CN1143532C - 检测水印的方法和设备 - Google Patents

检测水印的方法和设备 Download PDF

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CN1143532C
CN1143532C CNB988015900A CN98801590A CN1143532C CN 1143532 C CN1143532 C CN 1143532C CN B988015900 A CNB988015900 A CN B988015900A CN 98801590 A CN98801590 A CN 98801590A CN 1143532 C CN1143532 C CN 1143532C
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J·P·M·G·林纳茨
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
    • G06T1/00—General purpose image data processing
    • G06T1/0021—Image watermarking
    • G06T1/005—Robust watermarking, e.g. average attack or collusion attack resistant
    • G06T1/0078—Robust watermarking, e.g. average attack or collusion attack resistant using multiple thresholds
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N1/00—Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
    • H04N1/32—Circuits or arrangements for control or supervision between transmitter and receiver or between image input and image output device, e.g. between a still-image camera and its memory or between a still-image camera and a printer device
    • H04N1/32101—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title
    • H04N1/32144—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title embedded in the image data, i.e. enclosed or integrated in the image, e.g. watermark, super-imposed logo or stamp
    • H04N1/32149—Methods relating to embedding, encoding, decoding, detection or retrieval operations
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N5/00—Details of television systems
    • H04N5/76—Television signal recording
    • H04N5/91—Television signal processing therefor
    • H04N5/913—Television signal processing therefor for scrambling ; for copy protection
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
    • G06T2201/00—General purpose image data processing
    • G06T2201/005—Image watermarking
    • G06T2201/0065—Extraction of an embedded watermark; Reliable detection
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N5/00—Details of television systems
    • H04N5/76—Television signal recording
    • H04N5/91—Television signal processing therefor
    • H04N5/913—Television signal processing therefor for scrambling ; for copy protection
    • H04N2005/91307—Television signal processing therefor for scrambling ; for copy protection by adding a copy protection signal to the video signal
    • H04N2005/91335—Television signal processing therefor for scrambling ; for copy protection by adding a copy protection signal to the video signal the copy protection signal being a watermark
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N2201/00—Indexing scheme relating to scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, and to details thereof
    • H04N2201/32—Circuits or arrangements for control or supervision between transmitter and receiver or between image input and image output device, e.g. between a still-image camera and its memory or between a still-image camera and a printer device
    • H04N2201/3201—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title
    • H04N2201/3225—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title of data relating to an image, a page or a document
    • H04N2201/3233—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title of data relating to an image, a page or a document of authentication information, e.g. digital signature, watermark
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N2201/00—Indexing scheme relating to scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, and to details thereof
    • H04N2201/32—Circuits or arrangements for control or supervision between transmitter and receiver or between image input and image output device, e.g. between a still-image camera and its memory or between a still-image camera and a printer device
    • H04N2201/3201—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title
    • H04N2201/3269—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title of machine readable codes or marks, e.g. bar codes or glyphs
    • H04N2201/327—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title of machine readable codes or marks, e.g. bar codes or glyphs which are undetectable to the naked eye, e.g. embedded codes

Abstract

新近开发的复制保护方法依靠用来判断多媒体内容是否被复制的水印检测器。在这种复制保护方案中，水印检测器检查多媒体内容并且输出表示是否存在水印的信号(D)。已知的水印检测器确定表示在多大程度上存在水印的判定变量，例如，输入信号和待检测的水印的基准拷贝之间的相关度。如果判定变量超过预定的阈值(ythr)，则检测到水印。根据本发明，按照信息信号的统计特性和所要求的假报警(信号未加水印却检测到水印)概率而自适应地控制阈值(ythr)。在一个实施例中，水印检测器确定象素值阈值电平的标准偏差(σ)，并且按照如下的关系计算所述阈值：P(假报警)＝erfc(Ythr/σ)其中，erfc是误差函数，而σ是信息信号值的所述标准偏差。

Description

检测水印的方法和设备
技术领域
本发明涉及检测嵌入信息信号中的水印的方法和设备。
背景技术
水印是嵌入多媒体材料、例如音频信号、静止图象、动画片或视频信号的信息信号中的感觉上察觉不到的信息。水印可以用来标识信息的版权所有权。它们使版权所有者可以通过检查复制品中是否存在他的水印而查出他的材料的非法复制品。
通过修改信号的数据样值(例如，音频信号的音频样值，图象的象素，变换编码信号的变换系数等等)来将水印嵌入信息信号中，使得原件不会受到可察觉的影响。本专业中已知各种各样的加水印的方法。例如，按照二进制水印图案的相应的位使原始图象的象素轻微地增量或者减量。
为了检查信息信号是否具有嵌入的水印，对该信号进行统计分析。统计分析产生一种参数，下文中称其为“判定变量”，它表示信号中多大程度上存在水印。例如，如果是通过按照水印图案对其象素进行增量或者减量来对图象信号加水印的，则判定变量可以是所述信号和所加的水印的基准拷贝之间的相关度。如果是通过修改所选择的象素来对图象加水印，则从时间上或者空间上相邻的象素计算所述象素的预测值。于是，所述判定变量可以是显著地不同于其预测值的象素的数目。
水印检测器产生表示“发现水印”或者“未发现水印”的二进制输出信号。这是通过将判定变量和预定的阈值进行比较来实现的。如果判定变量的值超过阈值，则认为信号中存在水印。所述阈值对于水印检测器的性能是决定性的。如果阈值太低，则检测器将经常作出错误的肯定判定(假报警)。如果所述阈值太高，则检测器将经常作出错误的否定判定(遗漏的检测)。象素域水印尤其容易判定错误。只有当假报警概率足够低时，才可以把借助水印检测的复制保护应用于用户产品。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供改进的检测水印的方法和设备。
为此，根据本发明，提供了一种用来检测嵌入信息信号中的水印的设备，它包括：用来确定表示在所述信号中在多大程度上存在所述水印的判定变量的装置；以及用来在所述判定变量超过预定的阈值时产生表示检测到水印的输出信号的装置；其特征在于：所述设备包括用来按照所述信息信号的统计特性和所要求的误检概率来产生阈值的装置。
其中，所述产生装置包括用来计算信息信号值的标准偏差或方差以便获得该信息信号的统计特性的装置。
所述产生装置还包括用来按照以下关系计算阈值(ythr)的装置(25)：
其中，P(假报警)是在水印检测中所要求的误检概率，erfc是误差函数，而σ是所述信息信号值的所述标准偏差。
本发明还提供了一种检测嵌入信息信号中的水印的方法，它包括以下步骤：确定表示在所述信号中在多大程度上存在所述水印的判定变量；以及在所述判定变量超过预定的阈值时产生表示检测到水印的输出信号；其特征在于还包括以下步骤：按照所述信息信号的统计特性和所要求的误检概率来控制阈值。
附图说明
图1显示包括水印嵌入器和检测器的先有技术系统。
图2显示用于举例说明图1中所示的系统的操作的水印图案。
图3显示用于举例说明根据本发明的水印检测器的操作的概率密度函数。
图4显示根据本发明的水印检测器的实施例。
具体实施方式
现在，将参考水印检测器描述本发明，其中，表示信号中多大程度上存在水印的判定变量是待分析的信号和待检测的水印的基准拷贝之间的相关度。但是，不应当把这种描述理解为把本发明限制在这样的实施例。
图1显示包括水印嵌入器1和水印检测器2的先有技术系统。水印嵌入器接收原始信息信号p和水印信号w。假定信息信号p是具有8位亮度象素值p(n)的数字图象。假定水印w是具有值w(n)＝1或w(n)＝-1的专用的二进制图案。这种水印图案的例子示于图2中，其中，白点和黑点分别表示值w(n)＝-1和w(n)＝1。水印嵌入器包括加法级10，后者把水印值w(n)加到输入图象的空间上对应的象素p(n)。下面将指出，这不影响图象的视觉外观。因此，嵌入的水印在感觉上是察觉不出的。
在传输或者储存(未示出)之后，把信息信号q加到水印检测器2上。水印检测器包括乘法级21和求和电路22，它们共同构成相关电路。乘法级接收信息信号q和将要检测其在信号q中的存在的水印w的基准拷贝。把所接收的图象的象素值q(n)和基准水印的对应的值w(n)一个一个地相乘，然后相加，以便获得判定变量y，后者代表输入信号q和水印w之间的相关度。用数学表示法表示：
Y = Σ n = 1 N w ( n ) × q ( n )
其中，N是象素的总数。
把相关值y加到比较器23，以便与阈值ythr进行比较。对于y＞ythr，比较器产生输出信号D＝1(发现水印)，而对于y＜ythr，比较器产生输出信号D＝0(未发现水印)。仔细地选择水印图案w和阈值ythr，以避免检测器过分经常地作出错误的判定。当信号未被加水印而检测器产生输出信号D＝1时和当信号被加水印而检测器产生输出信号D＝0时，就作出这样的错误判定。这在图3中举例说明，该图显示关于未加水印信号的相关值y的概率密度函数31以及关于加水印信号的值y的概率密度函数32。它们各自的平均值表示为y1和y2，而ythr是阈值。下面将指出，阴影区域34代表出现假报警(D＝1，而信号未被加水印)的概率。类似地，阴影区域33代表作出否定的错误判定(虽然信号被加水印，但D＝0)的概率。随着嵌入的水印的能量的加大，函数31和32进一步彼此分开(即，平均值y2加大)。
本发明提供根据对信息信号的上述统计特性的测量结果和所要求的错误检测概率来设置阈值ythr的方法。
本发明人发现，可以用以下方程表示假报警的出现概率：
Figure C9880159000061
方程1
其中，P(假报警)是在水印检测中所要求的误检概率，erfc是所谓“错误函数”，它在数学领域中是众所周知的，而σ是实际所加的信息信号的信号值q(n)的标准偏差。
根据本发明的水印检测器的实施例利用假报警率、阈值和标准偏差之间的这种关系。图4示出这样的实施例。在该图中，对于图1中已经示出的元件使用相同的标号。水印检测器还包括用来计算输入图象的象素值q(n)的标准偏差σ的装置24和用来根据所要求的假报警概率产生阈值ythr的阈值产生装置25。
阈值产生电路25执行由方程1定义的操作的逆操作，即，它计算对于所要求的假报警概率的对应的阈值ythr。为此，该电路的实施例执行迭代过程，其中，根据方程1，对于不同的候选的阈值，以迭代的方式计算假报警概率，直至P(假报警)足够地等于所要求的值。然后，把已经获得与其相关的要求的概率的阈值ythr加到比较器23。这样就自适应地控制所述阈值，以便获得所要求的假报警率。
可以将本发明概述如下。新近开发的复制保护方法依靠用来判断多媒体内容是否被复制的水印检测器。在这种复制保护方案中，水印检测器检查多媒体内容并且输出表示是否存在水印的信号(D)。已知的水印检测器确定表示在多大程度上存在水印的判定变量，例如，输入信号和待检测的水印的基准拷贝之间的相关度。如果判定变量超过预定的阈值(ythr)，则检测到水印。
根据本发明，按照信息信号的统计特性和所要求的假报警(信号未加水印却检测到水印)概率而自适应地控制阈值(ythr)。在一个实施例中，水印检测器确定象素值阈值电平的标准偏差(σ)，并且按照如下的关系计算所述阈值：
Figure C9880159000062
其中，P(假报警)是在水印检测中所要求的误检概率，erfc是误差函数，而σ是信息信号值的所述标准偏差。

Claims (4)

1.一种用来检测嵌入信息信号(q)中的水印(w)的设备，它包括：
用来确定表示在所述信号中在多大程度上存在所述水印的判定变量(y)的装置；以及
用来在所述判定变量超过预定的阈值(ytr)时产生表示检测到水印的输出信号(D)的装置；
其特征在于：所述设备包括用来按照所述信息信号的统计特性和所要求的误检概率来产生阈值(ythr)的装置。
2.权利要求1的设备，其特征在于：所述产生装置包括用来计算信息信号值的标准偏差或方差以便获得该信息信号的统计特性的装置(24)。
3.权利要求2的设备，其特征在于：所述产生装置还包括用来按照以下关系计算阈值(ythr)的装置：
其中，P(假报警)是在水印检测中所要求的误检概率，erfc是误差函数，而σ是所述信息信号值的所述标准偏差。
4.一种检测嵌入信息信号(q)中的水印(w)的方法，它包括以下步骤：
确定表示在所述信号中在多大程度上存在所述水印的判定变量(y)；以及
在所述判定变量超过预定的阈值(ythr)时产生表示检测到水印的输出信号(D)；
其特征在于还包括以下步骤：按照所述信息信号的统计特性和所要求的误检概率来控制阈值(ythr)。
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JP2001505753A (ja) 2001-04-24
EP0941605A1 (en) 1999-09-15
JP3946268B2 (ja) 2007-07-18
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