CN1220026A - Dc变压器/电抗器 - Google Patents

Dc变压器/电抗器 Download PDF

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CN1220026A
CN1220026A CN97195037A CN97195037A CN1220026A CN 1220026 A CN1220026 A CN 1220026A CN 97195037 A CN97195037 A CN 97195037A CN 97195037 A CN97195037 A CN 97195037A CN 1220026 A CN1220026 A CN 1220026A
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transformer
reactor
winding
valve
core
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玛斯·雷乔
沃顿·弗若姆
阿尔伯特·杰克斯特
黎明
克里斯汀·萨瑟
索斯滕·斯切特
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Asea Brown Boveri AB
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Priority claimed from SE9700335A external-priority patent/SE508556C2/sv
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Publication of CN1220026A publication Critical patent/CN1220026A/zh
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/36—Arrangements for transfer of electric power between ac networks via a high-tension dc link
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K15/00—Methods or apparatus specially adapted for manufacturing, assembling, maintaining or repairing of dynamo-electric machines
    • H02K15/12—Impregnating, heating or drying of windings, stators, rotors or machines
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F27/00—Details of transformers or inductances, in general
    • H01F27/28—Coils; Windings; Conductive connections
    • H01F27/288—Shielding
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F27/00—Details of transformers or inductances, in general
    • H01F27/28—Coils; Windings; Conductive connections
    • H01F27/32—Insulating of coils, windings, or parts thereof
    • H01F27/323—Insulation between winding turns, between winding layers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01F27/00—Details of transformers or inductances, in general
    • H01F27/34—Special means for preventing or reducing unwanted electric or magnetic effects, e.g. no-load losses, reactive currents, harmonics, oscillations, leakage fields
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F29/00—Variable transformers or inductances not covered by group H01F21/00
    • H01F29/14—Variable transformers or inductances not covered by group H01F21/00 with variable magnetic bias
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F3/00—Cores, Yokes, or armatures
    • H01F3/10—Composite arrangements of magnetic circuits
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
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    • H01F3/14—Constrictions; Gaps, e.g. air-gaps
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H3/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection
    • H02H3/02—Details
    • H02H3/025—Disconnection after limiting, e.g. when limiting is not sufficient or for facilitating disconnection
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K15/00—Methods or apparatus specially adapted for manufacturing, assembling, maintaining or repairing of dynamo-electric machines
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K3/00—Details of windings
    • H02K3/04—Windings characterised by the conductor shape, form or construction, e.g. with bar conductors
    • H02K3/12—Windings characterised by the conductor shape, form or construction, e.g. with bar conductors arranged in slots
    • H02K3/14—Windings characterised by the conductor shape, form or construction, e.g. with bar conductors arranged in slots with transposed conductors, e.g. twisted conductors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K3/00—Details of windings
    • H02K3/04—Windings characterised by the conductor shape, form or construction, e.g. with bar conductors
    • H02K3/28—Layout of windings or of connections between windings
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K3/00—Details of windings
    • H02K3/32—Windings characterised by the shape, form or construction of the insulation
    • H02K3/40—Windings characterised by the shape, form or construction of the insulation for high voltage, e.g. affording protection against corona discharges
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K3/00—Details of windings
    • H02K3/46—Fastening of windings on the stator or rotor structure
    • H02K3/48—Fastening of windings on the stator or rotor structure in slots
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F27/00—Details of transformers or inductances, in general
    • H01F27/28—Coils; Windings; Conductive connections
    • H01F27/32—Insulating of coils, windings, or parts thereof
    • H01F2027/329—Insulation with semiconducting layer, e.g. to reduce corona effect
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F29/00—Variable transformers or inductances not covered by group H01F21/00
    • H01F29/14—Variable transformers or inductances not covered by group H01F21/00 with variable magnetic bias
    • H01F2029/143—Variable transformers or inductances not covered by group H01F21/00 with variable magnetic bias with control winding for generating magnetic bias
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K2203/00—Specific aspects not provided for in the other groups of this subclass relating to the windings
    • H02K2203/15—Machines characterised by cable windings, e.g. high-voltage cables, ribbon cables
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K9/00—Arrangements for cooling or ventilating
    • H02K9/19—Arrangements for cooling or ventilating for machines with closed casing and closed-circuit cooling using a liquid cooling medium, e.g. oil
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y10S174/00—Electricity: conductors and insulators
    • Y10S174/13—High voltage cable, e.g. above 10kv, corona prevention
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y10S174/00—Electricity: conductors and insulators
    • Y10S174/13—High voltage cable, e.g. above 10kv, corona prevention
    • Y10S174/14—High voltage cable, e.g. above 10kv, corona prevention having a particular cable application, e.g. winding
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S174/00—Electricity: conductors and insulators
    • Y10S174/13—High voltage cable, e.g. above 10kv, corona prevention
    • Y10S174/14—High voltage cable, e.g. above 10kv, corona prevention having a particular cable application, e.g. winding
    • Y10S174/19—High voltage cable, e.g. above 10kv, corona prevention having a particular cable application, e.g. winding in a dynamo-electric machine
    • Y10S174/20—Stator
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S174/00—Electricity: conductors and insulators
    • Y10S174/13—High voltage cable, e.g. above 10kv, corona prevention
    • Y10S174/14—High voltage cable, e.g. above 10kv, corona prevention having a particular cable application, e.g. winding
    • Y10S174/24—High voltage cable, e.g. above 10kv, corona prevention having a particular cable application, e.g. winding in an inductive device, e.g. reactor, electromagnet
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y10S174/00—Electricity: conductors and insulators
    • Y10S174/13—High voltage cable, e.g. above 10kv, corona prevention
    • Y10S174/14—High voltage cable, e.g. above 10kv, corona prevention having a particular cable application, e.g. winding
    • Y10S174/24—High voltage cable, e.g. above 10kv, corona prevention having a particular cable application, e.g. winding in an inductive device, e.g. reactor, electromagnet
    • Y10S174/25—Transformer
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S174/00—Electricity: conductors and insulators
    • Y10S174/13—High voltage cable, e.g. above 10kv, corona prevention
    • Y10S174/26—High voltage cable, e.g. above 10kv, corona prevention having a plural-layer insulation system

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Abstract

本发明涉及DC变压器/电抗器,包含一磁路,其中,磁路包含一磁铁心及至少一绕组。绕组包含至少一载流导线。每一绕组并包含一绝缘系统,此系统一方面包含至少二半导体层,其中,每层构成一大致等电位表面,及另一方面,其间安排一固体绝缘体。

Description

DC变压器/电抗器
本发明涉及权利要求1的前序部分所述的DC变压器/电抗器。
该DC变压器/电抗器具有额定功率范围为自数百kVA至1000MVA及以上，具有额定电压为自3-4kV至非常高的传输电压，高至1MV。
为说明本发明的DC变压器/电抗器，将说明普通电力变压器。
例如，可参考以下已知文献。
“J及P变压器书，电力变压器之实用技术”，A.C.Franklin及D.P.Franklin所作，Butterworths出版，1990,11版。
有关绕组之内部电绝缘等，可提出下列文献：
“变压器板，变压器板在变压器上之应用”，H.P.Moser所作，H.Weidman AG,CH-8640 Rapperswil出版。
后一出版物由瑞士之绝缘制造商Weidman出版，属于每一变压器制造之基本文献。
自纯一般观点而言，电力变压器的主要工作在于可交换电能于两个或更多电力系统之间，此电力系统通常具有不同之电压及相同之频率。
普通电力变压器包含一变压器铁心，以下称铁心，常为叠片，通常为硅铁所制。铁心包含若干铁心柱，由轭连接，一起形成一或更多之铁心窗。具有此铁心的变压器通常称为铁心变压器。若干绕组包围铁心柱，此等通常称为初级，次级，及控制绕组。就电力变压器而言，此等绕组实际上恒沿铁心柱的长度上同心安排及分布。铁心变压器通常具有圆形线圈及锥形腿部份，以尽量利用窗空间。
除铁心式变压器外，还有壳式变压器。此等常被设计成具有方形线圈及方形铁心柱部分。
在上述功率范围的较低部分，普通电力变压器有时设计成由空气冷却，以带走不可避免之固有损失。为防止接触及可能降低变压器之外磁场，常设置外壳，具有通风孔。
然而，普通电力变压器大部分为油冷式。其一理由为油具有非常重要的额外功能，即用作绝缘介质。油冷及油绝缘的电力变压器故此由一外箱包围，对此有非常高的要求，自以下说明可明白。
通常提供有用于水冷线圈的装置。
以下说明部分大部分系有关油浸电力变压器。
变压器绕组由一或若干串连线圈构成，而线圈由若干串连匝组成。而且，线圈设有特殊装置，从而可换接于线圈端之间。此装置可设计成由螺丝连接转换，或更常由特殊转换开关转换，开关置于箱邻近。在变压器有电压时执行转换的情形，转换开关称为带负载抽头转换器，否则，称为去激励抽头转换器。
有关在上功率范围中的油冷及油绝缘的电力变压器，带负载抽头转换器的断路元件置于特殊油浸容器中，直接连接至变压器箱。断路元件纯由电动机驱动转轴进行机械操作，且经安排，从而在换接期间，在接触片打开时，获得快速移动，及在接触片闭合时，获得较慢移动。然而，带负载抽头转换器则系置于实际变压器箱中。在操作之期间中，发生电弧及火花。此导致降低容器中油的品质。为获得较少之电弧，及因而较少形成油烟及较少之接触片磨损，带负载抽头转换器通常连接至变压器的高压侧。此系由于需要切断及连接之电流在高压侧上小于带负载抽头转换器连接于低压侧上的情况。普通油浸电力变压器之失效统计显示，带负载抽头转换器常发生失效。
在油冷及油绝缘之电力变压器的较低功率范围，带负载抽头转换器及其断路元件二者置于箱内。此意为由于使用期间的电弧引起油品质下降等上述问题影响整个油系统。
自施加或感应电压的观点来看，广而言之，绕组上的静态电压均等分布于绕组之每一匝上，即是，所有各匝上之匝电压相等。
然而，自电位的观点来看，情形完全不同。绕组的一端通常接地。然而，此意为每匝的电位自最接近地电位之匝中之几乎零呈线性增加至在绕组的另一端上的匝中之电位，此等于施加的电压。
此电位分配决定绝缘系统的组成，因为绕组之相邻匝间及每匝与地间需有充分的绝缘。
个别线圈中的各匝通常集合一起，成形状一致的单元，在实质上与其他线圈分开。各线圈间之距离亦由线圈间可容许发生的介质应力决定。此意为线圈间亦需有特定的绝缘距离。依据上述，在电场内的其他导电性物体亦需要与线圈中局部发生的电位保持充分的绝缘距离。
故此，自上述可见，在个别线圈，实际相邻的导线元件间的内部电压差较低，而与其他金属物体(包括其他线圈)相关的外部电压差可相当高。此电压差由磁感应的感应电压以及由电容分布电压(此等可由变压器的外部连接装置上所连接的外部电系统引起)决定。除操作电压外，可由外部进入的电压包含雷电过电压及换接过电压。
在线圈的电流引线中，由导线周围的漏磁场引起额外损失。为保持此等损失尽量低，尤其是在上功率范围中之电力变压器，导线通常分为若干导线元件，通常称为股，诸股在操作期间并联。各股需依一方式换位，从而每一股中所感应之电压尽量相同，且每对股间所感应之电压差尽量小，在损失之观点上，保持内部循环的电流部分于合理的程度。
当依先有技术设计变压器时，一般目的在于使所谓变压器窗所限定的特定区域内具有尽量多的导线材料，通常称为具有尽量高的装填系数。除导线材料外，可用空间还应包含线圈所带的绝缘材料，部分在各线圈之间内部，及部分在其他金属组件上，包含磁铁心。
绝缘系统(部分在线圈/绕组内，及部分在线圈/绕组及其他金属零件间)通常设计成固体纤维素或油漆基础的绝缘体，最接近个别导线元件；及在此之外，设计成固体纤维素及液体，亦可能气体的绝缘体。具有绝缘体及可能支撑零件之绕组代表巨大体积，以此经受变压器的有效电磁零件中及周围所产生的高电场强度。为能预决定所产生之介质应力，并实现具有最低击穿危险之尺寸设计，需要对绝缘材料有良好的认识。亦需实现不会改变或降低绝缘性质的周围环境。
高压电力变压器目前主要的绝缘系统包含纤维素材料，作为固体绝缘体，及变压器油，作为液体绝缘体。变压器油以矿物油为基础。
变压器油具有双重功能，因为除绝缘功能外，它可有效协助冷却铁心，绕组等，移去变压器的损失热。油冷却需要一油泵，一外部冷却元件，及膨胀接头等。
在变压器的外部连接装置与相邻连接的线圈/绕组之间间的电连接装置称为套管，其目的在于通过箱之导电性连接，在油浸电力变压器的情形下，箱包围实际的变压器。套管常为个别组件，固定于箱，并设计成可忍受箱外部及内部的绝缘需求，且同时需忍受产生的电流负载及引起的电流力。
应指出，上述有关绕组之绝缘系统的同一需求亦适用于线圈间，套管及线圈间，不同的转换开关，及套管之所需的内部连接装置上。
除携带电流导线外，电力变压器内之所有金属组件通常连接至一特定电位。如此，避免由于在高电位上的电流引线与地之间的电容性电压分布所引起的不需要，难以控制电位增加的危险。此种不需要的电位增加会引起局部放电，即所谓电晕。电晕会在正常接受测试期间中出现，与额定资料相较，它在局部发生电压及频率增加。在操作期间，电晕会引起损坏。
变压器中各个线圈应具有适当的机械尺寸设计，使它们可抵抗由于电流上升所引起之任何应力，及在短路过程期间所产生的电流力。线圈正常经设计，使所产生的力在每一个别线圈中被吸收，此亦意为线圈尺寸不能设计成只在正常操作期间中正常作用时情况最佳。
在油浸电力变压器的狭窄之电压及功率范围内，把绕组设计成所谓片绕组。此意为上述之个别导线由薄片取代。片绕组电力变压器被制造成适用于高至20-30kV之电压及高至20-30MW之功率。
除相当复杂的设计外，上功率范围内之电力变压器之绝缘系统亦需要特殊的制造措施，以按最佳之方式利用绝缘系统的性质。为获得良好的绝缘，绝缘系统应具有低湿汽含量，绝缘的固体部分应良好浸以油，且固体部分中的残留“气”袋风险应最少。为确保此点，具有绕组的完全铁心在其装于箱中前实施一特殊干燥及浸渍处理。在此干燥及浸渍处理后，变压器装进箱中，然后密封。在灌装油之前，具有浸入变压器的箱应抽出所有空气。此由一特殊真空处理执行。当已如此执行时，灌进油。
能为获得预定的使用寿命等，在真空处理中需要抽至几乎绝对真空。如此推测包围变压器的箱被设计成用于完全真空，此导致大为消耗材料及制造时间。
如油浸电力变压器中发生放电，或如变压器的任一部分发生局部性的温度大幅增加，则油分解，及气体产物溶解于油中。变压器故此通常设有监测装置，用以侦测溶解于油中的气体。
为重量的缘故，大型电力变压器运输时不带油。在用户处现场安装变压器需要重新真空处理。而且，此程序在每次箱打开来执行某行动或检查时均需重复。
显然，此种程序非常费时及需要成本，并构成制造及修理的总时间的相当大部分，同时需要使用广泛的资源。
普通电力变压器中的绝缘材料构成变压器的总体积的一大部分。在上功率范围中的电力变压器，约数十立方米的变压器油的油量亦属普通。与柴油有一些相似的该油为稀薄流体，并呈现相当低的闪燃点。故此，显然，油与纤维素在意外受热时，例如在内部闪络及发生漏油时，构成不可忽视的火灾危险。
且显然，尤其是在油浸的电力变压器中，有非常大的运输问题。在上功率范围中的此一电力变压器具有总油量数十立方米，且可重至数百吨。要了解，变压器之外部设计有时需配合现行的运输轮廓，即可通过任何桥梁，隧道等。
有关普通油浸电力变压器的问题简述于下：
普通油浸电力变压器
-包含一外箱，此中装有一变压器，变压器包含具有线圈的变压器铁心，用于绝缘及冷却的油，各种机械支撑装置等。在箱方面有非常大的机械需求，因为如无油，而只有变压器，则箱需能受真空处理至几乎全真空。箱需要非常广泛之制造及测试程序，且箱的巨大外部体积通常亦引起相当大的运输问题；
-通常包含一所谓压力油冷却法。此冷却法需要设置一油泵，一外冷却元件，一膨胀容器，及一膨胀接头等；
-包含在变压器之外部连接装置与固定于箱上的套管形状的邻近连接的线圈/绕组之间的电接头。套管被设计成忍受有关箱内及箱外的任何绝缘需求；
-包含线圈/绕组，其导线分为若干导线元件，即股，各股需换位，使在每一股中所感应之电压与相邻之股尽量相等，以减小相邻股间之感应电压差至最低程度；
-包含一绝缘系统，部分在线圈/绕组内，及部分在线圈/绕组与其他金属零件之间，此系统在最接近个别导线元件处设计成固体纤维素或油漆基础之绝缘体，及在此之外，设计成固体纤维素及液体，亦可能为气体绝缘体。而且，绝缘体需具有极低的温汽含量，此极重要；
-包含一带负载抽头转换器，作为整体的一部分，由油包围，且通常连接至变压器的高压绕组，用以控制电压；
-包含油，此可在内部部分放电，所谓电晕，带负载抽头转换器中的火花，及其他故障情况发生时引起不可忽视的火灾危险；
-通常包含一监测装置，用于监测油中所溶解的气体，此在其中放电时或局部温度增加时发生；
-包含油，在损坏或意外的情形，此会引起漏油，导致广泛的环境破坏。
DC变压器/电抗器亦具有另外的问题，即电场为AC场与DC场之叠加。通过铁心的磁通另可包含一DC成份，导致装置非常大。
本发明之目的在于解决上述问题，并提供一种DC变压器/电抗器，其中，在电缆屏蔽外的所有空间基本上无电位。此目的由提供权利要求1的前序部分中所述的DC变压器/电抗器实现，具有所述权利要求的特征部分的有利特征。
故此，该DC变压器/电抗器之绕组包含至少一载流导线，及各绕组皆包含一绝缘系统，此系统一方面包含至少二半导体层，其中，每一层大致构成一等电位表面，及另一方面，其间置一固体绝缘体。
如权利要求1所述，本发明的一个最重要优点为该特殊绕组的使用可获得一种具有在热，电，及机械设计方面最佳设计的DC变压器/电抗器。此导致在具有不同DC电位的绕组之间的空间减小，且在有DC电位的绕组与铁心之间之空间减小，及装有电容器之补偿绕组可在50/60Hz上补偿空气隙。此可减小体积，尤其是电抗器的体积。
本发明的实施例连同附图说明于下，在附图中：
图1显示现经修改之标准电缆中所含的各部分；
图2显示一传输设计；
图3显示在普通变压器/电抗器中绕组周围之电场分布；
图4显示本发明的DC变压器/电抗器；
图5显示具有本发明之补偿空气隙的电抗器；
图6显示装有改良的空气隙装置的DC变压器的另一实施例；及
图7显示根据本发明把高电力从一DC电压等级变换至另一DC电压等级之整体式装置之电路图。
能依本发明制造变压器/电抗器的一个重要条件为，使用具有挤制的电绝缘体的导线电缆作为绕组，该绝缘体在导线及外壳处包含一半导体层。此种电缆可作为标准电缆供应给其他工程部门使用。然而，如本发明的概要中所述，此一标准电缆的改良之实施例用作绕组。为能说明一实施例，先简短说明一标准电缆。内载流导线包含若干股。在各股周围有一半导体内壳。在此半导体内壳周围有一挤制之绝缘体之绝缘层。此挤制之绝缘体之实例为PEX，或另外所谓EP橡胶。此绝缘层由一外半导体层包围，此又由一金属屏蔽及护套包围。此一电缆以下称为电力电缆。
该改良的电缆的一个优选实施例显示于图1。故此，如该图中所说明，电缆1包含一载流导线2，此导线包含换位的无绝缘及有绝缘之股。电机械上换位，挤制的绝缘股亦可以。有一内半导体层3包围导线，此又由一挤制的绝缘层4包围。此层由一外半导体层5包围。用作较佳实施例中的绕组的电缆无金属屏蔽及无外护套。
图2显示传输设计。在此图中，显示一种变压器，包含两个串连，相位转移的阀桥6,7，其中，各阀为二极管阀。
图3显示在普通DC变压器/电感器中之绕组周围的电场分布。在图3中，显示一绕组8缠绕于一铁心9周围。参考编号10代表普通绕组当绕组下部在地电位上时的电场分布的等电位线。绕组与铁心的关系的设计及位置主要由铁心窗中的电场分布决定。
图4显示本发明之一DC变压器/电抗器。在图4中，显示三相叠片铁心变压器。铁心依普通方式包含三铁心腿20,22，及24，及连接轭26及28。在所示的实施例中，铁心腿及轭具有锥形断面。DC变压器包含三同心绕组匝30,32，及34。最内的绕组匝30可代表初级绕组，及两个外绕组匝32及34可代表次级绕组。DC变压器还包含间隔轨条36及38，具有一些不同的功能。间隔轨条36及38可为绝缘材料所制，此用作同心绕组匝间之间隔件，用于冷却，支撑。应指出，与图3所示的变压器不同，图4所示的DC变压器于绕组之电缆外并不呈现任何电场。
图5显示本发明之具有补偿空气隙的DC设备之一电抗器之原理草图。电抗器包含一磁铁心60及一绕组62，绕组包含图1所示的电缆。电抗器亦包含一空气隙64，在铁心60中。空气隙在本文中意为在主磁通中实现具有较低介电常数之一区的任何方法。电抗器并包含一补偿绕组66，此由电容器68施加电容性负载。
在主磁通中实现具有较低介电常数的此区域的另一方法为减小空气隙的长度，例如，划分该空气隙为一系列较小的空气隙，以限制磁通的径向分量。在主磁通中实现具有较低介电常数之此区的又一方法为使用空气以外的另一材料，其中，该材料具有一相对导磁系数μr，此满足表示式1≤μr≤μcore。
图6显示具有改良的空气隙装置之一DC变压器之另一实施例。且有用以降低杂音的正交或径向空气隙之磁铁心结构显示于图3。此三腿式磁铁心包含基本上长方形的单件外构件30，此件具有相对的侧部分30s及端部分30e，并包含一圆筒形中心构件31，此件在纵向上连续不断。一对对齐的圆形孔或口32机械切制于两个外构件端部分30e中，或长方形外构件压制成此形状。圆筒形中心构件31的相对端分别延伸进入对齐的圆孔32中，从而在任一端处形成预定长度的径向磁空气隙，此另在圆周上连续不断。一非磁性间隔件33装于每一端部分30e与中心构件31的各别端之间的空气隙空间中，以维持径向空气隙，并支持中心构件。直接绕于中心构件或齿形分裂卷轴上的一绕组，被置于外与中心构件30及31之间所提供的窗区域35中的中心构件周围。如需要，在一端处之间隔件33可省除，及在该端处提供零空气隙。
图7显示一整体式装置之电路图，用于把高电力自一电压等级变换至另一电压等级。
提供一DC/DC电力变压器，此为一种装置，用于直接变换高电力自一DC电压等级至另一DC电压等级，而无需中间的AC电压网络。DC电压目前基本上用于传输高电力于长距离上。此等传输的DC电压等级约为数100kV。DC/DC电力变压器使若干DC电压等级可通过连接具有不同电压DC网络来使用。此装置的原理为，把来自一或若干转换变压器(47)之阀绕组(43,45)连接至二阀桥，此阀桥产生相反的循环变化磁流于变压器铁心(44)中。阀桥之一作用如变换器(42)，及另一作用如整流器(46)，且以此方式，使电力自一DC电压等级(Ud1)变换至另一(Ud2)。在高电压等级，变压器中之漏电感在普通变压器中高，因为绝缘距离大，且故此，需要特殊的装置，使交换磁能量自变压器的一相至另一相，而不产生重大的损失。
本发明之DC变压器可制成具有非常低的漏电感。
本发明之DC变压器/电抗器可例如为HVDC或MVDC变压器/电抗器。
本发明并不限于前述的实施例。显然，在以下权利要求书之范围内，可有许多不同的修改。

Claims (30)

1．一种含有一个磁路的DC变压器/电抗器，其中，磁路包含一磁铁心及至少一绕组，其特征在于：该绕组包含至少一载流导线，及每一绕组包含一绝缘系统，此系统一方面包含至少二半导体层，其中，每一层构成一大致等电位表面，及另一方面，其间安排一固体绝缘体。
2．如权利要求1所述的DC变压器/电抗器，其特征在于：所述半导体层之至少之一具有与所述固体绝缘体相等的主热膨胀系数。
3．如权利要求2所述的DC变压器/电抗器，其特征在于：所述层的内层的电位基本上等于导线的电位。
4．如权利要求2或3所述的DC变压器/电抗器，其特征在于：所述层的外层被安排为构成一包围导线之等电位表面。
5．如权利要求4所述的DC变压器/电抗器，其特征在于：所述外层连接至特定电位。
6．如权利要求5所述的DC变压器/电抗器，其特征在于：所述特定电位为地电位。
7．如权利要求1,2,3,4,5或6所述的DC变压器/电抗器，其特征在于：所述层的至少之二具有大致相等的热膨胀系数。
8．如前述权利要求中任一项所述的DC变压器/电抗器，其特征在于：载流导线包含若干股，仅少数股不相互绝缘。
9．如前述权利要求中任一项所述的DC变压器/电抗器，其特征在于：所述二层及所述固体绝缘体各大致沿整个连接表面上固定连接至相邻层或固体绝缘体。
10．一种含有一个磁路的DC变压器/电抗器，其中，磁路包含一磁铁心及至少一绕组，其特征在于：绕组包含一电缆(1)，此缆含有至少一载流导线(2)，
-每一导线(2)包含若干股，
-一内半导体层(3)安排包围所述导线(2)，
-一固体绝缘体之绝缘层(4)安排包围所述内半导体层(3)，及
-一外半导体层(5)安排包围所述绝缘层(4)。
11．如权利要求10所述的DC变压器/电抗器，其特征在于：所述电缆亦包含一金属屏蔽及一护套。
12．如权利要求11所述的DC变压器/电抗器，其特征在于：电缆具有直径在约20-250mm之间，及导线在约80-3000mm2之间。
13．如权利要求1-12中任一项所述的DC变压器/电抗器，其特征在于：在不同电位上的绕组相互直接接触缠绕。
14．如权利要求1-13中任一项所述的DC变压器/电抗器，其特征在于：在对铁心的DC电位上的绕组直接绕于或非常接近铁心。
15．如权利要求1-14中任一项所述的DC变压器/电抗器，其特征在于：暴露用于DC磁化的磁路包含至少一区，此区在主磁通中具有较低之介电常数。
16．如权利要求15所述的DC变压器/电抗器，其特征在于：具有较低介电常数的区于安排于所述铁心中之一空气隙实现。
17．如权利要求15所述的DC变压器/电抗器，其特征在于：具有较低介电常数的区由安排于所述铁心中之一系列小空气隙实现。
18．如权利要求15所述的DC变压器/电抗器，其特征在于：具有较低介电常数的区由安排于所述铁心中之一空隙实现，其中，所述空隙为具有相对导磁系数μr的材料所制，此满足表示式1≤μr≤core。
19．如权利要求15-18任一项所述的DC变压器/电抗器，其特征在于：铁心包含一基本上长方形的外构件，此件具有相对之侧部分及连接端部分，及另包含一圆筒形中心构件，此件在纵向上连续，所述铁心端部分具有一对对齐的圆孔延伸完全穿过其中，所述圆筒形中心构件之相对端伸进其中，以便一个恒定预定长度的径向磁空气隙界定于至少一端部分与所述中心构件之各别端之间，用以控制所述铁心之导磁系数。
20．如权利要求16,17或19中任一项所述的DC变压器/电抗器，其特征在于：每一空气隙皆由一电容负载的补偿绕组补偿。
21．如权利要求1-20中任一项所述的DC变压器/电抗器，其特征在于：变压器/电抗器亦包含一外壳，此外壳含有至少闸流管阀。
22．如权利要求21所述的DC变压器/电抗器，其特征在于：所有闸流管阀皆为整体式。
23．一种含有一个磁路的DC变压器/电抗器，其中，磁路包含一磁铁心及至少一绕组，其特征在于：绕组包含至少一载流导线，并包含一绝缘系统，此系统在其热及电性质上，容许在所述HVDC变压器/电抗器中之电压等级超过36kV。
24．一种整体式背对背电站，其特征在于：所述电站包含权利要求1-23中任一项所述的DC变压器的两个变压器/组。
25．一种用于把高电力自一DC电压等级变换至另一DC电压等级的整体式装置，其特征在于：所述装置包含权利要求1-23中任一项所述的一DC变压器，其中，DC变压器包含第一阀绕组及第二阀绕组，其中，第一阀绕组连接至一第一阀桥，及第二阀绕组连接至一第二阀桥，由此，第一阀桥之作用如一逆变器，及第二阀桥之作用如一整流器。
26．如权利要求25所述的整体式装置，其特征在于：所述第一阀桥包含至少一个六脉冲逆变器桥，此包含多个自换向闸流管，且另包含多个二极管，各二极管皆逆并联连接至一自换向闸流管，及所述第二阀桥包含一个六脉冲整流器桥，此包含多个二极管阀。
27．如权利要求13或14所述的DC变压器/电抗器，其特征在于：电缆特别适用于混合电压。
28．如权利要求20所述的DC设备，其特征在于：所述补偿绕组加有可变电容负载，使之能改变电抗器的电感。
29．如权利要求10-22,27中任一项所述的DC变压器/电抗器，其特征在于：外半导体层(5)被切成若干部分，各连接至地电位。
30．如权利要求1-22,27和29中任一项所述的DC变压器/电抗器，其特征在于：该DC变压器/电抗器亦包含至少一感测器/换能器，用以监测和诊断。
CN97195037A 1996-05-29 1997-05-27 Dc变压器/电抗器 Pending CN1220026A (zh)

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SE9602079A SE9602079D0 (sv) 1996-05-29 1996-05-29 Roterande elektriska maskiner med magnetkrets för hög spänning och ett förfarande för tillverkning av densamma
SE9700335A SE508556C2 (sv) 1997-02-03 1997-02-03 Krafttransformator/reaktor
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CNB971966427A Expired - Fee Related CN1257593C (zh) 1996-05-29 1997-05-27 电磁装置
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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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CN101138141B (zh) * 2005-03-09 2012-01-18 西门子公司 十二脉冲高压直流传输装置
CN102082021B (zh) * 2009-11-30 2012-02-22 成都深蓝高新技术发展有限公司 六孔铁心的三相电抗器
CN108370159A (zh) * 2015-12-21 2018-08-03 西门子股份公司 纵向电压源和具有纵向电压源的直流输电系统

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