CN1183873A - 图像扫描装置和方法 - Google Patents

图像扫描装置和方法 Download PDF

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CN1183873A
CN1183873A CN96192304A CN96192304A CN1183873A CN 1183873 A CN1183873 A CN 1183873A CN 96192304 A CN96192304 A CN 96192304A CN 96192304 A CN96192304 A CN 96192304A CN 1183873 A CN1183873 A CN 1183873A
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S·B·珀拉尔德
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Abstract

此发明是关于从扫描的各部分原始图象重建图象的方法。这种方法通过原始图象和扫描装置之间的相对移动使得相邻的图象条带重叠。扫描装置包括决定扫描装置和原始图象相对位置的引导装置。对引导的纠正是通过对相邻条带重叠区的相关特性计算得出。

Description

图象扫描装置和方法
技术领域
本发明一般地涉及形成原始图象的扫描电子图象的装置和方法,特别涉及到扫描装置和方法,它允许由图象捕获期间得到的图象条带重建图象。
背景技术
用电子方式形成原始图象的扫描仪是大家熟知的。典型地,由扫描仪提供的捕获图象是以数字形式存储在存储器中的象素数据阵列。无失真的图象需要忠实地映射原始图象到象素数据阵列。为尽可能忠实地映射,扫描仪通常至少包括一种在图象捕获处理期间担负机械强制的装置。在此领域中,熟悉的四种类型扫描仪是鼓式扫描仪,平板扫描仪,二维阵列扫描仪和手持扫描仪。鼓式扫描仪系缚原图到圆柱形鼓的表面,圆柱形鼓以基本固定的速度旋转。在鼓旋转期间,图象传感器沿着平行于鼓的旋转轴方向移动。图象传感器的直线位移和鼓上原图旋转的组合,使整个图象被扫描。在图象处理的任意瞬间,象素数据阵列内相对于原始图象的当前位置能通过测量鼓的角度位置和传感器的平移位置来决定。只要原图适当地附着在鼓上,象素数据阵列相对于原始图象的位置是固定的,鼓的旋转被适当地控制,传感器在它沿直线路径位移时也被适当地控制。
平板扫描仪包括一个线性阵列传感器,它沿着垂直于阵列轴线的轴相对于原图移动。这样,在一维方向上传感器的位置可通过跟踪传感器的相对移动得知。在垂直方向上传感器的位置通过对用于测量亮度的特定阵列元件的寻址隐含确定。在平板扫描器的一个实施例中,原图是放在透明台板上,而传感器与图象照明源一起放在与原图相对的台板一侧。只要原图相对于台板没有移动,则象素数据阵列相对于捕捉到的图象是固定的。在另一实施例中,原图是移动的,而不是传感器移动。这第二实施例是传真机的特征。在图象捕获过程中,精确的纸张输送提供了很高的位置精度。
鼓式扫描仪和平板扫描仪的优点包括适应至少A4,或8.5”×11”大的纸张文件的能力。另外,某些这种扫描仪经一次设置能放进A1纸。然而,一般来说扫描仪并不是便携式的,因为它们需要主计算机以便控制、数据存储和图象处理。
二维阵列扫描仪可在没有机械编码约束的情况下使用,只要求在曝光期间阵列和原图保持不动。光敏元件二维阵列直接完成原图图象到象素数据阵列的映射。然而,由于一张8.5”×11”的原图的单次300dpi映射需要有具有2500×3300个元素,也就是825万个象素的阵列,这些扫描仪在大多数应用中是成本过高的。
常规的手持扫描仪要求使用者在原图上移动光电传感器元件的线性阵列。移动是手工操作的。阵列位置信息是使用如在计算机鼠标操作中应用的方法来确定的。当线性传感器阵列移动时,与原图相连的轮子、球或滚轴的旋转被感知,从转动的机械零件确定位置信息。通常,与原图接触的机械零件的表面有较高的摩擦系数,例如,橡胶,以阻止打滑。一个圆柱形滚轴或两个轮子由一个刚性轴连接可用来增强在扫描过程中简单平移的自由度。一根平尺或其它夹具常用来固定相对于原图的扫描方向,并通过一对轮子或一个滚轴进一步增强平移强制。然而,位置编码器方法易于打滑,致使象素数据阵列失去它同原图图象的相符性。
手持扫描仪的特点是直接与独立的计算机相连以便进行图象数据存储,处理,和使用。来自图象传感器的数据频率有助于限制扫描速度。扫描仪通过绿或红发光二极管向使用者提供反馈信息,以对于期望的图象分辨率保持合适的速度。一些手持扫描仪使用电磁闸,随着扫描速度的增加,机械阻力也增加,以防止使用者将扫描仪在图象上拖动太快。
手持扫描仪使用相对较小的图象阵列,并且通常在单次扫描中不能放进大于A6的文件。这就需要缝合算法,将一个较大文件的多个条带连接在一起。条带的缝合可由不同的计算机独立操作来完成。扫描多页商业文件或用手持扫描仪进行记录是件乏味的工作,且常常质量低劣。
正如上面提到的,手持扫描仪常用某种夹具。在没有夹具的情况下,一般在手持扫描仪移过原图时施加一些转动。如果在手持扫描仪移动过程中使用者的胳膊靠在平板面上,就可能形成以扫描仪到使用者胳膊间的距离为半径的转动。结果,被扫描的电子图象将是失真的。扫描仪条带扫描中其它的曲线运动也会产生失真。扫描技术中的缝合图象技术是大家熟知的。这些技术一般需要一对完全的条带,并生产出单一的,将两个条带配准的总体转换。
本发明目标是提供一个扫描装置和方法,通过对原图象部份的扫描,产生图象的合成复制品,具有原图象和复制图象间的高度相似性。
发明概述
根据本发明,我们提供一种方法,通过在扫描装置和原图象间的相对运动,从对原图象部份的扫描重建图象,因此相邻扫描图象条带是重叠的,扫描装置包括导引装置,用于确定扫描装置相对于原图象的位置,该方法包括:
利用从相邻条带的重叠部份获得的图象数据,以取得导引误差的连续的估计值;
并连续利用误差估计值在图象重建期间修正导引误差。
这样,本发明包含了连续误差估计值的计算,它用来改进重建图象的质量。这和上面提到的以前的技术方法形成对照,该方法中单一的总体转换用来使相邻图象条带配准在一起。本发明中的方法的优点是可以比已知方法更准确地缝合条带,因为它修正导引误差。
从相邻条带重叠部份获得的图象数据可以按不同的方法使用,以获得误差估计值。
局部相关可以在空间或频率范围中完成,它基于内在的图象结构或某些如滤波的模型得到。换言之,一组结构上的“边”或“角”要素可通过已知的方法获得,并连同已知的匹配算法一起用来获得一组相应的地址,将它们比较提供了误差的估计值。也可能提出问题如一个局部参数最优化,其中局部模型(比方说仿射)的参数被选择以最好地完成不同形式间的映射。
在所述实施例中,其方法包括:
标识在预期的与待收集的下一条带重叠的区域中第一个条带的配准特征;
使用在扫描期间收到的导引数据,将配准特征的位置与在下一个条带中的它们的复制品的位置相比较;
利用这些比较,得到误差估计值。
在所述实施例之一中,其方法包括:
通过将第一条带中的配准特征的位置与在下一个条带中它们的复制品的重建图象位置相比较来得到误差估计值;
并用误差估计值去修正接着被重建的图象部份中的导引误差。
在这个方法(一相位)中,误差被标识,修正值被应用于连续的重建图象部份中。只要导引误差不太大,这个方法能产生很好的结果。此方法可通过下面步骤完成:
将与在第一条带中标识的配准特征有关的信息暂时存储起来;
将下一个条带映象为重建图象;
将存储的信息和与下一个条带中的配准特征的重建图象中的复制品有关的信息相比较。
在所述优先实施例中,其方法包括:
存储与在下一个条带中配准特征的初始位置的有关信息;
基于初始位置计算误差估计值;
在将下一个条带映射为重建图象时应用误差估计值。
在这个实施例中,应用两相处理法,目的是标识和修正发生在某点重建图象中的误差并能以高度准确性实现缝合。
这个方法能通过下面步骤实现:
存储与第一条带中的配准特征的位置有关的信息;
利用上述位置信息定位来自下一个条带的一部份图象数据;
将来自下一个条带的已定位了的部份图象数据与来自重建图象中的第一条带的配准特征相比较;
利用上述比较法得到误差估计值;
存储误差估计值和位置标记,后者指明下一个条带的哪部份与误差估计值有关。
当下一个条带的有关部份正被映射为重建图象时,使用误差估计值。
当本发明用手持扫描仪工作且仪器有足够的计算功能来做全部处理时,此方法包括用误差估计值来给导引装置反馈校正值。这样,误差被实时标识,并用于修正导引装置本身,也修正正被重建的图象中的误差。
换句话说,本发明可用在扫描仪中以收集图象数据,和在设计成与计算机系统互联,以实施按本发明的方法。
本发明能适用不同的扫描方式。为允许使用者在开头选择扫描方向,提供方法标识和存储与在每个图象条带两对侧上的配准特征有关的信息,为允许在扫描期间改变扫描方向,可有计算误差估计值并利用它们修正重建图象时关于条带两对侧的导引误差。
与本发明相应的扫描装置将在下面叙述。该装置应具有完成本发明方法所要求的的计算处理功能,换句话说,该装置应设计成与计算机系统互联,以实施按本发明的方法。
在所述的实施例中用于形成扫描电子图象的扫描装置和方法包括使用导引信息,它是与图象信息一起获得的,然后根据导引和图象信息校正图象数据。在优先实施例中,导引信息是通过至少一个导引传感器检测被扫描原图的有关结构的内在特性获得的。当图象传感器相对于原图移动时,图象传感器沿原图的运动可通过监控有关结构内在特性的变化被跟踪。被监控的有关结构内在特性是内在结构特征,如纸纤维,或其它原图的组成部份。导引也可以是基于斑纹的,在那里图象传感器沿原图的运动通过监控斑纹图样的变化被跟踪,斑纹图样利用相干照明产生,以获得导引信息。
“有关结构的内在特性”是属于与原图上形成图象数据和/或系统配准数据无关的因素的原图特性。导引信息可通过产生位置信号形成,位置信号对有关结构的内在特性的检测很敏感,如斑纹信息的位置信号或允许跟踪单个内在结构特性的位置信号。“内在结构特性”是原图的那些代表形成原图的处理特点的特性而与在原图上形成图象数据和/或系统配准数据无关。例如,如果原图记录介质是纸产品,则关心的内在结构特征可以是纸纤维。另一个例子,图象传感器经过光滑的原图或通过透明胶片的导引可由跟踪影响镜面区域的表面纹理变化来确定。一般地说,内在结构特征是微观的,如织物表面特征在10和40微米之间。
所以,设想的获得导引信息的诸方法在范围上是不同的。在范围最宽的方法中,对用于消除扫描装置沿扫描路径作曲线和旋转运动而形成的变形制品的导引信息源没有限制。因此导引信号应取位置信号形式,它对原图上的图象数据(例如,标识原文字符的边)的检测很敏感,然后将位置信号用在图象信号的操作中。第二个方法是这样一种方法,其中位置信号对检测有关内在结构特性,例如确定斑纹图样的特性很灵敏。第三个方法通过监控单个内在结构特征(如纸纤维)的位置随时间的变化,跟踪扫描装置的导引。
在所述的实施例中图象传感器是一个光电元件的线性阵列,而导引方法使用至少一个二维导引传感器阵列。通过在图象传感器的每一端安装分列的二维导引阵列,扫描仪具有了三个运动自由度。如果原图是平面的,二个自由度是平移的且在原图平面内互相垂直,而第三个自由度可绕原图平面法线旋转。旋转跟踪精度通过两个导引阵列来加强,则每个阵列要小于如果仅用单个阵列必要的尺寸。而所述实施例是,其中导引传感器是一个二维阵列,线性阵列也可以使用。另外,正如下面要更全面说明的,用于校正图象数据的导引信息能通过将其它位置跟踪装置固定在扫描装置上而容易地获得,其中包括编码轮和球,计算机鼠标跟踪球,配准栅格检测器,加速表,机械连动装置,非接触式电磁和静电连动装置和延时集成传感器阵列。在许多这些可供选择的实施例中,用于修正图象数据的导引信息是以与原图的任何有关结构的内在特性无关的方式获得的,因为位置跟踪并不包括图象的获得。
导引传感器相对于图象传感器的位置是已知的。最好是,导引传感器与图象传感器端点尽量地靠近,这样,当图象阵列移动时,导引传感器较不易越出原图的边界。图象传感器形成一个表示感兴趣图象的信号。同时,每个导引传感器形成一个代表原图有关结构内在特性的信号。扫描装置可能以徒手曲折的方式移动,例如,一种交替从左到右,从右到左的运动,沿着原图往下,装置保持与原图接触的方式。左右相邻条带中的每一个应重叠前个条带的一部份,这样在扫描过程中或下一次扫描期间图象可以根据位置和缝合进行处理。图象信号的处理是修正图象数据,修正基于导引传感器或传感器组和由导引传感器探测的有关结构内在特性间的相对运动。处理是图象信号的“修正”,也就是说,基于导引数据调正和修改所获得的图象数据的操作,以达到原图和输出图象的一致性。缝合是用于连接在连续条带期间获得的图象数据。
每个导引传感器可包括一个或多个光源,这些光源提供与原图有关结构内在特性相关的反差。发出的光可以在可见范围内,但这不是必需的。例如,“掠射(grazing)”光相对表面法线有大的入射角将在与纸纤维在纸质原图表面上或附近相互作用,在纸纤维间造成强反差阴影。另一方面,如果原图有光滑的表面,例如照相纸,涂泥纸(clay-coated paper)或透明复盖膜,通常入射光将在镜面区内产生一个图象,它有足够的图象反差用于导引的目的。光学元件例如滤光镜和一个或多个图象透镜进一步改善有关内在特性的检测。
所述实施例的优点是扫描装置和方法允许扫描装置运动的三维自由度而仍然提供有效的图象捕获性能。这样,便携,小型的扫描装置,除了通过在图象捕获过程中与原图接触来提供外,并不使用机械式强制,就可以制造出来。事实上,对于图象的修正值是由导引图象的相关性提供的实施例而言,装置与原图接触约束可以取消。另一优点是因为所述实施例的扫描装置基于对内在结构特征的检测而形成一个电子图象,原图图象特性间的大面积“白色空位”将保留,所以不会导致图象特征在缝合阶段被移到一起。
附图的简要说明
图1是按照发明手持扫描仪在原图上沿曲线路径运动的透视图。
图2是图1中扫描仪的图象和导引传感器的后视图。
图3是图1中扫描仪的透视图,同时展示外露的图象和导引传感器。
图4是图3中导引传感器之一的发光系统的示意侧视图。
图5是供图4发光使用的发光二极管和光学元件的侧面示意图。
图6是图1扫描仪的图象捕获操作的概念性图。
图7是图1扫描装置的导引过程的一个实施例的运行图。
图8是图7选择阶段的示意图。
图9是图8实施阶段元件的方框图。
图10a是表示位置标记数据流的增量,一般是从图9的导引处理器的输出。
图10b是表示一个缓冲器存储许多位置标记数据增量。
图11是展示一线性图象缓冲器,显示来自线性图象传感器信号采样端点的轨迹。
图12是表示被图1扫描仪收集的条带。
图13展示按本发明用于单相处理的缓冲器。
图14是图解使用单相处理时被收集的条带。
图15是表示可用于完成连续条带缝合的配准块。
图16展示用于完成连续条带缝合的两相处理中的缓冲器。
图17图解使用图16中两相处理方法时被收集的条带。
实现发明的最好方式
参考图1,展示一小型手持扫描装置10,沿着原图14按曲线路径12而行。原图可以是一张纸,一张透明膜,或其它图象承载面。原图的有关结构内在特性可用于在沿曲线路径导引期间提供位置信息。在此方法中,内在结构特征的位置被跟踪,而位置信息用于修正图象数据,但其它的实施例也将叙述。扫描装置最好是独立的,使用电池,但也可以包括连接外接电源或计算机或网络数据端口。
图1中扫描装置10包括一个图象显示器16可以看到捕获的图象。然而,显示器对扫描装置的使用并非必需。
现在参考图1-3,扫描装置10的前侧18包括一个中心枢轴部件20,它帮助维持原图14和图象传感器间的正常接触。图象传感器22包括一个图象传感器元件的线性阵列。导引传感器24和26位于图象传感器的相对两侧。导引传感器24,26被安装在中心枢轴部件上,因此导引传感器相对于图象传感器位置是固定的。
扫描装置10允许三个自由度,两个是平移,一个是转动。第一度是沿原图14的一边到一边的运动(X轴的运动)。第二自由度是沿原图上下运动(Y轴的运动)。第三自由度是在存在图象传感器22相对于原图14的边缘的旋转不配准情况下操作装置的能力,那就是,图象传感器22可能有一个迎角(an angle of attack),它不垂直于装置直线运动的方向。
为了物理结构紧凑,图象传感器22最好是接触式图象装置,但对紧凑性不太关心的应用例或要求较小图象的情况,则可使用带有投影镜片的传感器,其放大倍率小于1。在这个应用中,图象传感器22的元件应该更小和更靠拢。接触式图象装置一般使用在SELFOC商标下出售的透镜,该商标是Nippon Sheet Glass Company Limited的商标。不太常规地,接触图象能够在没有任何图象透镜情况下,用光源交错阵列元件和紧接的传感器得到。为扫描的用途可使用常规图象传感器。图象传感器多半是装置的一部份,该装置也包括照明源,照明镜片,和图象传输镜片。
图示的图象传感器22是离散光敏元件的线性阵列。元件的间隔决定扫描器10的空间分辨率。例如,一个长为101.6毫米的线性阵列需要1200个传感器元件,以达到300dpi的分辨率。传感器多半是一个电荷耦合装置,一个非晶体硅光电二极管,或技术上熟知的其它类型的线性阵列传感器。
在图象传感器装置的设计中关键的考虑是速度。图象传感器22最好是能以约每秒10K采样点的速度取每个象素。通常,线性图象阵列产生一系列数据流,其中象素值即电荷,被放进移位寄存器,然后移出。要达到期望的速度需要非常快的从整个图象阵列移出的串行传输速率,或多抽头以致象素值能移经很少几个单元。这引进了并行性,它是数字处理的优点。
速度要求的另一结果是,在原图表面上象素区域的产生,并且收集和传输到每个阵列元件的发射光的立体角应该足够大,以在约100微秒的整体时间内产生可探测的信号。一个增强的选择是将一个光学元件加进传感器,以增加传感器间距的有效部份,传感元件对传感间距是敏感的。由于一般地说在阵列矩阵中有未使用的区域,这样的光线收集镜片增强了灵敏度。
图象传感器22的直接修改使能探测彩色图象。三个线性阵列互相平行,每个至少有一个被嵌入的滤光器元件,它有选择地分别通过入射光的红,绿和蓝成分以提供彩色成象。也就是说,具有宽频谱灵敏度的单个阵列可顺序地被红,绿和蓝光源照明。
有关改善图象传感器22操作的照明,可使用一个琥珀色波长的高亮度发光二极管的线性阵列。然而,优选照明光源和任何光学元件的选择取决于原图的介质。光线波长的选择应使在原图14给定区域的扫描期间获得的反差图象数据最大化,同时忽略不需要的信号。照明镜片可包括LED半球形透镜组或可包括一个由精铸光学元件组成的光通路,这些通路仅有少量的光损失而将照明引导到原图上。如此的设计能在很大角度范围内提供给原图的目标区域均匀的照明,但挡住法向入射光线以避免镜面反射。
在图1中,曲线路径12表示有四又几分之一的条带,即,从一侧到另一侧(side-to-side)经过原图14。大多数场合应用的有用的图象传感器22的长度范围在25.4mm和101.6mm内。如果传感器22长度为63.5mm,则一张A4纸能扫描为四或五个条带。正如下面将更详细地解释的,条带应包括重叠区,这样缝合处理能用来产生原图象的忠实复制品。
扫描装置10一般包括至少一个导引传感器24或26。在优先实施例中,装置包括一对导引传感器,使它位于图象传感器22的两相对端。在优先实施例中可使用光电元件一维阵列的同时,每个导引传感器则是元件的二维阵列。导引传感器24和26是用于跟踪扫描装置10相对原图14的运动的。
在优先实施例中,每个导引传感器24和26捕获涉及原图有关结构内在特性的图象,以便产生涉及扫描装置10的位置的信息。对于大多数先前技术的扫描装置来说,内在结构特征被认为是干扰。对于图1-3中的扫描装置10来说,是关于图象传感器22的干扰,但可用来为导引传感器24和26产生位置信号提供基础,有用的表面织物的高反差图象能通过检测介质内在的或形成在介质如文本上的结构变量而产生。例如,图象可基于内在结构特征的谷阴影和峰亮点间的反差而形成。这样的特征一般具有微观性质,在普通打印介质上常在10微米和40微米范围之间。作为选择,可使用斑纹,因为相干光线的镜面反射产生黑、白区域的反差图样。反差信息的第三来源是色彩。色彩反差与表面纹理无关。甚至当用可见光照明无纹理的表面时,在不同颜色的区域间也存在色彩反差,例如,在不同深浅的灰色之间。
然而,打算将本发明用于导引信息与原图有关结构的内在特性无关的应用场合。例如,可用图2中的导引传感器24和26,或其中之一,在原图上形成连续的打印图象,并使用连续图象的相关性以确定沿原图14的图象传感器22的位置和方向。在这个实施例中,所有三个传感器22,24和26都对原图上的文字成像,但只有传感器22的信号被用来获得图象数据。来自导引传感器24和26的信号用来获得基于图象的导引信息。
非图象方法也能用来获得和处理X,Y和角度位置信息。遗憾的是,许多替代方法在紧凑性,使用的方便性,速度,运动自由度,功耗,正确性,精密度,和/或费用加了种种限制。有一个获得位置信息的独立成象替代方案,具有一个或多个编码轮以代替导引传感器。编码轮于是能在扫描表面无打滑地滚动,使扫描装置能沿着直线或曲线轨迹运动。编码轮并不严格要求被置于在公共轴线上。轮子应安装得能旋转。监控旋转的耦合编码器提供输入数据,从输入数据计算出相对于初始位置和方向的图象传感器的位置和方向。
另一个获得导引信息的非图象方法是用类似于计算机鼠标的跟踪球。一个跟踪球可用于替代每个上述的编码轮。编码器将用来获得来自每个跟踪球的位移信息。在另一个方法中,光学或电子(电容,电阻或电感)传感器可用来替代图2的导引传感器以检测相对于建在底层小片中的共同(主动或被动)栅或其它基准的位置和方向,逐个地支持原图的扫描。
另一个获得位置和方向信息的非图象方法是提供一个加速表。使用一个车载惯性导引平台,检测和积分加速度或一次获得速度或二次获得位置。在另一替代方法中弹簧悬挂体的速度被一次检测和积分以获得位置。回转器用来直接检测方向。
还有另一个替代方法将用到各种机械联动的任意一种,以跟踪按被扫描介质固定的相对参考坐标的位置和方向。位置和方向信息能通过连接用于测量机械部件的相关运动的传感器得到。这些传感器可以是相对或绝对形式的,可以是基于直接的位置和方向检测,或加速度或速度的检测,然后,这些速度、加速度被对时间一次或二次积分,以获得位置。非接触遥控检测也可用于测量按扫描原图固定的相对参考坐标有关的扫描装置的位置和方向。这种非接触式传感器的例子应包括使用电磁场,波或光线(例如光学或无线电频率);电效应(例如容性);和/或磁效应(例如感性)的例子。这些方法可应用标准的或差分全球定位技术和可能用到卫星。这些方法也包括传统的导引/观测方法,例如三角测量。它们也能包括使用遥控的技术,例如使用成形光线并从这些光线截取运动目标的图象说明位置。
图2中导引传感器24和26有效地观察原图14的图象上的移动窗口,并产生一个在接续观察值间的二维尺寸的位移显示。正如将要在下面详述的,来自导引传感器的象素值被处理以确定来自图象传感器22的图象数据的正常映射。具体象素的值和它的最邻近值被用来在每个象素位置产生一个相关值阵列。相关值基于在表面结构的当前图象和代表已知的内在结构特征位置的存储图象之间比较,这里存储图象充当位置参考量。然而,除了相关处理,其它一些操作也用于处理输入图象数据以形成输出图象。
现在参考图4和5,导引传感器24表示出操作上与照明光学镜片有关。如果原图14是纸产品,它的纸纤维被导引传感器24所检测,则优先引入入射光线的掠射角。可用一个或多个光电二极管(LED)28,但并非必要。掠射角30,它是入射角的余角,最好是在零度和十五度范围间,但这可根据原图14的特性改变。图5中,所示光源28具有照明光学组34。光学组可包括单片或一套透镜,滤光镜和/或全息组件的组合,以完成合适的准直和目标面照明的大体均匀。光源28发射的光线的波长应选择以增强空间频率信息以得到导引。照明区域的固定样式干扰应限制到最小。当扫描装置经过有吸收或反射墨水或其它标记剂的打印材料时,光源28的输出需调整以适应介质反射能力的宽动态范围。
在图4中,来自光源35的光在照明镜片36得到准直,然后被振幅分裂分光器37改向。直接来自LED并经过分光器传送的那部份光能没有表示在图4上。来自分光器的光能沿表面法向照亮原图14。
在图4中也表示了从原图14来的反射或散射光能经分光器37光阑,由元件38滤光,在元件39上对图像聚焦。从原图传到分光器并从分光器反射的部分光能没有被显示。导引图象光学镜片的放大率在检测聚焦光线的二维传感器阵列24的视界上应保持不变。在许多应用中,调制传输功能,即导引镜片的光学频率响应的振幅测量必须例如在Nyquist频率前提供衰减,Nyquist频率由导引传感器的传感元件的间距和光学元件的放大率来确定。光学元件也应设计成防止背景照明产生干扰。注意波前分裂分光器也能使用。
入射角度的选择取决于原图的材料特性。如果原图表面不十分光滑的话,照明掠射角产生更长的阴影和更明显的反差,或AC信号。然而,当照明角趋近原图的法向时,则DC信号电平增高。
在采用掠射角30时,原图14的目标区的照明在原图表面具有较大微小不平度的应用中,效果很好。例如,当原图是信纸,纸板,织物,或人的皮肤时,来自光源28成掠射角的光,提供了涉及内在结构特征的数据的高信噪比。另一方面,在需要用位置数据跟踪沿诸如照相纸,光亮杂志纸,和复盖透明薄膜等原图的扫描运动的应用例中,可优先使用具有法向入射角的非相干光。使用法向照明,使用非相干光,在镜面反射区观察原图,提供有足够丰富的纹理内容的图象允许成象和以相关基导引。原图表面具有微小凹凸不平,这样表面反射光线就如同表面是镶嵌了块片,或小片的马赛克。原图上许多“块(tiles)”沿略从法线扰动的方向反射光线。含有散射光和镜面反射光的视界能被模拟成好象表面由许多这样的块组成,每片都对法向有些不同。这个模拟类似于W.W.Barkas在“对从低光泽表面散射成镜面和散射分量的光的分析”Proc.Phys.Soc.,卷.51,274-292页(1939)一文中的描述。
图4所示,非相干光源35的照明被引导沿原图14表面的法向前进。图5表示掠射角30的照明。在第三实施例中,没有照明。取而代之,导引信息是用背景光,即环境的光加以累积的。
在第四实施例中,推荐用相干照明取法向入射角实现斑纹基导引。扫描装置与原图间的相对运动可通过监控斑纹相对导引传感器的运动来跟踪。如果使用相干照明而不使用图象镜片,那末通过选择一小块照明区,使原图表面和导引传感器24的光检测阵列之间分得更开些,则以相干照明所得到的主要斑纹单元尺寸就足够大能满足Nyquist采样标准。使用分光器可实现引导入射照明光和检测散射光靠近原图表面的法向,如图4中完成的那样。
现在参考图6,扫描器10移过原图44,在原图表面上印有一方块46。由于扫描器10在原图平面中不受任何运动约束,所以使用者倾向于随曲线路径穿过原图,就好像使用者的手和前臂绕肋转动那样。在图6中,扫描装置按曲线路径48穿过方块46。如果扫描装置的下边缘靠近作为旋转轴的肋,则下边缘的半径较短。因此,图象传感器的成象元件穿越方块46所需的时间和距离将各不相同。当装置运动到第二位置52如虚线所示时就捕获了一个变形的图象50。
所捕获的图象50就是在没有下述的处理手段时所存储的图象。然而,当图象传感器捕获的数据涉及方块46时,就获得了导引信息。在所述实施例中,一个或多个导引传感器捕获关于原图44的内在结构特征的数据。相对于扫描装置10的内在结构特征的运动被跟踪以确定图象传感器相对于方块46的位移。于是就形成了真实的捕获图象54。图象54在这里定义为“修正”图象。
在图7中,所示是一个导引处理的实施例。导引处理通过使导引信息的连续帧,例如与内在结构特征有关的数据相关来完成。相关性比较在连续帧中内在结构特征的位置,提供在特定时间上与导引传感器的位置有关的信息。导引信息于是用来修正图象数据。图7的处理是典型的被实现于每种导引传感器中。
在第一步56中,获取一个参考帧。事实上,参考帧是一个起始位置。后段时间的导引传感器的位置是通过获取58一个后段时间来自导引传感器的位置数据的采样帧来确定的,然后计算在参考帧和后来获得的采样帧之间的相关性60。
获取初始参考帧56可发生在图象处理的开始。例如,获取可以仅通过扫描装置与原图位置接触而触发。另一方面,扫描装置可包括启动图象处理和导引处理的起动按钮。开始也可以通过每个导引器的照明系统的周期脉冲发生。如果有一个反射信号超过规定反射阈值或表示运动的相关信号,参考帧于是被获取。
虽然导引处理由计算完成,本实施例的概念仍从图7和8加以说明。所示参考帧62有一个T形内在结构特征64的图象。参考帧的大小取决于一些因素例如扫描装置的最大扫描速度,在结构特征的成象中的主要空间频率,和传感器的图象分辨率。32象素(N)×64象素(M)的导引传感器的参考帧的实用尺寸是24×56象素。
在后段时间(dt)导引传感器获取一个根据帧62的位移的采样帧66,但是实质上表示同一个内在结构特征。持续时间dt被优先设置,使T形特征64的相对位移量在扫描装置的平移速度下小于导引传感器的一个象素。可接受的时间周期在600dpi,速度0.45米/每秒时,为50微秒。这个相对位移在这里是指一个“微步”。
如果扫描装置在获取56参考帧62和获取58采样帧66之间的时间周期内移动了,则第一和第二T形特征图象将发生特征移位。而在优先实施例中dt值小于允许全象素运动的时间,图8示意图表示其中特征64向上和向右移位作为一个象素。也可假定全象素移位,这里仅仅是为了简化表达方法。
在图8中元件70表示帧68的象素值连续移位到八个最临近的象素中。更精确地说,步“0”不包括移位,步“1”是移位到对角左上方,步“2”是上移位,等。以这种方式,象素移位帧能和采样帧66结合产生位置帧阵列72。指定作为“位置0”的位置帧不包括移位,所以结果仅仅是帧66和68的联合。“位置3”有最小数量的阴影象素,所以是具有最高相关性的帧。基于相关性的结果,在采样帧66中T形特征64的位置被确定相对于在早先获得的参考帧62中的同一特征的位置对角右上方移位,这意味着在dt时间里,扫描装置向左地和向下地运动。
同时其它相关方法也可使用,一个可接受的方法是“方差和”相关。对于图8的实施例有9个相关系数(CK=C0,C1,…C8)由来自元件70上的九个差值组成,相关系数由下面公式确定:
CK=∑ij(Sii-R(ij)+K)2
这里Sij代表在采样帧66的位置ij处导引传感器的被测值,Rij代表在元件70移位到k方向时在帧68处导引传感器的被测值,k是在元件70处移位的标志符。在图8中,k=3提供了最小的相关系数。
相关性用于找寻在连续帧中相同特征的位置,以确定从帧到帧的特征的位移量。对这些位移量进行求和或积分,并纠正在相应的镜片设计中引入的比例因子来确定图象传感器的位移量作为扫描过程的改进。
正如上面提到的,帧到帧的相关性被称为“微步”,因为帧的速率被选择得足够高以保证位移不会超过单象素的尺寸。过采样能得到亚象素位移精度。参考图7,是否要进行微步的决定74,跟着每一步相关系数的计算64被形成。如果微步是需要的,则参考帧在76移位。在这一步,图8中采样帧66变为参考帧并获取一新的采样帧。相关系数计算于是再重复进行。
在处理提供高度的相关性匹配的同时,任何误差的出现将把采样帧66的每个连续移位76累积到参考帧目标中去。为了给这个“随机游动(random Walk)”误差的增长率加以限制,将采样帧存储在一个独立的缓冲寄存器中。这个独立存储的采样帧成为一个新的参考帧用作后续系列的相关计算。后面的相关性称为“宏步”。
通过使用宏步,能获得更加精确地确定扫描器经过m个图象帧距离的位移,即m个微步。在一个宏步中的误差是单个相关性计算的结果,而m个微步中的等效误差是单个微步中的误差的m1/2倍。虽然当m增加时m个微步中的误差的平均值趋向零,但误差的平均值中的标准偏差增加到m1/2这样,通过使用大到实际可行的m的宏步,有助于减小累积误差中的标准偏差,只要确定宏步的两个帧不要互相间隔太远致使它们没有显著的共同图象内容区域。
采样周期dt不必是固定的。采样周期可随先前的测量而变化。使用变量dt的一个方法是通过使连续参考帧之间的相对位移保持在特定界限内来增高位移计算的精确度。例如,上限可以是一个象素的位移量,而下限则由在导引数据的处理中的数字舍入考虑来确定。
参考图9,由图象传感器22得到的图象信息基于导引数据予以“位置标记”。在一个实施例中,来自导引传感器24和26的象素值被导引处理器80接收,以完成图7和8中的操作。基于计算相关性,对第一导引传感器24(X1,Y1)的当前位置和第二导引传感器26(X2,Y2)的当前位置确定坐标。每个导引器单独地仅传送其位置的局部平移成份。从两个导引器来的数据必须集成以获得绝对位置估算值,并考虑到扫描头的旋转。将位置估算值变换为和图象传感器而不是个别导引传感器的物理端点相一致的当量值更易做到。这是使用与导引和图象传感器的物理位置有关的标定数据做到的。导引处理器80也经过象素放大器82和一个模数转换器84接收N个象素值。虽然图9仅表示从图象传感器22和单个A/D转换器84来的单接线头,但是图象转换器22与A/D转换器相连的多接线头也在本发明的范围内。当前位置坐标被“标记”在数据线的端部,这些数据线与图象传感器中的象素数量一致。所以导引处理器80的输出86是位置标记的数据流。在图10a中,数据流的增量88用N个象素单元的两端有位置坐标单元90,92,94和96来表示,虽然这个次序关系并非必要。
在导引处理器80的输出86上的位置标记数据流被缓冲,如图10b所示。缓冲器B保存有许多的图9中的增量88。缓冲B用于容纳整个扫描,在这种情况下可能使用数据压缩。这个数据然后映射到线性坐标系中以形成将予以说明的最后修正的线性重建图象。
图11表示线性图象缓冲100,高(H)象素×宽(W)象素,增量流88与之相映射以形成最后的线性图象。一个简单的有适当数据类型(这里是8位灰度;但可同样是24位彩色或1位二进制数)的二维阵列,将足够来表现线性图象。与每个增量相关的位置标记X和Y坐标与线性图象空间的水平和垂直标度(列和行指示)相一致。也展示了有关增量流的线性图象传感器的每个端点的位置标记的轨迹(右面局部剖视放大图)。其中一对增量(增量#1和增量#2)通过将它们的位置标记用直线连接使其明显。这些被选择得几乎在二次扫描返回的重叠区相交。
图象传感器22在当扫描装置运动经过原图时被记时。此记时保证传感器最快的运动单元每一象素位移最少采样一次。
下一个操作是映射条带中的位置标记图象增量到线性图象缓冲100中去。在一个实施例中,增量的端点(象素1和象素n)是用线连接的。由于图象传感器22的每个象素之间的距离是固定的,因此象素相对于线的实际位置是能够计算的。确定每个象素的物理位置的一个方法是对Bressenham光栅线技术的修正。修正是这样的,因为图象传感器中的象素阵列是固定的,线循环也将固定在那同一数目上。更精确地说,常见的Bresenham算法中,线循环中的累积数是delta_x和delta_y中的较大值,即,max(delta_x,delta_y),但对于修正算法来说,沿阵列象素的数(N)取代于通常使用的max(delta_x,delta_y),所以循环运行N次。下面的程序段说明了这种算法:
**************************************************************************
使用修改的Bresen hem画线算法采用N无像素值阵列的端点的位置对(xa,ya)和(xb,yb)用Set-pixel()装入像素值。
********************************************************* *****************
  delta_x=xb-xa;

  delta_y=yb-ya;

  inc x=(dfelta x>0)-(delta x<0);/*增量are+1 or-1*/

  inc_y=(dfelta_y>0)-(delta__y<0);

  delta x*=inc x;/*取绝对值*/

  delta_y*=inc_y;

  x=xa;

  y=ya;

  x_err=0;

  y_err=0;

  for  (i=0;i<N;i++)
				
				<dp n="d17"/>
  {set_pixel(i/2,x/2,y/2);

  x_err+=delta_x;

  y_err+=delta_y;

  if(x_err>=N)

  {x_err-=N;

  x+=inc_x;
   }
   if(y_err>=N)

  {y_err-=N;

  y+=inc_y;

  }
  }
这样,在光栅上给定二个点(xa,ya)和(xb,yb),它们是N个象素的一个成象增量的端点,目的是连续找寻在光栅上每个象素要被读出的点(x,y)。这些点形成对连结端点a和b的直线的最好的逼近。取x和y的差。从a和b之间的距离的正负号,确定当线通过时x和y是增长或下降。从x=xa,y=ya开始,在两个寄存器x_err和y_err设置为零时,开始循环。下一步,读出(x,y)  的数值,并用set-pixel()写入直线图象缓冲器。给定一个具有引导的一半分辨率的线阵图象传感器,所以,用i/2,x/2,y/2代表传感器中的象素数目和线性图象缓冲器的位置。把delta_x和delta_y加到相应的误差寄存器中,然后测试两个误差寄存器看它们是否超过N。如果超过,则从它们减去N并用增量改变x和/或y。如果有一个误差寄存器没有超过N,则继续使用x或y的当前值。处理继续直到循环运行N次。
正如上面提到的并参考图6,在图象捕获期间扫描装置10的路径显著弯曲的情况下,图象阵列的一端将比另一端平移得快,造成在较慢的一端象素被过渡采样,即,写多于一次。这种情况可通过记录最新的读数(对灰度)或在图象空间中特定象素位置上按逻辑OR模式记录(对二值图象)的方法来处理。
线性图象缓冲器100足够大以在线阵传感器的分辨率(一般是200或300dpi)下容纳单张信纸尺寸或A4尺寸纸的内容,扫描原图的位置和方向假定事前是知道的。部分或全部映射到图象外面的增量在水平和垂直边界周围可被遮盖(分别地对X和Y分量使用关于W和H的取模运算),使得在线性缓冲器的另一侧继续。完成扫描以后,线性图象缓冲存储器100能水平和垂直地卷到扫描区中心。假如扫描区没有超过线性缓冲器100的全部高和宽,那么最后的图象将很好地形成而与初始起动位置无关。为得到适当的对准,扫描必须在设定的方向(例如,总是平行于纸边)开始或必须从扫描的内容中得知方向以用来重新定向最后图象。自动定一页上正文主方向的方法,今后可作为基本算法,可见于文献如“打印文件的倾斜角”H.S Baird.第4届SPSE关于混合图像系统的会议文集,Rochester,New York 1987.
下一步是按照本发明在它们的重叠区内缝合连续的图象条带。目的是联合含有最后修正了的重建图象的缓冲器100内的多个条带。这应该这样来做,即标识和修正大多数累积导引误差并屏蔽任何残余误差。
在待述的发明实施例中,导引数据流提供缝合所需要的配准信息。因为导引信号趋向于累积误差,所以要不断地通过将从特征偏移分析中得到的修正信号反馈来加以改正。
然而,首先我们来说明假定没有导引误差的图象条带的缝合方法。
某些重叠区是必要的,以便缝合两个条带。条带的定界是由在刚扫描过的原图区域上扫描装置返回的路径中的反行程完成的。一个条带包括在扫描扫过原图期间捕获的图象数据。在下面的说明中,有时也要使用术语“条带”指代从映射这些数据形成的重现图象部分。
由图11中增量的端点的轨迹所表示的扫描产生两个重叠条带。在图12中映射进包含条带#1的线性图象缓冲100的部分,在返回时又被与条带#2相应的扫描部分部分地再映射,使所示重叠区102填充。在时间T,一部份条带又被扫描。在这种情况下,满意的缝合可通过简单地在条带#1的顶部连续映射条带#2到线性图象缓冲器100来完成。返回到图11,增量#2能沿它的全长以增量#1同样的方式被映射,对在图12中重叠区102中的每个象素也一样。由条带#1产生的在线性图象缓冲器中的最后的复制直接被条带#2产生的复制所替代。
同样地,如果重叠区102中的象素被映射为条带#1的一部份,但并不被条带#2所映射的部分所替代,这也是可以的,条件是不是重叠部份(即,没有同时被条带#1所映射的部分)的条带#2映射的所有象素被适当地映射。那就是说,被条带#1映射的区域用于剪修被条带#2映射的区域。事实上,假如条带#1和条带#2正确地映射位于重叠区外的所有象素的话,则在重叠区内的象素能同等地从条带#1或条带#2,或其联合中获得。
实践中,由于在条带#1条带#2的位置标记中误差的累积,这个假定没有导引误差的简单的方法不能给出很好的结果。
本发明的第一个实施例现在结合图13和14加以说明。图13表示处理阶段和含有的多个数据缓冲器,而图14则有关于条带#1和条带#2有关的运用过程。如前所说,增量缓冲器B中的图象增量数据被映射到线性图象缓冲器100中。图14表示在条带#1中捕获的部份图象在被返回路经条带#2时再次映射到线性图象缓冲器中。导引修正值是由对条带#1和条带#2之间的重叠区域内的特征进行相关计算而得到的。
图14强调这个重叠区域,它分为两部分104和105。如图14所示,在采集条带#1期间,其中三个(标明106,108和110)四边形图象部份(今后称“配准块”),沿重叠区105中条带的下边缘被周期性地做上标记。在后来的扫描(条带#2)中,区域105上条带#2的包含有条带#1的配准块106,108和110的重叠区104被修剪,即放弃,这是因为对数据条带#2的要求不准条带#1的那些象素被重写。在重叠区104被修剪后,来自条带#1的配准块106位于条带#2的残余部份的上方。如果导引数据是完好的,则在配准块106的位置和条带#2中那个块的再扫描图象的位置之间没有偏移。更现实地,从上一个配准完成起,一些导引误差将累积起来。在两个条带中这个块的出现之间的偏移产生一个修正系数,它用于更新与图象数据有关的以后的导引位置标记,以使总的累积误差最小。这样,防止导引数据中总的累积误差增长太大引起条带重叠区中明显的歪扭。
缝合条带#1到条带#2的处理阶段现在参考图13和14来说明。图13表示了图象增量缓冲器B和线性图象缓冲器100。图13也表示了特征位置缓冲器113和特征缓冲器114。处理阶段如下:
1.正如前面提到的,在采集条带#1期间,配准块(106,108和110)在重叠区105中沿条带的下边缘周期性地被做了标记。整个配准块可被用作如前所述的相关性中,但在优先实施例中,一个包含灰度图象的矩形块(例如,15×15象素)的高频反差区(今后称“配准特征”)是位于配准块中,作为条带#1的捕获结果,形成了部分在线性图象缓冲100中重建的图象,
2.配准特征(它定义在线性图象缓冲100中每个配准特征的位置)的位置标记是在开始映射条带#2到线性图象缓冲100中去之前被存储进特征位置缓冲113中的。
3.当条带#2被映射时,配准特征位置是在被条带#2重写进线性图象缓冲100中之前被标识的。这是通过定义一个图14所示的长度等于图象增量,宽度等于几个象素的矩形捕获窗107完成的,领先于当前正映射进线性图象缓冲100的条带#2的图象增量。当一个存储在特征位置缓冲113中的配准特征位置落在捕获窗107中时,配准特征位置被选定(在任何一次只能选一个配准特征位置)。
4.配准特征位置选择的结果是复制相关的配准特征(即在线性图象缓冲100中在那个位置的配准特征)到特征缓冲114中去。特征缓冲114临时存储配准特征的复制件以及它的位置标记。
5.在条带#2被映射进线性图象缓冲100以重写配准特征的位置(和一小块邻近区域)以后,它的复制件被存储在特征缓冲114中,将特征缓冲114的内容和线性图象缓冲100的新写部分相互比较以产生导引修正信号,即,使两个图象片断十分符合所需要的变换。
6.这个修正信号被反馈到图9所示的导引处理器80。为了防止在最后有代表性的图象中明显的歪扭,误差估计值逐步的被应用,即在当每一新行的线性传感器数据被载入存储器时“位置标志”以固定小数值步的方式加以修改,直到考虑了全部的误差。
虽然,可用到其它相关性方法,一种计算在两个图象片断间的偏移的方法是“方差和”相关性法。围绕特征的原始位置定义一小块检索区,相关性系数由以下公式确定:
Ck,l=∑ij(Ti,j-Ii+k,j+l)2
这里Ti,j代表来自条带#1的特征的灰度值,Ii+k,j+l代表来自条带#2的新获得的特征的灰度值。符号i和j规定在特征内象素的位置,而k和l规定假设的平移偏移(约束使保持在检索区内)的大小。在所得到的相关性阵列中的最小元素代表两特征之间的偏移。
在配准块中间的配准特征被选择使图象方差最大化,因为这改进了相关性方法的精确度。在一个可能的实施例中,仅考虑区域内位置的子集。这些位置116,118,120,122和124如图15所示,位于沿着配准块(相对的线的中点的连线定义为区域)的主轴线126和128的地方,并在交点,和交点与轴线的每个端点间的中点处被采样。对每个位置116,118,120,122和124,方差VARK,L用下面的公式计算:
SUMK,L=∑IJIK+I,L+J
SUM2K,L=∑IJ(IK+I,L+J+))2
VARK,L=SUM2K,L/N-(SUMK,L)2/N2
如果导引误差相对较大,则以上方法仍能在重建图象引入缺陷,特别在条带开始时。这是因为图象增量的顶部和底部的计算位置间的误差沿条带长度累积,在开始新的条带时最大。
参考图16和17,本发明的另一个优先的实施例现在加以说明。
图16表示图象增量缓冲器B和线性图象缓冲器100。正如图13,14和15说明的实施例中,特征位置缓冲器131用于存储在条带#1中所标识的配准特征的位置标记。也还有一个特殊的图象缓冲器132用于从缓冲器B存储图象片断,这将在下面叙述。
图17还显示了通过返回路经条带#2,被再映射的条带#1中的部份捕获的图象。配准块标明在130。然而,在这个实施例中有两个处理阶段用于将条带#2缝合到条带#1。第一处理阶段中的处理步骤如下:
1.如在上述实施例中,在收集条带#1期间,配准块130沿邻近条带之间的重叠区域中的条带#1的下边缘,周期性地做标记,一小块高频反差(一个“配准特征”)区是位于配准块中,该配准块形成重建在线性图象缓冲器100中的部份图象,作为条带#1的捕获结果。
2.配准特征(它定义在线性图象缓冲器100中的每个配准特征的位置)的位置标记是在条带#2的映射开始前存储在特征位置缓冲器131中的。
3.当条带#2被映射时,配准特征位置的被标识先于条带#2在线性图象缓冲器100中的重写(随后在第2阶段)。这是通过定义捕获窗133完成的;后者先于条带#2的图象增量138,图象增量138又无论何因在图象增量139之前,图象增量139则正映射到线性图象缓冲器100中。当存储在特征位置缓冲器131中配准特征位置落在捕获窗133内时,配准特征位置被选择(任一次只可选一个配准特征位置)。
4.被选配准特征位置是当条带#2被映射进线性图象缓冲器100时用于定义配准特征的预测位置的。考虑到以前的配准特征中的导引误差是通过使用当前误差估算值(存储在误差缓冲器134中)去预测当前配准特征的位置的方法来实现的。因此,用于定位当前配准特征的检索区仅需大到能计算可能的误差增量就行了。
5.特殊图象缓冲器132是直接用于从缓冲B进行临时存储位于所选的配准特征位置周围的条带#2的图象数据的线性图象映射,以及存储配准特征位置。换句话说,在时间T,图17所示图象增量138被映射到缓冲器132。特殊图象缓冲器132的大小必须足够存储配准特征以及所要求的检索区,检索区的大小按照已知的误差估计算法计算。
6.存储在特殊图象缓冲器132中的条带#2的图象片断然后与存储在位于线性图象缓冲器100中的配准特征位置上的相应图象片断进行比较。这样,得到一个偏移,当它与以前的误差估计值累加时,给出一个更新的导引误差估计值。这个更新的估计值与位置标记一起存储在误差缓冲器134中。
误差估计值的位置标记相对于线性图象缓冲器100来说只是当前配准特征中心的一个位置。所以,它用于确定在与误差估计值有关(例如,与被映射到那个图象位置的条带#2相应的第一个增量)的增量缓冲器B中的增量。这表明,被测估计值应该通过该增量充分地加以包容。
在第二处理阶段中,来自条带#2的图象数据被写进线性图象缓冲器100中。同时考虑到在记录的位置上的误差估计值,以便从最后重建图象中去除那些误差。这是通过修正与各个传感器数据的图象增量的端点有关的位置数据来做到的。
优选的方法可给出改进的缝合技术,因为导引传感器穿过条带间的重叠区,其位置中的误差在重建最后图象以前被标识和改正。另外,在图象增量的顶部和底部的计算位置间的误差,它在以前条带的收集期间已经累积,能在下一个条带开始时立即被吸收,而不引起质量问题。这通过在图17中从上述的第一和第二处理阶段得到的条带#1和条带#2间的转折点的右侧边缘之间的不连续性来说明。
本发明可考虑所需扫描的性质而以不同的方式实现。一种其它情况是需要从页顶直扫描到页底,其中所需表面缝合仅需不断在一个条带的底与下一个条带的顶之间进行。另一个方法是允许在页面的任何部份开始,但要求保持开始的扫描方向。在这种情况下,必须有能力标识条带两边上的配准特征,但一旦扫描方向建立起来,误差估计值仅需保持当前条带一边上的值。在另一方法中,扫描可允许在任何方向,改变扫描方向也是可以的,如螺旋扫描。在这第三个方法中,不但必须有能力标识条带两个边的配准特征,而且必须保存每个条带的顶和底的误差估计值以备扫描方向改变时用。后面的方法为使用者提供了极大的灵活性,但要有更高的计算开销。
在优先实施例中,图象重建,缝合和图象管理中用的电子设备都包含在图1定义的扫描装置10的壳体内。这样,被扫描图象可立即出现在扫描显示屏16上。然而,扫描装置可包含存储器以存储位置标记图象数据,但无需处理和文件管理电子设备和固件。
正如在图3中提到的,引导传感器和图象传感器22,24和26最好安装在枢轴零件20上。在一个实施例中,枢轴零件用至少一个弹性体连接到壳体的剩余部份上,弹性体的一端连接壳体固定不动的部份,而另一端连接枢轴。弹性体起铰链作用。这样,枢轴部份可以“铰接”而不使用摩擦件。电源,控制和数据信号可通过柔性电缆接通传感器,电缆被屏蔽以减少电磁干扰。其它用枢轴零件的枢轴连接方法都能被采用。如果不用枢轴零件,且传感器在壳体内位置固定,则必须注意,在图象捕获期间,不要过度倾斜扫描装置10。在这个实施例中,照明的设计和光学元件必须给予更多注意。
虽然,本发明按照扫描原图为平面时加以说明和图解,但这并不是关键性的。事实上,熟悉本领域技术的人会很容易地理解有多少技术可用于三维扫描中。然而,优选的实施例是这样的,其中感兴趣的图象形成在介质上,如一张纸,一张透明胶片,一张照片上,而且扫描装置与介质相接触。

Claims (11)

1.从扫描原始图象的各部分重建图象的方法,扫描过程通过原始图象和扫描装置之间的相对移动使得相邻的扫描图象条带重叠,扫描装置包括确定扫描装置相对于原始图象位置的引导装置,上述方法包括:
运用从相邻条带重叠部分获得的图象数据得到对引导误差的连续估计值;
连续运用对误差的估计值在图象的重建过程中纠正引导误差。
2.权利要求1的方法包括:
标识第一个条带和下一个要被收集的条带预期重叠区域的配准特征;
运用在扫描过程中得到的引导数据来比较配准特征的位置和它在下一个条带中再现的位置;
运用这种比较以得到误差的估计值。
3.权利要求2的方法包括:
通过对第一个条带中配准特征的位置和它在下一个条带中其再现的重建图象中位置的比较得到误差的估计值;
以及运用误差的估计值来纠正其后被重建图象各部分的引导误差。
4.权利要求3的方法包括:
暂时存储与在第一个条带中标识的配准特征有关的信息;
把下一个条带映射入被重建的图象中;
比较被存储的信息和在下一个条带的配准特征的重建图象中与再现有关信息。
5.权利要求2的方法包括:
存储与下一个条带中配准特征主要位置有关的信息;
根据此主要位置计算对误差的估计值;
在把下一个条带映射入重建图象的过程中应用误差的估计值。
6.权利要求5的方法包括:
存储与第一条带中配准特征位置有关的信息;
用所说的位置信息在下一个条带中确定部分图象数据位置;
比较重建图象中下一个条带中确定了位置的部分图象数据和第一条带中的配准特征;
运用所说的比较得到误差的估计值;
存储误差的估计值并存储一个位置标签以标明下一个条带中哪个部分与此误差的估计值有关;
当下一个条带中的相关部分被映射入被重建的图象时,应用误差的估计值。
7.以上任一权利要求的方法包括运用误差的估计值以反馈对引导装置纠正。
8.以上任一权利要求的方法包括标识和存储与第一条带两个相对侧的配准特征有关信息的装置。
9.权利要求8的方法包括误差估计值的计算和在重建图象的过程中在条带的两个相对侧上运用它们去纠正引导误差。
10.实施根据此发明方法的扫描装置。
11.收集图象数据以及为实现根据本发明的方法而用来与计算机系统联接的扫描装置。
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US5578813A (en) 1996-11-26
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CN1135062A (zh) 1996-11-06
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