CN1183860A - 电能管理和建筑物自动化系统 - Google Patents

电能管理和建筑物自动化系统 Download PDF

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CN1183860A
CN1183860A CN96192035A CN96192035A CN1183860A CN 1183860 A CN1183860 A CN 1183860A CN 96192035 A CN96192035 A CN 96192035A CN 96192035 A CN96192035 A CN 96192035A CN 1183860 A CN1183860 A CN 1183860A
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load
microcomputer
user
power
control module
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格雷戈里·A·埃勒斯
罗伯特·D·豪尔顿
加里·E·斯皮格勒
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TECO CORP
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R21/00—Arrangements for measuring electric power or power factor
    • G01R21/133—Arrangements for measuring electric power or power factor by using digital technique
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q50/00—Systems or methods specially adapted for specific business sectors, e.g. utilities or tourism
    • G06Q50/06—Electricity, gas or water supply
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R22/00—Arrangements for measuring time integral of electric power or current, e.g. electricity meters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J13/00—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network
    • H02J13/00004—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by the power network being locally controlled
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J13/00—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network
    • H02J13/00006—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment
    • H02J13/00016—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment using a wired telecommunication network or a data transmission bus
    • H02J13/00017—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment using a wired telecommunication network or a data transmission bus using optical fiber
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J13/00—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network
    • H02J13/00006—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment
    • H02J13/00028—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment involving the use of Internet protocols
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    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J13/00—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network
    • H02J13/00032—Systems characterised by the controlled or operated power network elements or equipment, the power network elements or equipment not otherwise provided for
    • H02J13/00034—Systems characterised by the controlled or operated power network elements or equipment, the power network elements or equipment not otherwise provided for the elements or equipment being or involving an electric power substation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/12—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks for adjusting voltage in ac networks by changing a characteristic of the network load
    • H02J3/14—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks for adjusting voltage in ac networks by changing a characteristic of the network load by switching loads on to, or off from, network, e.g. progressively balanced loading
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05B—CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2310/00—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load
    • H02J2310/10—The network having a local or delimited stationary reach
    • H02J2310/12—The local stationary network supplying a household or a building
    • H02J2310/14—The load or loads being home appliances
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2310/00—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load
    • H02J2310/50—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load for selectively controlling the operation of the loads
    • H02J2310/56—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load for selectively controlling the operation of the loads characterised by the condition upon which the selective controlling is based
    • H02J2310/62—The condition being non-electrical, e.g. temperature
    • H02J2310/64—The condition being economic, e.g. tariff based load management
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B70/00—Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
    • Y02B70/30—Systems integrating technologies related to power network operation and communication or information technologies for improving the carbon footprint of the management of residential or tertiary loads, i.e. smart grids as climate change mitigation technology in the buildings sector, including also the last stages of power distribution and the control, monitoring or operating management systems at local level
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B70/00—Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
    • Y02B70/30—Systems integrating technologies related to power network operation and communication or information technologies for improving the carbon footprint of the management of residential or tertiary loads, i.e. smart grids as climate change mitigation technology in the buildings sector, including also the last stages of power distribution and the control, monitoring or operating management systems at local level
    • Y02B70/3225—Demand response systems, e.g. load shedding, peak shaving
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02B90/20—Smart grids as enabling technology in buildings sector
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
    • Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
    • Y04S20/00—Management or operation of end-user stationary applications or the last stages of power distribution; Controlling, monitoring or operating thereof
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
    • Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
    • Y04S20/00—Management or operation of end-user stationary applications or the last stages of power distribution; Controlling, monitoring or operating thereof
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    • Y04S20/222—Demand response systems, e.g. load shedding, peak shaving
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
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    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
    • Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
    • Y04S40/00—Systems for electrical power generation, transmission, distribution or end-user application management characterised by the use of communication or information technologies, or communication or information technology specific aspects supporting them
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    • Y04S40/124—Systems for electrical power generation, transmission, distribution or end-user application management characterised by the use of communication or information technologies, or communication or information technology specific aspects supporting them characterised by data transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated electrical equipment using wired telecommunication networks or data transmission busses
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Abstract

一种电能管理和建筑物自动化系统,包括一个局域网或家庭自动化数据总线。每个被控制的负荷经一个控制模块连接到总线。第一微计算机最好设置在用户所在地外部,与电力功率表相邻。第二微计算机最好设置在用户所在地内部。两台微计算机相互并与各种负荷控制模块通信。第一微计算机经任何适当的通信链路与电力公司通信。部分作为系统输入/输出终端的第二微计算机允许用户设定参数并向系统询问功率使用信息。它显示用户请求的报告并显示电力公司和任何一台微计算机传送的消息。第一微计算机作为一个主控制器和/或网络服务器与所在地外部的世界通信,并作为主要数据收集器和负荷控制模块的操作器通过第二微计算机提供确定的备用功能。

Description

电能管理和建筑物自动化系统
本发明涉及家庭或商业自动化领域和电力分配系统管理。特别是，本发明涉及住宅和商业场所中用于需求方电力负荷管理的计算机控制系统，以及控制这些负荷。在控制计算机和负荷之间通信的前提下该系统最好采用电力线载波(PLC)技术，和与电力公司提供的设施(即用户)的本地电度表通信的PLC或RF技术。可使用PLC技术或另一种通信技术在电力公司和用户所在地之间通信。另外，本发明涉及采用该系统为用户所在地(例如，一个家庭)内的外部数据通信服务、设备、娱乐服务和通信设备之间提供桥梁。
多年来，对实现由用户更有效地利用发电容量和更完善地控制电力负荷有很大兴趣。随着对生态影响和资源低效利用经济成本了解的提高，电力用户已注意到了改变其用电模式的客观需要。一些电力公司已经提供了根据每天时间变化的费率，以鼓励用户在非峰值时段期间开动诸如衣服烘干机、水池抽水泵和洗碗机之类的设备。一般，在特定的峰值需求时段期间收取高费率，而在其它非峰值需求时段期间收取较低费率。另一种方法允许按每天时间分设费率以允许更频繁(例如每小时)按费率收取。这将需要通知用户每种费率变化，然后由用户决定在该费率开动何种电器。为使该处理自动化，需要电力用户能够通过用户住宅或企业中较显著的负荷监测和控制电力使用。
然而，用户通常是仅当研究每月提供极少信息的帐单时看到按时间管理使用电器的好处。用户并未真正了解到在现实使用条件下与其它情况相比开动一种电器花费多少费用。用每月的帐目清单对这些费用进行比较可能并不现实，由于实际上不进行数月长的控制实验，其中除一个月中使用第一种电器而另一月中使用不同的第二种电器之外，所有其它能耗是不变。没有这样一种控制实验，人们从每月帐单不能确定开动具体电器的费用，或甚至不能比较开动两种不同电器的费用，或在任何具体费率开动指定电器将节省多少费用。因此，需要一种以时间为基础向用户提供一台或多台电器的耗电量和开动这些电器的费用报告的系统。
另外，需要允许用户基于费用做出开动电器的决定，并实现这些决定。许多电力公司可能希望控制其电费支出。例如，用户可能希望只要能源费用低于该用户设定(即预定)的量，或只要外界温度在一确定范围时就可开动游泳池加热器。还有一个例子，对于因不了解旧的现有电器能耗，而不了解新的高效电器通过降低能耗多快将会补偿该费用的用户可能会延缓做出更换年久低效电器的决定。如果能够显示出这些费用，商业用户可根据相对的能源费用做出处理选择决定。
由于电能收取费率至少是当时系统广泛需求(例如，反映燃料费用)的函数的一部分，具有固定预算的用户在费率低时可能比费率高时消耗更多电能。因此，该用户可能希望依据费率做出使用决定。当然，如果电力公司随时改变费率，用户不见得想坐下来收听或观看费率信息广播。需要对费率广播自动响应。这种自动响应可假设多种形式，并且可能不仅以新宣布的费率为条件而且可依据其它因素，例如以检测的温度或每天的时间或任务的紧迫性(例如电器的优先等级)为条件。不能自动响应可能是阻碍灵活的费率变化广播发展的因素之一，现存的费率变化广播一般只限于在峰值和非峰值时段的开始和结束发信号。
虽然允许用户控制其使用模式和做出使用决定仅涉及电力管理的一方面。有时用户的自愿行为不足以避免诸如过量电力需求的问题。理想情况是，负荷管理系统不仅允许用户，而且允许电力供应商(即电力公司)至少在一定程度控制连接到输电线的负荷。
这些意义已导致许多系统允许执行诸如＂卸载＂(即有选择地切断设备、或负荷)之类的控制功能。例如，有多种可通过购买和以印刷品两种方式得到的家庭和建筑物自动系统。这些自动系统有许多允许用户仅在规定时间安排接通或开动电器。某些自动系统允许特殊装备的电器在宣布高费率或需求期间为停用。在即使有也很少的情况下也允许电力供应商(除用户之外)有选择地从系统中甩负荷(例如以特定用户的特定负荷为目标)或仅允许它们在预定时段期间接入。
在出现例如可能因暴雨之类的自然现象，或可能因极端天气状况(例如热浪或罕见冰冻)造成过量负荷发展而出现停电的情况下，电力公司将出现很大问题。恢复临时电力或大的断开负荷回到线路，连接到配电网的所有负荷或重新连入负荷的启动视情况而定会造成巨大电流浪涌，该大电流浪涌可因负荷、线路和变压器电感引起大瞬态电压尖峰，并使配电网不稳定和造成连接到输电线的设备损坏。安全装置可使变电站和发电机与线路断开，以防止设备损坏，此刻变电站和发电机需要接入线路以满足负荷需求。防止出现这种情况是电力公司在断电期间用无线电台广播请求用户断开电器和其它负荷直到电力恢复的一个原因。如果一个电力公司能够从中央位置控制和变化在其业务区域中向负荷恢复电力，将能大大降低该瞬态电压涉及的威胁和问题。一个电力公司或政府机构可能同样希望有选择地向特定类型的负荷送电，或在出问题情况下阻止向特定类型负荷供电。例如，在自然灾害和诸如在极热的夏天之类峰值负荷期间，向特定用户，或特定类型电器，例如热水器、游泳池泵、空调机、和一般的低优先等级(即非重要)负荷定量输送电力以防止发电机或配电系统出问题可能是一种有效的电力系统管理计划。采用该方法，还使电力公司可以免除建造变电站的费用或者使发电容量可独自承受这种极端情况。
其它业务提供者(例如，自来水管理局、煤气供应商和电缆电视公司)也表示希望与其用户相互配合，但至今为止这种系统受到限制，并且根据安装扩大通信网络和灵活控制系统的费用而数量有限。
鉴于上述情况，很显然，需要用于不仅监测整个由住宅或商业电力用户消耗的电能(功率)，而且由用户开动的特定负荷的自动系统。还需要便于电力用户操作以允许用户控制这些负荷工作的自动系统。最好是，该系统允许用户响应电力公司提供的费率信息和用户提供的参数将负荷编程以使其运行或不运行。另外，需要也允许电力公司有选择地控制这些负荷的系统。
根据本发明这样的自动系统包括最好基于诸如电子工业协会的CEBus之类的家庭自动数据总线的局域网，由设在FL.Ocala的Intellon公司销售的元件实施。由自动系统控制的每个负荷经一个控制模块连接到总线。控制模块包含在接到命令或出现停电或两个情况下将负荷与输电线断开的继电器或开关(下文称之为＂断路器＂或＂电路断路器＂)。另外，控制模块可包含一个用于判断所连接负荷是否吸收电流的电流监测器或一个用于监测负荷消耗功率的功率监测器(该功率监测器可计算能耗)。该功率监测器可设置在总线上，响应查询消息，即与负荷消耗的功率有关的数据。两种监测器可在总线上发送消息以指示负荷状态或负荷状态的变化。另一种负荷控制模块可包含一个调光器电路(模块用于灯泡)或一个速度控制电路(模块用于电机)。因此，可考虑各种控制模块。该系统最好还包括一对微计算机。第一台微计算机最好放置在用户所在地外部，与电力功率表相邻(或即使在房间内的)。第二微计算机最好放置在用户所在地内部。装备两台微计算机相互通信并经网络/数据总线与各负荷控制模块通信(例如使用CEBus收发信机实施CEBus协议)；另外，最好至少装备第一微计算机经任何适当的通信链路(例如电力线载波系统、无线电、电话、光纤或利用电缆电视网)与电力公司通信。电力仪表最好是一种可远程读取的仪表；为此，该仪表最好装配有一个包括一总线收发信机的CEBus接口单元，以便能够采用在总线上发送的命令读取该仪表。因此，最好至少可由微计算机之一经网络/数据总线读取电力电度表。可采用任何CEBus协议实施方案，包括电力线载波方式、RF方式或红外传输方式。最好采用CEBus电力线载波技术。可通过适当改进采用除CEBus之外的设计网络；一个例子是Echelon的LONWORKS。当网络/数据总线是CEBus系统或其它电力线载波技术时用户所在地之内的所有数据通信可通过交流电力线进行。这表明可在任何现存的已有配线房屋安装该系统而不需要安装特定或额外配线。然而，该系统足够灵活，它可在新建筑中将开关与负荷分开；二者不需要串联，因此可通过低电压和电流操作开关电路，因而增强了安全性并节省费用。就是说，由于可通过其控制模块中的断路器开和关电器并且这些断路器由输电线上的CEBus信号控制，可在输电线上施加适宜信号的任何电路可完成该电器操作。另外，由于CEBus兼容灯和电器进入市场，可实现明显节省新住宅和商业设施的配线。
所在地内部的第二微计算机作为系统输入/输出终端的一部分，允许用户设定参数和向系统查询电力使用信息。它显示用户请求的报告并显示电力公司和另一它微计算机传送的消息。第一微计算机作为主控制器与所在地外界通信并作为主要数据收集器和负荷控制模块操作器，第二微计算机作为输入/输出子系统(接受用户输入，并向用户提供或显示消息和报告)，提供确定备份功能，并且如果需要作为第二控制器。可任选第一微计算机作为服务器，其它设备经网络/数据总线与其通信。这些设备可以是＂非智能＂终端或智能单元。作为一个实例，这些设备可以是各种媒介的通信端口，第一微计算机作为这些端口之间或这些端口中的任何一个与一个或多个非智能终端或智能单元之间的路由器。另一个实例可以是一个与第一微计算机交互作用的手持设备，后者提供允许降低手持设备费用的程序、计算支持和通信或其它功能；就是说，手持设备可利用第一微计算机中的已有性能。这种手持设备的实例可以是游戏机或电缆电视控制器。例如，电缆电视信号，特别是当其为压缩或扰频数字信号时可被路由选择到第一微计算机进行解压缩和/或解扰，然后由电路板(例如创通实验公司的TV编码器)在第一微计算机的内部总线上转换成模拟视频。然后该模拟电视信号分配给家用电视机。当可采用数字电视机时，可将经压缩或扰频的数字信号路由选择到第一微计算机进行解压缩和/或解扰，然后将经解压缩、解扰的数字视频信号提供给数字电视机。手持控制器可经PLC或RF CEBus或其它通信信道连接到第一微计算机，以便向第一微计算机指示用户要求观看的信道(节目)或用户要求获得的服务。第一微计算机可执行一程序以检验用户授权并与电缆电视公司的计算机通信以提供记帐或其它信息。这样允许以较大灵活性预定和提供电缆电视节目；例如，由于第一微计算机可按照用户选择的频道向电缆电视提供者发送消息，可容易产生即付费即看系统，提供者可要求该选择包含的时间和其它信息。也可在用户和电缆电视(或其它信息)提供者之间交换个人文本消息，允许用户在电视或第二微计算机的显示器上查看他或她的帐目信息。也可用手持控制器从可由第一微计算机实施的诸如产生画中画显示之类的可使用功能中进行选择，然后第一微计算机可执行所需处理以提供所选择功能。
通过不仅是监测整个所在地的功率消耗，而且是各个负荷，可以并且能够向用户提供允许用户做出关于负荷使用决定的详细信息。这些决定中的某些决定以电力公司收取的费率为条件，电力公司可随时向用户广播费率情况。电力公司也可通过消息向第一微计算机存取所选择的使用数据并且也可至少控制某些用户的负荷，当用户预订或授权电力公司执行这些业务时。
本发明的系统也使用独立负荷管理。相当独立，它一方面可作为住宅或商业所在地中设备之间的通信接口，另一方面可以作为信息或业务提供者或公用事业。
除非文中另有说明，应该理解下文使用的术语“电力公司”包括配电电力公司并且可以有或可以没有直接的电力发电机。然而，本发明的许多方面对其它公用事业公司以及非公用事业服务提供者也有意义。
通过结合附图阅读下面的详细描述将使本发明的上述和其它特性、优点和目的变得更加显而易见并且更易被理解。
附图中，
图1是说明根据本发明系统实施例的方框图；
图2是根据图1说明的实施例中第一微计算机的方框图；
图3是根据该实施例中第二微计算机的方框图；
图4是图2和3的微计算机所执行程序的第一实施例的组合方框图和高级软件处理示意图/流程；
图5是根据上述实施例的第一数据结构的图解说明；
图6是根据上述实施例的第二数据结构的图解说明；
图7是根据上述实施例的第三数据结构的图解说明，特别用于商业所在地；
图8是根据上述实施例的第四数据结构的图解说明；
图9足根据上述实施例的第五数据结构的图解说明；
图10是根据上述实施例的第六数据结构的图解说明；
图11是说明根据本发明由图4的步骤36C提供的允许用户进行确定功能选则的输入屏幕实例；
图12是说明根据本发明允许用户输入确定设备具体信息的输入屏幕实例；
图13是说明根据本发明允许用户安排确定事项的输入屏幕实例；
图14是说明允许用户从系统取消负荷设备的输入屏幕实例；
图15是说明允许用户输入电力费率的输入屏幕实例；
图16是第一微计算机执行的同步第一和第二微计算机数据结构的步骤流程图；
图17是第二微计算机执行的同步第一和第二微计算机数据结构的步骤流程图；
图18是图2和3的微计算机所执行程序的第二实施例的组合方框图和高级软件处理示意图/流程；
图19是用户在图18的操作器的选择模块中可提供功能中进行选择使用本发明的屏幕实例的图解说明；
图20是响应用户选择图19屏幕上的读取仪表功能表示仪表读数的屏幕实例的图解说明；
图21是当用户选择图19屏幕上的报告功能时表示可提供选择的屏幕实例的图解说明；
图22是当用户选择图21屏幕上报告类型时表示每天负荷和需求报告的屏幕实例的图解说明；
图23是当用户选择图19屏幕上的曲线功能时表示可提供选择的屏幕实例的图解说明；
图24是根据本发明用于监测多个分支电路中电流和用于远程接通或断开负荷设备的负荷控制模块的示意电路图；
图25是图24的微计算机中执行的程序实例的流程图；
图26是根据本发明用于监测多个分支电路中功耗的负荷控制模块的示意电路图；
图27是图26的微计算机中执行的程序实例的流程图；
图28是实施负荷卸载功能的第一微计算机中执行的程序实例的流程图；
图29是根据本发明一个方面的输出屏幕的一个副本，示出用户平均使用电力的曲线表，作为一天期间的时间函数，可考虑测量间隔比一天长，以便与同一天中用户的实际耗电曲线表相匹配；
图30说明本发明可提供的曲线报告，示出给定时间(例如一星期)用户(例如家庭)为每个监测的负荷和所有未监测负荷使用的电能总共承担的费用；
图31说明本发明可提供的曲线报告，示出按每天的时间函数用户(例如家庭)对每个监测的负荷和所有未监测负荷总共承担的总电能费用；
图32说明本发明可提供的曲线报告，示出所选定的一天用户(例如家庭)为开动每个监测的负荷和所有未监测负荷总共承担的电能平均费用；
图33说明本发明可提供的曲线报告，示出一整年用于开动所选择的监测负荷，例如一台空调机使用的电能每月承担的费用；
图34是除报告期限为一年外与图30的报告类似的报告；
图35是根据本发明一个方面的输出屏幕实例的副本，示出所谓电能使用速度计；
图36是根据本发明的输出屏幕实例的副本，示出用户每天使用的电能；
图37是根据本发明的输出屏幕实例的副本，示出一天期间用户的负荷分布，即在给定等级电能消耗多长时间(以最大值的百分率表示)；
图38是根据本发明用于在第一计算机中根据所建立的条件执行接通或断开负荷设备的程序流程；
图39是根据本发明用于在第一计算机中根据用户和/或电力公司预先建立的总时间、日期期限或费用限额执行接通或断开负荷设备的程序流程；和
图40是根据本发明用于在第一计算机中根据用户和/或电力公司预先建立的总时间或电费限额执行接通或断开负荷设备的程序流程；
现在转向图1，示出根据本发明的电能管理系统实施实例的方框图。系统10包括一个包括一通信接口单元16和第一微计算机18的用户所在地外部单元(CPEU)12；一个局域网络通信媒介20，下文以电力线载波(PLC)总线形式为实例讨论；一台第二微计算机22；多个负荷检测和/或负荷控制模块24；一个或多个条件检测器26(温度传感器、运行传感器、防盗报警器等等)；和为实施包括下面说明的一个或多个功能，但不限于此的多个功能的两台微计算机上执行的计算机程序(下文详细说明)。该系统最好还包括一个可电读取的电度表(即用电量)，通过该电度表从交流输电线15向系统其余部分提供电能。负荷控制模块24可以是不同类型：例如，有些可采用简单的通一断开关，而其它的可包括电流或功率传感器。另外，该系统可任选包括一个或多个其它专用、唯一或多用途输入、输出或输入/输出设备，通常以27表示，所有这些设备使用总线20与第一微计算机通信并使用第一微计算机的计算能力，可在第一微计算机上执行任何所要求的程序。这些附加设备可满足用户在各种不同地区的通信和信息需求。
在所有情况下，为清楚起见省略计算机、负荷和其它设备的交流功率电源。另外，每台计算机或其它设备必须具有连接到总线的总线接口单元并履行总线协议；仅暗示这些接口单元而不明确示出以避免混淆。
两台微计算机可以是：例如，在英特尔X86家用处理器上运行IBM或Microsoft的DOS操作系统版本的IBM兼容个人计算机、PowerPC家用微计算机、或等同物。在一个实施例中，可考虑第一微计算机采用植入PowerPC403GA的来自纽约Armonk的国际商用机器公司，NY和研究三角公园，NC(IBM)处理器，第二微计算机将采用任何Intel x86家用处理器或等同物。两种处理器可运行某一版本的DOS操作系统并被中断驱动；然而，最好，特别是如在此所讨论的第一微计算机作为服务器时，第一微计算机运行诸如IBM的OS/9操作系统之类的多任务操作系统，在此描述的这些程序是以设在衣阿华州，Des Moines的微件系统公司(Microware System Corp.)的超C编程语言写出的。当然，可采用其它处理器和操作系统；处理器和操作系统的选择并不是本发明的主要方面。然而，使用工业标准的微计算机结构具有降低费用并且便于利用诸如调制解调器、路由器、双向路由器(brouters)和其它通信产品之类的各种输入/输出辅助设备的优点。图2示出第一微计算机的方框图。如图所示，微计算机18包括一个微处理器18-A、存储器18-B、至少一个输入-输出(I/O)设备18-C；在微处理器18-A上执行的一个或多个计算机程序18-E；和一个或多个在这些部件上通信的内总线18-D。计算机程序18-E与存储器18-B中存储的数据结构中的数据交互作用以控制第一微计算机的操作。输入-输出设备18-C包括至少一个用于与电力公司通信的设备和一个用于与第二微计算机通信的设备以及一个控制负荷控制模块和一个用于查询电度表的设备。如果采用电力线载波技术进行所有这些通信，可使用唯一一个I/O设备18-C；否则，这些通信业务中的一个或多个可能需要一个分离的I/O设备。例如，可以在总线18-D之一上设置连接器以接收I/O设备的插入电路卡。总线和连接器最好与诸如ISA或PCMCIA标准之类的工业标准接口一致。例如，可将一个ISA射频网络接口(包括一个收发信机和控制逻辑)卡插入一个连接器18-F1，用于系统和电力公司之间通信，而可将一个CEBus接口节点(即收发信机和控制逻辑)插入另一个连接器18-F2用于第一微计算机和负荷控制模块之间的通信。存储器18-B最好包括一定数量可存储数据结构的非易失性存储器，这些数据结构除其它事情之外包括即使在断电和中断期间希望保留的历史数据；虽然其它类型存储器会满足要求，但闪速存储器适合此目的。第一微计算机不需要键盘和显示器(除非安装和诊断使用可任选提供)。第一微计算机最好在防水和防风雨外壳中或紧邻用户所在地外墙，在电力业务进入所在地处紧挨电度表。
图3示出第二微计算机22的方框图。如图3所示，第二微计算机22包括一个微处理器22-A、存储器22-B、一个用户可交互作用的I/O子系统22-E和另一个I/O子系统或设备22-C，所有这些经一条或多条内部总线22-D通信。由微处理器22-A执行计算机程序22-F以实施微计算机22的功能。第二微计算机可位于用户所在地任何方便的位置。事实上，它可以是用户已经拥有的微计算机，假设其具有或被提供用于与第一微计算机通信的适当网络/总线接口(例如一个CEBus PLC接口)，和在此说明的适当的计算机程序。
用户可交互的I/O子系统22-E可包括：例如，一个用于显示可视输出和用于接收来自用户的输入选择的触摸屏22-E1。如果需要，可加入键盘22-E2、语音识别或其它输入设备(未示出)。(虽然示出所有I/O子系统经总线22-D通信，应该理解，通常的作法是用键盘经专门的键盘处理器与微计算机通信，这里未将其示出以避免与理解本发明无关的细节)。I/O设备22-C包括至少一个用于与第一微计算机通信的设备；如上所述，最好采用电力线载波技术执行所有这些通信。可以在总线22-D之一上设置一个连接器(未示出)，例如以接受I/O设备的插入电路卡。总线和连接器最好与诸如ISA或PCMCIA标准之类的工业标准接口一致。例如，可将一个CEBus接口插入一个这样的连接器用来与第一微计算机通信。
图1的系统采用在第一微计算机上运行的第一计算机程序CPEU_PGM和在第二微计算机上运行的第二计算机程序USER_PGM。CPEU_PGM程序是主控制程序。它初始化负荷(电流和功率)监测、存储历史数据、进行电度表读取、执行所请求的负荷接通/断开事项和监测来自电力公司的通信。另外，它可以执行这里所规定的各种其它功能；或者这些其它功能可通过在多任务操作系统下同时执行的或响应适当的输入信号有选择地执行的其它程序实施。USER_PGM程序是用户到系统的接口；它从CPEU_PGM程序收集历史数据并将该数据组织成给用户的报告，允许用户安排定时接通/断开事项并将这些事项传送到CPEU_PGM程序以便执行。给出该分配任务，它还预见某些用户可能希望采用分别执行USER_PGM程序的多个第二微计算机。在该布局中，执行CPEU_PGM程序的第一微计算机作为文件服务器和信息中枢以及控制系统，具有信息和通信业务的内部和外部(到所在地)资源。
图4非常详细地示出高级软件处理示意图/流程。虚线30左侧示出CPEU_PGM程序34的结构，虚线30右侧示出USER_PGM程序36的结构。由实线32表示CPEU_PGM程序和USER_PGM程序之间的通信。
CPEU_PGM程序34包括六个模块：处理数据请求模块34A、处理甩负荷请求模块34B、接收当前电能定价信息模块34C、查询和存储模块34D、控制设备模块34E和执行所安排事项模块34F。这六个模块如图所示依次循环执行。然而，每个模块执行期间，分配给每个模块的整个任务并未完成，而是完成一部分任务。该部分通常对应于一个设备、事项或其它适当量完成模块操作。例如，查询仪表模块34D在首先通过该模块期间通过发出CEBus询问消息开始读取电度表，启动定时器和在预定存储器位置留下(即设定)状态标记(未示出)，以表示开始读取。在依次通过该模块时，检验状态标记并确定其处在所设定状态，完成读取并恢复数据；然后将该标记复位。同样，在每次通过时控制设备模块34E通常仅处理DEVICE数据结构中的一项。这种情况下，如下文所述，一个设备指针被记录在预定存储器位置并在一次次通过时用于控制模块的操作。下一次通过时该设备指针识别将由模块处理的设备。每次通过该模块后将其更新。指针还用于对所安排事项和负荷(设备)卸载的控制分段。这种模块任务的分段避免了在一旦任务开始后需要数秒完成该任务的情况下出现的处理延迟，允许控制通向诸如及时接收甩负荷命令之类可能的更紧急任务。下面进一步描述模块34A-34F的操作。
USER_PGM程序36包括8个内在关系更加复杂的模块36A-36H。司步CPEU_PGM模块36A管理所有与CPEU_PGM程序34的通信。控制流程从同步CPEU_PGM模块36A到显示力史和菜单模块36B。控制流程从显示历史和菜单模块36B到操作器选择模块36C。显示当前使用监测器模块36D从或在操作器选择模块内操作并在一部分显示屏幕中示出当前功率使用和其它选择信息；至少一部分剩余屏幕显示可从操作器选择模块得到的操作器选择。随着收到由操作器选择模块36C获得的操作器输入，执行四个模块36E-36H中的一个或多个以响应操作器输入采取适当行动。增加控制和报告设备模块36F向系统加入一个可被控制的或向系统报告的设备(即负荷)。取消设备模块36F从系统(即从在别处讨论的数据结构)取消一个可被控制的或向系统报告的设备(即负荷)。增加/取消通/断事项模块36G依据接入或断开负荷的定时或有条件事项记录系统控制存储中的任何变化。如果该设备是一种除接入和断开之外也可调光的设备(诸如特定的X10型发光控制器和CEBus调光器模块，例如Intellon TCM1036模块)，通/断事项则可包括一个为该设备设定调光等级(例如整个范围的百分比)的字段。(X10协议是为PLC控制设备建立的商业标准并且是CEBus协议的替代物)。最后，显示报告模块36H在第二微计算机的输出设备上显示用户要求的任何报告。控制从模块36E_36H回复到同步CPEU_PGM模块36A以便如果存在交换信息时向CPEU_PGM程序34发送数据或从CPEU_PGM程序34接收数据。
在返回描述CPEU_PGM模块之前，应该理解，有关用户所在地的负荷以及有关这些负荷和所在地的电能和功率使用的信息作为一个整体保持在38(图4)和存储器18-B中的物理定位集中表示的一个或多个数据结构中。当其接通时，第二微计算机在其存储器22-B中保持数据结构39的基本副本集。(除RAM或其它临时存储设备外，存储器22-B最好包括一个用于保持数据结构39的硬盘驱动器或其它非易失性存储介质)。在所讨论的这些数据结构中，使用下列约定：在文本中，用大写体给出数据结构名称(虽然在附图中将使用小写体)；在文本中用斜体给出参数字段的名称(虽然在附图中使用罗马体)。
现在转向图5，第一数据结构42(CUSTOMER)包含接收和存储有关诸如对用户收取的电能费率或费率编码之类的用户信息(参数或变量)的cost_kwh字段42A；用户姓名name字段42B；用户地址addr字段42C；和用户帐号acct字段42D。(每个字段的大小是设计选择问题；实际上，对于给定字段，例如addr字段，可将其再分成诸如地址的街道、城市、州和邮编部分之类组成信息的更小字段)。如果向用户的收费施加多种费率，例如每天不同时间消耗功率的不同费率，可以有多个cost_kwh字段；为在可适用的费率之间切换，电力公司可广播一个命令以切换到用于选择费率的另一个字段，或者CUSTOMER数据结构也可具有将cost_kwh字段与它们应用的相关时间关联的字段。
第二数据结构44(图6)DEVICE是按每个待监测或控制的负荷设备有一项的表排列的。对于每个负荷，数据结构最好在分开字段中基本上保持下列信息：设备接入时正常消耗的功率watts(44A)；设备接入时的正常消耗电流amps(44B)；设备接入时其两端的电压volts(44C)；如果设备是一个无功负荷表明该设备功率因数的power_factor(44D)；表明设备是例如电阻性、电感性或荧光性负荷种类的代码load_type(44E)；在甩负荷操作(下文说明)中使用的设备优先等级代码priority(44F)；可以用作X10型设备的设备地址＂编号＂字段＂的第一地址代码code_number(44G)；可以用作X10型设备的设备地址＂字母＂字段的第二地址代码code_letter(44H)；可以用作CEBus型设备的房间代码的第三地址代码cebus_hc(44I)；可以用作CEBus型设备单元编号的第四地址代码cebus_unit(44J)；由用户提供的设备说明(文本)desc(44K)；由用户提供的设备位置的结构描述location(44L)；设备的电流通/断或其它状态status(44M)；表明当天设备已接通多长(累加)时间的计数current_hours(44N)；表明当月设备已接通多长(累加)时间的计数mtd_hours(44O)；表明前一个月设备接通多长时间的计数last_month(44P)；表明本年直到当天日期设备已接通多少小时的计数ytd_hours(44Q)；和指示CEBus设备是否将给出ACK信号的标记cebos_noack(44R)。可根据需要加入附加字段并且可在具体实施例(除所说明的实施例之外)中省略不需要的任何上述字段，当然，附图中示出的数据结构仅作为说明。例如，可为具有多个耗能等级的那些设备(例如多速电机)提供多种情况的字段对44A和44B。计算机编程领域中的技术人员将会认识到所示出的数据结构使用C编程语言符号。然而，并不只限于C语言；可采用任何适宜编程语言实施本发明的处理和数据结构。
在实施例中，可以任何适宜尺度量化字段44N-44Q中的数据，这仅是根据应对数据抽样和存储的频繁程度的设计选择问题。每个存储事项三十秒的间隔被认为是在存储数据所需存储器的数量和报告中可提供的信息之间提供了合理的折衷方案。就是说，累加每预定数量能耗出现一次的电度表输出＂信号＂，读取该电度表并且每隔一定间隔例如三十秒一次将所读取数据存储在数据文件中。
对于商业用户或其它具有足够无功负荷的用户可用COMMERCIAL数据结构48(图7)补充DEVICE数据结构(或者如果需要或许甚至可用其替代)。该数据结构可具有例如字段49A-49N，字段49A-49N包含诸如设备在所选择的间隔以千瓦小时kwh(48H)、千伏安小时kvah(48I)、和千乏小时kvarh(48J)表示的能耗计算之类的信息；按间隔编号或按时间的间隔标志(例如，年49A；月49B；日49C；小时49D；和该小时内的位置49E)；按分钟分的间隔尺度49G；所述间隔期间接入负荷时的分钟编号49L，或等效于该间隔期间接入或断开负荷的次数；该间隔期间(即千瓦小时乘60分钟除以按分钟表示的间隔长度)的需求48K；在所在地存在多个仪表的情况下相关仪表的识别编号48F；在间隔结束时的仪表读数48M；和如果间隔长度不固定情况下的间隔长度48N。由于可将数据结构按日期和时间自动分度，可任选日期和时间字段。如果使用闪速存储器按循环排队例如每隔15分钟进行记录，队列中的位置(即一个条目相对于当前条目在存储器的地址)明确指示该条目相对于当前日期和时间有多长时间。采用15分钟的记录间隔记录两年的数据仅需要约2MB存储装置。
参考图8-10，系统保持的附加数据结构包括一个仪表历史表(METER)52、至少每个功耗被监测的设备的一个历史表(DEVICEHISTORY)54、和一个TIMED(即安排)EVENT表56(也称为事项表)。
METER表52可包含例如记录与每个仪表读数有关信息的字段53A-53H。该信息可包括下列内容的一些或全部：形成仪表电子地址第一部分的CEBus房间(或商业所在地)代码cebus_hc(53A)；形成仪表电子地址第二部分的CEBus单元代码cebus_unit(53B)；记录的最后仪表读数current(53C)；在具有24个条目且每个条目对应于每天每个小时的第一表中，对应于该小时的第一仪表读数current_start(53D)；在第二表中，对应于该小时的最后仪表读数current_reading(53E)；在第三表中，除当天外该月按小时累加使用的电能mtd(53F)；在第四表中，整个前一个月按小时累加的总电能last_month(53G)；和在第五表中，除当天外直到当前日期整年按小时累加使用的总电能ytd(53H)。
DEVICE HISTORY表54(图9)(每个被监测设备一个，最好是在表中55A命名)每个测量间隔存储包含以预定模式排列的数据的记录。为了更生动地说明数据结构的构形，利用图表而不使用C代码将其示出。在设备名称device_no(55A)之后示出两个连续记录54A和54B。每个记录包括记录下列一个或多个内容的字段：测量的电压volts(55B)；同相电流current(in-phase)(55C)；无功电流current(reactive)(55D)；该时间间隔中消耗的千瓦小时kwh(55E)；该时间间隔中消耗的千伏安小时kvah(55F)；和针对无功负荷该时间间隔中消耗的千乏小时kvarh(55G)。如果该记录(即其第一条目)在表中的地址与该表条目的日期和时间有关(例如通过索引方案)，由于可对它们进行计算，不必将其明确记录作为日期和时间记录的一部分。例如，如果每隔15分钟产生一个表的条目并且在连续位置产生连续条目，可很容易确定当前条目之前的第十个条目在与该时间间隔相关的150分钟前产生。如果可假设设备电压恒定，仅需要在表中提供一次字段volts，而不是在每个记录中出现。因此，如果设备的测量结果在每个字段占据8个字节(合理的数量)每隔15分钟存储一组测量结果(包括kwh、kvah和kvarh)，一个设备两年的历史可存储在1.7MB存储容量中。可不存储kvah而降低存储容量，而从关系式(kvah)2＝(kwh)2+(kvarh)2计算得出。如果不按上述方式检索表中的记录地址，必须将其包括在包含该时间间隔的日期和时间的记录字段中。每个记录中记录的每个字段在两年时间将占据略微超过二分之一兆字节。
为在此讨论的每个数据结构示出的构造仅是实例；本领域的技术人员和帮助他们的科学家将很容易想到其它合适的数据结构构造。可产生和保持其它合适的数据结构，包括DEVICE和COMMERCIAL数据结构的各种组合，可以理解，不同用户具有不同的信息需求。
图11-15说明在第二微计算机的显示器上呈现给用户的一些屏幕，以获得用户可指定参数的项目。由步骤36C(图4)提供图11的显示，邀请用户通过选择诸如＂增加设备＂按扭62之类的按扭选择一个选项。如果选择增加设备按扭，接下来呈现给用户图12的屏幕，这里有以常规方式输入的各种数据，此后用户用F10键保存这些项目。如果用户选择图11的安排事项按扭，接下来呈现的是图13的屏幕，并允许用户输入适当的数据。如果用户选择图11的取消设备按扭，接下来呈现的是图14的屏幕，并允许用户选择和取消一个设备。如果用户选择图11的输入新费率按扭，接下来呈现的是图15的屏幕，并允许用户输入新的电费cost_kwh。
两台微计算机18和20最好基于CEBus扩频协议，使用可从设在佛罗里达州Ocala的Intellon公司购买的CEBus接口经在所在地电力布线上建立的电力线载波(PLC)链路通信。第一微计算机还使用同一PLC系统与可启动或断开例如水的电加热器的负荷(电器)控制模块通信，和与可检测何时开动电器的传感器通信；它还可与其它传感器和驱动器通信。特别是，第一微计算机可询问电度表以监测所在地的能耗。第一微计算机18还可经适当的通信接口和相关信道与电力公司通信以接收实时的电能费率广播、甩负荷请求和类似内容，并向电力公司发送断电报告、低压状态报告、用户使用报告和所选择的其它数据。通信信道可以是例如电话系统、电缆TV系统、或射频链路；它也可以是电力线载波(PLC)系统，例如Elcon销售的技术改进。
在CPEU_PGM程序34中，处理数据请求模块34A管理来自内部第二微计算机22的数据输入和输出请求的处理并对其响应。这些请求包括改变安排、增加和取消设备、以及请求历史数据。模块34A还向第二微计算机22提供诸如请求为用户做出报告之类的信息。处理甩负荷请求模块34B在甩负荷请求从电力公司到达时对他们进行处理，并在CEBus系统上向被通知断开或恢复正常操作的负荷产生相应的控制消息。接收当前电能定价信息模块34C通过例如图15屏幕的键盘输入接收来自电力公司或来自用户的电能定价信息。查询和存储模块34D查询电度表以得到所需的电流读数并累加自前面最后一次查询起的能耗；它还查询所监测的设备并存储该结果。控制设备使用定价信息模块34E实施取决于电价的有条件的设备控制操作(见图38-40和下文的有关讨论)。执行安排事项模块34F正如其名称所建议的根据用户提供的定时安排或定价驱动的用户设定条件执行安排的通/断事项，除非在进程中由甩负荷操作取消这些事项的执行。所安排的事项包括例如接入负荷、断开负荷、复位恒温器、和通过改变调光器设定改变灯的亮度。
当执行该循环的总时间较短时可将执行模块34A-34F的顺序在很明显程度进行变换。
USER_PGM程序36从CPEU_PGM程序34请求历史数据，然后将该数据组织成报告(最好包括曲线表示)。另外，用户可向USER_PGM程序36输入接入/断开事项的安排，该安排发送到CPEU_PGM程序34由模块34F执行。显示历史和菜单模块36B显示当前所选择的屏幕。
第一和第二微计算机有一个重要方面不同。无论何时只要交流业务电缆到所在地有电压第一微计算机总是有电(即接通)。它最好从所在地之外的电力公司线路直接接收其电力。相反，第二微计算机可以是可根据用户意愿接通或关闭的常规个人计算机。这表明与第一微计算机保持的数据相比，第二微计算机时常不具有最新的数据。因此，在第一和第二微计算机中执行同步化程序模块，以确保第二微计算机基于正确信息从其数据结构产生报告。图16和17分别提供第一和第二微计算机执行的同步化处理实例的流程。为避免总线20上产生不必要的业务量，做出决定，以便根据需要递增和主要更新第二微计算机的数据结构。第二微计算机可一次请求十个(或另一预定数量)使用间隔的数据。第二微计算机一被引导(boot up)就开始进行该项工作并在运行时继续进行。如果第二微计算机中断，即关机或＂中止操作＂，由于第一微计算机不能从其接收，第一微计算机即停止发送数据。为实施该方案，第二微计算机保持一个计数器，称之为发送应用计数器(未示出)，其中记录数据未发送到第二微计算机的仪表读数间隔的计数。第一微计算机定期检查其发送应用计数器，步骤64A，并且如果计数器的内容为非零，则进行检查以确定是否准备发送新间隔的数据，步骤64B。如果有待发送数据，则在步骤64C发送该数据，然后发送应用计数器递减，步骤64D。如果发送应用计数器的内容为零或没有数据发送或数据已被发送以及计数器递减，第一微计算机检查以察看是否已从第二微计算机接收任何同步请求，步骤64E。例如，第二微计算机可请求通知第一微计算机由用户输入的事项或设备改变。如果没有来自第二微计算机22的请求，同步化处理暂时终止，步骤64F。如果接收到同步化请求，系统必须确定它是何种请求，步骤64G。下列可能的请求说明了可能被接收那些请求：第二微计算机可能请求自从其最后信息起的历史数据(包括日期、时间、以及整个所在地和/或单个设备的功率和电流测量结果)，步骤64H。或者它可能请求待发送的整个设备表，如果第二微计算机不能发现其设备表或设备表已经不可靠，步骤641。同样，如果第二微计算机中的事项表丢失或不可靠，可请求一个新的事项表，步骤64J。如果第二微计算机发现任何其它信息丢失，可发出各种信息请求，步骤64K。如果用户已增加或取消任何设备或事项，可产生向第一微计算机提供该信息的请求，分别为步骤64L和64M。跟在请求64H-64M中的每一个之后采取适当行动，以便对应于步骤64N-64S提供所指示的信息，此后，退出第一微计算机的同步化程序。最后，第二微计算机可表示其已开始运行或通过请求接下来的十个(或某些其它数量)使用时段数量继续运行，步骤64T，响应发送应用计数器设定为10，步骤64U，并退出该程序。步骤64T发送的使用时段数量包括该时段在所在地消耗的千瓦小时的数量和按秒表示的测量时段实际长度；任选，使用时段的数量可包括有关单个设备消耗的数据。当一个测量时段通常为30秒时，由于当时段正常终止时或当时段正常开始时微计算机可忙于其它任务，每个测量时段的实际长度可从额定值改变。
图17示出第二微计算机22执行的同步化程序66的实例。首先，第二微计算机寻找来自第一微计算机的任何数据，步骤66A。如果没有，第二微计算机寻找丢失的表，步骤66B，如果发现任何表丢失，请求将这些表发送到第二微计算机，步骤66C。如果所有表都在，第二微计算机判断用户是否已对设备表或事项表进行修改，步骤66D，如果进行了修改，将这些修改发送到第一微计算机，步骤66E。在步骤66A，如果发现出现进入数据，根据该数据特性做出确定，步骤66F。如果该数据表示最近的历史，则更新该历史表，步骤66G；如果它是设备表信息，则更新设备表并存储；如果它是事项安排信息，则更新事项表并存储，步骤66I；如果是多方面的信息，则更新适当的存储器位置，步骤66J；如果它是(三十秒)使用数据，则将该信息发送到显示屏幕或放入临时存储器，步骤66K，随后检查该计数，步骤66L，如果该计数用尽，则请求另一组。
转向图18，说明本发明另一个实施例。该实施例特别供不需要详细的逐个设备信息但可使用多个电度表的商业场所使用。假设每个电度表包括记录和存储仪表读数的非易失性存储器。再次指出，该系统在两台微计算机18和22上执行两种不同程序72和74。程序72有四个模块72A-72D。模块72A类似于模块于34A(图4)。对于每个仪表，确定仪表类型和初始化模块72B读取仪表类型代码并进行任何所要求的初始化，可取决于电度表特性的特别初始化。一旦完成初始化，执行一个循环，包括询问仪表72C、和更新历史文件72D模块。询问仪表模块72C经CEBus定期查询每个电度表，并使该读数可由更新历史文件模块72D采用。更新历史文件模块72D又为每个仪表更新历史文件，然后等待下一次查询。程序74可随时读取数据结构38中保持的历史文件。
采用多个仪表当然并不限于商业场所。因此，程序72的方法也可并入本发明第一实施例。同样，结合本发明第一实施例公开的多个通信系统也可用于本发明第二实施例。
程序74组合有16个模块74A-74P。模块74A经程序模块72A与数据结构38通信并向程序72提供仪表上的功耗历史。在同步模块74A后执行操作者选择模块74B；该模块允许用户选择四种操作之一：读取仪表，74B-1；生成一份报告，74B-2；用曲线表示数据，74B-3；或管理文件，74B-4。图19示出由操作者的选择模块给出的典型屏幕。当选择仪表读数选项时，控制接下来转到读取历史文件模块74C。读取历史文件模块74C针对诸如最后十个读数之类的预定读数标号读取历史文件，并获得当前仪表读数。然后，显示模块74D在屏幕上显示模块74C读取的信息，例如，如图20所示屏幕所说明的。当选择报告选项74B2时，控制转到选择哪一个模块74E，向用户显示一个可提供的报告类型表并要求用户输入一个选择(例如见图21)。做出该选择后，打印报告模块74F采用当前数据打印报告。仅作为该阶段可提供报告的一个实例，图22说明每天每一小时的负荷和一天的要求。当选择曲线选项74B-3时，控制转到选择哪一个模块74G，向用户显示一个可提供的曲线类型表并要求用户输入一个选择(例如见图23)。做出该选择后，显示所要求曲线模块74H采用当前数据显示该曲线，并允许操作者在所连接的打印机上，如果可提供的话，打印曲线图。当选择文件管理选项74B-4时，控制转到选择编辑、写入或读取模块74I，显示要求操作者从可提供的选项选择的消息，这些可提供的选项包括：编辑一个历史文件、以标准数据格式写入(即输出)一个现存历史文件或从电力公司读取(即输入)一个现存文件的历史文件。当用户选择编辑选项时，编辑历史文件模块74J显示来自存储器的历史文件并允许用户编辑该数据。当用户选择写入(即输出)选项时，写入标准数据文件模块74K显示一个屏幕，要求用户选择一种输出数据格式，然后以例如标准纸张或数据库程序可接受的形式写入包含历史数据的文件。当用户选择读取(即输入)选项时，读取标准数据文件模块74L允许由程序72和74将电力公司的计算机当前保存的数据放入到历史文件中使用。所选择的选项执行结束后，控制恢复到操作者的选择模块。负荷控制模块
在此具体讨论三种负荷控制模块，虽然可以理解本发明不限于这些模块实例。下面讨论的三种模块是电流读出模块，或监测器、功率读出模块和电路断路器。电路断路器可以是独立应用的模块或者可将其归入其它类型的模块之一。在下面讨论的实例中，提供电路断路器作为电流读出模块的一部分；单独描述可独立应用的电路断路器将会重复，因此不再提供。电流监测器
图24示出电流传感器的实例。电流传感器80包括：一个电源82；一个电力线载波耦合电路84；一个PLC总线接口86；一个微控制器88；和针对每个被读出的电流电平，一个处理信道包括一个电流变压器92-I(变量＂I＂表示信道标识符)和一个电流传感电路94-I。二者具有或共享一个阈值设定元件96-j(图中仅标出一个电流读出电路94-I)。微控制器读取电流传感电路的输出。微控制器还实施CEBus公用应用语言(CAL)；因此，微处理器固件(未示出)确定传感器的运行，例如是否必须询问传感器以确定其状态和采取一个测量结果，或是否自动报告状态改变或观测值。
该电流传感器用于确定分支中的电流是否超过一个预定阈值。电流传感电路的阈值可以固定或是变量。如果电流监测器内置于电器，该阈值通常固定，如果该电流监测器是作为适用于各种负荷设备的一般目的的产品而销售的，该阈值为变量。分支电路是在所在地的电力配电盘中具有其自身的电路断路器(或按更老的设定，熔断丝)的配电电路。诸如衣物烘干机、烹调炉灶或炉、电冰箱、空调机、热水加热器或泳池泵之类的主要电器通常有其自备分支电路。如下所述，在某些情况下，为监测电流，可将一个唯一的分支电路作为多分支电路处理。在基本设定中，可将阈值设定得相对较低，如果分支上仅有一个唯一的负荷，该传感器则指示该负荷是否吸收电流，即其是否接通。另一方面，如果分支中仅有一个唯一的负荷，但该负荷可以不同模式操作，例如低功率模式和高功率模式，则可将阈值设定为两种模式中吸收的电流之间的电平。该传感器输出将指明该负荷是否以高功率模式操作。该传感器不打算提供分支电路中电流的定量测量。
电路80可监测多达六个分支电路(112-1至112-6)，每个分支电路一个微控制器端口P1.0-P1.5。它可通过另一个端口P1.6控制负荷的通/断状态。设计电流传感器80使用CEBus电力线载波信令通信。为此，传感器80装配有Intellon公司的CENode PL(即电力线)接口模块86。用设在CA，Sunnyvale的Signetics公司的87C751型微控制器88控制并产生发送到CENode PL模块的信号，并根据从其它CEBus设备接收的信号接收和进行操作。电路80最好安装在所在地的电力配电盘中或与其相邻。为监测一个唯一的负荷，可将监测器80的附属设备装配包容在负荷外壳内部或插入交流电源插座的模块中，然后将负荷设备插入该模块。
连接到端子83A和83B的电源82从交流输电线为电流监测器提供+5伏直流(VDC)功率。电源具有一个变压器T1，该变压器最好有一对跨越原边串联的齐纳二极管ZD1和ZD2作为浪涌保护器；一个全波整流器B1；一个电解滤波电容器C1；和一个电压调节器VR。变压器T1提供一个10伏，600ma的输出；未经调节的8VDC输出出现在线98上从电源送到总线接口86，经调节的5VDC输出出现在线102上送到下面讨论的微控制器88和比较器104-I。
电力线载波耦合电路为PLC总线接口86和电力线本身之间提供连接。PLC耦合电路包括原边绕组通过串联电容106(其目的是从相对为高频的PLC信号滤除相对低频的交流功率信号)连接到电力线的变压器T2。变压器T2的副边绕组连接到PLC接口模块的信号I/O端口SSC-SG。保护电路108也连接在副边绕组和地线之间。
PLC总线接口单元可以是，例如设在佛罗里达州Ocala的Intellon公司型号为CENode-PL CENode的网络接口板，或等同物。(例如，如果在节点之间采用RF通信而不是PLC系统，同样可以用Intellon的等效CENode-RF网络接口板替换；或者该网络可以以标准的而不是Intello的标准为基础，并可用适当的网络接口替代)。
微控制器88可以是例如Signetics公司型号为87C751的微控制器。
在电流读出级110进行实际电流读出。电流监测级对于每个被监测的分支电路变量至少具有一个信道。如果被监测的情况或变量是简单的负荷通或断状态，一个信道将满足。如果被监测的负荷情况是其操作模式(除＂断开＂外，存在低功率模式和高功率模式)，将需要两个信道。现在将以信道112-I为例说明单个信道的操作。采用设在CT，Canaan的Bicron电子公司的B5303绕制环形铁芯电流传感器CT1制造变压器92-1；环形铁芯传感器包括变压器的副边绕组，通过铁芯绕制分支电路导线114-1以提供单匝原边绕组。由分支电路(原边绕组)中的电流在副边绕组产生的电压被二极管116-1半波整流并由电解电容器118-1和电阻器120-1滤波。比较器104-1将线122-1上的整流电压与电位器96-1(其一端连接到+5伏电源，另一端接地)在线124上提供的参考电压比较。每个比较器的输出连接到微控制器88的输入端口P1.0-P1.5之一。当分支电路中的电流产生大于连接相关比较器参考电压的整流电压时，该比较器产生被解释为逻辑高电平信号的输出电压；当分支电路中的电流产生低于该参考电压的整流电压时，该比较器产生被解释为逻辑低电平信号的输出电压。
在图24中说明的实施例中，为方便起见，提供两个阈值调节器，一个由信道112-1至112-3共用，另一个由信道112-4至112-6共用。对于更高费用，可对每个信道给出其自身单独的阈值调节器。可使用一个数字/模拟转换器，从微控制器接收一数字值直接向比较器输入端提供模拟值来遥控阈值调节。
为说明采用电流监测器读出具有多种模式的负荷的操作模式，假设负荷是具有高速和低速的游泳池泵。参考图24，对于监测高速，使用信道112-1，对于监测低速使用信道112-4。分支导线通过线圈CT1和CT4串联。设定电位器电压当泵以任何模式操作时允许比较器104-1＂断开＂(就是说，低速操作将足以使比较器断开)。然而，设定电位器96-2，除泵以高速操作时不允许断开比较器104-4。这里所定义的＂断开＂是指比较器输出达到逻辑1状态。
图25提供微控制器88执行的操作流程。方框132表示进入或开始，指向微控制器的操作。首先，微控制器判断是否经PLC总线(CEBus)从外部节点接收到请求，步骤134。如果否定，控制分支到步骤136，微控制器查询其输入端口和分支电路状态信号的内部寄存器。然后微控制器检查其操作模式，步骤138。如果微控制器以基本上监测分支电路的所谓＂查询＂模式操作，控制回复到点A并重复该处理本身。然而，如果微控制器以所谓的＂自动＂模式操作，控制进展到步骤140，在此将当前的读出值与前一个读出值比较以判断是否存在任何分支状态改变。如果不存在状态改变，控制返回到点A。然而，如果有状态变化，控制进展到步骤142，产生适当的报告并经PLC总线发送该报告，然后控制返回到点A。
如果在步骤134判断接收到外部请求，下一步骤是执行步骤135。在步骤135，如果原始消息搜索到一个应答，则产生一个应答消息。另一方面，如果所接收的消息请求或命令微控制器一方的某些操作，则执行该操作。
因此，微控制器88以定期为基础以某一顺序查询比较器104-1至104-6。当检测到一个比较器输出中的状态变化时，微控制器标注该事项，在事项记录中产生一个表明时间的条目，并经总线接口向一个或两个微计算机发送一个消息。微计算机和总线上的任何其它适当装备的设备也可经总线接口向微控制器发送条件请求消息，以便要求电流监测器监测的一个或多个设备或电路的状况；电流监测器又将发送适当的应答消息。如果该请求设备了解连接到每个监测器信道的负荷，一个单个字节应答将告诉多达八个负荷的状态。
在CEBus协议的专用术语中，每个比较器状态是一个＂二进制传感器目标＂，并且图24的电流监测器提供七个二进制传感器目标，符合EIA家庭自动化(CEBus)规定草案ISA60。
作为一种选择，最好也连接微控制器88以便驱动继电器K1，通过该继电器向一个负荷提供交流功率(即可与一分支电路串联设置继电器触点)。这样，仅需要一个继电器也能提供甩负荷能力。由微控制器88通过晶体管驱动器QK1驱动继电器线圈；该晶体管截止时一个二极管D1保护该晶体管免于电感性地产生电压尖峰。如果微控制器接收命令甩负荷，所需的全部内容就是断开继电器线圈。如果在没有线圈供电的情况下继电器触点正常断开，当发生断电时将自动甩负荷。在与微计算机中执行的程序交互作用的微控制器中适当的固件编程可在电力恢复后延迟重新供电直到预定时间或随机时间，以降低电力系统的压力。
因此，使用图24的电流监测器(即多少视需要而定)作为单个分支监测器，并将其作为一个插入交流插座并有一个负荷插入插座的模块装配，可适用于监测较老的电器并可通过远程命令卸载。如果需要为所选择的甩负荷提供多个优先等级，可根据用户输入由微计算机在数据结构38(同样见图6)或另一种适当的数据结构中设定各个负荷的优先等级。另一方面，可用诸如可由微控制器读取的一组开关之类用于记录优先等级的用户可设定装置提供负荷控制模块。功率监测器
当然，仅通/断/模式监测不能向用户提供更多可做出关于降低电费或使用的决定的有用信息。为此需要各个负荷的功率和电能消耗监测。现在参考图26，示出根据本发明的功率监测器的实例说明。功率监测器使用与电流监测器相同的电源82和相同的PLC总线接口86。微控制器是Signetics的87C752型微控制器，与电流监测器的Signetics87C751型微控制器相似，也有内部模拟/数字转换器(ADC)，其使用将在下面说明。
在图26的实施例中，一个模块用于监测多个分支电路(假设每个被监测的分支仅有一个电器)，假设所有分支接收相同电压。在某些情况下这种假设可能向测量中引入误差，这种情况下可采取测量以检测跨越每个被监测负荷的电压；就是说，功率监测器电路应靠近负荷设置。反之，可在便于访问多分支电路的电气设备面板中或与其相邻设置电功率监测器150。因此，仅为了完整性提出不相同分支电压的关系并且不再进一步提出。由包括放大器156以及电阻器158、162、164和166并通常以154表示的分压器或衰减器读出线电压。由大约50的系数衰减线电压，在放大器156的线168上产生约为5伏峰-峰值的交流信号。在节点170引入2.5伏的直流电平并加到经衰减的线电压，以便将放大器156的交流输出偏置在0至5伏的直流范围内。将标为VOTLS来自放大器156的输出信号提供给微控制器的一个输入端口，在此由ADC对其取样。VOTLS信号还经电阻器174提供给比较器172的一个输入端。比较器172的另一个输入端经电阻器176连接到节点170的2.5VDC电平。因此，比较器172作为一个过零检测器工作，每当线电压过零时改变输出状态。标为ZERO的比较器输出信号提供给微控制器作为中断信号。
电路180为节点170产生2.5VDC的偏置电平。电阻器182和184提供在地和+5伏电源之间建立电压中点的分压器。反馈电阻186将放大器输出修正到该电压。
图26说明的实施例中示出四个信道，每个信道用于测量一个分支电路中的电流。由于四个信道相同，仅说明一个信道。以信道190为例。使用诸如Coilcraft CS60-0电流传感器之类的环形铁芯线圈192读取分支电路中的电流，环形铁芯线圈192作为变压器的副边绕组，穿过铁芯的单匝分支电路导线194作为变压器的原边绕组。通过分支电路原边绕组的电流在副边绕组上感应电压；在CS60-0电流传感器的情况下，使用50欧姆的负荷电阻器，这样在分支电路中为每安培(rms)近似8-10毫伏峰-峰值。放大电路200由运算放大器202和电阻器204、206和208组成并提供约33的增益系数。另外，将偏离电路180的2.5伏VDC经电阻器210加到运算放大器202，以便将放大器的输出置于0至5伏范围内，2/5伏对应于零电流信号。输出信号CURRENT1提供给微控制器的一个ADC输入端。
微控制器中的一个ADC或多个ADC将VOLTS信号和四个电流信号CURRENT1...CURRENT4转换成八位数字编号。这些转换是在操作微控制器的固件的控制下进行的。每个转换需要约40毫秒。为获得每个分支电路中的电压、电流和功率。在每个电力线电压过零处中断控制器。然后启动微控制器中的定时器并读取分支电流之一。在由微控制器定时器确定的电力线频率的一个电周期的四分之一结束时(即对于60Hz的电力线频率为1/240秒)，再次读取同一分支中的电流并读取线电压。指定第一电流为IR、第二电流为IP、电压为V，然后通过P＝V(IP)和VAR＝V(IR)计算功率P和无功伏安。在后续周期中，读取后续分支的电流，从而计算每个电路中的功率。
由微控制器累加每个分支中的功率电平以确定每个分支电路(电器)中消耗的电能。保留功率和电能以便经CEBus(或等同物)通信链路向询问设备报告。
当然，上述方法是假设分支电路中无非线性负荷的近似。在电机、加热和电阻性负荷的情况下这是一个合理假设。然而，在诸如计算机、电视机等电负荷的情况下该假设无效。当负荷为非线性时，可通过更频繁的电流测量，线电压的每个周期或许100或更多次测量获得电能和功率。当然，这需要操作比87C752型微控制器中更快的模拟-数字转换器；但这些ADC是可买到的。另外，如果87C752型微控制器不够快，可利用更快的微控制器，电气工程师和技术员知道如何将图中所示的87C752置换成另一个微控制器。
至此公开的实例不供收益应用之用。用户计账需要更精确的测量。该精确度可通过使用诸如Bicron电流传感器之类的更高质量电流传感器，和使用比87C752中更高分辨率的ADC实现。另外，需要非易失性存储器存储能耗数值。
根据上面讨论的ISA60规定，图26所示的功率监测器装配四个符合该规定的模拟传感器目标(每个信道设置一个目标)。按照该规定，可由另一个CEBus节点(例如第一微计算机节点)查询该监测器；或另一个节点可请求自发向请求设备报告状态变化(例如功率消耗超过或低于预定等级)。当功率消耗超过或低于预定阈值或变化超过预定百分比时微控制器最好同样自发报告，以便记录该情况并根据新功率电平计算电能消耗。
通过图27中的流程说明功率监测器微控制器152的操作。该流程包括三个程序，其中两个是中断驱动。除中断时之外程序220连续执行。首先，在步骤221初始化。接下来，在步骤222，微控制器寻找改变控制设备状态变化的请求或对控制设备报告的请求。如果接收到状态变化或报告的请求/指令，控制器在步骤223执行并且控制循环回步骤222的入口。如果未接收到该消息，步骤222保持其自身循环。当交流载波信号中出现过零时，如上所述并如步骤230所示发出一中断请求。为运行该中断，执行步骤232。在步骤232，读取分支之一(由指针选择的，见下文)的无功电流。还启动四分之一周期(即90度)定时器。然后，控制从中断运行返回，步骤236。当定时器超时时，步骤237，它产生一个在步骤238运行的中断请求。在该步骤，读取所选分支中的电压和电流的同相分量。进行功率计算并最好用隐含或明显的时间标记将其存储。然后设定指针以便在下一个过零处选择下一个分支电路。这样确保通过分支电路的一个连续循环。最后，中断运行程序将控制返回程序220，当运行中断请求时离开该程序，步骤240。
通过类似继电器的加入(未示出)，功率监测器可以与电流监测器相同的方式适用于甩负荷应用。三相系统
在商业环境中，电力分配系统通常是三相的。这对根据本发明的系统中经电力线载波通信系统传送数据和命令的要求提出了某些挑战。一种解决方案是对全部三相采用相同PLC信号。它仅需要接收一相上的数据信号，而其余的为冗余。
然而，三相系统中测量瓦时消耗的设施仪表是通过变压器驱动的。变压器中的电感会阻断PLC信号。如果单相"0伏线通到该仪表，仪表中的传感器电路仍然可经该110伏线将读数传送回微计算机。通信子系统
如前所述，第一微计算机最好装配具有一个或多个通信子系统的能力。该能力最好是通过向第一微计算机装配工业标准总线和总线上用于在其中接受各种电路板，卡或其它模块的插槽实现的。例如，该总线可以符合ISA、PCI、PCMCIA或其它标准规定。因此而安装的通信子系统将包括符合该标准的任何通信设备。因此，列举出几种可能的通信子系统有调制解调器(有线或无线)、RF收发信机、光纤数据通信链路、和分组收发信机(例如在电话系统上使用)。其它通信设备可视其提供情况很容易加入。此外，可在用户系统中安装数个通信电路板和卡。除允许该系统通过这些板和卡与其它设备通信之外，如果适当编程，可通过用户微计算机相互交叉传送通信业务。甩负荷
为甩负荷，所需的全部就是向在规定地址的设备广播一个命令将其断开，或向所有特定优先等级或类型的设备广播命令以将其断开。由于该系统以每个负荷控制模块中一个可编程微控制器的方式拥有分布信息，控制器可确定其相关负荷是否满足消息中规定的标准，如果满足，断开该负荷。为接入所有卸掉的负荷，可在整个网络上广播一个预定消息。另一种方式，可由第一微计算机将该消息编址到待断开或待恢复电力的规定设备。再一种方式，可编程微控制器在预定时间之后恢复其相关负荷的电力，除非卸载请求被更新。后一种方法有效地减少网络上的消息业务量。它还防止接收电力恢复消息失败。它能确保例如冰箱断开不超过预定间隔(假设有电)。再一种方式，开始甩负荷的消息可包含表明负荷将被卸载的间隔或其应自动重新连接到电网的时间的数据。
可设定设备表中的状态标记以指示设备的卸载状态。如果接收到＂结束甩负荷＂广播，对于系统中的每个设备，第一微计算机检查状态标记并产生恢复向负荷供电的命令。定时事项期间还改变状态标记。如果在电力公司开始的甩负荷事件期间出现定时事项，为定时事项进程中的状态设定的标记将防止由一般的＂结束甩负荷＂消息接入该设备。
图28示出由第一微计算机执行的程序模块240的适当流程。该程序模块用于在第一微计算机中编址指定的负荷控制模块以实施甩负荷。由于甩负荷周期可在任何时间开始和结束，该程序被频繁执行(例如每当扫描到键盘输入或来自通信系统的输入)，允许设备在断开后接入。还执行来自下文说明的图38和39的程序，作为接入负荷前的最后核查，以确保接入负荷将不违反现存甩负荷请求。
该程序在方框242A开始。首先检查甩负荷状态标记(未示出)以确定自上次查看后甩负荷状态是否已改变，步骤242B。甩负荷状态标记是所规定存储器位置的内容，其中每当接收到甩负荷请求(命令)时由第一微计算机设定该位，而当接收到终止甩负荷间隔消息时将该位复位(即清零)。另外，甩负荷状态标记包括许多记录到那时将生效的甩负荷优先等级的位。因此，每当卸载的优先等级改变以及每当甩负荷间隔开始或结束时，甩负荷状态标记的内容将改变。如果甩负荷状态标记未改变，控制分支到步骤242C。在步骤242C，当时的当前时间与将出现下一次安排事项的时间比较(为简化该比较，最好是按时间顺序将每天的事项保存在事项表中)。如果当时的当前时间在待执行的下一个事项之前，退出该程序，步骤242D，将控制返回到通话程序。然而，如果当时的当前时间等于或比待执行的下一个事项晚，设定DEVICE表中的状态标记(字段)以表示与该事项相关设备的新情况，步骤242E。(因此，即使不允许出现该事项，尽管如此，如下面说明，状态标记表示该设备情况，好象出现该事项)。接下来，确定设备的优先等级和甩负荷状态标记是否允许执行该事项，步骤242F。如果该事项规定例如接入该设备并且有一个会违反接入该设备的正在进行的卸载请求，将不执行该事项并且不接入该设备。如果情况不允许执行该事项，控制分支到步骤242G。在步骤242G，更新被称为事项指针的指针指到下一个事项，然后该程序在步骤242H退出。(事项指针只是存储器中的一个位置，其内容定址事项表中的下一个事项，以便于下一个事项的识别；该指针的使用是常规的编程技术)。假设设备的优先等级和甩负荷状态标记允许执行该事项，然后，控制从步骤242F转入步骤242I并发出适当命令以执行事项。在步骤242I之后如上所述执行步骤242G和242H。
如果自最后一次检查起甩负荷状态标记已改变，控制从步骤242B进入步骤244A。在步骤244A，确定是否已提高或降低甩负荷优先等级。如果卸载等级提高，表明更多的负荷将被卸载，程序分支到步骤244B。在此，设定被称为卸载指针的指针指向DEVICE表中的第一设备。接下来执行一系列步骤244C-244F并轮流检查每个设备，如果其优先等级处在待卸载的优先等级范围内则将其断开。然后程序在步骤244G退出。
如果在步骤244A确定卸载等级已降低，代之以执行一系列步骤以便轮流检查DEVICE表中的每个设备，并接入不再提交卸载请求和除卸载条件外另外适宜于和不遵循其编程安排的那些设备。这些步骤在步骤246A-246F示出。当没有设备要检查时，该程序在步骤246G退出。断电
在第一微计算机中，频繁地例如30秒存储机器状态。不仅存储数据，而且存储当时的当前数据和时间。当断电后向第一微计算机供电时，它从CMOS时钟(现代微计算机中普遍存在的)读取数据和时间，并通过其记录的数据和时间读取机器的在先状态。从两个时间差确定断电持续时间，并记录以便以后报告给适当的电力公司。报告
该系统可为用户和电力公司二者产生的报告具有很大用途。人们不能详尽地编列能从可得到的信息产生的报告。由系统的电流和功率监测器提供的和来自其所有数据结构的数据可输出到常规数据库程序，可以无数方式从该数据库程序报告和检验。然而，已通过实验或模拟产生的一些报告将说明该系统的价值。
在图29中，曲线252示出用户一整天的总能耗与在254处用户使用的运转平均曲线的比较。以一小时为时间单位标明水平轴。如果用户想知道在3：30和4：30am哪个电器造成峰值，各个电器的曲线图(未示出)可叠加在曲线252上。这种情况下，可知道是由衣物电烘干机造成该峰值。在1：30附近的小峰值是由房间中所有照明和开启吸尘器造成的。图30中示出另一个实例，其中构成条形图，示出一周来操作单个房间中每个被监测负荷的费用，很显然，该数据在每周以及每个家庭将改变。图31中，另一种表示是表明作为一天时间函数的各种负荷中的每一个的总能耗是多少的条形图。图32示出的报告是察看可提供数据的另一种方式，示出每个条表示每个被监测负荷在某一选定时间间隔中每天平均费用的条形图；通过选定不同间隔进行报告，季节性变化变得很明显。选择一个负荷(例如空调机)同样可观察季节性变化，图33示出这类报告。通过象图34这样的报告可看到开动每个负荷在每年中的总费用。报告产生模块包含一个产生每个上述报告的展开图程序和模板。然而，用户可向用户选择的展开图程序中装载任何收集的数据，然后允许用户向＂如果则＂型问题询问并得到答案。例如，用户可确定根据不同安排开动规定电器可节省多少费用。
同样，例如在图35(费用以元为单位表示的结果)和图36(按照千瓦小时表示的结果)中示出可在第二微计算机的监视器上以条形图显示总能耗，如图所示，该条形图由电能使用速度表构成。在图35中，标为＂当前电能负荷＂的框中显示读取间隔归一化到一小时(即假设在一小时内费率稳定)的仪表在最近30秒的电费和对应的千瓦小时数。沿屏幕左侧示出数个这种30秒间隔测量结果的序列，水平条长度与能耗成正比。可任选，根据消耗电能量的函数发出告警声或改变屏幕颜色(如图37所示，示出在一天进程中用户在给定等级消耗电能多长时间，以最大值的分数表示)。定时和有条件开动
图38-40示出第一微计算机中执行的进行有条件接入/断开设备操作的程序模块流程。在接入设备之前以及定期地(断开不应再接入的设备和随着费率降低接入设备)执行这些程序模块。识别将被如此控制的第一设备，步骤302。接下来确定设备类型，步骤304；如果要根据总费用或总时间控制设备开动，控制分支到在图39中展开的模块306。然而，如果根据电能费率(即每千瓦小时费用)或总时间控制设备开动，控制分支到在图40展开的模块308。执行模块306和308之后，控制返回步骤310识别下一个设备。然后在步骤312确定是否已检查所有设备。如果没有，在步骤304确定设备类型并如上所述执行程序；如果已检查所有设备，该模块退出。
参考图39，在步骤306A进行第一检查，以察看该设备是否已经接入。如果没有，将当前数据与来自存储器应允许接入该设备的最后数据比较，步骤306B。如果数据匹配，模块退出不接入该设备。如果数据不匹配，将允许该设备接入，假设这不违反进程中的甩负荷操作。调用程序240，并且如果程序240允许则产生＂接入＂消息；并对设备的应用计数器复位以便开始记录该使用间隔期间的应用，步骤306C。另一方面，如果设备已经接入，该程序接下来检查是否已达到或超过总时间，步骤306D。如果回答为肯定，断开该设备，步骤306E。同样，如果总接入时间未超过规定，则进行检查(步骤306F)以确定是否达到规定的总费用，步骤306F。如果回答为肯定，断开该设备，步骤306E；如果否定，该模块退出。
图40说明模块308的流程。首先，检查该设备状态以察看其是否已经接入，步骤308A。如果该设备已接入，进行检查以察看是否已达到最大时间份额，步骤308B；如果是这样，断开该设备，步骤308C。如果否定，进行检查以确定当时的当前电费费率是否超过用户为该设备设定的最大允许收费，步骤308D。如果答案为肯定，断开该设备，步骤308C；否则，该模块终止。如果在步骤308A未接入该设备，该模块检查以确定是否已达到当天允许该设备的最大时间，步骤308E。如果已达到最大时间，该模块退出而不接入该设备。但如果未达到最大时间并且不违反进程中的甩负荷操作，则接入该设备，步骤308G，但仅当当前电能费率不超过用户设定的最大允许费率，步骤308F。步骤308G调用程序204以进行甩负荷屏幕操作。用途和优点
至此可以看出本发明的系统具有相当大的灵活性，并且可以以多种不同方式操作以实现许多不同功能。至少包括下列操作和优点：
A.远程电气仪表读数-该系统提供允许将电能消耗信息从用户所在地发送到电力公司的接口。可由用户所在地开始该发送操作，或由电力公司向用户所在地的微计算机传送一请求信息。该消耗信息可以是被标注的数据和时间，以便于按每天时间或其它可变费率计账操作。该信息请求可以是通用的，或可规定待发送的信息应该是存储电度表读数的存储器地址的内容。该信息对可产生和使用有益的实际用户电能使用分布图的电力公司有很大价值。其它优点包括当卖出所有权时便于计账。可对卖方计账预定时间(当时远程读取该仪表)，并在此后对买方计账。该特性可与下面两个优点组合。
B.远程连接和断开-通过使用该系统提供远程监测和甩负荷命令，电力公司可在预付费基础上向用户输送电能(见下文)。当电力公司检测到用户已超过预付款或已用完其信用卡时，可远程断开到用户的服务(或以后重新连接)。为此，已经可获得远程可控制电度表开关；本发明便于该仪表的操作，然而，如同其允许使用CEBus仪表而不是由无线电信号控制的仪表。例如，由于由第一微计算机监测使用情况，可对其编程以便在预定时间或根据预定条件(例如电能消耗量)驱动该仪表开关(通过适当接口)。例如可利用Landis&Gyr的符合CEBus的远程可控电度表。电力公司可通过多次向第一微计算机查询仪表读数检查仪表已被驱动以便断开供电。如果仪表读数没有改变，电力已切断。
C.收益保护警告-通过用户所在地的一台基本计算机监测电力消耗和在峰值使用时间(此时通常提高电费)期间控制电器，本发明的系统为电力公司提供收益保护装置。首先，当用户搬家时，可使用该系统读取仪表，允许公司向用户发出最终帐单。其次，可在用户所在地通知该系统进行远程断开，如上面刚刚说明的。即使所在地未装备远程断开装置，或如果未启动远程断开装置，也能实现在一定程度对未经授权的电力消费起到保护作用；本发明的系统可用于监测用户的使用情况以确保所有主要电器被断开并且没有明显的电力消耗。这是通过定期(例如每天甚至每小时)读取电度表进行的。可对所在地的第一微计算机编程以便自动执行该功能；电力公司也可发出要求仪表信息的远程请求。如果该系统检测到正在用电，它可向电力公司发送一个通知，电力公司可采取适当行动。另外，该系统可监测或允许电力公司监测规定的电器，如果用户已同意在在规定时间(例如峰值费率)期间不使用该电器，则可确保它们在此期间不消耗电力。
D.紧急情况甩负荷-为改善电力系统可靠性和在大范围紧急情况下控制分配系统负荷，允许用户按优先顺序排列其负荷，电力公司可发送(向单个用户和向例如特定区域中的用户群)消息以断开所选优先等级的负荷，或按优先顺序断开。例如，允许用户将负荷指定为从等级0至等级3的优先顺序。用户可指定一个几乎不中断向其供电的优先等级为0的电器，两个仅为避免循环灯火熄灭(rolling blackout)而中断供电优先等级为1的电器，任何数量可在紧急情况期间循环接入或断开以保持系统稳定的优先等级为2的电器，和任何数量作为次要处理并可由电力公司随时卸载的优先等级为3的电器。这种安排有助于降低峰值并使电力公司避免建造附加发电容量或购买电力的需要，从而有助于降低电能费率。进一步降低了极端条件下循环灯火熄灭的威胁，而向用户提供自由设定其自身的甩负荷优先等级，并向电力公司提供了对整个系统负荷的高度控制。另外，可持续经用户所在地的第二微计算机的显示器向用户通知这些情况。为减少消息业务量，实现甩负荷的相同消息可在用户所在地调用指示需要出现卸载负荷的显示消息，其结果是切断向具体指定电器的供电。
E.断电通知-该系统可进一步提供断电通知性能，从而在用户所在地存在断电情况时通知电力公司。该性能可由多种方式实施。根据一种选择方案，第一微计算机中的微处理器中可装入电路以检测供电电压正在下降并产生由发出表明在该地点已出现断电消息的程序送达的中断请求。根据另一种方案，如果微处理器未装备这种电路，则分别设置并连接到该微处理器以提供中断请求信号。断电消息可经电话系统或通过RF(无线)广播或经另一信道传送到电力公司。如果使用电话系统，CPEU必须包括一个电话自动拨号机(未示出)或通信程序和调制解调器(未示出)。如果用RF传送，CPEU必须包括一个RF发射机和控制该发射机和广播消息的程序。最好在CPEU中提供备用电源(例如电池或电容器，未示出)以确保在充足时间有充足电力允许发送断电消息。使用RF广播最好是使用电话消息以提高电力公司接收该消息的可能性；当采用电话信令系统时，存在断电起因(例如可能是一棵树横穿电力线倒下或电杆倒下)也可能造成电话业务中断。通过比较来自许多用户的断电通知，由于维修人员不必浪费时间确定故障地点，电力公司可定位并迅速和以更低费用将维修人员派往事故地点。
F.团体紧急情况告警-使用甩负荷采用的相同消息业务可提供团体告警性能。这样将允许电力公司或其指定者向所选区域中的用户广播与诸如恶劣天气预告之类紧急情况有关的新闻和告警消息(用于显示)。如果用户的计算机可通告可听的报警信号，可由其发出声音；也可在计算机屏幕上显示规定的报警消息。如果在系统和用户电视或电缆TV系统之间安装一个接口，可自动发送消息以打开电视机并将其调到专门的能源频道，恢复和显示详细信息并根据它们的广播更新。
G.付帐单-用户可使用该系统的通信能力在屏幕上显示他/她/它的账目信息并授权通过电子资金过户或信用卡付账。这样降低了电力公司的直接劳动和邮寄费用。
H.中断分析-向电力公司通话的大量业务源是业务暂时中断。该中断通常是由于树枝接触架空线使保护继电器动作造成的。这些中断经常激怒因中断结果必须复位数字时钟和其它电器的用户。这类中断是向电力公司投诉通话的主要来源，处理这些通话涉及费用问题。通过跟踪用户所在地的暂时断电，该系统可帮助准确定位这种碰线的位置并允许低成本地预先校正该情况。具体地说，如果第一微计算机检测到满足电力公司建立的频率和持续时间标准的多个暂时中断，它向电力公司发起消息，请求与线路维修人员业务通话。确定是否从其它用户的CPEU接收到类似请求，如果是这样，则确定为受影响用户公用的供电电缆位置出现问题，电力公司可对出问题的位置定位并向出问题区域有效地派出维修人员。
I.用户控制电路-用户可通过系统的视频接口控制照明和电器。例如，用户可打开外部或内部照明、启动咖啡壶、开动喷灌系统，安排游泳池泵等。所有这些操作可从中央位置使用呈现简化成负荷类型的输入/输出显示的视频接口控制。
J.温度控制-使用视频显示将任何CEBus兼容的恒温器按一周的每天和一天的每小时编程到预定的舒适水平。
K.季节模式-用户可使用该选项存储与季节对应的照明、加热和制冷方案。
L.住所空闲模式-该选项允许用户存储在度假和离家的其它时间期间节省电力消耗的电能使用方案。它可耦连一个湿度传感器，以允许在高湿度期间开动减湿器或空调机减少发霉的威胁。
M.电力拾取阶段-当出现断电时，在备用控制电力用尽前，可由第一微计算机向所有控制模块发送消息以断开所有断路器和从电网断开负荷。另一方面，断路器可断开在开路位置，直到发出重新接通和闭合信号前不将其接通和闭合。当电力恢复时，第一微计算机根据电器类型和其重新启动要求按预定顺序使每个负荷在线。可进一步加入在预定范围内的伪随机延迟，以避免使所有确定类型的电器同时复原在线。该能力确保所有这些负荷不在电力恢复的瞬间复原在线，并将其错开重新接入。这样明显减轻了对电力系统的负担并有助于减小制冷负荷的拾取问题。另外，某些电器在电力恢复前需要一复位时段；这包括某些老的空调系统。一个编程的等待时段允许这些电器以正常方式复原在线，并避免过早重新启动它们对电力系统和电器的负担。
N.成本效果-公开的发明对用户具有特定的成本效益。电度表和第一微计算机作为CPEU的部件，在用户所在地外边并由电力公司拥有。因此用户不需要对这些产品投资。用户的投资限于第二微计算机和各种负荷控制模块。由于负荷控制模块在制造时包括在新电器中，也将不需要用户分别在该设备中投资。因此，用户的投资被保持在最低限度。此外，由于电力公司保持对CPEU的控制，它可根据需要增加设备，并且可按其选择使用第一微计算机的计算和控制能力。这包括增加通过各种其它通信业务与所在地PLC总线连接的通信电路板。因此，如果可利用CEBus节点将CEBus消息转化成在电视上显示的常规电视信号，可向CPEU加装卡，以允许其它业务发送消息在用户电视上显示。另外，CPEU可具有允许用户经所选择的媒介(例如电缆电视分配系统、电话或RF链路)向诸如电缆电视公司之类的其它业务提供者发送消息(例如安排业务、报告问题、或询问问题)。
用户和电力公司通过使用第一微计算机作为一个服务器为用户可能购置的设备提供计算、通信或其它支持产生进一步的成本效益。凭借不必提供系统给定的能力可降低设备的成本；电力公司可向制造商收费以提供对第一微计算机的访问。也可经CPEU与设备通信向制造商收费。
当通过该系统计量除电力外的公用业务时产生附加成本效益。已知有许多费用涉及必须向用户所在地派出人员读取煤气、水和电表。这些仪表现在可与CEBus或其它PLC或网络通信对接，通过该系统远程读数，大大降低了读取仪表的费用。
O.电能经纪业-本发明还促进允许实时能源市场或经纪业系统的实施。各个电能提供者可向潜在用户公开其费率结构；经常这样进行是有用的，虽然不希望比每小时一次更频繁地改变费率。如果向第二微计算机供电，用户可使用第二微计算机作为通信终端接收这些公报，然后在任何未来的时段选择新的供应者。用户的电力公司起到现有供应商的分配者的作用。当用户改变供应商时，电力公司从用户的仪表获得远程仪表读数，用于对用户帐目计账并将在原供应商的费率使用归入原供应商的帐目；向用户系统下载新供应商将要收取的费率；并记录新的用户-供应商关系和其开始日期和时间。在规章规定内，每个供应商可确定最少的承诺和其业务的合同条款；将对电力公司的计算机系统适当地编程以便允许用户仅根据最少承诺和其它合同条款改换供应商。因此，电能供应商将能够为用户的业务竞争。当然，如果规章法规允许，电力公司可以集供应商和分配者二者于一身。因此，本发明将使电能市场在最终用户中的竞争成为可能。
P.促进灵巧电器-另外，根据本发明的系统促进了所谓＂灵巧＂电器的推广应用和使用。例如，可从用户所在地外部的资源(例如电力公司或连接的业务)通过CPEU直接向微处理器控制的烤炉下载配方。然后，用户不必担心有关对烤炉的编程以校正温度和时间。作为另一个实例，如果其内部诊断表明存在问题，CEBus电器可针对业务自动与制造商通话。如果CPEU中设置有电话接口或调制解调器，该通话可经电话发出，或者可经电力公司的计算机系统发出。CPEU也可存储针对电器的编程信息；然后，当断电后恢复电力时，CPEU和电器可相互作用恢复对电器的编程(例如，VCR编程)并复位电器的时钟。
作为在此应用，术语＂电能＂和＂功率＂可相互交换，除非一个名词的含义将另一个名词的含义排除在外。当然，电能实际上是功率的时间积分。这样，一个负荷在给定时间使用的电能通常是通过在连续的时间瞬间提取的许多抽样测量输入到负荷的功率计算的。尽管如此，按照方言，例如，我们有时用测量电能或消耗电能的词句表达；可以理解，从测量的量值计算电能并且电能实际上从电的形式转换成另一种形式(例如，光、热或运动)。可以理解，如果使用＂功率＂比＂电能＂更准确，或反之亦然，应使用更准确的词汇。
至此已描述了本发明的各种说明实施例、它的一些优点和任选性能，很显然，这些实施例仅以实例方式给出而不作为限定。本领域技术人员在不脱离本发明精神和范围情况下很容易想出对这些实施例的替换和改进，以及附加实施例。例如，虽然负荷控制模块表示为与它们所控制的负荷分开，可以理解，可设计电器将控制模块作为其一个整体部分。实际上，可以预见未来所谓的＂灵巧＂电器将正是以这种方式制造，例如包括CEBus或其它接口，以及内置电路断路器和/或功率监测电路。另一种变化中，第一和第二微计算机二者不使用工业标准微计算机平台，一台或两台微计算机或其操作系统可以是非标准的；虽然将失去一些灵活性，但同样可用可能甚至是专用硬件的非可编程控制器替换一个或两个处理器。因此，本发明仅由下面的权利要求和其等同物中的定义限定。

Claims (45)

1.一个与第二微计算机一起使用以控制用户所在地中多个电负荷操作的第一微计算机，包括：
用于经通信链路接收并向第一微计算机提供包含在用户所在地实施甩负荷操作的请求消息的装置；
用于从第二微计算机接收命令以安排与负荷操作有关事项的装置；
用于由用户收集和存储描述历史功率或电能使用数据的装置；和
用于向负荷控制模块传送消息以实现所述甩负荷操作和所述安排事项的装置。
2.根据权利要求1所述的第一微计算机，进一步包括用于读取计量所在地电能消耗的电度表及历史数据的装置，该历史数据包括通过读取电度表获得的数据。
3.根据权利要求1所述的第一微计算机，进一步包括用于监测和测量至少一个负荷设备电能消耗的装置。
4.根据权利要求1所述的第一微计算机，在第一微计算机中进一步包括一个数据结构；第一微计算机执行操作以便定期在数据结构中存储每个所述设备的电能消耗测量结果。
5.供用于控制用户所在地中多个电负荷操作的一个主控制器、一个第二控制器使用的装置，包括：
与主控制器通信的装置；
向用户显示消息的装置；
用于从主控制器获得一个或多个负荷的电能消耗历史数据的装置；和
用于对应一个请求在显示装置上产生描述所述电能历史消耗数据的报告的装置。
6.根据权利要求5所述的第二控制器，其中该产生装置在显示装置上形成所在地正在消耗的电能费率的曲线图表。
7.根据权利要求5所述的第二控制器，其中该产生装置在显示装置上进一步形成一个所选负荷设备仍在消耗电能的费率的曲线图表。
8.一种控制电负荷设备的操作以便在确定时间将所述负荷连接到输电线和从输电线断开所述负荷的系统，包括：
a.一个包括第一处理器和连接到内部通信的第一存储器的第一微计算机，和一个第一控制程序以便由第一微计算机控制操作的执行；
b.一个包括第二处理器和连接到内部通信的第二存储器的第二微计算机，为用户提供输入数据的用户装置，和一个第二控制程序以便由第二微计算机控制操作的执行；
c.至少一个响应来自第一微计算机的指令控制负荷状态的负荷控制模块，该负荷控制模块至少包括将负荷连入输电线和从输电线断开该负荷的指令；
d.一个通信信道；
e.第一和第二微计算机以及负荷控制模块全部适合于经通信信道进行内部通信，第一微计算机经通信信道向负荷控制模块发送指令；
f.响应由用户提供给第二微计算机的输入数据，第一计算机程序使第一微计算机执行内置于第一存储器在预定时间出现负荷事项的数据库中的指令；和
g.第一微计算机执行第一计算机程序中指的令以便在所述预定时间从该数据库获得所述负荷事项，并执行相应指令以便向负荷控制模块发送指令将负荷接入输电线或从输电线断开该负荷。
9.根据权利要求8所述的系统，其中该信道是在所述输电线上建立的电力线载波通信信道。
10.根据权利要求8或9所述的系统，其中第二微计算机也包含在预定时间出现的负荷事项数据库和第二计算机程序，并且每当接通第二微计算机时与第一计算机程序交互地执行，以便将第二微计算机中数据库的内容与第一微计算机中数据库的内容同步。
11.根据权利要求10所述的系统，其中当第二微计算机已被断开后第一次接通时第一和第二计算机程序交互地执行以便将第二微计算机中数据库的内容与第一微计算机中数据库的内容同步。
12.根据权利要求10所述的系统，进一步包括用于在连续确定的间隔期间计量由连接到输电线的负荷消耗的电能并提供所计量的电能值的电能消耗计量子系统，其中操作第一微计算机从计量子系统获得所述计量值并将所述计量值存储在第一微计算机的数据库中，根据间隔顺序检索；和其中
当接通第二微计算机时，时常操作第二微计算机向第一微计算机传送对预定数量所述计量值的请求；
响应接收的所述请求操作第一微计算机向第二微计算机传送以前未发送到第二微计算机的任何所述预定数量的计量值；和
响应接收的所述计量值，第二微计算机通过将其加入相应项中修改其数据库。
13.根据权利要求12所述的系统，其中至少一个负荷控制模块是测量一个对应负荷的电使用参数的类型，第一微计算机适合于经通信信道从所述负荷控制模块接收包含所述测量结果的消息，并操作第一微计算机按照将所述测量结果与对应负荷相关联的方式将所述测量结果存储在第一数据库中。
14.根据权利要求12所述的系统，其中至少一个负荷控制模块适用于测量对应的被控制负荷两端的电压、通过该负荷的电流和所述电流相对于所述电压的相角。
15.根据权利要求14所述的系统，进一步包括用于计算被控制设备的电能消耗和该设备的功率因数的装置。
16.根据权利要求15所述的系统，其中用于计算的装置设置在负荷控制模块。
17.根据权利要求13所述的系统，其中可操作第二微计算机从第一微计算机请求所述测量结果；第一微计算机操作通过向第二微计算机传送所述测量结果来响应所述请求，然后第二微计算机将与对应负荷相关的所述测量结果存储在第二数据库中。
18.根据权利要求13所述的系统，其中第一微计算机可存储第一预定天数的计量值和第一预定数量负荷的测量结果，第二微计算机可存储第二预定天数的计量值和第二预定数量负荷的测量结果，更进一步，其中当第二微计算机在已断开之后接入时在第一和第二微计算机分另交互执行第一和第二计算机程序传递这些计量值和负荷测量结果，以便将第二微计算机中计量值和负荷测量结果的数据库与第一微计算机中计量值和负荷测量结果的数据库的内容同步。
19.根据权利要求18所述的系统，其中第一和第二程序交互执行，以便在已切断向第二微计算机供电达某一时间段之后同步数据库的内容。
20.根据权利要求18所述的系统，其中第一和第二程序交互执行，以便在已接通向第二微计算机供电达第一时间之后同步数据库的内容。
21.根据权利要求18所述的系统，其中第二微计算机中的数据库能够比第一微计算机中的数据库存储更多的计量值或更多负荷测量结果。
22.一种用于控制至少一个电负荷设备的操作以便响应从电能提供者接收的甩负荷命令信号有选择地从输电线断开每个所述负荷或允许所述负荷连接到输电线的系统，包括：
a.一个包括第一处理器和连接到内部通信的第一存储器的第一微计算机，和一个第一控制程序以便由第一微计算机控制操作的执行；
b.用于从电力公司接收所述甩负荷命令信号的装置；
c.至少一个响应来自第一微计算机的指令控制负荷状态的负荷控制模块，该负荷控制模块至少包括将负荷连入输电线和从输电线断开该负荷的指令；
d.一个通信信道；
e.第一微计算机和负荷控制模块适合于经通信信道进行内部通信，第一微计算机经通信信道向负荷控制模块发送指令；
f.第一控制程序实现第一微计算机的操作，以响应通过接收装置接收的甩负荷命令信号向至少一个负荷控制模块发送一个指令，以实现与所述命令对应的负荷控制模块的操作。
23.根据权利要求22所述的系统，其中接收装置与第一微计算机设置在同一处。
24.根据权利要求22所述的系统，其中每个负荷控制模块与一个负荷设备相联系，从一组限定的可能的甩负荷优先等级中指定每个负荷设备的甩负荷优先等级，来自电能提供者的每个甩负荷命令中包含一个该命令实施的规定的优先等级，该系统进一步包括：
g.在第一微计算机中，一个数据结构包含针对每个所述负荷设备为其指定的甩负荷优先等级；和
h.响应所述数据结构中被指定的甩负荷优先等级，第一计算机程序操作第一微计算机向其优先等级与甩负荷命令实施的一个优先等级或多个优先等级对应的那些负荷的负荷控制模块发送甩负荷命令。
25.根据权利要求13所述的系统，其中第一微计算机还包括一个数据结构，该数据结构包含一个针对每个负荷在预定时间出现的负荷事项表，和第一计算机程序操作第一微计算机以实现所述负荷控制模块的操作，以便在除当任何所述事项的实现会与在先发出的甩负荷指令相抵触时之外实施所述事项。
26.根据权利要求22所述的系统，进一步包括：
g.在第一微计算机的第一存储器中，一个数据结构针对每个所述负荷控制模块包含从一组限定的可能的甩负荷优先等级中选择的由该模块控制的负荷设备的设备类型标识符、该模块的标识、指定给该负荷设备的甩负荷优先等级至少其中之一；
h.第一计算机程序响应从电能提供者接收的甩负荷命令控制第一微计算机的操作，以便仅向相关的由该模块控制的负荷设备的设备类型标识符、该模块的标识和指定给该负荷设备的甩负荷优先等级与该命令实施的针对负荷的甩负荷命令中的规定匹配的那些负荷控制模块发送甩负荷指令。
27.根据权利要求22-26任何之一所述的系统，其中负荷控制模块适合于在输电线上出现断电时从所述输电线断开其相关负荷，和进一步包括命令负荷控制模块在所述断电结束后允许其相关负荷重新连接到该输电线的装置。
28.根据权利要求27所述的系统，其中命令该负荷控制模块的装置向所述模块发送指令，以便在断电结束后的预定时间允许所述重新连接，与不同类型负荷设备相关联的不同负荷控制模块采用不同的预定时间。
29.根据权利要求27所述的系统，其中命令该负荷控制模块的装置向所述模块发送指令，以便在断电结束后的伪随机预定时间允许所述重新连接。
30.根据权利要求29所述的系统，其中伪随机时间在各负荷控制模块是不同的。
31.一个用于允许远程确定向电负荷供电的电分支电路中电流状态的监测器，包括：
a.一个可通过分支电路的绕组，所述绕组形成一个变压器的副边，该分支电路形成变压器的原边；
b.用于确定所述绕组的输出是否超过第一预定阈值的第一装置；和
c.将用于确定的第一装置连接到一个通信信道，经该通信信道提供表示分支电路中电流状态的消息与所述阈值比较的装置。
32.根据权利要求31所述的监测器，进一步包括用于判断所述绕组的输出是否超过第二预定阈值的第二装置，和接口装置进一步包括将用于判断的第二装置接口到所述通信信道的装置。
33.一种用于确定分支电路上的电负荷的电能消耗参数的监测器，该分支电路具有向负荷提供交流电流和在所述负荷上施加交流电压的分支电路导体，包括：
a.用于在负荷上的交流电压过零处确定分支电路中电流的装置；
b.用于在所述过零后的90度电转角确定分支电路中电流的装置；
c.利用所述电压与至少所述电流之一相乘计算所述负荷电能消耗的至少一个测量结果的装置。
34.根据权利要求33所述的监测器，进一步包括测量跨越负荷两端电压的装置。
35.一种出现断电之后用于控制负荷恢复到电力配电系统的方法，包括步骤：
a.对于每个所述负荷，提供用于控制配电系统和负荷之间连接的相关负荷控制模块；和
b.当恢复供电时，向每个模块发送一个指令，以使相关负荷按预定顺序重新连入配电系统。
36.根据权利要求35所述的方法，进一步包括步骤：
c.提供在断电之后的短时间内能够提供备用控制电力的备用电源；和
d.当出现断电时，在备用控制电力用尽前，向所有控制模块发送一个消息以便从配电系统断开负荷。
37.根据权利要求35所述的方法，其中预定顺序以负荷类型和其重新开始要求为基础。
38.根据权利要求35或37所述的方法，其中向每个模块发送一个指令的步骤能够使重新连接在供电恢复后的一伪随机时间实现重新连接。
39.一种便于在电能提供者的电力配电系统上预防性维护的方法，其中该系统包括许多在其上向许多用户所在地传送电力的电缆，其中可能因自然和非自然原因影响该电缆造成所述电缆上出现瞬时断电，包括步骤：
a.在每个所述用户所在地监测其上存在电力信号的电力电缆；
b.测量所述电缆上所监测的电力中断的经历时间；和
c.当中断之后所述电缆上恢复电力传送时，将中断的出现及其时间传送给电能提供者。
40.根据权利要求39所述的方法，进一步包括传送一个时钟复位命令以复位用户所在地负荷中时钟的步骤。
41.根据权利要求39所述的方法，进一步包括步骤：
d.使用所述通信，对电缆上出现中断的部位定位并派出维修人员解决中断原因。
42.根据权利要求1、8或22任何一个所述的装置，其中第一微计算机进一步包括：
a.一个时钟；
b.当相关输电线上的电力传送中断时记录由该时钟建立的时间的装置；
c.可在所述中断结束时操作以确定其经历时间的装置；和
d.可操作用于自动报告出现中断的时间和其经历时间的装置。
43.一种控制电负荷设备的操作以便在规定条件下将所述负荷连接到输电线和从输电线断开所述负荷的系统，包括：
a.一个包括第一处理器和连接到内部通信的第一存储器的第一微计算机，和一个第一控制程序以便由第一微计算机控制操作的执行；
b.一个包括第二处理器和连接到内部通信的第二存储器的第二微计算机，为用户提供输入数据的用户装置，和一个第二控制程序以便由第二微计算机控制操作的执行；
c.至少一个响应来自第一微计算机的指令控制负荷的状态的负荷控制模块，该负荷控制模块至少包括将负荷连入输电线和从输电线断开该负荷的指令；
d.一个通信信道；
e.第一和第二微计算机以及负荷控制模块全部适合于经通信信道进行内部通信，第一微计算机经通信信道向负荷控制模块发送指令；
f.响应由用户提供给第二微计算机的输入数据，第一计算机程序使第一微计算机执行内置于第一存储器中的指令，一个数据库至少包括用户提供的用户愿意为开动负荷的电能付费的最大费率的规定负荷；
g.从电力公司接收收取开动负荷的电能费率的装置；
h.第一微计算机执行第一计算机程序中的指令，以便从该数据库获得所述用户提供的最大费率，将所述最大费率与从电能提供者接收的收费费率比较，并向负荷控制模块发送指令，如果并且当所接收的费率超过最大费率时将负荷从输电线断开。
44.一种提供有关用户所在地从外部来源提供的电能应用信息的方法，包括步骤：
a.计量所在地使用的电能以产生电能消耗仪表读数；
b.每隔一段时间在一个存储器中存储该仪表读数；
c.每隔一段时间测量所在地多个负荷设备每一个的电力消耗；
d.在所述存储器存储与每个所述负荷设备有关的电力消耗测量结果；
e.在所述存储器中，识别负荷设备的信息与每个负荷设备相关联；和
f.提供每个所述负荷设备和所在地整体按时间函数消耗的电能的详细报告。
45.根据权利要求44的方法，进一步包括在所述存储器中存储与不同等级的负荷设备结合，按时间函数与每个所述等级的设备相关的费率的步骤。
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AU4746796A (en) 1996-07-24
JP3090475B2 (ja) 2000-09-18
AU699197B2 (en) 1998-11-26
IL116637A (en) 1999-06-20
IL116637A0 (en) 1996-05-14
ATE182038T1 (de) 1999-07-15
US5572438A (en) 1996-11-05
EP0801836B1 (en) 1999-07-07
US5696695A (en) 1997-12-09
DE69603155D1 (de) 1999-08-12
JPH10510138A (ja) 1998-09-29
NZ301932A (en) 1999-01-28
US5684710A (en) 1997-11-04
WO1996021264A3 (en) 1996-11-21
KR19980701245A (ko) 1998-05-15
EP0801836A2 (en) 1997-10-22
WO1996021264A2 (en) 1996-07-11
BR9600042A (pt) 1997-09-16
DE69603155T2 (de) 2000-02-03

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