CN1170382A - 多层光学薄膜 - Google Patents

多层光学薄膜 Download PDF

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CN1170382A
CN1170382A CN95196882A CN95196882A CN1170382A CN 1170382 A CN1170382 A CN 1170382A CN 95196882 A CN95196882 A CN 95196882A CN 95196882 A CN95196882 A CN 95196882A CN 1170382 A CN1170382 A CN 1170382A
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film
layer
polymer
refractive index
pen
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J·M·琼扎
M·F·韦伯
A·J·奥德柯克
C·A·斯托弗
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3M Co
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Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co
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Abstract

布儒斯特角(p偏振光的反射率趋向于零的角度)很大或不存在的双折射光学薄膜(10,12,14)。由此可制得多层反射镜和偏振器,它们对p偏振光的反射率随入射角偏离法向而缓慢减小,或者与入射角无关,或者随入射角偏离法向而增大。结果可得到在阔的带宽范围内具有高反射率的多层膜(10)(在反射镜的情况,对两种偏振面在任何方向入射时都具有高反射率;在偏振器的情况,是在选定的方向上具有高反射率)。

Description

多层光学薄膜
发明背景
本发明涉及可用作偏振器和/或反射镜的光学薄膜。
以多层聚合物为基的光反射器件是已知的。这类器件的例子包括用交替的具有不同折射率的聚合物层制得的偏振器。
发明简述
本文所述的双折射光学薄膜的光学性质和设计考虑,可构成布儒斯特角(p-偏振光的反射率为零的角度)很大或不存在的多层叠合薄膜。这样就可构成其p-偏振光的反射率随入射角偏离开法线而缓慢减少、或与入射角无关、或随入射角偏离法线而增大的多层反射镜或偏振器。结果,可得到在阔的带宽下具有高反射率的多层薄膜(在反射镜的情况下,对任何入射方向的s和p偏振光都有高反射率;而在偏振器的情况下,则在选定方向具有高反射率)。
简而言之,本发明的一个方面是提供一种多层聚合物薄膜,它包含结晶或半结晶的聚萘二甲酸酯层(如聚-2,6-萘二甲酸乙二醇酯“PEN”-2,6-polyethylenenaphthalate)或由乙二醇、萘二甲酸和其它酸(如对苯二酸酯)得到的共聚物层(“co-PEN”),这类聚合物层具有正的应力光学系数(即拉伸时在拉伸方向的折射率增大),平均厚度不大于0.5微米;以及选定的第二类聚合物层(如聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯“PET”或co-PEN),其平均厚度不大于0.5微米。较好的是,将本发明的薄膜沿至少一个方向拉伸后,所述聚萘二甲酸酯层在至少一个平面内的轴上的折射率高于第二类聚合物层的折射率。本发明的薄膜可用以制备在至少100nm宽的频带上平均反射率至少为50%的多层薄膜。
本发明的另一方面提供了一种多层聚合物薄膜,它包含结晶或半结晶的聚酯层(如PET),其平均厚度不大于0.5微米;以及平均厚度不大于0.5微米的选定的第二类聚合物层(如聚酯或聚苯乙烯);该薄膜至少在一个方向上拉伸至等于该方向上未被拉伸时长度的至少两倍。本发明的薄膜可用以制备在至少100nm宽的频带上平均反射率至少为50%的多层薄膜。
附图的简单说明
以下参照附图进一步说明本发明。
图1a和1b显示了本发明的偏振器。
图2显示了本发明的PEN层和voPEN层的折射率特性。
图3是对一个50层的PEN/coPEN叠合薄膜根据图2所示的折射率由计算机模拟计算而得到的透射百分率数据。
图4是由计算机模拟计算而得的沿双轴方向等拉伸的300层PEN/coPEN反射镜的透射百分率数据。
图5是本发明的51层红外偏振器实际测得的透射百分率,其一级峰接近于1300nm。
图6是将8个本发明的51层偏振器层叠起来而测得的透射百分率。
图7是本发明的204层偏振器实际测得的透射百分率。
图8是将2个本发明的204层偏振器层叠起来而测得的透射百分率。
图9是本发明的过顶投影仪的示意图。
图10显示了形成单一分界面的两层叠合薄膜。
图11和图12显示了在折射率为1.60的介质中的单轴双折射系统的反射率与角度的关系。
图13显示了在折射率为1.0的介质中的单轴双折射系统的反射率与角度的关系。
图14、15和16表示单轴双折射系统中面内折射率与Z方向折射率的各种关系。
图17显示了两个不同双轴双折射系统的离轴反射率与波长的关系。
图18显示了在具有大的z向折射率差的双轴双折射薄膜中引入y向折射率差的效果。
图19显示了在具有较小的z向折射率差的双轴双折射薄膜中引入y向折射率差的效果。
图20显示了综合图18和19的资料而得到的等高线图。
图21-26显示了实施例3-6中的多层反射镜的光学性能。
图27-31显示了实施例7-11中的多层偏振器的光学性能。
图32显示了实施例12中的多层反射镜的光学性能。
图33显示了实施例13中的AR涂覆的多层反射偏振器的光学性能。
图34显示了实施例14中的多层反射偏振器的光学性能。
图35a-c显示了实施例15中的多层偏振器的光学性能。
说明性实施例的详细说明
如图1a和1b所示,本发明的可用作反射偏振器或反射镜的多层聚合物片10包括交替的结晶聚萘二甲酸酯层12(如聚-2,6-萘二甲酸乙二醇酯,PEN)与选定的聚合物层14。通过在单轴取向至双轴取向范围内拉伸该PEN/(选定聚合物),可产生对不同取向的入射平面偏振光具有一定范围反射率的薄膜。如果沿双轴方向拉伸,可沿正交的双轴不对称地拉伸,或者沿正交的双轴对称地拉伸,以得到所需的反射和偏振性能。
对于偏振器而言,最好在单一方向拉伸聚合物片而使之取向,而PEN层中偏振面平行于取向方向的光线与偏振面平行于横向的光线的折射率之间呈现很大的差别。与面内轴(平行于薄膜表面的轴)相联系的折射率是对于偏振面入射光有效的折射率,该偏振面平行于该轴。所谓取向的方向是指薄膜拉伸的方向。横向是指在薄膜平面内与取向方向垂直的方向。
PEN是一种较好的材料,因为它有高的正应力光学系数,在拉伸后形成永久的双折射,对于波长为550nm的入射偏振光,当偏振面平行于拉伸方向时,其折射率可由约1.64增加至高达约1.9。图2显示了PEN与70-萘二甲酸酯/30-对苯二酸酯共聚物(co PEN)在拉伸比为5∶1的情况下与不同面内轴向相联系的折射率之差。图2中,下面曲线的数据代表PEN和co PEN在横向的折射率,而上面曲线则表示PEN在拉伸方向的折射率。PEN在可见光谱范围内显示了0.25-0.40的折射率差。其双折射(折射率之差)可通过增大分子取向程度而增大。PEN在约155℃-230℃是热稳定的,取决于应用时的收缩率要求。虽然上面具体说明了PEN是双折射层的较佳材料,但聚萘二甲酸丁二醇酯与其它结晶的聚萘二甲酸酯也是合适的材料。这种结晶的聚萘二甲酸酯的不同面内轴向相联系的折射率应呈现至少0.05的差别,最好呈现至少为0.20的差别。
只要对拉伸方向的高折射率没有显著影响,可用少量共聚单体取代聚萘二甲酸酯。折射率的降低(因而反射率的降低)可由以下好处而得到补偿:与选定聚合物层的粘结性,挤塑温度可降低,熔体粘度匹配较好,玻璃化温度匹配较好而利于拉伸。合适的单体包括基于间苯二酸、壬二酸、己二酸、癸二酸、二苯甲酸(dibenzoic acid)、对苯二甲酸、2,7-萘二甲酸、2,6-萘二甲酸或环己烷二羧酸的单体。
本发明的PEN/选定的聚合物树脂最好具有相似的熔体粘度,以便获得均匀的多层共挤塑膜。两种聚合物在典型剪切速率下的熔体粘度之比最好在5以内。
本发明的PEN与较佳的选定的聚合物层彼此之间具有良好的粘结性,但在多层片内仍保持为分立的层。
本发明所用不同的聚合物的玻璃化温度是相适应的,所以在拉伸时不会发生一组聚合物层碎裂等不利的效果。所谓相适应的是指所选定的聚合物的玻璃化温度低于PEN层的玻璃化温度。选定的聚合物层的玻璃化温度也可稍高于PEN层的玻璃化温度,但不大于40℃。
各层最好具有1/4波长厚度,为了反射不同范围的波长而设计成各种不同的层的组合。并不要求每层都精确地为1/4波长厚。最主要的要求是相邻的两层高低折射率层的总光学厚度为0.5波长。具有图2所示折射率差的PEN/coPEN的50层叠合膜,当各层的厚度为550nm的1/4波长时,其带宽约为50nm。这种50层叠合膜在这波长范围内的平均反射率约为99%,而吸收率小到测不出来。图3显示了计算机模拟计算的透射率小于1%(99%反射率)的曲线。图3-8都是以透射百分率表征的数据。应该理解,由于本发明薄膜的吸收率小到测不出来,则其反射百分率可近似地以下式表示:
              100-(透射百分率)=(反射百分率)。
较佳的选定的聚合物层14的折射率保持为各向同性的,而且如图1a所示,其折射率与PEN层中横向的折射率基本匹配。偏振面在这方向的光将大部分透射通过这偏振器,而偏振面在取向方向的光将被反射,如图1b所示。
本发明的反射偏振器可用作眼镜镜片、反射镜和窗户等光学元件。偏振器带有反射镜似的外观,被认为是太阳眼镜的时髦样式。而且,PEN是非常好的紫外滤光器,能有效地吸收紫外光直至可见光谱的边缘。本发明的反射偏振器也可用作薄的红外偏振片。
偏振器中,PEN层/选定的聚合物层至少有一个轴上它们的折射率最好是基本相等的。在该轴上折射率相匹配(一般是在横向轴),结果就使偏振面在该方向上的光不发生反射。选定的聚合物层在拉伸方向上的折射率也可能减小。选定的聚合物具有负的双折射,其优点是可增大相邻两层间在取向轴上的折射率之差,而偏振面平行于横向的光的反射率仍然是小到可忽略不计。拉伸后相邻两层之间在横向轴上的折射率之差应小于0.05,最好小于0.02。另一种可能性是选定的聚合物可由拉伸而呈现正的双折射,但在热处理中减弱,以便与PEN层横向轴的折射率匹配。热处理的温度不能太高以至于减弱PEN层的双折射。
本发明偏振器中较佳的选定聚合物是20-80%摩尔萘二甲酸或其酯(如萘二甲酸二甲酯)和20-80%摩尔间苯二甲酸或对苯二甲酸或其酯(如对苯二甲酸二甲酯)与乙二醇反应而得的共聚多酯产物。本发明范围内的其它共聚多酯具有上述性质,且在横向轴上的折射率约为1.59-1.69。当然,所述的共聚多酯必须可与PEN共挤塑。其它适宜的共聚多酯是基于间苯二甲酸、壬二酸、己二酸、癸二酸、二苯甲酸、对苯二甲酸、2,7-萘二甲酸、2,6-萘二甲酸或环己烷二羧酸的。其它合适的共聚多酯的变化形式包括用1,2-乙二醇、丙二醇、丁二醇、新戊二醇、聚乙二醇、1,4-丁二醇,二甘醇、环己烷二甲醇、4-羟基联苯酚、丙二醇、双酚A和1,8-二羟基联苯或1,3-双(2-羟基乙氧基)苯作为二醇反应剂而得到的。在制备有用的共聚多酯时可利用各单体的体积平均折射率作为指导方针。此外,也可以使用其玻璃化温度与PEN的玻璃化温度相适应的、横向轴上的折射率约为1.59-1.69的共聚碳酸酯作为本发明中的选定聚合物。在挤塑系统中通过两种或多种聚合物的酯基转移而形成共聚多酯或共聚碳酸酯,是得到有用的选定聚合物的另一可能途径。
要制备反射镜,可将两片沿单轴拉伸的偏振片10彼此的取向轴旋转90°地放置,或将偏振片10沿双轴拉伸。在后一种情况下,偏振片平面内两个方向上的PEN折射率都增大,而选定聚合物的折射率应选得尽可能低,以便将偏振面在两个方向上的光都反射。沿双轴方向拉伸多层偏振片,将使相邻的层之间在平行于该两个轴的平面上的折射率都存在差别,因此在两个偏振方向平面都使光反射。沿双轴方向拉伸PEN,将使伸长轴上的折射率只由1.64增大至1.75,而不是象单轴向拉伸时那样增大至1.9。因此,要产生反射率为99%的介电镜(因此其虹彩可忽略),较好的是以低折射率coPET作为选定的聚合物。光学模拟表明,当折射率为1.55时是可行的。一个300层薄膜,层厚具有5%标准偏差,设计成用6个重叠的1/4波长叠合膜来覆盖半个可见光谱,其预期性能如图4所示。拉伸的对称程度更大,则会得到具有更对称的反射性而偏振性较弱的制品。
如果需要,可将两片或更多片本发明的多层片组合起来使用,以增加反射率、光学带宽或两者同时增加。如果在多层片内各对介质层的光学厚度基本相等,则该复合片将与单一多层片在基本相同的带宽和光谱范围(“光带”)内发生反射(但效率稍高)。如果复合片内各片中各对介质层的光学厚度并不基本相等,则复合片会比单一多层片在更阔在带宽上反射。由反射镜片与偏振片组合而成的复合片,可用以提高总反射率,而仍能使透射光偏振。另外一种方法,可不对称地双轴向拉伸单一的多层片,从而产生具有选择性反射和偏振性能的膜。
用于双轴拉伸的反射镜的较好的选定聚合物是基于对苯二甲酸、间苯二甲酸、癸二酸、壬二酸或环己烷二羧酸的,以便在保持与PEN层的粘结性的同时,得到尽可能低的折射率。也仍可使用少量的萘二甲酸以改善与PEN的粘结性。二醇组分可从前面所说的各种二醇中任意选取。选定的聚合物的折射率较好为小于1.65,更好为小于1.55。
选定的聚合物并不一定要是共聚多酯或共聚碳酸酯。也可以使用由乙烯基萘、苯乙烯、乙烯、马来酐、丙烯酸酯、甲基丙烯酸酯之类单体制得的乙烯基聚合物或共聚物。也可以使用聚酯和聚碳酸酯以外的缩聚物,其例子包括聚砜、聚酰胺、聚氨酯、聚酰胺酸、聚酰亚胺。可用萘基团和卤素(如氯、溴和碘)将选定的聚合物的折射率增大至所需水平(1.59-1.69),使它与PEN的横向折射率基本匹配,以制得偏振器。丙烯酸酯基团和氟则是在制造反射镜时特别可用以减小折射率。
图9显示了本发明用作过顶投影仪30中的热反射镜。投影仪30是一种透射型投影仪,具有普通过顶投影仪的许多特征,它包括底座32和投影头34。投影头34通过一臂(图中未示出)连接于底座32,可用普通的调节装置使其上升或下降,从而使投影头34移近或远离底座32。底座32包括光源36,供光源36用的电源(未示出),以及用以将光引向投影平台区域40的适当的光学元件(如反射镜38)。普通过顶投影仪中的平台区域40包括一透明片(如玻璃片),至少有一个菲涅耳透镜整体地形成在其中,用以使光聚焦于投影头34。如果将具有可视图象的透明投影片放在平台40上,该图象将通过常规的光学器件,如在投影头34内的反射镜42和透镜44被集光并投影至附近的投影屏或平面上。
本发明的反射镜46在过顶投影仪30中可有利地用来将来自光源36的产生热的红外能量反射而使可见光透射。当用来反射红外能量时,反射镜46就是用作热反射镜。这对白炽光源特别重要,这种光源发射的能量中约85%是在红外波长。如果对红外能量不加控制,就会使放在投影平台40上的致密的透明投影片或LCD投影片过热。当用作热反射镜时,一般将反射镜46放在光源36与投影平台40之间。反射镜46可作为单独的元件或者作为覆盖层涂敷在光学部件上而置于光源与投影平台之间的光路内。
另外,反射镜46也可在过顶投影仪30中用作冷反射镜,即反射可见光而透射红外能量的反射镜。本发明的反射镜也可布置成光源36与投影平台40之间的折叠镜(未示出)。多层冷反射镜对可见光的反射率可容易地接近95%。本发明的反射镜可作为冷反射镜涂覆层涂敷在凹球面反射器上(如放在光源36后面的反射器38),用以将光源发射出的可见光集光和改向,而使红外能量透射。
挤塑薄膜的取向是通过在加热的空气中拉伸各单独材料片而完成的。为了经济生产,可用标准的长度取向器、拉幅炉或两者同时使用而连续地完成。所以可得到标准的聚合物薄膜生产中的生产线速度和规模经济效益,从而使其制造成本显著低于市售吸收偏振片的成本。
将两片或多片多层聚合物片叠合起来是有利的,可以提高反射率和扩展带宽,或者用两片偏振片构成一个反射镜。可用非晶态的共聚多酯作为层叠材料,已经试用过的材料包括购自Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co.of Akron,Ohio的VITEL Brand 3000和3300。可选用的层叠材料是广泛的,选择时主要的指导原则是与多层片10的粘结性、光学透明度和排斥空气的性能。
只要对本发明产品的性能没有显著干扰,可在多层片的一层或更多层内加入正常数量的一种或多种有机或无机辅助剂,如抗氧化剂、挤塑助剂、热稳定剂、紫外线吸收剂、成核剂、表面凸出部分成形剂等。
多层叠合薄膜的光学性质与设计考虑
以下更普遍地说明如图1a和1b所示的多层叠合膜10的光学性质。
下面所述的多层叠合膜的光学性质和设计考虑,可构成其布儒斯特角(即反射率趋近零的角度)很大以至不存在的多层叠合膜。由此可构成其p偏振光反射率随入射角偏离法线而缓慢地减小、与入射角无关或者随入射角偏离法线而增大的多层反射镜和偏振器。结果可得到在阔的带宽下和在很宽的角度范围内对s和p偏振光都具有高反射率的多层叠合膜。
多层叠合膜在垂直入射时的平均透射率(偏振器中是对偏振面在消光轴内的光线,反射镜中是对两种偏振的光线)较好是在所要求的带宽内小于50%(反射率0.5)。应当理解,本发明中所有给出的透射和反射值都包括前表面和后表面的反射。其它的一些多层叠合膜显示出较低的平均透射率和/或较大的要求带宽,和/或在偏离法线的较大角度范围内有这些性能。如果所要求的带宽只是以某一颜色为中心的,如以红、绿或蓝为中心,有效带宽各为100nm左右,则最好多层叠合膜的平均透射率小于50%。在100nm带宽上平均透射率小于10%的多层叠合膜也是较好的。其它较好的多层叠合膜的例子在200nm带宽上平均透射率小于30%。还有较好的多层叠合膜在可见光谱(400-700nm)带宽内的平均透射率小于10%。最好的多层叠合膜在380-740nm带宽内的平均透射率小于10%。在可见光的应用中,带宽的扩大也是有用的,以便适应光谱角度的偏移,以及多层叠合膜及整个膜厚度的变动。
多层叠合膜10可包括几十、几百或几千层,每层可由许多种材料中的任何材料构成。根据何种特征来选择用于一特定叠合膜的材料,取决于该叠合膜所需的光学性能。
叠合膜所含材料的种类可与其层数相同。但为了便于制造,较佳的光学叠合薄膜只含有数目不多的不同材料。为了便于说明,这里只讨论包含两种材料的多层叠合膜。
材料之间的分界面,或者化学上相同而物理性质不同的材料之间的分界面,可以是突变的或是渐变的。除了某些具有分析解的简单情况以外,对后一种类型折射率连续变化的分层介质的分析,通常都作为具有非常多均匀薄层,各层间的界面是突变的,但相邻的层之间性质变化很小的情况来处理。
有一些参数会影响多层叠合膜所能获得的最大反射率。这包括叠合膜基本设计、光学吸收、层厚度控制和叠合物内各层折射率之间的关系等。为了提高反射率和/或急陡的频带边沿,叠合膜基本设计中应包括利用标准薄膜光学设计的光学干涉效应。这一般涉及利用光学意义上的薄层,即其光学厚度约为所考虑波长的0.1-1.0倍范围的薄层。高反射率多层薄膜的基本结构单元是一对高/低折射率薄膜层,每对高/低折射率层的总光学厚度是设计的反射频带中心波长的1/2。这类薄膜的叠合膜一般称为1/4波长叠合膜。
为了尽量减小光吸收,较好的多层叠合膜是使对其吸收最强烈的波长为被叠合膜反射的第一波长。对大多数透明的光学材料来说(包括大多数聚合物),光吸收在移向可见光谱兰色一端时逐渐增大。于是,较好的是把多层叠合膜调节成使得“兰色”层位于多层叠合膜的入射侧。
由高和低折射率的厚膜交替地构成的多层结构,通常称作“平板堆”,没有调谐的波长,也没有带宽约束,且没有波长在堆中任一特定的层处被选择性反射。这种结构的兰色反射率降低,因为它穿入堆中较深,结果其吸收比较好的1/4波长叠合膜高。即使吸收为零,任意地增加“平板堆”中的层数,也不一定能得到高反射率。同样,任意地增加任何叠合膜中的层数,也不一定能得到要求的反射率,因为吸收可能会增大。
每一薄膜层内各个折射率的关系及其与叠合膜中其它层的折射率的关系决定了多层叠合膜对任何入射角和来自任何方位的反射性能。假设由相同材料构成的所有各层具有相同的折射率,于是分析二组元1/4波长叠合膜中单一分界面的情况,就可理解整个叠合膜中作为角度函数的性能。
所以,为了简化讨论,下面将说明单一分界面的光学性能。但应理解,按这里说明的原理构成的真实的多层叠合膜可包含几十、几百以至几千层。为了说明如图10所示的单一分界面的光学性能,将画出s和p偏振光在包括z轴和一个面内光轴的入射平面内的反射率与入射角的关系。
图10显示了形成了单一分界层的两个材料薄膜层,两个薄膜层都浸没在折射率为n0的各向同性介质中。为了便于说明,我们讨论的是两种材料的光轴是对准的正交多层双折射系统,其中一个光轴(z)垂直于薄膜平面,其它光轴则沿着x和y轴。应当理解,各光轴并不一定要是正交的,非正交系统也完全在本发明的实质和范围内。还应理解,本发明的范围内也并不要求各光轴与薄膜的轴对准。
介质分界面的反射率随入射角而变,而对各向同性材料而言,反射率对p和s偏振光是不同的。对p偏振光的反射最小值是由所谓的布儒斯特效应引起的,而反射率趋向于零的角度称为布儒斯特角。
任何薄膜叠合膜在任何入射方向上的反射性能,是由涉及的各薄膜的介电张量决定的。关于这课题的普遍理论分析,可参看R.M.A.Azzam和N.M.Bashara的教科书“Ellipsometry and Polarized Light(椭圆度与偏振光)”(North-Holland出版,1987)。
系统的单一分界面的反射率,可将分别在方程1和2对p和s偏振光给出的反射系统的绝对值取平方而得到。方程1和2适用于单轴正交系统,且两个组元的各光轴是对准的。 1 ) γ PP = n 2 z * n 2 o ( n 1 z 2 - no 2 sin 2 θ ) - n 1 z * n 1 o ( n 2 z 2 - no 2 sin 2 θ ) n 2 z * n 2 o ( n 1 z 2 - no 2 sin 2 θ ) + n 1 z * n 1 o ( n 2 z 2 - no 2 sin 2 θ ) 2 ) γ SS = ( n 1 o 2 - no 2 sin 2 θ ) - ( n 2 o 2 - no 2 sin 2 θ ) ( n 1 o 2 - no 2 sin 2 θ ) + ( n 2 o 2 - no 2 sin 2 θ )
其中θ是在各向同性介质内测量的。
在单轴双折射系统中,n1x=n1y=n1o,而n2x=n2y=n2o。
对于双轴双折射系统,方程1和2只对偏振面平行于x-z平面或y-z平面的光成立,这些坐标方向如图10所示。于是,对双轴系统而言,对于在x-z平面入射的光,方程1中n1o=n1x和n2o=n2x(对于p偏振光),而在方程2中,n1o=n1y和n2o=n2y(对于s偏振光)。而对于在y-z平面入射的光,方程1中n1o=n1y和n2o=n2y(对于p偏振光),方程2中n1o=n1x和n2o=n2x(对于s偏振光)。
方程1和2表明反射率取决于叠合膜内每种材料在x,y(面内)和z方向上的折射率。在各向同性材料中,所有三个折射率是相等的,即nx=ny=nz。nx,ny和nz之间的关系决定了材料的光学性能。这三个折射率之间的不同关系导致了三大类材料:各向同性的、单轴双折射的和双轴双折射的。方程1和2只说明沿x或y轴的双轴双折射情况,而且只分别考虑x和y方向的情况。
单轴双折射材料定义为在一个方向上的折射率与在其它两个方向上不同的材料。在本文中,约定所讨论的单轴双折射系统是nx=ny≠nz的系统。x和y轴定义为平面内的轴,其对应的折射率nx和ny称为平面内的折射率。
产生单轴双折射系统的一种方法,是双轴向地拉伸一多层叠合膜(即沿两个方向拉伸),该叠合膜中至少有一种材料其折射率是受拉伸过程影响的(即折射率增大或减小)。对多层叠合膜进行双轴拉伸,会使相邻的层内平行于该两轴的平面的折射率之间产生差异,结果在两种偏振面内都发生光的反射。
单轴双折射材料可具有正的或负的单轴双折射。当z-折射率大于平面内的折射率时(nz>nx和ny)是正的单轴双折射。而当z-折射率小于平面内的折射率时(nz<nx和ny)是负的单轴双折射。
双轴双折射材料定义为在所有三个轴上折射率都不相同(即nx≠ny≠nz)的材料。同样,nx和ny将称为平面内的折射率。可通过在一个方向上拉伸多层叠合膜来制得双轴双折射系统。换言之,是单轴地拉伸叠合膜。本发明中,将x方向称为双轴双折射叠合膜的拉伸方向。单轴双折射系统(反射镜)
以下讨论单轴双折射系统的光学性能与设计考虑。如上所述,单轴双折射材料的普遍条件是nx=ny≠nz。于是如果图10中的102层和104层是单轴双折射的,则n1x=n1y,n2x=n2y。在本发明中,我们假设102层的平面内折射率比104层大,因此在x和y方向上都有n1>n2。单轴双折射多层系统的光学性能,可通过改变n1z和n2z的数值,引入不同水平的正或负的双折射来调节。各个折射率之间的关系可以直接地测定,也可以按这里所述通过分析所得薄膜的光谱而间接观察其一般关系。
在反射镜的情况,所希望得到的对每种偏振和每种入射平面的光的平均透射率,一般取决于反射镜的计划用途。窄带宽反射镜在法向入射时沿每一拉伸方向在100nm带宽上的平均透射率希望能在30%以下,较好是20%以下,更好是10%以下。部分反射镜在法向入射时沿每一拉伸方向的平均透射率较好是在10-50%范围,其带宽可在100-450nm,取决于具体的应用。高效反射镜在法向入射时沿每一拉伸方向在可见光谱范围(400-700nm)的平均透射率要求在10%以下,较好是5%以下,更好是2%以下,最好是1%以下。此外,在某些应用中可能需要不对称的反射镜。例如,在可见光谱范围(400-700nm)或在可见至近红外范围(400-850nm),沿一个拉伸方向的平均透射率小于50%,而沿另一个拉伸方向的平均透射率则小于20%。
上面所述的方程1可用以决定图10所示的由两层组成的单轴双折射系统中单一分界面的反射率。对于s偏振光,方程2与各向同性薄膜(nx=ny=nz)的情况相同,所以只需考察方程1。为了说明方便,对薄膜的折射率指定了一些具体的数值(这些数值是比较普遍的)。令n1x=n1y=1.75,n1z=可变的,n2x=n2y=1.50,而n2z=可变的。而设周围各向同性介质的no=1.60,以说明在这系统中各种可能的布儒斯特角。
图11显示了当n1z的数值大于或等于n2z(n1z≥n2z)时,由各向同性介质入射至双折射层的p偏振光的反射率与角度的关系曲线。图11中的各曲线对应于以下的z-折射率值:a)n1z=1.75,n2z=1.50;b)n1z=1.75,n2z=1.57;c)n1z=1.70,n2z=1.60;d)n1z=1.65,n2z=1.60;e)n1z=1.6 1,n2z=1.60;f)n1z=1.60=n2z。当n1z趋于n2z时,布儒斯特角(反射率趋向于零的角度)逐渐增大。曲线a-e是强烈地依赖于角度的。但是,当n1z=n2z时(曲线f),反射率与入射角无关。换言之,曲线f的反射率对所有入射角是常数。在该点,方程1简化成与角度无关的形式:(n2o-n1o)/(n2o+n2o)。当n1z=n2z时,不存在布儒斯特效应,对所有入射角的反射率是恒定值。
图12显示了当n1z的数值小于n2z时反射率与入射角的关系曲线。光由各向风性介质入射至双折射层。在这些情况中,反射率单调地随入射角增大而增大。这是对s偏振光所会观察到的情况。图12中的曲线a是唯一的s偏振光的情况。曲线b-e是不同nz数值下p偏振光的情况,次序如下:b)n1z=1.50,n2z=1.60;c)n1z=1.55,n2z=1.60;d)n1z=1.59,n2z=1.60;e)n1z=1.60=n2z。同样,当n1z=n2z时,(曲线e),不存在布儒斯特效应,对所有入射角的反射率是恒定值。
图13显示了与图11和12期间的情况,但入射介质的折射率no=1(空气)。图13中的各曲线是对p偏振光作出的,是在n2x=n2y=1.50,n2z=1.60的正单轴双折射材料与n1x=n1y=1.75,n1z的数据如下所示的负单轴双折射材料之间的单一分界面上的情况。各曲线所对应的n1z数值,从上至下为:a)1.50;b)1.55;c)1.59;d)1.60;f)1.61;g)1.65;h)1.70;和i)1.75。同样,如图11和图12中那样,当n1z与n2z的数值匹配时(曲线d),反射率与入射角无关。
图11、12和13表明从一种类型的性能转变为另一种性能发生于一个薄膜的z轴折射率等于另一个薄膜的z-轴折射率的时候。对于若干种负的和正的单轴双折射材料以及各向同性材料的组合,这是正确的。其它的情况下布儒斯特角偏移至较大或较小的角度。
图14、15和16显示了平面内的折射率与z轴折射率之间各种可能的关系。垂直轴表示各折射率的相对值,水平轴则用以区分各种情况。每个图的左端相当于两个各向同性薄膜,其中z轴折射率等于平面内的折射率。当移向图的右面时,平面内的折射率保持不变,而各个z轴折射率增大或减小,表明正的或负的双折射的相对数量。
上面在图11、12和13所述的情况表示在图14中。材料1的平面内折射率大于材料2的平面内折射率,材料1具有负的双折射(n1z小于平面内的折射率),材料2具有正的双折射(n2z大于平面内的折射率)。布儒斯特角消失而反射率对所有入射角为恒定值的点,是两个z轴折射率相等的地方。这一点对应于图11中的曲线f,图12中的曲线e或图13中的曲线d。
在图15中,材料1的平面内折射率比材料2的平面内折射率高,但材料1具有正的双折射而材料2具有负的双折射。这种情况下,布儒斯特极小值只能偏移至角度的较小值。
图14和15对两个薄膜中有一个是各向同性材料的极限情况都是成立的。这两种情况是材料1为各向同性的而材料2具有正的双折射的情况,或是材料2为各向同性的而材料1具有负的双折射的情况。不存在布儒斯特效应的点,是双折射材料的z轴折射率等于各向同性薄膜的折射率的地方。
另一种情况是两个薄膜是同一类型的,即都是负双折射的或都是正双折射的。图16显示了两个薄膜都具有负双折射的情况。但应理解,两个薄膜层都是正双折射的情况与图16所示的两个负双折射薄膜层的情况相似。与前面所述相同,只有当一个z轴折射率等于或相交于另一个z轴折射率时,布儒斯特极小值才会消失。
还有另一种情况是两种材料的平面内折射率相等,但z轴折射率不同。这种情况是图14-16所示的所有三种情况的子集,它对任何角度的s偏振光都不发生反射,而对p偏振光的反射率随入射角增大而单调地增大。这类制品对p偏振光的反射率随入射角增大而增大,而对s偏振光是透明的,这种制品可称为“p-偏振器”。
上面所述的说明单轴双折射系统的原理和设计考虑,可用以产生在广泛的情况和应用中具有所需光学效应的多层叠合膜。多层叠合膜中各层的折射率可进行调节和配合,以产生具有所需光学性质的器件。可以产生具有各种平面内折射率和z轴振射率的负双折射和正双折射系统,并且可用这里所述的原理设计和制造许多有用的器件。双轴双折射系统(偏振器)
再参看图10,以下将说明二组元正交双轴双折射系统和影响所得到的光学性能的设计考虑。同样,系统可具有许多层,但可通过对单一分界面光学性能的考虑来理解叠合膜的光学性能。
双轴双折射系统可设计成在广阔的入射角范围内对偏振面平行于一个轴的光具有高反射率,而同时对偏振面平行于另一个轴的光具有低反射率和高透射率。结果,该双轴双折射系统就起着偏振器的作用,透射一种偏振的光而反射另一种偏振的光。控制每层薄膜的三个折射率nx、ny和nz,可以得到所需的偏振器性能。同样,各折射率可以直接测定,或者如这里所述通过分析所得薄膜的光谱而间接地观察。
图10中为了便于说明,薄膜的折射率指定如下:n1x=1.88,n1y=1.64,n1z=可变的;n2x=1.65,n2y=可变的,n2z=可变的。x方向称为消光方向,而y方向称为透射方向。
方程1可用以预言双轴双折射系统在两种重要情况下的角向性能,即光的入射平面在拉伸方向(xz平面)或在非拉伸方向(yz平面)的情况。该偏振器在一个偏振方向上是反射镜,而在另一个偏振方向上是一个窗口。在拉伸方向上,大的折射率差1.88-1.65=0.23会在包含几百层的多层叠合膜中对s偏振光产生非常高的反射率。p偏振光在各种角度的反射率则取决于n1z/n2z折射率差。
在许多应用中,理想的反射偏振器在所有的入射角下沿一个轴上(所谓消光轴)具有高反射率而沿另一个轴上(所谓透射轴)的反射率为零。对于偏振器的透射轴,一般要求沿透射轴方向偏振的光在所考虑的带宽范围内以及在所考虑的角度范围内的透射率达到极大。狭带宽偏振器法向入射时在100nm带宽范围的平均透射率一般要求至少为50%,较好是至少为70%,更好为至少90%。狭带宽偏振器对偏离法线60°的p偏振光在100nm带宽范围的平均透射率(沿透射轴测量)一般要求至少为50%,较好为至少70%,更好为至少80%。
偏振器在可见光谱范围(400-700nm,带宽300nm)法向入射的光在透射轴上的平均透射率一般要求至少为50%,较好为至少70%,更好为至少85%,最好为至少90%。偏振器在400-700nm范围对偏离法线60°的入射光的平均透射率(沿透射轴测量)一般要求至少为50%,较好为至少70%,更好为至少80%,最好为至少90%。
在某些应用中,要求在偏离法向的角度下在透射轴具有高反射率。对于沿透射轴偏振的光在偏离法线的角度至少为20°时的平均透射率应大于20%。
如果沿透射轴发生一定的反射,偏振器在偏离法线的角度下的效率降低。如果沿透射轴的反射率对各种波长是不同的,透射光中就会引入颜色。测定颜色的一种方法,是确定在某一选定角度下或某几个选定角度下,在所考虑的波长范围内的透射率的方均根值(RMS)。%方均根颜色CRMS可由以下公式确定: C RMS = ∫ λ 1 λ 2 ( ( T - T - ) 2 ) 1 / 2 dλ T - 其中λ1至λ2是考虑的波长范围或带宽,T是沿透射轴的透射率, T是在考虑的波长范围内沿透射轴的平均透射率。
对于要求一个低色度偏振器的应用,在偏离法线的角度至少为30°(较好至少为45°,最好至少为60°)时,其%RMS色度应低于10%(较好为低于8%,更好为低于3.5%,最好为低于3.5%)。
较好的是,反射偏振器将特别应用中所需的沿透射轴的%RMS色度与在考虑的带宽范围内所需的沿消光轴的反射率结合起来。例如,对于带宽约为100nm的窄带宽偏振器,法向入射时沿消光轴的平均透射率一般要求小于50%,较好为小于30%,更好为小于10%,最好为小于3%。对于带宽在可见光谱范围(400-700nm,或带宽为300nm)的偏振器,法向入射时沿消光轴的平均透射率一般要求小于40%,较好为小于25%,更好为小于15%,最好为小于5%,尤其好是小于3%。
偏振面平行于透射轴的光在偏离法线的角度上的反射,即使当平面内的y轴折射率匹配时,也可由z轴折射率的大的不匹配引起。于是所得到的系统对p偏振光具有高反射率而对s偏振光是透明的。这种情况在上面对反射镜的分析中称为“p偏振器”。
对于单轴拉伸的偏振器,其性能取决于交替层的所有三个方向(x,y和z)上的折射率的关系。如这里所述,要得到高效率偏振器,就要求尽量减小y和z方向的折射率差。引入y向折射率不匹配,应抵消掉z向折射率的不匹配。不论是故意加入的还是自然发生的,任何的折射率不匹配都会引入一定的反射。因此,重要的是使x向折射率差大于y向和z向的折射率差。由于反射率作为拉伸方向与非拉伸方向上两个折射率差的函数而迅速增大,比例△ny/△nx和△nz/△nx应尽量减小,以使偏振器在考虑的带宽范围内并在宽阔的角度范围内,沿一个轴具有高的消光率,而沿其正交轴保持高的透射率。小于0.05、0.1或0.25的比例是可以接受的。理想的情况是△nz/△nx等于0,但比例小于0.25或0.5时也可制得可用的偏振器。
图17显示了对于一个800层的PEN/coPEN叠合膜,当入射面在非拉伸方向时p偏振光在75°的反射率(以-Log[1-R]表示)。反射率在可见光谱(400-700nm)范围作为波长的函数表示。曲线a在550nm的相应的折射率为n1y=1.64,n1z=1.52,n2y=1.64和n2z=1.63。典型的叠合膜设计是使其1/4波长对的厚度线性递增,每对的厚度为dn=do+do(0.003)n。所有各层都具有按高斯分布、标准偏差为5%的随机厚度误差。
曲线a表明在可见光谱范围沿透射轴(y轴)具有高的离轴反射率,而且不同波长受到不同的反射。这是因为z向折射率具有较大差别(△nz=0.11)。由于光谱对层的厚度误差与空间不均匀性(如薄膜厚度)很敏感,这将使双轴双折射系统具有很不均匀和“色彩化”的外观。虽然在某些应用上要求有高的色度,但在需要均匀、低色度外观的应用上(如液晶显示或其它类型的显示上)最好控制离轴色度并尽可能减小它。
离轴反射率和离轴色度可通过对平面内的非拉伸方向折射率(n1y和n2y)引入不匹配而尽量降低,这种不匹配会产生离轴的布儒斯特条件,而使s偏振反射率保持为极小。
图18说明双轴双折射系统中引入y轴折射率不匹配对减小沿透射轴的离轴反射率的效应。在n1z=1.52,n2z=1.63(△nz=0.11)条件下,按以下条件对p偏振光作图:a)n1y=n2y=1.64;b)n1y=1.64,n2y=1.62;c)n1y=1.64,n2y=1.66。曲线a显示平面内折射率n1y与n2y相等时的反射率。曲线a在0℃有一个极小值,但在20°以后陡峭上升。曲线b中n1y>n2y,反射率急速上升。曲线c中n1y<n2y,反射率极小值在30°,但在其后陡峭上升。n1y≠n2y时s偏振光也发生可观的反射,如曲线d所示。图18的曲线a-d表明,要使布儒斯特极小存在,y向折射率差(n1y-n2y)的符号应与z向折射率差的符号相同。n1y=n2y时,在所有角度下s偏振光的反射率都等于零。
通过减小各层之间的z向折射率差,可进一步减小离轴反射率。如果n1z等于n2z,图13表明消光轴将会与法向入射一样仍具有高的离轴折射率,但沿非拉伸方向在任何角度都不会发生反射,因为两个折射率都是匹配的(n1y=n2y和n1z=n2z)。
在某些多层系统中,两个y折射率和两个z折射率不可能精确匹配。如果在偏振器结构中的z向折射率不匹配,对平面内折射率n1y和n2y引入轻微的不匹配可能是较好的。这可通过在材料层中的一层或在两个材料层中都掺入附加的组分,增加或减小各自的y折射率,来达到这目的,如在以下的实施例15所述。在构成高度双折射层的聚合物中或构成选定聚合物层的聚合物中掺入第二种树脂可用以改变在法向及离轴角度下透射轴的反射,或改变偏振器对在消光轴偏振的光的消光率。掺入的第二种树脂可改变聚合物层在取向后的结晶度和折射率,来改变这些性能。
图19显示了另一个例子,假设n1z=1.56,n2z=1.60(△nz=0.04),而y折射率为以下所述:a)n1y=1.64,n2y=1.65;b)n1y=1.64,n2y=1.63。曲线C是在这两种情况的任一种情况下对s偏振光的曲线。曲线a中y向折射率差的符号与z向折射率差相同,结果是离轴反射率最低。
对一个具有图19曲线a所述条件的800层叠合膜,在入射角为75°时计算所得的离轴反射率作为曲线b画在图17中。将图17中的曲线a与b比较,可看到在曲线b的条件下,其离轴反射率低得多,因而可看到的色度较低且均匀度较好。曲线b在550nm下相应的折射率为n1y=1.64,n1z=1.56,n2y=1.65,和n2z=1.60。
图20显示了方程1的等高线图,它综合了图10中所讨论的对p-偏振光离轴反射率的结果。在非拉伸方向上涉及的四个独立的折射率简化为两个折射率差△nz和△ny。这个图是入射角从0°以15°为增量增大至75°的不同入射角下的6个图的平均值。图中反射率由等高线a的0.4×10-4,增加至等高线j的4.0×10- 4,增量为恒定的0.4×10-4。该图表明沿一个光轴上的折射率差所引起的高反射率可以怎样地用沿另一轴的折射率差来抵消。
于是,通过减小双轴双折射系统中各层之间的z折射率差,和/或引入y折射率差以产生布儒斯特效应,就可使多层反射偏振器沿透射轴的离轴反射率(因而其离轴色度)减至最小。
还应注意,可用这里所述的原理设计在窄的波长范围工作的窄带宽偏振器。例如,可用以制备在红、绿、兰、青、洋红、黄波段的偏振器。
理想的反射偏振器应透射全部沿一个方向偏振的光,而反射全部沿另一方向偏振的光。除非用透明的光学粘合剂将其两个表面叠合于玻璃或其它薄膜,在空气/反射偏振器界面的表面反射将会降低所需偏振光的透射率。因此在某些情况下可在反射偏振器上加以防反射(AR)涂层。AR涂层最好设计成能防止PEN基偏振器上折射率为1.64的薄膜在空气中的反射,因为这是所有各层在非拉伸方向(y向)上的折射率。这涂层在拉伸方向上基本没有影响,因为在拉伸方向上,不论表面反射存在与否,交替的折射率堆叠都有很高的反射系数。任何本领域已知的AR涂层都可以使用,只要该涂层不会使被涂复的多层膜过热或损坏。涂层的一个例子是1/4波长厚度的低折射材料,最好是折射率接近于1.64的平方根的材料(对PEN基的材料而言)。材料选择与处理
确立上面的设计考虑后,本领域普通技术人员会容易地理解,当在选定的产生所需折射率关系的条件下进行处理,有非常多材料可用来构成本发明的多层反射镜或偏振器。所需的折射率关系可用各种方法得到,包括在薄膜形成过程中或形成以后拉伸(例如在有机聚合物的情况),挤塑(例如在液态结晶材料),或涂敷。此外,最好两种材料具有相似的流变性质(如熔体粘度),以便可进行共挤塑。
一般可选择结晶或半结晶的材料(较好是聚合物)作为第一种材料以获得适当的组合。第二种材料本身可以是结晶的、半结晶的或非晶形的。第二种材料可以具有与第一种材料相反或相同的双折射。或者第二种材料可以不具有双折射。
适合的材料的具体例子包括聚萘二甲酸乙二醇酯(PEN)及其异构体(如2,6-、1,4-、1,5-、2,7-和2,3-PEN);聚对苯二甲酸烷二醇酯(如聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯、和聚-1,4-环己烷二亚甲基对苯二甲酸酯);聚酰亚胺(如聚丙烯酰亚胺);聚醚酰亚胺(polyetherimide);无规立构的聚苯乙烯;聚碳酸酯;聚甲基丙烯酸酯(如聚甲基丙烯酸异丁酯、聚甲基丙烯酸丙酯、和聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯);间同立构的聚苯乙烯(sPS);间同立构的聚-α-甲基丙烯酸;间同立构的聚二氯苯乙烯;任何这些聚苯乙烯的共聚物和掺合物;纤维素衍生物(如乙基纤维素、乙酸纤维素、丙酸纤维素、乙酸-丁酸纤维素、和硝酸纤维素);聚烯烃聚合物(如聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚丁烯、聚异丁烯、和聚(4-甲基)戊烯);氟化的聚合物(如全氟烷氧基树脂、聚四氟乙烯、氟化的乙烯-丙烯共聚物、聚偏氟乙烯、和聚氯三氟乙烯);氯化的聚合物(聚偏二氯乙烯、和聚氯乙烯);聚砜;聚醚砜;聚丙烯腈;聚酰胺;硅氧烷树脂;环氧树脂;聚乙酸乙烯酯;聚醚-酰胺;离子键树脂;弹性体(如聚丁二烯、聚异戊二烯、和氯丁橡胶);和聚氨酯。也可使用共聚物,例如PEN的共聚物[如2,6-、1,4-、1,5-、2,7-、和/或2,3-萘二甲酸或其酯与以下物质的共聚物:(a)对苯二甲酸或其酯;(b)间苯二甲酸或其酯;(c)邻苯二甲酸或其酯;(d)烷烃二醇;(e)环烷烃二醇(例如环己烷二甲醇);(f)烷烃二羧酸;和/或环烷烃二羧酸(例如环己烷二甲酸)],聚对苯二甲酸烷二醇酯的共聚物[如对苯二甲酸或其酯与以下物质的共聚物:(a)萘二甲酸或其酯;(b)间苯二甲酸或其酯;(c)邻苯二甲酸或其酯;(d)烷烃二醇;(e)环烷烃二醇(例如环己烷二甲醇);(f)烷烃二羧酸;和/或(g)环烷烃二羧酸(例如环己烷二甲酸)],苯乙烯共聚物(例如苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物和苯乙烯-丙烯腈共聚物),以及4,4’-二苯甲酸与1,2-乙二醇的共聚物。此外,每一单独的层可包括两种或多种上述聚合物或共聚物的掺合物(如sPS与无规立构聚苯乙烯的掺合物)。所述的coPEN也可以是颗粒的掺合物,其中至少一个组分是以萘二甲酸为基的聚合物,而其它的组分是其它聚酯或聚碳酸酯,如PET、PEN或co-PEN。
在偏振器的情况,特别好的层的组合包括PEN/coPEN,聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)/coPEN,PEN/sPS,PET/sPS,PEN/Eastar,和PET/Eastar,其中“co-PEN”是(如上所述的)以萘二甲酸为基的共聚物或掺合物,而Eastar是可购自Eastman Chemical Co的聚环己烷二亚甲基对苯二甲酸酯。
在反射镜的情况,特别好的层的组合包括PET/Ecdel,PEN/Ecdel,PEN/sPS,PEN/THV,PEN/co-PET,和PEN/sPS,其中“co-PET”是以(如上所述的)对苯二甲酸为基的共聚物或掺合物,Ecdel是可以Eastman Chemical Co购得的热塑性树脂,而THV是可从3M Co购得的氟聚合物。
器件的层数,考虑到膜的厚度、柔软性和经济原因,是选择得用最少的层数达到所需的光学性能。在反射镜和偏振器的情况,层数都较好在10,000以下,更好在5,000以下,最好在2,000以下。
如上所述,获得各折射率之间所需关系(因而获得多层器件的光学性能)的能力,受到制备该多层器件所用处理条件的影响。在可通过拉伸而取向的有机聚合物的情况,通常是将各聚合物共挤塑形成多层膜,然后在选定温度下拉伸使其取向,再(可任选地)在预定的温度下热固化,以制得该器件。另外一种方法,是同时进行挤塑和取向步骤。在偏振器的情况,薄膜在一个方向上被显著地拉伸(单轴取向),而在反射镜的情况。薄膜在两个方向上被显著地拉伸(双轴取向)。
可以让薄膜在拉伸的横向上发生尺寸松弛,从自然的拉伸横向收缩(等于拉伸比的平方根)松弛至限定状态(即拉伸横向的尺寸无显著变化)。薄膜可以在机器方向拉伸(用长度取向器)或用拉幅机沿宽度方向拉伸。
拉伸前温度、拉伸温度、拉伸速率、拉伸比、热固化温度、热固化时间、热固化松弛以及拉伸横向松弛等条件是选择得可产生具有所需折射率关系的多层器件。这些变量是互相依赖的;于是,如果与较低的拉伸温度相结合,可使用较低的拉伸速率。本领域普通技术人员会容易地选取这些变量的适当组合,以得到所需的多层器件。但是,一般较佳的拉伸比在拉伸方向为1∶2至1∶10(更好为1∶3至1∶7)而在与拉伸方向垂直的方向为1∶0.5至1∶10(更好为1∶0.5-1∶7)。
也可以采用以下技术来制备合适的多层器件:旋转涂覆(参看Boese等,J.Polym.Sci.;Part B,30:1321(1992))用以制备双折射聚酰亚胺膜,以及真空沉积(参看Zang等人,Appl.Phys.Letters,59:823(1991))用以制备结晶有机化合物膜;后一种技术对某些结晶有机化合物和无机材料的组合特别适用。
以下通过实施例来说明本发明。在实施例中,由于光吸收可忽略不计,反射率等于1减去透射率(R=1-T)。实施例1(偏振器)
在标准的聚酯树脂容器内使用1,2-乙二醇作为二醇合成PEN和70萘二酸酯/30对苯二甲酸酯共聚物(coPEN)。PEN和coPEN的特性粘度都近似等于0.6dl/g。挤塑得到PEN和coPEN单层膜,然后在约150℃进行单轴拉伸(各边限定)。挤塑后,PEN呈现约等于1.65的各向同性折射率,coPEN呈现约等于1.64的各向同性折射率。各向同性是指在平面内所有轴上的折射率基本相等。两个折射率都是对应于550nm的。以拉伸比5∶1拉伸后,PEN在取向轴上的折射率增大至约1.88。而横向轴上的折射率稍微降低至1.64。coPEN膜以5∶1拉伸比拉伸后,其折射率仍保持为各向同性的,数值约为1.64。
可以用向标准挤塑模头供料的51槽供料头通过共挤塑而得到由交替的PEN和coPEN层构成的令人满意的多层偏振器。挤塑在约295℃进行。PEN以23 lb/hr的速率挤塑,而coPEN以23.3 lb/hr的速率挤塑。PEN表皮层的厚度约为挤压叠合膜内各层厚度的三倍。所有内部层被设计成对于约1300nm的光具有1/4波长的光学厚度。该51层叠合膜被挤塑和流延成约0.0029英寸的厚度,然后在各边限定的条件下在约150℃以约5∶1的拉伸比进行单轴拉伸。拉伸后的薄膜厚度约为0.0005英寸。
拉伸后的薄膜随后在空气炉中约230℃下热固化30秒钟。拉伸后的薄膜与随后进行热固化的薄膜的光谱基本相司。
图5是51层叠合膜热固化前在取向方向(50)和在横向(52)测得的百分透射率。
将8个用以上方法制得的51层偏振器,用一种流体消除其空气隙而组合起来,构成具有408个光学层的偏振器。图6即是表明该408层膜光学特性的图,显示了取向方向上(54)和在横向上(56)350-1800nm范围内的百分透射率。实施例2(偏振器)
按实施例1所述用51槽供料头共挤塑PEN和coPEN,然后再用两个串连的层数倍增器挤塑,制得令人满意的204层偏振器。倍增器将由供料头流出的经挤塑的材料分成两股半宽度的料流,然后将这两股料流上下叠合起来。美国专利3,565,895描述了相似的共挤塑倍增器。挤塑在约295℃进行,以22.5lb/hr的速率使用特性粘度为0.50dl/g的PEN,而以16.5lb/hr的速率使用特性粘度为0.60dl/g的coPEN。流延的料片厚度为约0.0038英寸,在140℃的空气温度下以5∶1拉伸比沿纵向进行单轴拉伸(拉伸时各边限定)。除了表皮层以外,所有的二层组都设计成对550nm的光具有1/2波长的光学厚度。在图7的透射光谱中,在取向方向的以约550nm为中心的透射光谱60上可看到两个明显的反射峰。双峰很可能是在层数倍增器中引入了薄膜误差而引起的,而广阔的背景则是在整个挤塑流延过程中积累的薄膜误差的结果。在横向的透射光谱以58标示。用一种光学粘合剂将两个这种膜叠合起来,可大大提高偏振器的消光率。
然后用光学粘合剂将两个上面所述的204层偏振器手工层叠起来,得到一个408层的叠合膜。粘合剂的折射率最好与各向同性coPEN层的折射率匹配。图7中两个明显的反射峰在层叠样品中被拉平了,如图8所示。这是因为反射率峰在薄膜的不同区域以随机方式发生于不同的波长。这效应通常效为“虹彩”。将两个膜叠合起来可降低虹彩,因为色彩的随机变化在一个膜与另一个膜之间并不匹配,当两个膜叠合起来时会互相抵消。
图8显示了在取向方向(64)与横向(62)的透射数据。有80%以上在一个偏振面的光在约450-650nm波长范围内被反射。
虹彩基本上是薄膜层某一区域相对于其相邻区域的不均匀度的量度。厚度控制得很好时,以某一波长为中心的叠合膜,在横跨样品时将不会有色彩变化。设计成反射整个可见光谱的多层叠合膜,如果由于层厚误差,而在随机的区域在随机的波长下有显著的漏光,就会有虹彩。本发明的聚合物系统各薄膜层之间具有大的折射率差,所以可用数量不多的层得到99%以上的膜反射率。这是消除虹彩的有利之处,如果在挤塑过程中能适当控制层厚的话。基于计算机的光学模拟表明,如果层厚的数值能控制到其标准偏差小于或等于10%,一个仅有600层的PEN/coPEN偏振器在大部分可见光谱范围内的反射率可达到99%以上。实施例3(PET:Ecdel,601,反射镜)
在连续展平-制膜生产线上通过共挤塑过程制得包含601层的共挤塑薄膜。用一个挤塑机以75 lb/hr的速率输送特性粘度为0.6dl/g(60重量%苯酚/40重量%二氯苯)的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET),而用另一个挤塑机以65lb/hr的速率输送Ecdel 9966(购自Eastman Chemical的一种热塑性弹性体)。PET是在表皮层。用供料头方法(如美国专利3,801,429中所述的方法)产生151层,然后将其通过两个个倍增器,得到601层的挤塑制品。美国专利3,565,985说明了共挤塑倍增器的例子。片料在片温约210°F下进行长度取向至拉伸比约为3.6。随后将薄膜在约50秒内预热至约235°F,以约每秒6%的速率在横向拉伸至拉伸比约为4.0。然后让薄膜在设置于400°F的热固化炉中松弛其最大宽度的约5%。最终的薄膜厚度为2.5密耳。
制得的流延片料在空气一侧的织构是粗糙的,其透射率如图21所示。p-偏振光在60°角的%透射率(曲线b)与法向人射的数值(曲线a)相似,但有波长偏移。
为了比较,图22显示了Mearl Corporation制造的膜(可能是各向同性材料构成的),其中可看到p偏振光在60°角的反射率有显著的损失(曲线b,与法向入射的曲线a相比)。实施例4(PET:Ecdel,151,反射镜)
在连续展平-制膜生产线上通过共挤塑过程制得包含151层的共挤塑薄膜。用一个挤塑机以75lb/hr的速率输送特性粘度为0.6dl/g(60重量%苯酚/40重量%二氯苯)的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET),而用另一个挤塑机以65lb/hr的速率输送Ecdel 9966(购自Eastman Chemical的一种热塑性弹性体).PET是在表皮层。用供料头方法产生151层。片料在片温约210°F下进行长度取向至拉伸比约为3.5。然后将薄膜在约12秒内预热至215°F,以每秒约25%的速率在横向拉伸至拉伸比约为4.0。然后让薄膜在设置于400°F的热固化炉中于6秒钟内松弛其最大宽度的约5%。最终的薄膜厚度为约0.6密耳。
该膜的透射率如图23所示。p偏振光在60°角的%透射率(曲线b)与法向入射的数值(曲线a)相似,但有波长偏移。在相同的挤塑条件下,将片料速率降低,以得到厚度约为0.8密耳的红外反射膜。其透射率如图24所示(法向入射时为曲线a,60°入射时为曲线b)。实施例5(PEN:Ecdel,225,反射镜)
在一次操作中挤塑流延的片料,然后在实验室用薄膜拉伸器中使薄膜取向,制得包含225层的共挤塑膜。用一个挤塑机以18lb/hr的速率输送特性粘度为0.5dl/g(60重量%苯酚/40重量%二氯苯)的聚萘二甲酸乙二醇酯(PEN),而用另一个挤塑机以171b/hr的速率输送Ecdel 9966(购自Eastman Chemical的热塑性弹性体)。PEN在表皮层中。用供料头方法产生57层,再将其通过两个倍增器,得到225层的挤塑制品。流延片料是12密耳厚,12英寸宽。然后用实验室拉伸装置使片料双轴取向,该装置用一个缩放架夹住一个方块的薄膜,并以均匀的速率同时在两个方向拉伸它。将7.46平方厘米的片料在约100℃下装入拉伸器,在60秒内加热至130℃。然后以每秒100%的速率(基于原来的尺寸)开始拉伸,直至将样品拉伸至3.5×3.5。紧接在拉伸后,用室温的空气吹在样品上面使其冷却。
图25显示这个多层膜的光学响应(法向入射时为曲线a,60°入射时为曲线b)。注意p偏振光在60°角的%透射率与法向入射的数值相似,但有波长偏移。实施例6(PEN:THV 500,449,反射镜)
在一次操作中挤塑流延的片料,然后在实验室拉伸装置中使薄膜取向,制得包含449层的共挤塑膜。用一个挤塑机以561b/hr的速率输送特性粘度为0.53dl/g(60重量%苯酚/40重量%二氯苯)的聚萘二甲酸乙二醇酯(PEN),而用另一挤塑机以11lb/hr的速率输送THV500(购自3M公司的一种氟聚合物)。PEN是在表皮层,而50%的PEN是在两个表皮层中。用供料头方法产生57层膜,然后将其通过三个倍增器,得到包含449层的挤塑制品。流延片料的厚度为20密耳,宽度为12英寸。然后用实验室拉伸装置使片料双轴取向,该装置用一个缩放架夹住一方块片料,并以均匀的速率在两个方向同时拉伸它。将7.46平方厘米的片料在约100℃下装入拉伸器内,在60秒内加热至140℃。然后以每秒10%的速率开始拉伸(基于原来的尺寸),直至将样品拉伸至3.5×3.5。紧接在拉伸之后,用室温空气吹向样品而使其冷却。
图26显示了这多层膜的透射率。同样,曲线a表示法向入射时的响应,而曲线b表示60°入射时的响应。实施例7(PEN:coPEN,449-低色度偏振器)
在一次操作中挤塑流延片料,然后在实验室薄膜拉伸装置中使薄膜取向,制得包含449层的共挤塑膜。用一个挤塑机以43lb/hr的速率输送特性粘度为0.56dl/g(60重量%苯酚/40重量%二氯苯)的聚萘二甲酸乙二醇酯(PEN),而用另一个挤塑机以25lb/hr的速率输送特性粘度为0.52dl/g(60重量%苯酚/40重量%二氯苯)的coPEN(70mol%2,6NDC和30mol%DMT)。PEN是在表皮层,而40%的PEN是在两个表皮层内。用供料头方法产生57层膜,然后将其通过三个倍增器,得到包含449层的挤塑制品。流延片料的厚度为10密耳,宽度为12英寸。然后用实验室拉伸装置使片料单轴取向,该装置用一个缩放架夹住一方块薄膜,以均匀速率沿一个方向拉伸,而在另一个方向固定。在约100℃下将7.46厘米平方的片料装入拉伸器,并在60秒内加热至140℃。紧接以每秒10%的速率开始拉伸(基于原来的尺寸),直至样品被拉伸至约5.5×1。紧接在拉伸之后,用室温空气吹向样品使其冷却。
图27显示了该多层膜的透射率。曲线a显示了在非拉伸方向偏振的光法向入射时的透射率,曲线b显示了p偏振光在60°入射时的透射率,曲线c是在拉伸方向偏振的光法向入射时的透射率。注意在非拉伸方向偏振的光法向入射时和60°入射时都具有很高的反射率。曲线a在400-700nm范围的平均透射率是87.1%.而曲线b在400-700nm范围的平均透射率是97.1%。p偏振光在60°入射时的透射率较高,是因为空气/PEN分界面的布儒斯特角接近于60°,所以在60°入射时的透射率接近于100%。曲线C上可看到在拉伸方向偏振的光在可见光谱范围(400-700nm)具有很高的消光率,其平均透射率为21.0%。曲线a的%RMS色度是1.5%,曲线b的%RMS色度是1.4%。实施例8(PEN:coPEN,601-高色度偏振器)
通过挤塑片料并在二天后用与以上各例不同的扩幅机使薄膜取向,制得包含601层的共挤塑膜。用一个挤塑机以75lb/hr的速率输送特性粘度为0.5dl/g(60重量%苯酚/40重量%二氯苯)的聚萘二甲酸乙二醇酯(PEN),而用另一个挤塑机以65lb/hr的速率输送特性粘度为0.55dl/g(60重量%苯酚/40重量%二氯苯)的coPEN(70mol%,2,6NDC和30mol%DMT)。PEN是在表皮层中。用供料头方法产生151层膜,然后将其通过二个倍增器,得到包含601层的挤塑制品。美国专利3,565,985说明了相似的共挤塑倍增器。所有拉伸都是用扩幅机进行的。在约20秒内将薄膜预热至约280°F,并以约每秒6%的速率在横向拉伸,直至拉伸率约为4.4。然后让薄膜在设置于460°F的热固化炉中松弛其最大宽度的约2%。最终的薄膜厚度为1.8密耳。
该膜的透射率如图28如示。曲线a显示了在非拉伸方向偏振的光法向入射时的透射率,曲线b显示了p偏振光60°入射时的透射率,曲线c显示了在拉伸方向偏振的光法向入射时透射率。注意p偏振光法向入射时和60°入射时透射率都是不均匀的。曲线a在400-700nm范围的平均透射率为84.1%,而曲线b在400-700nm范围的平均透射率为68.2%。曲线c的平均透射率是9.1%。曲线a的%RMS色度为1.4%,而曲线b的%RMS色度为11.2%。实施例9(PET:coPEN,449,偏振器)
在一次操作中挤塑流延片料,然后在实施室拉伸装置中使薄膜取向,制得包含449层的共挤塑膜。用一个挤塑机以261b/hr的速率输送特性粘度为0.60 dl/g(60重量%苯酚/40重量%二氯苯)的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET),而用另一个挤塑机以24lb/hr的速率输送特性粘度为0.53dl/g(60重量%苯酚/40重量%二氯苯)的CoPEN(70mol%2,6 NDC和30mol%DMT)。PET是在表皮层中。用供料头方法产生57层膜,然后将其通过三个倍增器,得到含有449层的挤塑制品。美国专利3,565,985说明了相似的共挤塑倍增器。流延片料的厚度为7.5密耳,宽度为12英寸。然后用实验室拉伸装置使片料单轴取向,该拉伸装置用一个缩放架将一方块薄膜夹住,以均匀速率在一个方向拉伸薄膜,而在横向将其固定。在约100℃下将7.46平方厘米的片料装入拉伸器,在60秒内加热至120℃。然后以每秒10%(基于原来的尺寸)的速率开始拉伸,直至样品被拉伸至约5×1。紧接在拉伸之后,用室温空气吹向样品使其冷却。最终薄膜的厚度为约1.4密耳。薄膜的粘合性足以使它经历取向过程而不发生脱层。
图29显示了该多层膜的透射率。曲线a显示了在非拉伸方向偏振的光法向入射时的透射率,曲线b显示了p偏振光60°入射时的透射率,曲线c显示了在拉伸方向偏振的光法向入射时的透射率。注意p偏振光法向入射时和60°入射时都有很高的透射率。曲线a在400-700nm范围的平均透射率为88.0%,曲线b在400-700nm范围的平均折射率为91.2%。曲线c在400-700nm范围的平均透射率为27.9%。曲线a的%RMS色度为1.4%,曲线b的%RMS光度为4.8%。实施例10(PEN:Co PEN,601,偏振器)
在连续展平-制膜生产线上通过共挤塑过程制得包含601层的共挤塑膜。用一个挤塑机以75 lb/hr的速率输送特性粘度为0.54dl/g(60重量%苯酚/40重量%二氯苯)的聚萘二甲酸乙二醇酯(PEN),而用另一个挤塑机以65 lb/hr的速率输送co PEN。所述co PEN是70mol%2,6萘二甲酸甲酯,15%间苯二甲酸二甲酯和15%对苯二甲酸二甲酯与1,2-乙二醇的共聚物。用供料头方法产生151层。供料头设计成使各层成梯度分布,光学层的厚度比对PEN为1.22,对Co PEN为1.22。PEN表皮层共挤塑在光学叠合膜的外侧,占共挤塑层总厚度的8%。用两个倍增器使光学叠合膜的层数倍增。倍增器的标称倍增比分别为1.2和1.27。然后将薄膜在约40秒内预热至310°F,并以每秒6%的速率在横向拉伸,直至拉伸比约为5.0。最终薄膜的厚度为约2密耳。
图30显示了该多层膜的透射率。曲线a是在非拉伸方向偏振的光法向入射时的透射率,曲线b是p偏振光60°入射时的透射率,曲线c是在拉伸方向偏振的光法向入射时的透射率。注意p偏振光法向入射时和60°入射时都有很高的透射率(80-100%)。还请注意曲线c表明在拉伸方向偏振的光在可见光谱范围(400-700nm)有很高的消光率。在500-650nm之间消光率近似为100%。实施例11(PEN:sPS,481,偏振器)
用购自Eastman Chemicals的特性粘度为0.56dl/g(在60重量%苯酚和40重量%二氯苯中测得)的聚萘二甲酸乙二醇酯(PEN)和间同立构的聚苯乙烯(sPS)均聚物(重均分子量=200,000道尔顿,由Dow Corporation供样)制得包含481层的多层膜。PEN是在外部的层中,是以26 lb/hr的速率挤塑,而sPS是以23lb/hr的速率挤塑。所用的供料头产生61层,每层的厚度近似相等。在供料头后面,使用了三个(2x)倍增器。在最后的倍增器以后,以22lb/hr的总速率加入相同厚度的表皮层(它们含有与输入至供料头相同的PEN)。片料是通过12”宽的模头,挤塑至厚度约为0.011英寸(0.276mm)。挤塑温度为290℃。
将这片料在环境条件下储放9天,然后在拉幅机上使其单轴取向。在约25秒内将膜预热至约320°F(160℃),并以每秒约28%的速率在横向拉伸至拉伸比约为6∶1。没有让片料在拉伸方向松弛。最终薄膜厚度约为0.0018英寸(0.046mm)。
图31显示了包含48l层的这一PEN:sPS反射偏振器的光学性能。曲线a显示了在非拉伸方向偏振的光法向入射时的透射率,曲线b显示了p偏振光在60°入射时的透射率,曲线c是在拉伸方向偏振的光法向入射时的透射率。注意p偏振光法向入射时和60°入射时都具有很高的透射率。曲线a在400-700nm范围的平均透射率是86.2%,而曲线b在400-700nm范围的平均透射率是79.7%。曲线c上可看到在拉伸方向偏振的光在可见光谱范围(400-700nm)具有很高的消光率。曲线c上膜在400-700nm范围内的平均透射率为1.6%。曲线a的%RMS色度是3.2%,曲线b的%RMS色度是18.2%。实施例12(PET:Ecdel,601,反射镜)
在连续展平-制膜生产线上通过共挤塑过程制得包含601层的共挤塑薄膜。用一个挤塑机以75lb/hr的速率输送特性粘度为0.6dl/g(60重量%苯酚/40重量%二氯苯)的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)至供料头,而用另一个挤塑机以60lb/hr的速率输送Ecdel 9967(购自Eastman Chemical的一种热塑性弹性体)。PET是在表皮层。用供料头方法产生151层,然后通过两个倍增器,得到包含601层的挤塑制品。两个倍增器的标称倍增比是1.2(紧接供料头的)和1.27。在最后的倍增器与模头之间以241b/hr的总输出速率对称地加上两个表皮层。表皮层由PET构成,是用向供料头输送PET的同一个挤塑机挤塑。片料在片温约205°F下进行长度取向至拉伸比约为3.3。然后将薄膜在约35秒内预热至205°F,以每秒约9%的速率在横向拉伸至拉伸比约为3.3。然后让薄膜在设置于450°F的热固化炉中松弛其最大宽度的约3%。最终的薄膜厚度为约0.0027英寸。
薄膜的光学性能如图32所示。曲线a是透射率而曲线b是反射率。曲线b的照明反射率为91.5%。实施例13(PEN:coPEN,601,防反射偏振器)
在连续展平-制膜生产线上通过共挤塑过程制得包含601层的共挤塑膜,用一个挤塑机以75 lb/hr的速率输送特性粘度为0.54dl/g(60重量%苯酚/40重量%二氯苯)的聚萘二甲酸乙二醇酯(PEN),而用另一个挤塑机以65lb/hr的速率输送coPEN。所用的coPEN是70mol%2,6-萘二甲酸甲酯,30mol%对苯二甲酸二甲酯与1,2-乙二醇的共聚物。用供料头方法产生151层。PEN表皮层是共挤塑在光学叠合膜的外侧,总厚度是共挤塑层的8%。供料头设计成可对149层光学叠合膜的层厚产生一线性梯度,最薄的层在叠合膜的一侧。各层的厚度是按二层一组设计的,每个二层组中的PEN和coPEN层具有相同厚度,二层组合的厚度d由公式d=do+do*0.003*n确定,其中do是最小的二层组合厚度,n是1-75之间二层组编号。光学叠合膜用两个串连的倍增器使其层数倍增。倍增器的标称倍增比分别为1.2与1.27。然后在约40秒内将膜预热至320°F,以每秒6%的速率在横向拉伸至拉伸比约为5.0。最终薄膜的厚度为约2密耳。
然后在反射偏振器膜的一侧涂敷硅溶胶凝胶涂层。这涂层的折射率约为1.35。切出两片经AR涂覆的反射偏振器膜,然后将该两片叠合起来,两个AR涂层在外侧。得到在横向和在平行方向偏振的光的透射光谱。然后用氟化氢铵(NH4HF2)在去离子水中的2%溶液漂洗样品,去除其AR涂层。测得裸多层膜的光谱以便与经涂覆的样品进行比较。
图33显示了经涂覆和未涂覆的偏振器的光谱。曲线a和b分别为经AR涂覆的反射偏振器的透射率和消光率,曲线c和d则分别为未涂覆的反射偏振器的透射率和消光率。注意消光光谱基本没有变化,但经AR涂覆的偏振器的透射率数值几乎高了约10%。峰值增盖是在565nm的9.9%,而在425-700nm的平均增益为9.1%。经AR涂覆的峰值透射率是在675nm的97.0%。曲线a在400-700nm范围的平均透射率为95.33%,曲线d在400-700nm范围的平均透射率为5.42%。实施例14(PET:Ecdel,601,偏振器)
在连续展平-制膜生产线上通过共挤塑过程制得包含601层的共挤塑薄膜。用一个挤塑机以75lb/hr的速率输送特性粘度为0.6dl/g(60重量%苯酚/40重量%二氯苯)的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)至供料头,而用另一个挤塑机以60lb/hr的速率输送Ecdel 9967(购自Eastman Chemical的一种热塑性弹性体)。PET是在表皮层。用供料头方法产生151层,然后将其通过两个倍增器,得到601层的挤塑制品。从PET挤塑机中取出输出量为50lb/hr的支流,用以在最后的倍增器与模头之间加上两个表皮层。片料在片温约210°F下进行长度取向至拉伸比约为5.0。薄膜未进行拉幅。最终薄膜厚度约为2.7密耳。
图34显示了该膜的透射率。曲线a是在拉伸方向偏振的光的透射率,曲线b是在与拉伸方向正交的方向偏振的光的透射率。曲线a在400-700nm范围的平均透射率为39.16%。实施例15(PEN:coPEN,449,偏振器)
在一次操作中挤塑流延片料,然后在实验室薄膜拉伸装置中使薄膜取向,制得包含449层的共挤塑膜。用一个挤塑机以26.7lb/hr的速率输送特性粘度为0.53dl/g(60重量%苯酚/40重量%二氯苯)的聚萘二甲酸乙二醇酯(PEN)至供料头,而用另一个挤塑机以25lb/hr的速率输送另一种材料至供料头。PEN是在表皮层。用供料头方法产生57层膜,然后将其通过三个倍增器,得到包含449层的挤塑制品。流延片料的厚度为0.0075密耳,宽度为12英寸。然后用实验室拉伸装置使片料单轴取向,该装置用一个缩放架夹住一方块薄膜,以均匀速率沿一个方向拉伸,而在另一个方向固定。在约100℃下将7.46平方厘米的片料装入拉伸器,并在60秒内加热至140℃。然后以每秒10%的速率开始拉伸(基于原来的尺寸),直至样品被拉伸至约5.5×1。紧接在拉伸之后,用室温空气吹向样品使其冷却。
通过掺合以下三种聚亚乙基酯材料的粒料来改变第二个挤塑机的输入量:(i)一种特性粘度为0.52(60重量%苯酚/40重量%二氯苯)的co PEN(70mol%2,6-萘二甲酸酯和30mol%对苯二甲酸酯);(ii)与输入至第一挤塑机相同的PEN;(iii)一种PET,特性粘度为0.95(60重量%苯酚/40重量%二氯苯),购自Shell的TTF9506。
对于图35A所示的膜,输入至第二挤塑机的是80重量%的coPEN和20重量%的PEN;对于图35B所示的膜,输入至第二挤塑机的是80重量%的co PEN和20重量%的PET;对于图35c所示的膜,输入至第二挤塑机的是coPEN。
图35A、35B和35C显示了这些多层膜的透射率,其中曲线a显示了在非拉伸方向偏振的光法向入射时的透射率,曲线b显示了在非拉伸方向偏振的p偏振光60°入射时的透射率,曲线c显示了在拉伸方向偏振的光法向入射时的透射率。注意这些膜的光学响应对于由第二挤塑机得到的各层的化学组分是敏感的。图35A中曲线c的平均透射率为43.89%,图35B中曲线c的平均透射率为21.52%,图35C中曲线c的平均透射率为12.48%。于是,消光率由图35A至图35C逐步增大。
对于使用57层供料头的各实施例,所有各层都只为一个光学厚度设计(550nm的1/4),但是挤塑设备在叠合膜整个内部的层厚引入了偏差,结果得到频带相当宽的光学响应。对于使用151层供料头的各实施例,供料头是设计成产生层厚的分布以覆盖可见光谱的一部分。于是使用不对称的倍增器,以展宽层厚的分布,达到覆盖大部分可见光谱的目的,如美国专利5,094,788和5,094,793所述。
虽然以上参照较佳实施例来说明本发明,但本领域技术人员会理解,可以在形式和细节上作各种变化而并不偏离本发明的实质和范围。

Claims (31)

1.一种多层聚合物膜,它包含:
(A)由结晶聚萘二甲酸酯构成的各层,它们具有正的应力光学系数,各层的平均厚度不大于0.5微米;和
(B)由选定的第二聚合物构成的各层,各层的平均厚度不大于0.5微米。
2.如权利要求1所述的膜,其特征在于所述的聚萘二甲酸酯比所述的第二聚合物具有更强的正的双折射。
3.如权利要求1所述的膜,其特征在于所述的聚萘二甲酸酯层与所述的第二聚合物层是交替地彼此紧邻的层。
4.如权利要求3所述的膜,其特征在于所述的聚萘二甲酸酯层与所述的第二聚合物层具有良好的层间粘合性。
5.如权利要求1所述的膜,其特征在于至少包含各50层所述的聚萘二甲酸酯层和所述的第二聚合物层。
6.如权利要求1所述的膜,其特征在于所述的膜至少在一个方向上被拉伸。
7.如权利要求6所述的膜,其特征在于所述的膜至少在一个方向上被拉伸至该方向上未拉伸尺寸的至少2倍。
8.如权利要求7所述的膜,其特征在于所述的聚萘二甲酸酯层至少在一个平面内的轴上的折射率高于所述的第二聚合物层。
9.如权利要求8所述的膜,其特征在于所述的较高的折射率至少高0.05。
10.如权利要求8所述的膜,其特征在于所述的较高的折射率至少高0.10。
11.如权利要求8所述的膜,其特征在于所述的较高的折射率至少高0.20。
12.如权利要求1所述的膜,其特征在于所述的膜至少在两个方向上被拉伸。
13.如权利要求1所述的膜,其特征在于所述的聚萘二甲酸酯是聚(萘二甲酸乙二醇酯)。
14.如权利要求1所述的膜,其特征在于所述的聚萘二甲酸酯是含有萘二甲酸酯单元和对苯二甲酸酯单元的共聚多酯。
15.如权利要求1所述的膜,其特征在于所述的第二聚合物是聚酯。
16.如权利要求15所述的膜,其特征在于所述的第二聚合物包含萘单元。
17.如权利要求15所述的膜,其特征在于所述的第二聚合物是含有萘二甲酸酯单元和对苯二甲酸酯单元的共聚多酯。
18.如权利要求1所述的膜,其特征在于所述的第二聚合物是聚苯乙烯。
19.如权利要求1所述的膜,其特征在于所述的第二聚合物是含氟聚合物。
20.如权利要求1所述的膜,其特征在于所述的第二聚合物是聚丙烯酸酯、聚甲基丙烯酸酯或聚烯烃。
21.如权利要求1所述的膜,其特征在于所述的膜至少对一种偏振面的光,在至少100nm的带宽范围内,具有至少为50%的平均反射率。
22.包含如权利要求1所述的膜的制品。
23.一种多层聚合物膜,它包含:
(A)由结晶的聚酯构成的各层,其平均厚度不大于0.5微米;和
(B)由选定的第二聚合物构成的各层,其平均厚度不大于0.5微米;
所述的膜在至少一个方向上被拉伸至该方法上未拉伸时尺寸的至少2倍。
24.如权利要求23所述的膜,其特征在于所述的聚酯是聚(对苯二甲酸烷二醇酯)。
25.如权利要求23所述的膜,其特征在于所述的第二聚合物是聚酯。
26.如权利要求23所述的膜,其特征在于所述的聚酯层与所述的第二聚合物层是交替地彼此紧邻的层。
27.如权利要求26所述的膜,其特征在于所述的聚酯层与所述的第二聚合物层具有良好的层间粘合性。
28.如权利要求23所述的膜,其特征在于至少包含各50层所述的聚酯层和所述的第二聚合物层。
29.如权利要求23所述的膜,其特征在于所述的膜在至少两个方向上被拉伸。
30.如权利要求23所述的膜,其特征在于所述的膜至少对一种偏振面的光,在至少100nm的带宽范围内,具有至少为50%的平均反射率。
31.包含如权利要求23所述的膜的制品。
CN95196882A 1994-12-20 1995-12-19 多层光学薄膜 Pending CN1170382A (zh)

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US08/359,436 1995-03-10
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US08/402,041 US5882774A (en) 1993-12-21 1995-03-10 Optical film

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US20020031676A1 (en) 2002-03-14
AU712765B2 (en) 1999-11-18
US6613421B2 (en) 2003-09-02
US5882774A (en) 1999-03-16
WO1996019347A2 (en) 1996-06-27
US5962114A (en) 1999-10-05
US5965247A (en) 1999-10-12
US20040043205A1 (en) 2004-03-04
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EP0799129A2 (en) 1997-10-08
US6635337B2 (en) 2003-10-21
US6117530A (en) 2000-09-12
US7083847B2 (en) 2006-08-01
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US20020061393A1 (en) 2002-05-23
US20060286396A1 (en) 2006-12-21
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MX9704543A (es) 1997-10-31
AU4524296A (en) 1996-07-10

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