CN1257787A - 证券票据及其制造方法 - Google Patents
证券票据及其制造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1257787A CN1257787A CN99120715A CN99120715A CN1257787A CN 1257787 A CN1257787 A CN 1257787A CN 99120715 A CN99120715 A CN 99120715A CN 99120715 A CN99120715 A CN 99120715A CN 1257787 A CN1257787 A CN 1257787A
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Abstract
本发明提供一种证券票据,包括:具有两个面的树脂基材片;配置在所述树脂基材片上一个所述面上的标记;第一和第二纸张(paper sheet),所述纸张的每一个都具有内面和外面,所述纸张的每一个通过施用在所述基材片的各个面和所述纸张各自的所述内面之间的粘合剂而永久层压在所述树脂基材片的各面上;和印在所述纸张的所述外面中至少一个外面上的一套标记,由此在所述基材片上的所述标记和印在所述纸张的所述外面上的所述那套标记相互配合形成在透射光中看到的总图象。本发明还提供所说证券票据的制造方法。
Description
本专利申请是CN94190485.7的分案申请。原申请的申请日为1994年2月22日,原申请的发明名称为“带彩色标记的证券纸”。
本发明总的说来涉及证券纸,更具体地说涉及用于制造纸币、护照、股票、支票等的层压证券纸。
许多印制票据因与之相联的某种内在价值而需要高度可靠的方法来保证其真实性。这些票据从纸币到财产所有权凭证,包括例如流通票据、股票、支票和护照等等。为了对票据的用户或持有者而言真正地具有价值,用于表明其真实性的方法就必须能迅速、容易地检出。此外,为更普通的目的,使广大公众能相信票据的真实性,这些方法还必须是持久、耐用且难于复制的。尤其是后一品质,对于防止或至少阻遏伪造票据的企图,以保证最大程度地信任这一票据的真实性尤为重要。对于纸币、护照、支票和其他有价票据而言,对票据真实性的信任尤为重要,这是因为任何公众在任何时候都有可能成为票据的持有者或用户。因此,这些有价票据的制造者经常关心的是提供一种方法使公众可以以此来检验票据的真实性,因为到头来,最有可能被伪造品欺骗的正是没提防的公众。
旨在保证有价票据真实性的努力历来集中在票据的两个方面:(1)用作票据基底的纸,在本领域中常称作“证券纸”;和(2)结合到纸中或在将纸转化为成品票据过程中加上的某些防伪特征(Security feature)。由于在提供耐用的票据和公众信任这些票据的真实性的可靠依据方面,证券纸和防伪特征都记着重要作用,所以它们必须符合有关它们的设计和使用的许多严格的标准。对于证券纸的标准包括物理和光学的要求。而对防伪特征的要求则不仅涉及其物理性质,还涉及复制它们的相对难度以及保证成品票据真实性的可靠性。
对证券纸,特别是用于制造纸币的纸的物理上的要求,一般比对其他类型纸的要求要严格得多。其中一个要求就是纸张定量,即纸张的每平方米克重,常用克/平方米或磅/令表示。对大多数证券纸而言,纸张定量必须在相当窄的范围内,以赋予票据充分的身骨,或手感,满足持有者的心理需求,而同时又使得票据易于折叠和展开。与纸张定量密切相关的是“厚度”,即纸张的厚度,用毫米或英寸的分数表示。重要的是用于任何特定用途的证券纸,其厚度必须很好地适应各种机器,例如自动出纳器和高速分拣器,因为它们肯定是要处理这些成品票据的。
强度和耐用性是证券纸的重要特征,这是因为它们赋予成品票据经受在使用期间内各种可能的使用和不当使用的能力。拉伸强度表示在不撕破的情况下一张纸所能承受的最大纵向应力,用力/单位宽度表示。其他强度参数包括湿拉伸强度、破裂强度、撕裂强度、耐折牢度。因为纸币在它们的流通期间不可避免地要多次折叠和展开,故要求制造它们的纸具有高强度和高耐折牢度。在纸币的预计流通期间,纸币纸一般设计成可允许折叠5,000至8,000次。但应注意的是,由纸在不撕破情况下可耐受的折叠次数确定的证券纸额定值可能随所用的测试方法而有很大改变。另外,虽然允许有相当高次数的折叠,但当代的纸币纸还必须保持某种程度的刚性,即抗弯曲性,有时称作“脆性”(crispness),才能顺利通过自动出纳机和高速分拣机。
证券纸的其他重要物理性质包括孔隙度,适印性和尺寸稳定性。因为孔隙度关系到纸的易沾污性,即吸附或保持杂质的倾向,因此,一般希望证券纸的孔隙度低一些,以提高票据在其整个使用寿命中保持洁净外观的可能性。同时,证券纸需要有好的适应特性,以保证制造成品票据采用的印刷过程中有准确、精细的印痕,以及还有制造成品票据过程中采用的油墨对它的适当渗透性和粘合性。用于制造某些有价票据的印刷方法可能对纸有极端的要求。例如,常用于印制纸币或其他票据的凹版印刷或照相凹版印刷过程中,在印版和纸之间有巨大的压力。所选定的纸必须能耐受这些方法而不丧失物理完整性。最后,无论是在成品票据的制造过程中还是在其使用寿命中,纸的尺寸稳定性都十分重要。特别是在制造和日常使用中常见的湿度变化条件下,纸不应因此而过分膨胀或收缩。
证券纸一般表现出某些光学性质,这些性质影响到其使用性和公众对它的接受程度。其中最重要的是纸的表面特性和纸的不透光性。表面特性包括颜色、亮度、光泽、光洁度和平滑度。这些参数一般由成品票据的设计者根据票据所需的美学效果而规定;并且可能采用各种方法,如涂层和轧光等来达到所需的外观和触感。纸的不透光性指光线相对地不能透过纸张的特性。不透光性用纸一面上的入射光中不透过纸传至另一面的观察者而为纸反射或吸收的部分的百分率表示。对于证券纸而言,一般希望有高的不透光性,即超过约75%。但是,不透光性的变化实际上可在成品票据中用作防伪特征,例如在水印的场合中,使纸张带上不同水平的不透光性而形成在透射光中可见的形象或标记确定了可识别标志。
含于有价票据内的防伪特征的选择和规格常和与之结合使用的证券纸的规格密切相关。这有数种原因。首先,防伪特征常为纸本身的一种特征,例如水印或一种特定的纸组合物。即便该特征被说成是构成与纸分开的单独成分,这类特征也经常是在造纸过程中嵌入纸中的。这对于许多防伪特征而言都是如此,包括所谓防伪线(Securitythread)、化学添加剂、彩色碎花(Coloured confetti)和包括缩微字体的薄型带(thin tape)或其他标记。另外,即或是在表面上施加的安全特征,也必须和基底纸匹配,以给成品票据提供所需的粘合和耐用特性。这些在表面上施加的防伪特征包括不能复制的图象,例如照相复制时产生波纹图象的线条图案(line art),光敏涂层和表面移面印花图案。即使是印在票面上的复杂的线条技术也可因其复制困难而构成一种防伪特征。但在所有情况下,防伪特征都必须和选定的证券纸良好配合。
有效票据防伪特征的标准较易制定。这些特征应难于复制,以阻止可能的伪造者,或至少令其违法制品难于流通进入公众中。这些特征应使得用成品票据的普通持有者或用户所能有的方法即可容易验出。对于普通公众相信其真实性的纸币和其他票据而言,这些特征应在普通光线条件下即可辨别和验证。最后,在某些情况下,可能希望防伪特征可供检验运动中的大量票据,例如纸币。
尽管这些标准看似简单,但成功开发一种可靠地达到这些标准的防伪特征却非易事。在历史上,票据上有效防伪特征的制造依靠仅为公众中少部分人所掌握的专门知识和技能。因此,长达数世纪之久,雕刻大师中的少数天才和印刷工人的专门知识就足以防止或阻止大量伪造的企图。后来,为防止几乎是最死心塌地和能干的一伙伪造者,数门专业的专门知识结合凝聚到同一票据上成为关键。然而,当今照相复制,扫描和胶板印刷技术的发展使得即或没有这些专门知识也能制造十分逼真的伪造品。为真正有效地对付伪造,现在防伪特征不仅必须因为生产它需要专门知识或因为要将数个专业领域结合凝聚到一份票据上而难于复制,还必须在先进的照相复制机上很难或不能复制。
最后,为能用于制造有价票据,证券纸和结合到纸中或结合到纸面上的防伪特征必须能以工业速度和合理的成本一同转变成美学上令人愉悦的票据。发行这类票据的政府,准政府和团体起码的要求是他们的票据反映它们的发行者的特点,并由它们的功效和外观来获得最大的信任。因此,有效证券纸和防伪特征应该为成品票据的设计和制作提供很大程度的自由度。
在过去,已提出了许多方法来为证券纸提供有效的防伪特征。建议使用的许多证券纸都是在造纸过程中结合防伪特征,即在纸幅形成的同时在造纸机上进行结合。这些纸利用诸如水印、防伪线、带有缩微字体或不带缩微字体的防伪带(Security tape)、碎花(confetti)以及其他各种在完成造纸过程之前嵌入纸中的措施等防伪特征。但由于在最后处理过程中需要从纸中将水份逐出而不能在证券纸的整个表面上提供防伪特征。另外,正如许多应用领域所要求的,防伪特征例如碎花一般不是位于证券纸内部。虽然例如防伪带(Security tape)和防伪线(security thread)等防伪特征均可位于纸内,但这些部分的存在导致纸的局部厚度大,而引起印刷、裁切和其他工艺步骤中的困难。
在证券纸中结合防伪特征的另一种方法是层压成品纸形成复合证券纸(Composite Security paper)。在美国专利U.S.P5,161,829中公开了一种这类证券纸。在这种证券纸中,至少有两张纸层压在一起形成证券纸,在层压纸中带有鉴别标记(authenticationindicator)。鉴别标记在层压之前印至至少一张纸的内表面,在透射光中可被检出,但在反射光中不能检出。但在一张纸上印上鉴别标记可能导致“透背”问题,即用于印刷鉴别标记的油墨透过纸张到达证券纸的表面。另外,当印刷是在薄的内层纸上进行时,这一般包括采用稀的油墨,结果导致表面印刷对防伪特征很大程度的遮盖,使得防伪特征可见性差或根本看不见。还有,在层压体中采用纸张形成的复合证券纸的物理性质并不优于用更普通的单幅纸(Single-webpaper)获得的物理性质。具体地说,涉及流通寿命的各种性质,包括耐折性和撕裂强度在成品层压品中绝未得到加强。
另一种加有防伪特征的层压纸产品在Japanese laid-openapplication No.322109/88中有描述。这种产品为一种股票卡(card stock),在合成基材的两侧层压上两张较厚的纸而形成,在基材材料上加上有机器可读的标记。这些标记,例如统一商品编码,用不允许近红外光透过的油墨印刷。其他标记用近红外透过性油墨印到基材上。所形成的标记在可见光下辨认不出,但当该卡在适宜波长的发光二极管和感光器之间通过时则可被辨认和读出。但这类卡并不是打算用作证券纸的,也不适用作证券纸,这是因为其物理结构不可避免地导致了它的僵硬和耐折性低。另外,该文所提出的防伪特征对于普通特有者而言在一般光线条件下不易鉴别出来。反之,印在基材上的标记不能在可见光下鉴别出来,因此,对于没有专用检出手段的持有者而言毫无用处。
本发明旨在克服或尽量减少上述现有技术的缺点,提供具有防伪特征的含内在价值的票据用证券纸,这些防伪特征可容易地为公众检出,但不易为伪造者复制。本发明以彩色标记的形式提供防伪特征,它们不能用先有技术的方法或在已有的证券纸上得到。此外,本发明提供厚度充分均一的证券纸,使转化操作如印刷和裁切等易于进行,并使得纸在高速分拣机和自动出纳机中运行良好。还有,本发明提供可按需要定位的防伪特征。这种防伪特征可单独采用或与已知的防伪措施结合使用。
按本发明的一个方面,提供一种包括有两面的树脂基材片的证券纸。在树脂基材片的一个面上加有标记,两张纸永久地层压在基材片的每一个面上。在所得到的层压品中,在基材片上的标记在反射光中看时不可辨出,而在可见光谱中的透射光看时则可透过证券纸。
按本发明的另一方面,提供有带第一面和第二面的树脂基材片的层压证券纸。一层彩色标记置于基材层的第一面上。彩色标记层包括至少一个含有对应于380-720毫微米波长颜色的区域。第一粘合层置于基材层第一面彩色标记层之上。而第二粘合层置于基材层的第二表面上。第一层纸置于第一粘合层之上并通过第一粘合层永久连到基材层上和彩色标记层上,而第二层纸置于第二粘合层之上并通过第二粘合层永久连到基材层上。
按本发明的再一方面,提供一种包括含两个面的树脂基材片的证券票据(Security document)。标记置于基材片的其中一个面上。证券票据还包括两张纸,每张纸有内面和外面。在基材片的每一面上都通过在基材片的面上和纸的内面之间施加的粘合剂永久性层合有一张纸。在纸的至少一个外面上印有一套标记,由此在基材片上的标记与印在纸的外面上的标记一起形成在透射光中可见的图象。
按本发明的又一方面,提供一种制备证券纸的方法,包括第一步确定彩色装帧设计(graphic design in colour)。然后将装帧设计印到树脂基材片上,成为基本上透明的彩色图象。树脂基材片然后在两张薄纸之间利用合适的粘合剂进行层合。
本发明将由下述详细说明并结合附图而可获得更充分地理解,在附图中,相同的参考编号指相同的部分,其中:
图1是本发明层压证券纸的局部竖向剖面图,说明层压体的各层及它们在透射光中的相互作用;
图2是按本发明的层压证券纸的局部竖向剖面图,说明在纸的一个表面上的入射光的反射、吸收和透射的情况;
图3是包括按本发明的证券纸的纸币的透射图,其中纸的某些部分被拿掉以说明纸的各片或各层上的标记之间可能的某些协合效应(cooperative effect);和
图4是包括按本发明的证券纸的纸币的透视图,其中纸的某些部分略去以说明标记之间的可能的进一步协合效应(cooperativeeffect)。
虽然本发明易进行各种改变和有其他的形式,但在附图中以举例的方式给出了具体的实施方案,并将作详细说明。但应领会到的是本发明并不限于这些公开的特定形式,还包括在所附的权利要求的精神和范围内的所有变化、等效形式和其他形式。
现在看附图,参考图1,总的用参考数字10指定的层压证券纸以竖向局部剖视图给出,以说明构成纸10的各层。如图1所示,证券纸10旨在最终包括于成品票据11中,如纸币、股票、支票、护照、或其他任何有价票据,对于它们而言,都需要真实性保证特征。应注意到的是,本发明的证券纸10也还可用于其他领域,例如团体专用信笺上端文字,平日请柬用纸等等。证券纸10包括第一纸张12、基材片14和第二纸张16。总的用参考数字18指定的标记配置在基材片14的一个表面或面上,然后再层压12、14、16。如图1所示,可在两纸张12、16两者或两者之一的外面24、26上配置一套标记20、22。虽然在整个说明书和权利要求书中对多个标记18、20、22编了号,但应理解的是“标记”18、20、22实际上可在基材片14上或在纸张12、16的任何一面上构成单一的“标记”或图象。如同下面将要详述到的一样,在基材片14上的标记18优选以适当的方式设计并配置在基材片14上,以便定位并与纸张12、16上的一至多套标记20、22共同构成一个“总图象”,例如在透射光中可看出的彩色图象。
基材片14为薄的、透明的树脂片材。合成材料,如聚酯或聚丙烯,或有机树脂材料如赛璐玢都可用作基材片14。目前,聚酯膜材料一般被优选用于基材片14,例如杜邦公司(E.I Du Pont deNemours Company)制的商品名为Mylar的市售聚酯膜。基材片14优选具有11.0~22.5克/米2(包括上、下限值)的纸张定量,并具有8~16微米的厚度。为在后边的转化操作过程中以及在加入到层压证券纸10中的使用过程中都有最好性能,希望基材片具有好的尺寸稳定性,约-1.5%(150℃,30分钟)。关于这种尺寸稳定性性质一般可从膜的供应商处得到。满足这些规格的树脂片材可从许多制造商处以包括成卷的许多许多形式购得,例如从E.I.Du Pont deNemours公司、Imperial Chemical Industries Plc、EastmanKodak公司和3M公司处购得。
结合到证券纸10中的纸张12、16优选为高度不透光的薄纸。纸张12、16的定量优选在19~50克/平方米(包括上、下限值),而目前优选约34克/平方米的定量。纸张12、16的厚度优选包括在0.038~0.050毫米(包括上、下限值)的范围。纸张12、16一般可包括纤维原料,如棉花、亚麻、大麻和木纤维,或这些纤维与纤维素,例如木纤维素的混合物。现在优选的纸组成为75%棉花纺织纤维和25%木纤维素的混合物。但是应理解的是,本发明的证券纸10并不局限于任何具体的纸张12、16的组成。在具体的应用中,纸张12、16的精确组成可由成品票据11的最终发行者指定。在这种情况下,可能在不明显影响现有作为防伪特征的彩色标记的操作的情况下再将其他防伪特征(未示出),如聚酯、人造丝或尼龙纤维、细色调颜料和其他化学添加剂加到纸张12、16中。
纸张12、16的不透光性至少为75%,其范围为75~85%,这样加入到层压证券纸10中时可提供良好效果。为在非常薄的纸中获得这种程度的不透光性,可在造纸过程中有利地加入各种填料和颜料。二氧化钛可适用作颜料,同时也可采用多种其他物质,如碳酸钙。这样的一种二氧化钛可由Kronos(加拿大)购得,商品名“Titanox”RA50。
纸张12、16可用任何适宜的造纸方法制得。因长网造纸机能造出高质量的纸,故优选采用,但也可采用其他型号的造纸机,如圆网造纸机(cylinder machine)。为获得好的耐湿性能,在造纸过程中优选加入耐湿树脂。这类树脂包括蜜胺-甲醛树脂,如可由American Cyanamide公司购得的商品名为“Parez”树脂607和613、可由Hercules公司购得的商品名为Kymene的树脂,如Kymene 450。
如同下面将要更加详细描述的一样,一旦基材标记18配置到基材片14上,则纸张12、16就层压到基材片14的每一侧上。为了将纸张12、16层压到基材片14上,在基材片14面上和纸张12、16的内表面之间施用合适的粘合剂,且三个片12、14、16在层压机上压合,在此固化粘合剂,并将详述如下。
纸张12、16对基材片的良好粘合对于证券纸10有效地防止或阻遏伪造的企图十分重要。具体地说,层压的证券纸10应该不易分层,因为分层将能使基材标记18暴露以供复制。在层压体中固化后可防止证券纸10分层的任何适用粘合剂均可使用。粘合剂可以是单一组分粘合剂,也可以是双组分或多组分胶粘物。也可以采用紫外线固化或电子束固化粘合剂。因为基材标记18应选择性地和表面标记20、22配合而不受粘合剂干扰,故粘合剂优选为透明的。
所采用的具体粘合剂应和在证券纸10中采用的基材材料和纸张相容。粘合剂制造厂商一般可提供这类相容性和适合性的资料。根据所用具体的粘合剂,可以将粘合剂施到纸张12、16上,或施到基材片14的面上,或同时施到纸张12、16和基材片14上。一般优选采用聚亚氨酯为主要成分的粘合剂,并已满意地使用了购自Imperial Chemical Industries PLC(英国),商品名为Novacote ADH 222的粘合剂。粘合剂的覆盖率优选在1.5~3.0克/平方米的范围,但消耗率可随所用粘合剂类型不同而不同。
基材标记18优选用印刷法配置到基材片14上。为此,按照在成品证券票据11中所需的任何主题来进行标记18的装帧设计(graphic design)。这些标记18常包括一个图象(如图3和4所示),但也还可包括数字、词、符号,或者它们的任意组合。标记18可包括黑白标记,或者也可以包括全部范围的可见颜色,并可覆盖整个基材片14的表面,或可仅分布在某些区域。在打算将基材片14上的标记18和纸张12、16两者之一上的一套标记20、22配合之处,优选用透明油墨来确定基材标记18。如同将要在后面更加详述的一样,采用透明油墨将使得观察者在透射光中观察证券纸10或成品票据11时,看到的是由基材片14上的透明彩色标记18和纸张12、16上的一套标记20、22配合产生的总的彩色图象。
基材标记18可在透明彩色标记的上面和/或下面含有一层白色或者基本不透光的油墨。这种白色层优选配置在透明彩色油墨的两侧。这些白色层起两方面的作用。首先,它们提高证券纸10的不透光性,而同时仍使得基材标记18在透射光中可看出:第二,在证券纸10分层时,这种白色层提供进一步的防伪特征。证券纸10固然极耐各种分层的手段,但如果纸张12、16被伪造者分层以企图复制基材标记18的话,则白色层将防止彩色标记的复制。而再要企图除去白色层达到彩色标记的话,则将导致彩色标记的破坏,从而挫败伪造的冒险行为。
本发明的证券纸10的一个重要方面是它可使得任何持有者在通常的光线条件下都可检验其真实性。由于人可见光谱的范围对应于约380至720纳米的光波长,所以用于基材标记18的油墨优选为彩色、透明的油墨、其颜色也对应于这一范围的波长。
用荧光或磷光油墨(例如仅在紫外光下可见的油墨)印刷一部分或全部标记18可在证券纸10中得到其他光学效果。如用紫外油墨来形成基材标记18的一部分,则用这种油墨印刷的标记在正常条件下可基本上不能检出,但在紫外光下可见。或者,选定基材片14的某些部分可采用不透明油墨(如不透明白色油墨)或采用用金属包镀的方法(如在基材片14表面上进行气相金属沉积)做成不透光。在构成作为标记18的组成部分的缩微字体中,后一技术特别有用,这种缩微部分仅在强的透射光下可在证券纸10中清楚看出,但在反射光中基本上看不出来。最后,标记18可有利地包括用磁性油墨印刷的区域,这有两方面的用途:形成在透射光中可见的总图象的一部分;提供另一种可用本领域熟知型式的磁敏检测装置检出的防伪特征。
在证券纸10中的基材标记18的设计允许有极大的灵活性来设计由上述总图象包括在成品票据11中的防伪特征。例如,标记18可提供任何可见颜色或各种颜色的任意组合的类似于成品票据中的水印的区域。或者,在透射光中看时,彩色标记18可对在纸张12、16的外面24、26中之一或两面上的一套标记20、22增加彩色细节。在这种情况下,至少部分表面标记20、22也可用透明油墨印刷。如同下边将要更详细讨论的一样,当透明油墨同时用到基材标记18和表面标记20、22中时,如在强的透射光中看的话,则在总图象中,基材标记18的颜色将占主导地位,而如果在反射光中看成品票据11的话,则仅有表面标记20、22的颜色可被看见。如同已述及的一样,既使在邻近彩色区域处配置基本上不透光层,情况也是如此。由于基材标记18的主导地位,故在透射光中看时,表面标记20、22的某些部分可能成为基本不可见。相似地,透明颜色的基材标记18可提供一个彩色背景,如彩虹形或彩色法人标识(Color corporate logo),在透射光中看时,在此背景上出现表面印刷的标记20、22。例如,表面标记20、22可以是线条图案(line art)或印刷的词句,如公司名称,不一定覆盖基材标记18。从下面的讨论可更清楚地看到,尽管仅配置在基材14的一个面上,基材标记18还是可以定位并与纸张12、16中之一或两张纸上的表面标记20、22配套。
图1和图2更详细说明在反射和透射光中,证券纸10的各层的作用情况。如图1和图2所示,层压证券纸10包括基材层14、配置在基材层14一个面上的标记层18、永久地固定在标记层18上的第一层纸12和永久地固定在基材层14另一面上的第二层纸16。粘合剂层28、30用于粘合基材层14和纸层12、16。如上所述,在包括证券纸10的成品票据中,表面标记20、22印在纸层12、16之一或两者的暴露表面24、26上。
入射到证券纸10上的光(例如包括波长约380~720纳米的成分的白光)或者透过纸,被纸吸收或者被反射。如在图2线条32所示,透过光线通过证券纸10的所有层,从纸与光进入面26相反的一面出来。被吸收的光线在图2中用线条34表示,它进入证券纸10,但被纸纤维、和包含在纸中以提高不透光性的任何颜料、填料分散和吸收。反射的光线在图2中以线条36表示,不穿入证券纸10,而是从纸的表面26或施至表面26上的标记22上弹开。
在图2所示的证券纸10中,在产生线条32、34、36的光源(未示出)同一侧的观察者只能看到反射光36,而在证券纸与光源相对一侧的观察者却看到透射光32。因为吸收光34被有效地留在证券纸10的各层中,而不被任何观察者看到。因为在本发明的证券纸中,纸层12、16具有高不透光性,故几乎所有进入证券纸10的光或者透过证券纸10的各层,或在纸层12、16中被吸收。因为几乎没有光从基材标记18上反射,所以标记18对于在反射光中检验证券纸10的观察者而言保持为几乎觉察不到的,以伪造所需的质量对基材标记18进行照相复制是不可能的。
在图1中说明了基材标记18和表面标记20、22在透射光中的相互配合作用,总结如下。入射到证券纸10上的一些光38经表面26进入纸中,并透到纸层16、粘合剂层30和基材层14射到基材标记18上。基材标记18中的透明颜色区40、42、44、46、48的颜色(优选对应于波长在约380~720纳米的可见光谱颜色范围)根据各区中所用透明油墨的颜色,它们吸收某些波长的透射光,并透射其余光。在图1中用阴暗区域代表的彩色光线然后透过粘合剂层28和纸层12,从证券纸10的表面24出来。
如果表面标记20不包括透明、彩色标记,则从证券纸10出来的光的颜色几乎与光线通过的基材标记18中的区域40、42、44、46、48的颜色相同。被透明、彩色油墨覆盖的表面标记20的区域中,从纸中出来的透射光的颜色主要是在这些区域下方的基材区域的颜色。因此,在透射光中从证券纸10中出来的总图象是由基材标记18和表面标记20产生的图象的组合。入射到证券纸10的光中透射光38越强,则基材标记18产生的图象压倒表面标记20产生的图象的趋势就越强。
图1还说明了其他的光学效果加入到证券纸10中的方法。基材标记18可以含有不透光的区域54,这个区域不用透明油墨,而是用金属包镀法或用不透明油墨印刷的方法造成不透光。区域54当然将有效地阻止光透过,并在看到的总图象中产生暗区。或者,基材14可在某区域56穿孔。这些孔在证券纸10各层的层压过程中将充满粘合剂。因为粘合剂优选是透明的,所以这些开孔的区域56将直接透射光线而无变化。
这些协合效应的例子示于图3和图4中。在图3中,包括被圆圈(用虚线表示)环绕的数字“1”的线条图案(line art)象可能被印出地出现在纸张16的外表面26的下角,而相似的带圆圈的数字“1”印在同一表面26的上角。基材片14上的彩色区域62(在图3中只标出一个这种区域)和纸表面26上带圆圈数字一起定位,并覆盖于其上。在这种配置中,观察者在反射光中看成品票据11的外表面26的话,则只可看到表面标记22、60。当从同一调看同一票据11,但光源位于观察者相对的一侧时,观察者看到的总图象包括线条图案60,它由基材上的彩色区62着色。
在图3中还给出了一个对基材标记18的类似配置,标记18代表建筑物和风景64。在纸张12的外表面上印上的图象66可包括线条图案和覆盖图象64的部分表面和全部表面的透明油墨。和在前边的例子中一样,在反射光中看票据11时,观察者只可看到出现在纸张12表面24上一样的图象66,其颜色为印在表面24上的颜色。而在透射光中看票据11时,观察者可看到表面图象66和基材图象64结合而成的总图象。一般而言,在透射光中用于看票据11的光强度越大,则观察者所看到的总图象中基材图象64所占主导地位的程度就越甚。如果需要的话,由于总图象中基材图象64占主导地位,表面标记甚至可以在透射光中观察票据时成为基本上不可见的。
基材标记18和表面标记20、22的协合效应的另一个例子示于图4中。如前所述,基材标记18的设计和定位不必和表面标记20、22相同。如图4所示,加入到证券纸10中的防伪特征可在于“幻影”效应(“ghosting”effect),这是在透射光中观察时,由基材标记68引起的。在这种情况下,表面标记20、22不必包括总图象中具体由基材标记18“着色”的线条图案或其他标记。
现在说明制备证券纸10的优选方法。因为在成品票据11中,基材标记18与配置在证券纸10上的表面标记一起形成总图象,所以制造证券纸10的方法一般都从要印到基材片14和纸张12、16上的所有标记的18、20、22的装帧设计开始。或者,基材标记18的装帧设计可以独立于表面标记20、22而进行,特别是发行者用标准用纸制许多不同的成品票据时更是如此。在任何一种情况下,基材标记18的装帧设计都可由艺术设计者根据任何彩色图画和主题进行,并可加入各色可见颜色和细节。在对装帧设计进行显影时,设计者可规定,将设计精确地定位在证券纸10中,或连续或重复印到基材14中。如已经叙述过的一样,基材标记18的装帧设计可包括彩色区域,在成品票据11中,在这些彩色区域之上将印上表面标记20、22,包括文字。
除彩色标记和图象外,装帧设计者还可在基材标记18中加上类似于水印的用不透明白色油墨或透明白色油墨印刷的缩微字体、肖像或字词区以及用荧光、磷光或磁性油墨印刷的符号等。另外,设计还可在基材片14中设若干孔,以使透射光不经变化通过。在设计中还可设用金属包镀的区域,以使基材片不透光。
对装帧设计进行处理以将它转变为可印形式。这优选用电子分色技术(electronic colour Separation)来完成。已知有许多适用的分色装置,包括激光分析器和扫描器。这些装置将设计转变为含原色的象素或小点阵列(array of minute points)。分色装置还确定象素的色强度,并对这样分析的图象编码和储存。
分色一完成,即准备印版和印版滚筒以将基材标记18印到基材片14一个面上。优选的印刷方法为凹版复制法(rotogravurereproduction)。优选将电子分色装置用于直接滚筒雕刻(directCylinder engraving),或用于控制光敏材料在间接化学雕刻凹版滚筒过程(indirect process for chemically engraving arotogravure cylinder)中的曝光时间。印刷的基材标记18中的彩色合成借助对应于装帧设计要求的每一种透明彩色及所有非透明或磁性油墨凹版滚筒完成。凹版滚筒的雕刻深度典型地在3至20微米范围内。
在将基材标记18印到基材片14上之前,优选对基材片进行电晕放电处理,以提高油墨对基材片14的附着力。电晕放电处理还被发现提高在随后的制造过程中层压到基材片14上的纸张12、16的附着力。这种电晕放电处理可以在任何易购得的适当薄膜处理设备上进行,例如可从Sherman Treaters North America Inc.购得的处理设备。
如果基材标记18的装帧设计中要求的话,则基材片14任选地可在印刷之前进行金属喷镀或打孔。金属喷镀过程优选用气相沉积技术,并且基材片14的全部或部分均可暴露给这种沉积。可在基材片14上打孔以形成文字、特定花纹、或点形以提供附加的防伪特征。该打孔过程通常在专用穿孔机上进行,该专用穿孔机具有穿透基材片14的一般直径为0.8~1.0毫米的针。如打孔图案设计成与基材14上的印刷或金属镀层的区域配合,则穿孔步骤优选在完成印刷和金属镀层之后进行。这种穿孔过程可用任何适用的机器进行,如可由Zimmermann&Co.(柏林、德国)购得的机器。
基材片14然后印以基材标记18,在印刷步骤之间留有足够的时间使油墨干燥。对于印刷过程,如同和证券纸10的制备中的其他转化步骤一样,基材片14优选从一卷树脂膜或树脂箔中退卷进行处理。以成卷形式处理基材使得印刷和层压步骤更易进行,并且使该过程能以生产规模和合理的成本进行。
印后的基材片14然后在两片纸12、16之间进行层压以形成证券纸10。在本发明层压证券纸10的优选安排中,层压在一个由熟知类型的层压机和一个隧道式粘合剂固化段构成的层压站中完成。这种层压机可从许多制造厂家(如意大利的Cerruti)购得。形成层压体时,两张薄而不透光性高的纸优选来自连续卷材被送入层压站,印好的基材片14被送入层压站的纸之间。粘合剂连续涂于基材片的两面,或者根据所用的粘合剂,在面对基材片的纸表面上涂布粘合剂,然后由轧辊压成层压体。层压体经过固化段,在此粘合剂被固化,从而永久地粘合层压的各层。固化段的精确设计根据所用的粘合剂进行,且固化条件由粘合剂制造者推荐。
从层压站出来的证券纸为连续的片材,它可卷起来以供下一步切成张,也可以在它制造的同时直接裁切。为此可采用任何适用的裁切设备,如Pasaban切纸机。切纸机上设定的规格取决于证券纸10的最终使用者给定的要求,并最终取决于拟用证券纸制得的票据的尺寸。
切纸之后,可进行记数和质量控制操作,并可在证券纸10的一侧或两侧印上表面标记20、22。证券纸适于凹板印刷,如用于印纸币票据,还适于多色胶印。如果要求基材标记18和表面标记20、22之间套准(registration),则优选在基材标记18上加上套准标志(registration mark),并且在证券纸10上的印刷通常以用于水印的方式套准(registered)。
前述方法已被发现能生产具有与已知证券纸相当或更优的物理和光学性质的高质量的证券纸。当证券纸10或成品票据11在反射光中时,基材标记18基本上不能检出,而在透射光中看时,却又清楚可见。构成基材标记18的颜色的稳定性非常好,特别是用与用于印刷纸币和其他证券票据的颜料相似的颜料来印刷这些标记18时,更是如此。因为标记18是印在基材片14上,并且在层压证券纸10中基材标记18由粘合剂层28、30和纸12、16分开,所以基材标记18的透背现象得以避免。此外,本发明的证券纸的生产速度比带水印的证券纸的典型生产速度高。
与已知的证券纸相比,本发明的证券纸10提供了更多的防伪特征。由于在薄层树脂膜上进行实际印刷的困难和生产很薄、高不透光性纸的困难,仅有很少一部分公众具有复制这些证券纸所需的知识和机械设备。另外,无法通过照相复制法来复制基材标记18也有效地阻止了用照相复制法来复制。而在可见光谱的透射光中观察成品票据11时,证券纸10产生的总图象为持有者提供了在通常的光线条件下检验票据真实性的一种简单有效的方法。
制备和测试了按前述说明的证券纸。这些测试的结果总结于下列四个实施例和表1中,同时还给出了市售证券纸的类似测试的结果。因为其中的某些测试可能不是按照标准方法进行的。故这些结果仅供比较之用。另外,如本领域技术人员可看出的一样,这些结果不一定能在不同测试机器和实验室之间重复。
在50~51%相对湿度的空气中,在22.5~23℃温度下测试纸的物理和光学性质。
用Karl Frank公司(德国)制造的设备,用Bekk方法测定平滑度,并用秒表示。Bekk方法总结于Technical Association ofPulp and Paper Industry(TAPPI)的测试规范T 479 om-86中。
刚性用Büchel硬挺度测试器测得,并且以毫牛顿(mN)力表示。
破坏强度用Karl Frank公司制造的设备,用Müllen测试法进行。Müllen测试法总结于TAPPI的测试规范T 403 om-85中。结果用千帕(KPa)表示。
撕裂强度用Lorentzenwettre(瑞典)制造的设备,用Elmendorf方法在65×80毫米的纸样上进行。Elmendorf方法总结于TAPPI的测试规范T 414 om-88中。结果用十牛顿(daN)表示。
不透光率用Elrepho Datacolor 200测试机测试,结果用百分率(%)表示。
最后,用1千磅重的Karl Frank公司制造的设备确定平均对折次数。结果用破坏前的对折次数表示。实施例1
用历史人物肖像作为线条图形的彩色标记。市售的商品名为Yuborlen的聚酯基材片(12微米厚)在两边进行电晕处理,并用凹版印刷法用四种基本颜色印上彩色标记和颜色测试谱(color testspectrum)。用棉纤维制得的定量为32克/平方米的纸用粘合剂连续层压到基材片的每一侧,粘合剂以聚亚氨酯为主要成分,可由英国ICI购得,商品名Novacote ADH 222。实施例2
在与实施例1同类型的聚酯基材上,对彩色图象进行分色,并用四色印刷。用大麻纤维制得的,定量为30克/平方米的纸层压到与前述实施例相同的基材片的两侧。实施例3
在与前述实施例相同的基材上用凹版印刷法以5种颜色印上前述两个实施例的历史人物肖象和图象。用前述实施例的聚亚氨酯粘合剂将含棉花纤维和木纤维素,并且定量为35克/平方米的纸层压到基材片的两侧。实施例4
在本实施例中采用商品名为Mylar的12微米厚、定量为16.9克/平方米的聚酯膜。用凹版印刷法对该膜印刷多色半调花饰(Semihueornament),带红色、兰色和黑色的单色字体,以及类似于水印的白色不透光油墨的单色连续花饰。如前一样,用Novacote ADH 222将印后的基材膜与定量为36克/平方米,由75%棉纤维和25%木质纤维素组成的纸层压。
如在表1中的数字表示,在实施例中所制得的证券纸表现出的物理和光学性质可与市售证券纸相比,或超过后者。特别是本发明的证券纸具有优异的强度和耐久性性质,包括大大增强的耐折性。在反射光中,印在基材上的标记不能检出,并无明显透背现象。当在可见光谱的透射光中观察时,基材标记清楚可见。
表1
PORTALS[英国] | ARJOMARI[法国] | LOUISENTHAL[德国] | 实施例1 | 实施例2 | 实施例3 | 实施例4 | |
纸张定量[g/m2] | 83 | 80 | 82 | 84 | 85 | 88 | 93 |
厚度[mm] | 0.108 | 0.100 | 0.098 | 0.095 | 0.096 | 0.104 | 0.111 |
平滑度[sec] | 9.3 | 12.6 | 10.5 | 10.8 | 11.3 | 11.7 | 12.03 |
刚性[mN:10mm,15°] | 93 | 100 | 98.7 | 70 | 71 | 76 | 74 |
破坏强度[kPa] | 463 | 425 | 432 | 415 | 420 | 435 | 495 |
撕裂强度[daN] | 12.16 | 11.87 | 11.90 | 12.40 | 12.47 | 12.75 | 13.43 |
不透光率[%] | 88.19 | 89.50 | 85.31 | 89.85 | 91.70 | 88.60 | 93.23 |
平均对折次数 | 1097 | 1570 | 1465 | 超过2000 | 超过2000 | 超过2000 | 超过2000 |
Claims (17)
1.证券票据,包括:
具有两个面的树脂基材片;
配置在所述树脂基材片上一个所述面上的透明标记;
第一和第二纸张(paper sheet),所述纸张的每一个都具有内面和外面,所述纸张的每一个通过施用在所述基材片的各个面和所述纸张各自的所述内面之间的粘合剂而永久层压在所述树脂基材片的各面上;和
印在所述纸张的所述外面中至少一个外面上的一套标记,由此在所述基材片上的所述标记和所述那套标记相互配合形成在透射光中看到的总图象。
2.按权利要求1的证券票据,其中印在所述纸张的所述外面上的所述标记的至少一部分在透射光中看时为基本不可见的。
3.按权利要求1的证券票据,其中在所述纸张的所述外面上的所述那套标记与在所述基材片上的标记套准。
4.按权利要求1的证券票据,还包括将实质上非透明油墨的第一层配置在所说透明标记之下,和将实质上非透明油墨的第二层配置在所述透明标记层之上。
5.按权利要求1的证券票据,其中各种所说纸张具有包括75-85%范围的不透光率。
6.按权利要求1的证券票据,其中所说树脂基材片具有包括11.0-22.5克/平方米范围的定量,所说范围包括上限和下限,而其中各种所说纸张具有包括19.0-50.0克/平方米范围的定量,所说范围包括上限和下限,和具有0.038-0.050毫米的厚度,所说范围包括上限和下限。
7.按权利要求1的证券票据,其中透明标记包括至少一个颜色区,所说区的颜色对应于380-720纳米的光波长。
8.按权利要求1的证券票据,其中一部分所说的树脂基材片是金属镀层的。
9.按权利要求1的证券票据,其中一部分所说的树脂基材片是穿孔的。
10.按权利要求1的证券票据,还包括配置在所说树脂基材片上的缩微字体。
11.按权利要求1的证券票据,其中所说标记是以透明的油墨印在所说树脂基材片上的。
12.一种制造证券票据的方法,包括下列步骤:
设计彩色装帧设计(graphic design);
将所述装帧设计印在树脂基材片上,成为基本透明的彩色图象;
用粘合剂在两纸张之间永久地层合所述印后的基材片;和
将一套标记印在至少一种所说纸张外面上,由此,在所述基材片上的所述的透明标记和所说的那套标记相互配合形成在透射光中看到的总图象。
13.按权利要求12的方法,其中所述的那套标记是通过凹版印刷印在至少一种所述纸张的所述的外面上的。
14.按权利要求12的方法,包括在层合步骤之前,将所述树脂基材片的一部分进行金属镀层的另一步骤。
15.按权利要求12的方法,包括在层合步骤之前,将所述一部分的树脂基材片穿孔的另一步骤。
16.按权利要求12的方法,包括在层合步骤之前,在所述树脂基材片上印缩微字体的另一步骤。
17.按权利要求12的方法,其中装帧设计是通过照相凹版方法印在所述树脂基材片上的。
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YU40093A YU40093A (sh) | 1993-06-08 | 1993-06-08 | Sigurnosni papir sa znakom u boji |
YUP400/1993 | 1993-06-08 | ||
YUP400/93 | 1993-06-08 | ||
US08/136,315 US5449200A (en) | 1993-06-08 | 1993-10-19 | Security paper with color mark |
US08/136,315 | 1993-10-19 |
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CN94190485A Division CN1053614C (zh) | 1993-06-08 | 1994-02-22 | 带彩色标记的证券纸 |
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CN94190485A Expired - Fee Related CN1053614C (zh) | 1993-06-08 | 1994-02-22 | 带彩色标记的证券纸 |
CN99120714A Expired - Fee Related CN1098396C (zh) | 1993-06-08 | 1999-09-20 | 制造证券纸的方法 |
CN99120715A Expired - Fee Related CN1091695C (zh) | 1993-06-08 | 1999-09-20 | 证券票据及其制造方法 |
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CN99120714A Expired - Fee Related CN1098396C (zh) | 1993-06-08 | 1999-09-20 | 制造证券纸的方法 |
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CN (3) | CN1053614C (zh) |
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AU (1) | AU680882B2 (zh) |
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BR (1) | BR9405422A (zh) |
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-
1993
- 1993-10-19 US US08/136,315 patent/US5449200A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1993-10-29 EP EP93117589A patent/EP0628408B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-10-29 DE DE69328085T patent/DE69328085T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1993-10-29 PT PT93117589T patent/PT628408E/pt unknown
- 1993-10-29 DK DK93117589T patent/DK0628408T3/da active
- 1993-10-29 AT AT93117589T patent/ATE190554T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1993-10-29 ES ES93117589T patent/ES2145022T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-11-02 CA CA002102271A patent/CA2102271C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1994
- 1994-02-22 PL PL94314053A patent/PL180127B1/pl unknown
- 1994-02-22 KR KR1019950700451A patent/KR100255715B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-02-22 RO RO95-00194A patent/RO111921B1/ro unknown
- 1994-02-22 WO PCT/IB1994/000063 patent/WO1994029105A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1994-02-22 CZ CZ1995582A patent/CZ289651B6/cs not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-02-22 PL PL94314054A patent/PL180252B1/pl unknown
- 1994-02-22 CZ CZ19981256A patent/CZ289588B6/cs not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-02-22 SK SK289-95A patent/SK281887B6/sk unknown
- 1994-02-22 CZ CZ19981257A patent/CZ289712B6/cs not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-02-22 JP JP50153195A patent/JP3164823B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-02-22 BR BR9405422-3A patent/BR9405422A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-02-22 CN CN94190485A patent/CN1053614C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-02-22 GE GEAP19942460A patent/GEP19991742B/en unknown
- 1994-02-22 RU RU95108006A patent/RU2110408C1/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-02-22 HU HU9500352A patent/HU219008B/hu not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-02-22 PL PL94307349A patent/PL180292B1/pl unknown
- 1994-02-22 NZ NZ262767A patent/NZ262767A/en unknown
- 1994-02-22 SG SG1996003706A patent/SG52378A1/en unknown
- 1994-02-22 AU AU62634/94A patent/AU680882B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1994-04-20 MY MYPI94000963A patent/MY131650A/en unknown
- 1994-07-31 EG EG45794A patent/EG20711A/xx active
-
1995
- 1995-02-02 NO NO950375A patent/NO301530B1/no not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-02-07 FI FI950529A patent/FI108932B/fi active
- 1995-03-07 BG BG99482A patent/BG62390B1/bg unknown
-
1999
- 1999-09-20 CN CN99120714A patent/CN1098396C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-09-20 CN CN99120715A patent/CN1091695C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
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