电材料通常保持最小,以便在达到它们目的的同时不含对系统中的Si3N4产生不利影响。
底涂层2a的厚度是约300-550。现已发现该厚度对于达到本发明的目的是重要的。优选地,层2a的厚度是约350-450并最优选地是约400。外涂层2C的厚度是约350-700。优选地,它的厚度是约400-500,最优选地是约450。同样发现这样的厚度对于达到本发明的目的是重要的。
对于二个银层4a和4b来说,4个3a,b,c,和d层是夹心的,它们是核化层。这些核化层3a,3b,3c和3d主要由金属镍或金属镍铬合金(例如,80/20Ni∶Cr(重量))组成。如果使用镍铬合金,优选地是在溅射过程中至少有一部分铬被转变成氮化物,就像在US5,344,718专利中所说并出于其中所陈述的原因。这4层核化层使用的厚度优选地是与前述′718专利相同,即在约7以下并优选地是约6或更少。
本发明的一个重要特征(导致了比上述现有技术的独特性)是使用两层,较厚的与本身是足够厚的Si3N4层的中间层相组合的金属银层。将层2b连接到层4a和4b上的,是前述4层核化层中的二层3b,3c。
金属银层4a是在下面的银层并应该是约70-130厚,优选约100-125和最优选是约110。金属银层4b是在上面的银层并应该是约70-190厚,优选地是140-170和最优选的是约155。综合起来,这二层银层是本发明获得前述极低辐射率值的主要原因。在这方面,优选地是上面的银层4b稍微厚于下面的银层4a。于是主要通过变化上面的银层厚度调整辐射率值,尽管下面的银层对辐射率也有一些影响。然而,这二层,对达到所期望的可见光透射率,反射和颜色特性都是重要的。在这方面,为了获得前述辐射率水平而不有害地影响其它所期望的特性,层4a,4b的总厚度应该是约200-300。并优选地是约225-275和最优选地是265。
Si3N4中间层2b是本发明的一个重要特征。将它设计为基本上厚于其它两个Si3N4层2a和2c的每一层,并在优选的技术方案中显著地厚于组合层2a和2b。虽然其原因没有被完全理解,但可以认为该加厚的层2b使得我们可以应用相当厚的复合银层,从而获得低辐射率值,同时不论是单板还是IG构件均能保持适当的耐久性(化学的或机械的),较低的非镜像反射率(例如RGY和RFY在单板中少于约10和在IG构件中少于约16),可见光透射率和基本上中性或非紫色特性。这样,为了达到这些目的,中间层Si3N4,2b应该有约700-1,100,优选地900-1,000和最优选地约950的厚度。
根据图1描述的本发明的层系统达到了阳光控制性能的独特组合,当将该涂覆玻璃用在如在图2中(以下论述)简要说明的IG构件中时,该阳光控制特性变得特别令人满意。一般说来,当玻璃基体约2mm-6mm厚时;单片涂敷玻璃板当然是(采用透明玻璃)具有至少约70%和优选地约72%-76%,的可见光透射率。该后一范围产生优异的可见光性,但是对于给定的本发明的叠层性质该范围能被调节以便进一步获得优异的遮蔽性能。另外,该涂覆玻璃板具有至少约0.02-0.09,优选地约0.03-0.06的标准辐射率(En);至少约0.03-0.12,优选约0.03-0.08的半球辐射率(Eh);和约2-10欧姆/平方,优选约3.0-5.0欧姆/平方的面电阻。进一步,该单片涂覆玻璃板具有下列反射率和颜色坐标:
Brd范围 优选 最优选RGY 少于约10 约4—7 约5ah 约-3—+5 约+2.5—+4.5 约+4bh 约0—-10 约-4.0—-8.0 约-7—-8RFY 少于约10 约3—7 约3—4ah 约-3—+5 约0.0—+2.0 约+1—+2bh 约0—-10 约0.0—-2.0 约-1
值得注意的是,本发明的反射率特性明显地不同于没有使用Si3N4中间层和只有一层银层的前述未决发明技术方案的反射率特性。在该方面,在我们的未决发明中,通过以整体形式获得更高的反射率,即RGY约12-19和RFY约8-12,所达到的反射率特性满足了某些重要的部分市场。虽然是非镜像的,但最终的产品,获得了一定部分的用户在建筑玻璃窗上所希望的某些美术特性。在本发明中,另一方面,通过以整体形式获得显著更低的反射率,即RGY和RFY少于约10,并优选地分别约为4-7和3-7,满足了另外一些重要的部分市场。同时,像从颜色坐标所能看到的,获得了基本上中性的颜色值而不依赖于遮蔽,一般说来,在前述未决发明的技术方案中,为了达到中性颜色外观而要求遮蔽。另外,不论是单玻璃板还是在IG构件(以下进一步论述)中,都获得了优异的低辐射率值,耐久性(化学的和机械的),和透射率性能。
如上面所指出的,图2说明(有些简略)了本发明一个典型的IG构件。为了区分标有“内”的IG构件的“内侧”和标有“外”的IG构件的“外侧”,简要地表示出了太阳9。像所能看到的,这样的IG构件由“外侧”玻璃面11和“内侧”玻璃面13构成。用常规的密封胶15和条形干燥剂17在它们的周边处将这两个玻璃面密封。之后将这两面玻璃夹在带有框19(以部分简图形式表示)的常规的窗或门之中。通过密封玻璃板的周边并用气体,如氩,代替腔中的空气中,形成了一典型的,高绝热值的IG构件。在这方面,腔20典型地约1/2″宽。
通过使用上述叠层,如在腔20内的外侧玻璃板11的壁24上(如图所示),或者腔20内的内侧玻璃板13的壁26(未示出)上的层系统,形成了一种特别独特、非镜像、非紫或红/蓝IG构件。在这方面,当然应该明白,图2仅说明其中使用本发明独特层系统的IG构件的一个技术方案。事实上,本发明的层系统适用于通常包括具有多于二块玻璃的IG构件的广泛的IG构件。通常说,然而,当该层系统位于IG构件绝热腔内任何一个玻璃板的壁上时,本发明的IG构件典型地具有下列范围的特性:
表1
特性 壁24 壁26
范围 优选的 范围 优选的可见光透射率(%) >63 65—68 相同 相同反射(%,可见光,外侧) <16 9—12 <15 8—11反射(%,可见光,内侧) <15 8—11 <16 9—12遮蔽系数(S.C) .4—.8 .45—.55 .5—.8 .55—.65太阳热量获得系数 (S.C×0.87)U(冬天)[BTU/ 0.20—0.30 0.25 相同 相同ft2/hr/°F]U(夏天)[BTU/ 0.24—0.26 0.24 相同 相同ft2/hr/°F]相对热量获得 90—110 92—102 100—140 120—130[BTU/ft2/hr/°F]颜色特性
Ty 63—70 65—68
a* -5—+5 0—-4 相同 相同
b* -10—+10 0—+4 相同 相同从外面(大致范围, a*+3—-3 0—-2.0 +3—-3 0—+2对外面,上述.)
b* 0—-8 -4.5—-6.5 0—-8 0—-2.0从里面(大致范围,对里面,上述)
a* +3—-3 0—+2 +3—-3 0—-2.0
b* 0—-8 0—-2.0 0—-8 -4.5—-6.5
星号表示用前述Ill.C.2°观测仪ASTM技术测量。
除了以上特征外,在某些优选的技术方案中,如果该系统被用在具有用氩填充的1/2″宽的腔20的IG构件中时,将获得下列特性,而这些特性是按照已知为“WINDOW 4.1”的LawrenceBerkley实验室(Berkeley,california)的软件规程计算的;并且,另外,使用Hitachi分光光度计以获得(1)可见光和阳光透射率;(2)阳光反射,膜侧和玻璃侧;和(3)使用Beckman红外分光光度计以用于测量辐射强度,的输入数据。该“WINDOW 4.1”规程,1988-1994,是Regents大学(California)的有版权的项目,名称为“窗制品热分析规程”。
表2特性 壁24 壁26 整块板T可见光 66 66R对外 9 11R对内 11 9T阳光 36 36R阳光 32 36遮蔽系数 0.46 0.61太阳热量获得系数 0.392 0.522U冬天 0.25 0.25U夏天 0.24 0.24En 0.054 0.054Eh 0.060 0.060相对热量获得 94 125Rs(欧姆/平方) 3.39 3.39颜色(*Ill.C.2°观测仪) (h)Hunter,
(壁24) (壁26) 10°观测仪Ty 65.7 65.7 72.4a* -3.2 -3.2 -2.59ahb* 2.76 2.76 -2.57bhRGY(外面) 8.8 10.8 4.91a* +1.81 +0.46 +4.13ahb* -6.4 -1.1 -7.62bnRFY(里面) 10.8 8.8 3.48a* +0.46 +1.81 +1.64ahb* -1.1 -6.4 -0.69bh
在本技术方案中,使整块玻璃板承受煮沸决定化学耐久性的实验和用前述pacific sciehtific磨擦实验机决定机械耐久性的实验,其通过了这二个实验。
在该技术方案中,使用-Airco ILS-1600研究用涂层机形成叠层。该涂层机具有由阴极#1,含有5%铝掺杂物的硅;阴极#2,银;和阴极#3,Ni∶Cr百分重量为80/20,镍铬合金,组成的三个阴极。该层叠像图1所示那样,其中:材料 层 厚度(大约)Si3N4 * 2a 450Ni∶Cr 3a 7Ag 4a 155Ni∶Cr 3b 7Si3N4 * 2b 950Ni∶Cr 3c 7Ag 4b 110Ni∶Cr 3d 7Si3N4 2c 400*在该层中发现大约为5%的少量Al掺杂物。
使用的单片玻璃板是透明的,厚度为0.087英寸的钠-钙-硅浮法玻璃。使用以下涂层机的设置:
表3
层 | 材料 | N2%* | Ar% | 压力(乇) | 阴极功率 | 阴极电压 | 阴极安培 | %线速度 | 经过次数 |
1 | 硅 | 50 | 50 | 4.0×10-4 | 4.9KW | 483V | 10.5A | 42.5 | 8 |
2 | 镍铬合金 | 50 | 50 | 3.1×10-4 | 0.7KW | 387V | 2A | 100 | 1 |
3 | 银 | 8 | 100 | 5.7×10-4 | 2.8KW | 454V | 6.4A | 100 | 1 |
4 | 镍铬盒金 | 50 | 50 | 3.1×10-4 | 0.3KW | 344V | 1A | 100 | 1 |
1 | 硅 | 50 | 50 | 4.0×10-4 | 4.01KW | 483V | 10.5A | 42.5 | 19 |
2 | 镍铬合金 | 50 | 50 | 3.1×10-4 | 0.7KW | 387V | 2A | 100 | 1 |
3 | 银 | 0 | 100 | 5.7×10-4 | 5.0KW | 498V | 10.5A | 100 | 1 |
4 | 镍铬合金 | 50 | 50 | 3.1×10-4 | 0.3KW | 344V | 1A | 100 | 1 |
1 | 硅 | 50 | 50 | 4.0×10-4 | 4.9KW | 483V | 10.5A | 42.5 | 8 |
*任选地,可以在100%Ar气氛下溅射涂敷镍铬合金层,因而防止了铬氮化物的形成。另外,因为银不形成氮化物,可以在含有部分N2的气氛下溅射涂敷该银层。
下面是与本发明以上技术方案的特性相反或与之比较的通过将上述WINDOW4.1技术(1/2″氩腔)应用到前述现有技术的商业IG构件制品“cardinal-171上的特征”:
表4特性 壁24 壁26 整块板T可见光 73 73R对外 11 12R对内 12 11T阳光 41 41R阳光 33 36遮蔽系数 0.52 0.62太阳热量获得系数 0.443 0.531系数U冬天 0.25 0.25U夏天 0.24 0.24En 0.051 0.051Eh 0.060 0.060相对热量获得 106 127Rs(欧姆/平方) 3.27 3.27颜色(*Ill.C.2°观测仪) (h)Hunter,
Ill.C
(壁24) (壁26) 10°观测仪Ty 73.5 73.5 80.7a* -1.8 -1.8 -1.26ahb* +2.74 2.74 -2.62bhRGY(外面) 11.1 12.0 5.98a* +2.14 -3.4 +2.37ahb* -5.5 +0.49 -5.68bhRFY(里面) 12.0 11.1 4.90a* -3.4 +2.14 -2.01ahb* +0.4 -5.5 +0.60bh
在这方面要指出的是:该Cardinal-171 IG构件在市场上已获得重要的商业认可。它唯一的真正缺点是缺乏化学耐久性。不清楚它的准确叠层系统,然而,人们相信它与在前述US5,302,449中所说的相一致。
像所能看到的,通过将本发明的结果与该已经得到商业认可的产品的结果相比较,本发明采取明显不同的层系统获得了高水平的竞争力。例如,同时Cardinal制品获得了比本发明技术方案高一点的可见光透射率(73%对应于66%),尽管如此,该60%在合格的水平内不仅是良好的,而且当希望较低的遮蔽系数,如以上所解释的时(例如,在热天中为了减少空调成本),在商业上比起73%人们更期望66%。特别重要的,然而,正是本发明获得优异的化学耐久性。两种产品具有极低,基本相等的辐射率和基本相等并优异的U值。
根据在此没有预先定义的以上所指的IG特性,如U冬天,U夏天,等等,这些术语在本领域内已被充分理解并在此按照它们被认可的含义使用。例如,“U”值是IG系统绝热性能的尺度。U冬天和U夏天是根据NFRC100-97(1991),包括在WINDOW 4.1软件中的标准,来确定。“遮蔽系数”(“S.C”)按照NFRC200-93(1993),首先确定“太阳热量获得系数”并除以0.87,来确定。“相对热量获得”(r·h·g)由该相同的NFRC 200-93方法来确定。“T阳光”意思是总的太阳能透射率,一个已知的UV,可见光和IR透射率的结合值。“R阳光”,类似地,意思是总的阳光反射率,一个已知的UV,可见光,和IR反射率的结合值。
图3是具有能使用本发明的各式门的典型一类处所28的局部简图。例如,窗30能使用在其上具有本发明叠层的整块玻璃,或使用作为“风暴窗”的本发明IG构件,如在图2中所说明的。类似地,不论是做为单板玻璃,还是做为IG构件,通过使用本发明能构造出滑动墙面32或非滑动墙面34,以及前门窗36。
一旦给出了以上公开内容,对于专业人员来说,许多其它特征、改进及变化将变得显而易见。因而这些其它特征,改进被认为是本发明的一部分,它的范围由下列权利要求书确定。
Claims (18)
1.一种由玻璃基体组成的溅射涂敷玻璃制品,在该基体上具有从玻璃向外算起包括以下各层的层系统:
a)厚度约300-550的Si3N4层;
b)最度约7或更少的镍或镍铬合金层;
c)厚度约70-130的银层;
d)厚度约7或更少的镍或镍铬合金层;
e)厚度约700-1,100的Si3N4层;
f)厚度约7或更少的镍或镍铬合金层;
g)厚度约70-190的银层;
h)厚度约7或更少的镍或镍铬合金层;
i)厚度约350-700的Si3N4层。
2.根据权利要求1的溅射涂敷玻璃制品,其中
当所说的玻璃基体厚度为约2mm-6mm时,所说的涂覆玻璃基体具有至少约70%的可见光透射率,约0.02-0.09的标准辐射率(En),约0.03-0.12的半球辐射率(Eh),约2-10欧姆/平方的面电阻(Rs)并具有下列反射率和颜色坐标,其中玻璃侧的特性为:
RGY, 少于约10
an, 约-3—+5
bn, 约0—-10
并且膜侧的特性是:
RFY, 少于约10
ah, 约-3—+5
bh, 约0—-10
其中,RY是反射率,并且ah,bn是用Hunter装置,Ill,C,10°观测仪测量的颜色坐标。
3.根据权利要求2的制品,其中:
层(a)的厚度约350-450,层(c)的厚度约100-125,层(e)的厚度大于约900-1,000,层(g)的厚度约140-170,并且层(i)的厚度是约400-500。
4.根据权利要求3的制品,其中:
每个所说的层(b),(d),(f),和(h)小于约7(厚)。
5.根据权利要求4的制品,具有72%-76%的可见光透射率;约0.03-0.06的标准辐射率(En);约0.03-0.08的半球辐射率(Eh);约3-5的面电阻并具有下列有下列反射率和颜色坐标:
玻璃侧
RGY 约4—7
ah, 约+2.5—+4.5
bh, 约-4—-8
膜侧
RFY, 约3—7
ah, 约0.0—+2.0
bh, 约0.0—-2.0
6.根据权利要求1的制品,其中所说的可见光透射率约72%-73%,所说En约0.05-0.06,所说的En约0.060和所说的Rs约3.0-4.0ohms/sq
7.根据权利要求6的制品,其中所说层具有下列厚度:
层 厚度()
a 约400
b 约7
c 约110
d 约7
e 约950
f 约7
g 约155
h 约7
i 约450
8.根据权利要求6的制品,具有下列特性:
Ty, 约72.4
an 约-2.59
ab, 约-2.57
RGY 约4.91
ah, 约+4.13
ab, 约-7.62
RFY, 约3.43
ah, 约+1.64
ab, 约-0.69
9.根据权利要求1的制品,其中所说的层系统是化学和机械耐久性的。
10.根据权利要求1的制品,其中当从玻璃侧观测所说的涂覆基体时,该制品具有在中性略微偏蓝的范围内的颜色。
11.由至少二个基本平行,隔开的玻璃板形成的绝热玻璃构件,其中至少有一块玻璃板是根据权利要求1的玻璃制品。
12.根据权利要求11的绝热玻璃构件,其中将所说的二个玻璃板在它们的周边处一起密封,由此在它们之间围成一个绝热腔,并且其中所说的层系统位于所说绝热腔内的所说玻璃板的一个表面上。
13.根据权利要求12的绝热玻璃构件,其中所说的构件是绝热玻璃窗,门,或墙。
14.由至少二个基本平行,隔开的玻璃板组成的绝热玻璃构件,其中至少有一个玻璃板是根据权利要求2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、或10的玻璃制品。
15.根据权利要求11的绝热玻璃构件,其中所说的层系统具有以下厚度:
层 厚度()
a 约350-450
b 少于约7
c 约100-125
d 少于约7
e 约900-1,000
f 少于约7
g 约140-170
h 约少于7
i 约400-500
16.根据权利要求15的绝热玻璃构件,其中所说的层具有以下厚度:
层 厚度()
a 约400
b 约7
c 约110
d 约7
e 约950
f 约7
g 约155
h 约7
i 约450
其中,所说的层系统位于在所说绝热腔内的外测玻璃板的表面上,并具有下列大致特性:
T可见光 66
R对外 9
R对内 11
R阳光 32
遮蔽系数 0.46
S.H.G.C 0.392
U冬天 0.25
U夏天 0.24
En 0.054
Eh 0.060
相对热量获得 94
RS 3.39
Ty 65.7
a* -3.2
b* +2.76
RGY(外面) 8.8
a* +1.81
b* -6.4
RFY(内面) 10.8
a* +0.46
b* -1.1
17.根据权利要求15的绝热玻璃构件,其中所说层具有以下厚度:
层 厚度()
a 约400
b 约7
c 约110
d 约7
e 约950
f 约7
g 约155
h 约7
i 约450
其中所说的层系统位于所说绝热腔内的内侧玻璃板的表面上并具有以下大致特性:
T可见光 66
R对外 11
R对内 9
T阳光 36
R阳光 36
遮蔽系数 0.61
S.H.G.C 0.522
U冬天 0.25
U夏天 0.24
En 0.054
Eh 0.060
相对热量获得 125
Rs 3.39
Ty 65.7
a* -3.2
b* +2.76
RGY(外面) 10.8
a* +0.46
b* -1.1
RFY(内面) 8.8
a* +1.81
b* -6.4
18.根据权利要求16或17的绝热玻璃构件,其中所说的层系统是化学和机械耐久性的。
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US373085 | 1995-01-17 | ||
US08/373,085 US5557462A (en) | 1995-01-17 | 1995-01-17 | Dual silver layer Low-E glass coating system and insulating glass units made therefrom |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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CN1134921A true CN1134921A (zh) | 1996-11-06 |
Family
ID=23470873
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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CN96104321A Pending CN1134921A (zh) | 1995-01-17 | 1996-01-17 | 双银层、低辐射率玻璃涂层系统和用其制造的绝热玻璃构件 |
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Country | Link |
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US (1) | US5557462A (zh) |
EP (1) | EP0722913B2 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP2878174B2 (zh) |
KR (1) | KR960029262A (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1134921A (zh) |
AT (1) | ATE168975T1 (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2167444A1 (zh) |
CZ (1) | CZ13296A3 (zh) |
DE (1) | DE69600460T2 (zh) |
DK (1) | DK0722913T3 (zh) |
ES (1) | ES2120789T5 (zh) |
HU (1) | HU219378B (zh) |
NO (1) | NO960193L (zh) |
PL (1) | PL179946B1 (zh) |
SI (1) | SI0722913T1 (zh) |
SK (1) | SK6296A3 (zh) |
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- 1996-01-16 NO NO960193A patent/NO960193L/no unknown
- 1996-01-16 ES ES96100574T patent/ES2120789T5/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-01-16 DE DE69600460T patent/DE69600460T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
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- 1996-01-16 EP EP96100574A patent/EP0722913B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-01-16 HU HU9600088A patent/HU219378B/hu not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-01-16 AT AT96100574T patent/ATE168975T1/de active
- 1996-01-16 SK SK62-96A patent/SK6296A3/sk unknown
- 1996-01-16 KR KR1019960000736A patent/KR960029262A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1996-01-16 DK DK96100574T patent/DK0722913T3/da active
- 1996-01-17 CN CN96104321A patent/CN1134921A/zh active Pending
- 1996-01-17 JP JP8023338A patent/JP2878174B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-01-17 CA CA002167444A patent/CA2167444A1/en not_active Abandoned
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Cited By (11)
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CN1762873B (zh) * | 2004-10-19 | 2012-07-18 | 应用材料合资有限公司 | 玻璃涂层 |
CN103313949A (zh) * | 2010-10-15 | 2013-09-18 | 葛迪恩实业公司 | 冷藏柜/冷冻柜门和/或制作其的方法 |
CN104837785B (zh) * | 2012-10-04 | 2017-11-10 | 佳殿工业公司 | 具有低可见光透射率的低辐射涂层的涂层制品 |
CN105814002A (zh) * | 2013-08-16 | 2016-07-27 | 葛迪恩实业公司 | 一种具较低可见光透射率低辐射涂层的涂层制品 |
CN106164717A (zh) * | 2013-08-16 | 2016-11-23 | 玻璃与陶瓷研究有限公司卢森堡中心 | 一种用于绝缘玻璃窗单元灰色外观的具较低可见光透射率涂层的涂层制品 |
CN105814002B (zh) * | 2013-08-16 | 2019-05-21 | 葛迪恩实业公司 | 一种具较低可见光透射率低辐射涂层的涂层制品 |
CN110104961A (zh) * | 2013-08-16 | 2019-08-09 | 葛迪恩实业公司 | 一种具较低可见光透射率低辐射涂层的涂层制品 |
CN106164717B (zh) * | 2013-08-16 | 2020-11-06 | 佳殿欧洲责任有限公司 | 一种用于绝缘玻璃窗单元灰色外观的具较低可见光透射率涂层的涂层制品 |
CN110104961B (zh) * | 2013-08-16 | 2022-03-01 | 佳殿玻璃有限公司 | 一种具较低可见光透射率低辐射涂层的涂层制品 |
CN107586047A (zh) * | 2017-09-04 | 2018-01-16 | 咸宁南玻节能玻璃有限公司 | 一种天空蓝双银低辐射镀膜玻璃及制备方法 |
CN107586047B (zh) * | 2017-09-04 | 2020-08-21 | 咸宁南玻节能玻璃有限公司 | 一种天空蓝双银低辐射镀膜玻璃及制备方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA2167444A1 (en) | 1996-07-18 |
HU9600088D0 (en) | 1996-03-28 |
EP0722913B2 (en) | 2008-10-01 |
PL179946B1 (pl) | 2000-11-30 |
ES2120789T5 (es) | 2009-04-16 |
ES2120789T3 (es) | 1998-11-01 |
JPH08239245A (ja) | 1996-09-17 |
DK0722913T3 (da) | 1999-05-03 |
JP2878174B2 (ja) | 1999-04-05 |
CZ13296A3 (en) | 1996-09-11 |
NO960193D0 (no) | 1996-01-16 |
ATE168975T1 (de) | 1998-08-15 |
HUP9600088A3 (en) | 1999-07-28 |
EP0722913A1 (en) | 1996-07-24 |
US5557462A (en) | 1996-09-17 |
KR960029262A (ko) | 1996-08-17 |
SK6296A3 (en) | 1997-08-06 |
SI0722913T1 (en) | 1998-12-31 |
EP0722913B1 (en) | 1998-07-29 |
HUP9600088A2 (en) | 1997-06-30 |
HU219378B (en) | 2001-03-28 |
DE69600460D1 (de) | 1998-09-03 |
NO960193L (no) | 1996-07-18 |
DE69600460T2 (de) | 1998-12-03 |
PL312346A1 (en) | 1996-07-22 |
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