CN1273561C - 松脱被卡的钻杆或工具的方法及其所用的解卡液 - Google Patents
松脱被卡的钻杆或工具的方法及其所用的解卡液 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1273561C CN1273561C CN99816105.5A CN99816105A CN1273561C CN 1273561 C CN1273561 C CN 1273561C CN 99816105 A CN99816105 A CN 99816105A CN 1273561 C CN1273561 C CN 1273561C
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- spotting fluid
- stuck freeing
- fluid
- freeing spotting
- stuck
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- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
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- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/02—Well-drilling compositions
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- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
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- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/56—Compositions for consolidating loose sand or the like around wells without excessively decreasing the permeability thereof
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Abstract
这里公开了含细泡沫的解卡液和它们用于松脱被卡在钻孔壁上的填料滤饼中的钻杆或工具的用途。该解卡液(流体)包括液体(水性、油性或它们的混合物)，使该流体具有至少10，000厘泊的低剪切速率粘度的增粘剂，细泡沫产生性表面活性剂和细泡沫。该解卡液用于在常规钻井或井维修操作中松脱被卡在钻孔壁上的填料滤饼中的钻杆或工具的普通方法中。
Description
本专利申请是US专利申请No.08/800,727(02/13/97提交)、PCT国际专利申请No.PCT/US98/02566(02/10/98提交)和US专利申请序列号No.09/121,713(07/24/98提交)的部分延续申请；要求了它们每一个的优先权。
本发明的背景
在美国待审查专利申请No.08/800,727(02/13/97申请，引入本文供参考)，待审查PCT专利申请No.PCT/US98/02566(02/10/98申请，引入本文供参考)，和美国待审查专利申请No.09/121,713(07/24/98申请，引入本文供参考)中公开了钻井和维护流体，它显示出高的低剪切速率粘度(以下常常称为“LSRV”)和它含有细泡沫(aphrons)(即气体的微泡)。优选的流体具有通过如下原因所产生的细泡沫：吸取流体所接触的空气和因为在流动的流体离开钻头时发生的压降而产生细泡沫。然而惰性气体如氮气和二氧化碳能够被引入到流体中，而不是依赖于所吸取的空气或能够由反应活性组分如碳酸盐和酸反应就地产生。而且，该细泡沫能够在钻井的表面上产生并引入到流体中或该细泡沫能够在流体的表面上产生。
本发明涉及用于促进在钻孔内被卡的钻杆或工具(优选差压被卡的钻杆)的松脱的方法和组合物。
现有技术
被卡的钻杆或工具可以指在钻井中无意间变得无法移动的钻管、钻杆、钻头、稳定器、钻孔器、钻探套管、管、随钻测量的工具、测井工具等。术语“被卡的钻杆”在这些工业中作为方便简要的术语用于覆盖所有此类设备的卡钻，并一般被理解为不仅仅指字面意义上的钻杆(pipes)。当钻孔操作在进行中时，当钻杆和钻探套管在孔内运转时或当钻管被提升时会发生卡钻问题。
曾有许多发生卡钻的原因：一些有规律地发生，一些限于特殊区域和一些是独特的。工业惯例将这些原因分类为差压或机械卡钻。
差压卡钻被认为是由以下机理发生的。在大多数钻井作业过程中，由钻探泥浆圆柱体施加的流体静压大于地层流体压力。在可渗透地层中，泥浆滤液从钻孔流入岩石中并形成滤饼。在滤饼两侧存在压力差，它等于在泥浆柱的压力和地层的压力之间的差异。
当钻杆处在钻孔的中心时，由于泥浆失去平衡而引起的流体静压将作用于其周围的各个方向。然而，如果该钻杆触碰所述滤饼，则失衡的泥浆将推动钻杆进一步深入到滤饼中，因此增加了在钻杆和滤饼之间的接触面积。滤液仍然被从钻杆和地层之间的滤饼中挤出，因此使滤饼收缩并使钻杆进一步穿入滤饼从而进一步增加了接触面积。如果该差压足够高并作用于足够大的面积上，则该钻杆可能被卡住。
差压卡钻通常发生在钻杆在一定时间内保持不动的时候，例如在连接或勘探中。当钻探那些衰竭储层时由于相关的高度失衡而使差压卡钻成为特别突出的问题。
将压差被卡的钻杆松动所需要的力尤其取决于下面因素：
a.在钻孔和地层之间的压差。任何失衡会导致侧向力，它由于孔的偏移而存在。
b.钻杆的嵌入井壁泥饼中的表面面积。泥饼越厚或钻杆直径越大，这一面积可能越大。
c.在钻杆和井壁泥饼之间形成的结合力是很重要的因素，与卡钻粘着力成正比。这能够包括摩擦力，内聚力和粘着力。它倾向于随时间的延长而增加，使得松脱钻杆更加困难。
差压卡钻与其它形式的卡钻如机械卡钻不同。泥浆循环不会被中断，因为在钻孔中没有阻塞物阻止流动，而这正是因钻孔桥接或塌落而被卡住的钻杆的情况。差压卡钻不可能在任何方向上移动或旋转钻杆。
当钻杆被卡住时，钻孔者通常尝试利用机械运动即通过拔、振动、扭转来松动它，或者，如果在将要卡钻之前立即运动钻杆，尝试在相反方向上运动它。这通常无法使钻杆松脱，当然，对所能施加的力还有限制，因为太大的力会使钻杆折断并使情况更糟糕。
如果该钻杆仍然被卡住，则有时候在实践中使用钻杆松脱剂，即解卡液。
解卡液是化学性质活泼的混合物，它可以是油性或水性的，包括乳液，如果运动钻杆不能松动它时则在卡钻区域上方放置解卡液来尝试松动钻杆。据信这通过侵蚀该泥浆滤饼来起作用。它们是以碎块形式(人们称之为丸剂)沿着钻井向下被泵抽到卡钻区域而定位。丸剂一般含有足够的物质以覆盖卡钻区并稍微扩展超过该区域，覆盖卡钻区域面积的1.5倍的总面积。实现这一目的所需要的丸剂体积通常是大约15.9m3(100bbl)。常常让丸剂浸泡到钻杆松动或尝试松动该钻杆的努力被放弃为止。然而，也常常使用较小或较大的丸剂和使用两种或多种丸剂，在使用一批丸剂后等待一段浸泡时间再使用下一批，并利用泵一点点地使该丸剂通过卡钻区。
解卡液通常是由该领域的公司作为专有掺混物来销售，通常并不披露它们的化学成分。然而，一些解卡液是以沥青质化合物为基础和一些是以乙二醇、甘油和醇类和脂肪酸以及这些化合物的衍生物为基础。传统上，通过使用固体颗粒增重剂如重晶石使丸剂密度以类似方式增大至泥浆的密度，用增粘剂防止沉积，优选将解卡液的密度与钻井液(它在钻杆被卡之前一直在使用)的密度匹配。例如，如果该钻井液具有1.7×102kg/m3的密度，则该解卡液将用例如重晶石增重，以达到1.7×102kg/m3的解卡液密度。然而，密度匹配并不总是被认为有必要，也不总是最佳工序。
在现有技术中已知有许多此类解卡液。在环保要求不禁止或不妨碍它们的应用的那些情况下，曾经比较成功地使用柴油。
多年来，沥青型解卡液，例如由Baker-Hughes销售的产品BLACKMAGIC SFTTM和BLACK MAGICTM的使用也取得了一定的成功。对于沥青、柴油、矿物油或其它油性解卡液不能或不得使用的情况，其它许多市场上可买到的、对环境友好的解卡液已经被用来尝试用于松动被卡的钻杆，但通常只取得有限的成功。
例如，聚α-烯烃作为润滑剂/解卡液的使用已公开于David O.Trahan等人的US专利No.4,876,017中，此类物质由The Coastal MudCompany以商标COASTALUBETM销售。
James R.Hayes等人的US专利No.5,002,672是解卡液(由Lafayette，La.的Turbo-Chem International，Inc.销售)的另一实例，它包括甘油磷酸酯以及单酸甘油酯和/或甘油二酯的聚酰氧基多羧酸酯与其它增粘剂和密封剂相结合使用。
Heinz Mueller等人的US专利No.4,964,615公开了使用酸烷基酯或该酯的混合物的另一种解卡液。
Halliday等人的US专利No.5,608,879公开了使用含有位于烃内部的至少一个双键的烯烃异构体作为解卡液添加剂。
Patel等人的US法定发明登记No.H1000公开了使用包含支链低聚物的合成烃，该低聚物是由含有C2-C24链长的一种或多种烯烃合成的，其平均分子量是120到1000。
许多其它商购解卡液是现有技术中已知的，例如，由Coastal MudCompany，Abbeville La.销售的COASTALSPOT解卡液(一种多元醇酯)，由Baroid Drilling Fluids，Inc.of Houston，Tex.销售的ENVIRO-SPOTTM，PETROFREETM酯和BARO-SPOTTM解卡液，由CescoChemicals，Inc.of Lafayette，La.销售的CESCO A-25SPOTTM产品，由M-I Drilling Fluids，Inc.销售的PIPE-LAXTM产品(一种甘油酯)，以及由Integrity Industries销售的VL-250产品(一种萜烯-环状C10的掺混物)。该ENVIRO-SPOTTM产品是一种乳化剂，润滑剂，胶凝剂及其它物质的掺混物。BARO-SPOTTM产品是一种表面活性剂，润滑剂和增粘剂的掺混物。SURFYNOLTM 440，一种C14乙炔多元醇，由Air Products，Inc.销售。BXR-2000是由Baroid Drilling Fluids，Inc.销售的聚乙二醇。MONATM 939是Mona Industries，Inc.销售的磷酸酯。
也已知(由爱尔兰都柏林的Gait International销售的KOPLUS LLTM物质)将柠檬酸与有机或无机盐(包括氯化钾)混合使用来松动被卡的钻杆。
然而，这些已知的解卡液中的每一种在松动被卡的钻杆上都仅仅取得有限的成功。
本发明的概述
我们已经发现被卡在钻孔内的钻杆和工具能够使用一种液体作为解卡液(流体)来松脱，在该液体中引入了一种或多种赋予该流体至少约10,000厘泊的低剪切速率粘度的增粘剂、细泡沫产生性表面活性剂以及细泡沫，该细泡沫优选是在将解卡液注入被卡钻杆或工具的位置之前在表面上产生的。
松脱被卡钻杆或工具的方法包括定位该钻杆或工具被卡在钻孔穿过的地层中的地点，和将一定体积的解卡液引入到被卡钻杆或工具的位置的深度，其中解卡液的体积足以置换在钻孔内整个被卡区域中的流体。
因此，本发明的目的是将细泡沫引入到解卡液中来改进其性能。
本发明的另一目的是制备具有至少约10,000厘泊的低剪切速率粘度和含有细泡沫的解卡液。
本发明的另一目的是提供一种松脱被卡在钻孔内的钻杆或工具的方法，其中本发明中的新型解卡液被送到钻孔内钻杆或工具被卡住的位置。
本发明的这些和其它目的在阅读说明书和权利要求之后对于本领域的技术人员来说是明显的。
尽管本发明容许有各种改进和替代形式，但其特定的实施方案将在下文进行详细地描述并作为实施例给出。然而，应该理解的是，不希望将本发明限定到这里所公开的特殊形式，而与此相反，本发明将覆盖在所附权利要求中表达的在本发明的精神和范围内的所有改进和替代方案。
该组合物可以包括所述物质，主要由所述物质组成，或由所述物质组成。该方法可以包括所述步骤与所述物质；主要由所述步骤和所述物质组成；或由所述步骤和所述物质组成。
本发明的优选实施方案
就其最广范围而言，本发明涉及将细泡沫引入到用于松脱被卡在钻孔内的钻杆和工具的解卡液中。该基本解卡液可以是现有技术中已知(前面所列专利中有举例)的解卡液和在前面阐述的流体，或者它可以是具有所需特性的新制备的解卡液。通过提高解卡液的低剪切速率粘度(LSRV)到至少10,000厘泊，优选至少20,000厘泊，和最优选至少40,000厘泊，可获得稳定的含细泡沫的解卡液。因为随着LSRV的增加细泡沫的稳定性增强，数十万的LSRV是需要的。
通过将(1)细泡沫产生性表面活性剂引入到解卡液中并在此后在解卡液中产生细泡沫或(2)在与解卡液相容的一种流体中产生细泡沫并将含细泡沫的流体与解卡液混合，可获得细泡沫。
Felix Sebba的题为“Foams and Biliquid Foams-Aphrons”的一书(John Wiley&Sons，1987，引入本文供参考)是有关细泡沫即微泡的制备和性质的良好资料。细泡沫是由包封在薄壳内的芯构成，该芯常常是内相(常常为气体)的球形。这一壳体含有表面活性剂分子，因而决定了其能够产生有效阻隔作用以防止与相邻细泡沫的凝聚。
该细泡沫能够由所属领域中已知的方法产生。除了Felix Sebba在他的书(前面所引用)中公开的方法以外，还有许多方法公开于Michelsen等人的US专利No.5,314,644(引入本文供参考)，Yoon等人的US专利No.5,397,001(引入本文供参考)，Kolaini的US专利No.5,783,118(引入本文供参考)，Wheatley等人的US专利No.5,352,436(引入本文供参考)，和US专利No.4,162,970；4,112,025；4,717,515；4,304,740；和3,671,022(均引入本文供参考)中。
细泡沫是在该解卡液被泵抽通过钻头时由压降产生的。
用于产生细泡沫的气体可以是不显著溶于该流体的液相中的任何气体。因此该气体可以是空气，氮气，二氧化碳，有机气体等，包括在混合过程中包封在流体中的空气。
该解卡液包括在其中引入了增粘剂以使解卡液具有至少10,000厘泊的LSRV的一种液体、细泡沫产生性表面活性剂和细泡沫，任选的防粘剂。提高细泡沫周围液相粘度的任何增粘剂将增强细泡沫的稳定性；然而，我们发现提供本发明所需要的高LSRV的那些增粘剂具有在相当长的时间内延迟细泡沫的凝聚的独特性能。
没有哪一种现有技术公开了在目前使用的在提高了压力的体系中使用细泡沫(或微泡)。众所周知的是随着深度的增加，在钻孔内流体的流体静压增大。因此虽然微泡的尺寸被压缩了，但是升高的LSRV据信可以保持细泡沫不发生凝聚。在这点上，该细泡沫能够在钻井的表面上具有较大尺寸，只要它们是独立的气泡，因为随着它们被泵抽向下到达钻孔中时它们在尺寸上将减少至低于约100微米的细泡沫尺寸范围。
该解卡液可能含有一种以上的液体，如被分散或乳化到另一基本液体中的液体(该液体在该另一基本液体中相对不溶)，如油包水型分散体或乳液，水包油型分散体或乳液等，其中该“水”相是含水的液体或水溶性液体，其中“油”相是水不溶性的液体。该基本液体可以是含水的液体或含油的液体。当该基本液体是含水的液体时，该解卡液将具有连续的水相。当该基本液体是含油的液体时，该解卡液将具有连续的油相。
该基本的含水液体可以淡水，海水，或含有可溶性盐如氯化钠，氯化钾，氯化钙，氯化镁，溴化钠，溴化钾，溴化钙，溴化锌，甲酸钠，甲酸钾，甲酸铯，和它们的混合物的盐水。该盐水可含有至多达到饱和的任何所需浓度的一种或多种可溶性盐。事实上，如果并不期望或要求使用不含固体的流体，则可以使用过饱和的盐水。
该基本的油相可以是任何有机、水不溶性的液体，它能够增粘至所需程度而且当被放置在钻孔内被卡钻杆或工具的位置时将引起滤饼开裂或以其他方式释放差压来松脱被卡钻杆或工具。典型的含油的液体包括石油油料或它的馏分，植物油以及各种合成的有机液体如不饱和烃的低聚物，羧酸酯类，磷酸酯，醚，聚亚烷基二醇类，二甘醇二甲醚，乙缩醛类等。
该基本液体，水性和非水性，可含有在其中可溶或不溶的其它物质(液体或固体)。
本领域已知许多措施来提高液体的低剪切速率粘度。因此含水的体系能够用某些聚合物来增粘，使得流体表现高度屈服应力、剪切稀化的性能。特别有用的是利用在合适载体上的细菌、真菌或其它微生物的作用生产的生物聚合物。典型的生物聚合物是利用野油菜黄单胞菌(Xanthomonas compestris)的作用产生的多糖，已知为黄原胶。这些在商业上可从几个供应商获得，包括：Kelco Oil Field Group，Inc.，商标“Xanvis”和“Kelzan”；Rhone-Poulenc Chimie Fine公司，商标“Rhodopol 23-p”；Pfizer Inc.公司，商标“Flocon 4800C”；英国伦敦的Shell International Chemical Company，商标“Shellflo ZA”；和DrillingSpecialties Company，商标“Flowzan”。例如参见US专利No.4,299,825和US专利No.4,758,356，各引入本文供参考。可用于本发明的流体中的其它生物聚合物是用产碱杆菌属(Alcaligenes)的微生物的发酵所产生的所谓维兰胶(welan gum)。例如参见US专利No.4,342,866，引入本文供参考。洁冷胶(gellan gum)公开在US专利No.4,503,084，引入本文供参考。由菌核属的真菌生产的Schleroglucan多糖公开在US专利No.3,301,848中，引入本文供参考。市场上可买到的schleroglucan能够以商标“Polytran”从Pillsbury Company和以商标“Actigum CS-11”从CECA S.A购买到。Succinoglycan多糖是按照欧洲专利No.A40445或A138255中所述，通过培养假单孢杆菌属、根瘤菌、产碱杆菌属或土壤杆菌属的粘泥形成性菌种，例如假单孢杆菌属菌种NCIB 11264，假单孢杆菌属菌种NCIB 11592或土壤杆菌属氮固定菌NCIB 11883或它们的突变种来生产的。市场上可买到的琥珀酰聚糖生物聚合物是由英国伦敦的Shell International Chemical Company以商标“Shellflo-S”销售的。
使含水液体产生剪切稀化流变性能的其它水溶物聚合物包括藻酸衍生物，如羟丙基海藻酸酯，海藻酸钠，海藻酸钙钠，海藻酸钙铵等。海藻酸钠溶液与二阶阳离子如钙盐的原位交联将提高低剪切速率粘度，进一步，本发明解卡液中使用的藻酸盐聚合物可选自羟丙基海藻酸酯，海藻酸钠，海藻酸钙钠和海藻酸钙铵。
提高流体的低剪切速率粘度所需要的聚合物的最小浓度将通过常规试验来确定。因此该最低浓度是足以使该流体具有所需低剪切速率粘度的量。通常该流体具有大约1.4kg/m3(0.5ppb)到大约28.5kg/m3(10ppb)，优选大约2.85kg/m3(1.0ppb)到大约14.3kg/m3(5.0ppb)的浓度。
某些含水的液体能够用分散的蒙脱石粘土如钠基膨润土和混合的金属氢氧化物的混合物来增粘，如在US专利No.4,664,843和5,094,778中所述。实际上通过适宜地将含水的膨润土分散体加以絮凝化或通过在其中引入71kg/m3或更多的非增效的钠基膨润土，能够获得提高了LSRV的含水液体。
含油的液体能够用现有技术中已知的各种物质如亲有机物质的粘土，胶体状煅制二氧化硅，树脂，聚合物，二聚酸，阴离子多糖的脂肪族胺盐，阳离子多糖的脂肪酸盐，和它们的混合物来增粘。Oehler等人的US专利No.4,816,551公开了酰胺树脂与亲有机物质的粘土一起用于生产更加剪切稀化的流体。
用于本发明的解卡液中的细泡沫产生性表面活性剂必须与其中的基本液体和增粘剂相容，以使流体的LSRV得以保持。该表面活性剂中还可加入一种或多种稳定剂，如烷基醇类，脂肪族链烷醇酰胺和烷基甜菜碱。通常该烷基链含有大约10个到大约18个碳原子。细泡沫产生性表面活性剂可以是阴离子，非离子，或阳离子型，这取决于与增粘剂的相容性。年度出版物“McCutcheon氏乳化剂&洗涤剂”，MCPublishing Co.，McCutcheon Division，列出了许多表面活性剂和它们的制造厂家。优选的阴离子发泡型表面活性剂是烷基硫酸盐，α-烯烃磺酸盐，烷基(醇)醚硫酸盐，精制的石油磺酸盐和它们的混合物。这些表面活性剂一般含有具有8个到大约18个碳原子的烷基链，优选大约12个到大约16个碳原子的烷基链。优选的非离子型表面活性剂是具有大约10到大约18个碳原子，优选大约12到大约16个碳原子的烷基链长度的乙氧基化醇和胺氧化物。氟化烃基表面活性剂对于其中含油的液体是连续相的体系是优选的。
代表性可商购表面活性剂是：(1)烷基硫酸盐-DUPONOLTM Brand，Witco Corp；RHODAPONTM Brand，Rhone-Poulenc；STEOLTM Brand，Stepan Co.；(2)α-烯烃磺酸盐-WITCONATETM AOS和3203，Witco Corp.；STEPANTANTM AS-40，Stepan Co.；RHODACALTM A-246/6，Rhone-Poulenc；(3)烷基醚硫酸盐-WITCOLATETM Brand，Witco Corp.；RHODAPLEXTM Brand，Rhone-Poulenc；SULFOCHEMTM Brand，Chemron Corp；(4)石油磺酸盐-BASETM Brand，Keil Chemical；MONALUBETM 605，Mona Industries Inc.；WITCONATETM NAS-8，Witco Corp.；(5)乙氧基化醇类-ALFONICTM Brand，Vista Chemical Co.；SURFONICTM Brand，Huntsman Corp.；NEODOLTM Brand，ShellChemical Co.；(6)胺氧化物-AMMONYXTM Brand，Stepan Co.；RHODAMOXTM Brand，Rhone-Poulenc；CHEMOXIDETM Brand，Chemron Corp；(7)甜菜碱-CHEMBETAINETM Brand，Chemron Corp.；REWOTERICTM Brand，Witco Corp.；MIRATAINETM Brand，Rhone-Poulenc；(8)氟化烃基表面活性剂-FLUORADTM Brand，3M Co.；ZONYLTM Brand，E.I.Dupont De Nemours&Co.；(9)脂肪族链烷醇酰胺-ALKAMIDETM Brand，Rhone-Poulenc；AMIDEXTM Brand，Chemron Corp；WITCAMIDETM Brand，Witco Corp。
在Schutt等人的US专利No.5,639,443(引入本文供参考)中公开了用于形成微泡的合适表面活性剂包括聚氧化丙烯-聚氧乙烯的嵌段共聚物，糖酯，脂肪族醇，脂族胺氧化物，透明质酸脂族酯，透明质酸脂族酯盐，十二烷基聚(乙烯氧基)乙醇，壬基苯氧基聚(乙烯氧基)乙醇，羟基乙基淀粉，羟乙基淀粉脂肪酸酯，葡聚糖，葡聚糖脂肪酸酯，山梨糖醇，山梨糖醇脂肪酸酯，明胶，血清白蛋白，磷脂，聚氧乙烯脂肪酸酯如聚氧乙烯硬脂酸酯，聚氧乙烯脂肪族醇醚，聚乙氧基化脱水山梨糖醇脂肪酸酯，甘油聚乙二醇氧代硬脂酸酯，甘油聚乙二醇蓖麻油酸酯，乙氧基化大豆甾醇类，乙氧基化蓖麻油和它们的氢化衍生物；胆固醇，具有12到24个碳原子的脂肪酸或它的盐以及在溶液中形成有序结构和产生非牛顿粘弹性的表面张力的表面活性剂，如糖基表面活性剂和蛋白质或糖蛋白表面活性剂。一种优选类型的表面活性剂具有糖或其它碳水化合物头基，和烃或氟化烃尾基。已知的很多糖能够用作头基，包括葡萄糖，蔗糖，甘露糖，乳糖，果糖，右旋糖，醛糖等等。尾基优选具有2-24个碳原子，优选通过酯键以共价键连接于糖结构部分的脂肪酸基团(支链或非支链的，饱和的或不饱和的)。优选的表面活性剂混合物包括非离子型表面活性剂或其它表面活性剂与一种或多种非牛顿粘弹性的表面活性剂的混合物。
在Wheatley等人的US专利No.5,352,436(引入本文供参考)中公开了用于形成稳定化的气体微泡的合适表面活性剂包括第一可溶性表面活性剂和第二可分散的表面活性剂。合适的第一表面活性剂包括聚氧化乙烯脂肪酸酯，如聚氧化乙烯脱水山梨糖醇单月桂酸酯，聚氧化乙烯脱水山梨糖醇单硬脂酸酯，聚氧化乙烯脱水山梨糖醇三硬脂酸酯，聚氧化乙烯脱水山梨糖醇单油酸酯和它们的混合物。合适的第二表面活性剂(不同于第一表面活性剂)包括脱水山梨糖醇单硬脂酸酯，脱水山梨糖醇单油酸酯和它们的混合物。
D′Arrigo的US专利No.4,684,479(引入本文供参考)公开了表面活性剂混合物，它包括：(a)从含有约10到大约18个碳原子的饱和羧酸的甘油单酯和含有大约10到大约18个碳原子的脂族醇的甘油单酯中选择的一种；(b)甾醇-芳族酸酯；(c)从甾醇，萜烯，胆汁酸和胆汁酸的碱金属盐中选择的一种；(d)从含有1到大约18个碳原子的脂族酸的甾醇酯；糖酸的甾醇酯；糖酸和含有大约10到大约18个碳原子的脂肪族醇的酯；糖和含有大约10到大约18个碳原子的脂肪酸的酯；糖酸；皂角苷；和皂角苷配基中选择一种；和(e)从甘油、含有约10到大约18个碳原子的脂族酸和含有大约10到大约18个碳原子的脂族醇的甘油二酸酯或三酸酯中选择的一种；这些组分按照a∶b∶c∶d∶e的重量比为2-4∶0.5-1.5∶0.5-1.5∶0-1.5∶0-1.5存在于混合物中。
氟表面活性剂包括但不限于，(i)氟化的调聚物，(ii)两性氟表面活性剂，(iii)多氟化的胺氧化物，(iv)氟烷基乙硫基聚丙烯酰胺，(v)全氟烷基乙硫基聚丙烯酰胺，(vi)1-丙铵(propanaminium)，2-羟基-N，N，N-三甲基-3-γ-ω-全氟代-(C6-C20-烷基)硫基，氯化物的衍生物，(vii)氟烷基磺酸钠，和(viii)1-丙烷磺酸，2-甲基-，2-{[1-氧代-3[γ，-ω，-全氟代-C16-C26-烷基)硫基}丙基}氨基}衍生物的钠盐。
所需要的细泡沫产生性表面活性剂的浓度一般是低于表面活性剂或表面活性剂混合物的临界胶束浓度(CMC)。所产生细泡沫的量能够通过测定在流体中产生细泡沫时所发生的密度降低来获得。如果细泡沫产生性表面活性剂的浓度太大，则流体会产生粗泡(它是不希望有的)。我们已经确定，随着LSRV增加，表面活性剂的浓度能够增加，而对流体没有任何负面影响。细泡沫产生性表面活性剂的浓度(它能够通过常规测试确定)是产生足够的细泡沫以达到所希望的密度减少所要求的值，但它优选不足以在流体的表面上产生持久的大泡沫的浓度值。
解卡液的密度能够根据需要通过向该流体中添加增重物质或添加可溶性盐来进行调节，这是本领域中众所周知的。优选在流体中产生或引入细泡沫之前将增重物质加入到流体中，因此利用其中细泡沫的浓度将含有细泡沫的解卡液的最终密度调节至所需的密度。
此外，解卡液可含有现有技术中已知的其它功能性物质，如乳化剂，润湿剂等。
当钻杆或其它井下工具被卡在可渗透地层中井眼壁上的水润湿钻井液固体的滤饼上且相信该卡住归因于钻杆上的流体静压差时，则钻杆或工具可通过用本发明的解卡液充分填充在可渗透地层中在钻杆外侧的井眼来松脱。该解卡液被保持在井眼中与滤饼接触一段使该流体足以以某些方式改变和干扰滤饼的时间，从而引起滤饼脱水或收缩和开裂以及让流体穿过水湿润的钻井液固体的滤饼。该流体经由所形成的裂缝从井眼流入滤饼中应该至少部分地缓解或减少沿着钻杆管或其它井下工具的差压。
该解卡液保持与滤饼接触另外一段时间以进一步收缩、开裂和穿透该滤饼，这样解卡液完全穿过滤饼并润湿该可渗透地层的表面。用解卡液润湿可渗透地层的表面会降低在水润湿固体的滤饼和可渗透地层的表面之间的粘着力，这样与钻杆接触的滤饼具有与该地层的表面松脱的强烈趋势，虽然它可能继续粘附于钻杆上。
该解卡液与水润湿固体的滤饼进一步保持接触将导致该流体穿过该可渗透地层并从钻杆外侧的井眼开始穿过滤饼和到达地层为止建立了差压梯度，从而进一步降低了强迫钻杆靠在滤饼上的差压。在从井眼穿过滤饼到达地层建立压力梯度时，解卡液穿过开裂的滤饼不限于它穿过该滤饼卡住钻杆的那一部分。在这一部分的每一侧上穿过滤饼的流体将自由地渗透到地层中并在其中扩散到钻杆之后的位置，建立从井眼穿过滤饼和到达地层的压力梯度。该压力梯度充分降低了井眼内的流体静压促使钻杆靠在滤饼上的力。滤饼的脱水和开裂，伴随着解卡液渗透到滤饼中也导致了滤饼和钻杆之间摩擦力的变化。由于一些或所有这些力的结果，该钻杆从它靠在钻孔壁上的被困或被卡位置上松动。
在该解卡液已经送到可渗透地层中以后，和优选在该流体在井眼中保持了一段足以使该流体引起滤饼脱水或收缩和开裂和足以使该流体穿过滤饼的时间之后，该钻杆可由普通机械方法如扭转或振动来处理，从而帮助摆脱井眼壁。
该解卡液为收缩、开裂和穿过滤饼所需要的时间不能精确估计，但常常可以是几分钟到几个小时，这取决于具体的井下条件，滤饼的组成，它的可渗透性以及其它因素。
将该解卡液注入可渗透地层的井眼中的任何适当的方法都可以使用。用本发明的解卡液填充可渗透地层中井眼的一个优选方法是将该流体的散剂导入到井液循环系统中和将流体的散剂、随后将用于钻井的泥浆泵抽向下到达钻杆和向上穿过钻杆外侧的井眼到达预定位置，并在该流体到位之后停止循环。将流体定位在井眼中的具体位置的这种方式是现有技术领域中众所周知的。
不作为限制性内容，可以相信在被卡的钻杆或或工具松脱之后在解卡液中存在的细泡沫有效地密封该地层，从而防止再次卡钻。
下面的实施例用于说明本发明，但是不应被解释为限制本发明的范围。细泡沫产生性表面活性剂被评价如下：STEPOSOLTM CA-207，具有60％活性的烷基醚硫酸铵；STEOLTM CS-46O，具有60％活性的月桂基(laureth)硫酸钠；和NEODOLTM 25-3，一种C12-C15醇3EO乙氧基化物。在表或本说明书中使用的缩写如下：cp＝厘泊；g＝克；bbl＝42加仑桶；ppg＝磅/加仑；ppb＝磅/桶；psi＝磅/平方英寸；rpm＝转数/分钟；STI＝剪切稀化指数，它是0.5rpm布络克菲尔德粘度和100rpm布络克菲尔德粘度的比率，一种流体剪切稀化程度的量度；vol.＝体积。
实施例1
将1.5g黄原胶在175g(0.08m3(0.5bbl))的水中形成水合物。添加0.5g细泡沫产生性表面活性剂(STEPOSOLTM CA-207)，同时在设定在最低速度的6速Hamilton Beach混合器中进行混合。向这一含细泡沫的流体中缓慢地添加由90g柴油加1.5g油溶性表面活性剂(NEODOLTM 25-3)组成的91.5g(0.05m3(0.3bbl))混合物。这一水包油型含细泡沫的流体因此含有5.349kg/m3黄原胶、1.78kg/m3 STEPOSOLTM CA-207和5.349kg/m3NEODOLTM 25-3，其中液相含有37.5vol.％柴油和62.5vol.％水。
实施例2
将1.5g黄原胶在175g(0.08m3(0.5bbl))的水中形成水合物。添加1.0g细泡沫产生性表面活性剂(STEOLTM CS-460)，同时在设定在最低速度的6速Hamilton Beach混合器中进行混合。向这一含有细泡沫的流体中缓慢添加由60g柴油和1.0g NEODOLTM 25-3组成的61g(0.03m3(0.2bbl))混合物。这一水包油型含细泡沫的流体因此含有6.11kg/m3黄原胶、4.08kg/m3STEOLTM CS-460和4.08kg/m3 NEODOLTM 25-3，其中液相含有28.6vol.％柴油和71.4vol.％水。
实施例3
300g(0.16m3(1.0bbl))低粘度矿物油用7.0g的Cab-O-SilTM MS煅制硅石增粘。添加6.0g NEODOLTM 25-3，同时混合，与实施例1中一样，随后添加由1.25g的表面活性剂STEOLTM CS-460加87.25g水组成的88.5g(0.04m3(0.25bbl))混合物。该流体转化成极粘稠的水包油型流体。取出180g，指定为样品A。其后添加含有0.394g STEOLTM CS-460表面活性剂和27.606g水的28g(0.013m3(0.079bbl))混合物以减少粘度。这一水包油型含细泡沫的流体因此含有14.34kg/m3煅制二氧化硅、12.3kg/m3NEODOLTM 25-3表面活性剂和3.08kg/m3 STEOLTM CS-460表面活性剂，其中液相含有72.85vol.％油和27.15vol.％水。
实施例4
将174g来自实施例3的样品A与由1.44g STEOLTM CS-460表面活性剂与100.56g水组成的102g混合物进行混合。真实流体。添加2.0g黄原胶，随后添加由0.52g STEOLTM CS-46O表面活性剂和36.48g水所组成的37g混合物。这一水包油型含细泡沫的流体因此含有8.82kg/m3黄原胶，4.27kg/m3煅制二氧化硅、7.96kg/m3NEODOLTM 25-3和1.14ppbSTEOLTM CS-460，其中液相含有68.7vol.％油和31.3vol.％水。
实施例5
将8.0g的CARBO-GELTM亲有机物的锂蒙脱石分散在有1g碳酸异丙烯酯分散剂的300g(0.16m3(1bbl)当量)柴油中形成粘稠淤浆。添加2.0g的STEOLTM CS-460表面活性剂，同时在高速(剪切)混合器中进行混合。细泡沫在混合器的旋涡处引入到粘性流体中。
实施例6
重复实施例5，只是使用11.0g的CARBO-GELTM。
测量实施例1-6的流体在0.5rpm下的布络克菲尔德粘度(它是LSRV的量度)和在100rpm下的布络克菲尔德粘度。0.5rpm粘度与100rpm粘度的比率是流体剪切稀化特征的量度。测量流体的密度并使用下面公式用于计算细泡沫在流体中的浓度：
(计算的密度-实际的密度)(100)÷(计算的密度)。
所获得的数据列在表A中。
表A
| 布络克菲尔德粘度，cp | 密度 | 计算的细泡 | Vol. | |||
| 沫密度 | ||||||
| 实施例 | 0.5mm | 100rnm | STI | kg/m3 | kg/m3 | ％ |
| 123456 | 50,50051,000510,000230,00047,000111,00 0 | 67167545504920369912 | 727611247127122 | 787702821806669780 | 957972924961881895 | 17.827.711.116.124.612.9 |
实施例7
将具有80/20柴油/水比率和含有15.7 kg/m3 CARBO-GELTM、2.9kg/m3碳酸异丙烯酯、14.3 kg/m3 CARBO-TECTM L、22 kg/m3 CARBO-MULTM、8.6 kg/m3石灰和653 kg/m3重晶石的一桶当量(350cm3)的1506kg/m3反相油乳液钻井液(其中含水内相是30wt％氯化钙溶液)放入高速剪切lab Osterizer混合器中并在其中添加5.7 kg/m3氟碳表面活性剂(非离子的氟化脂族聚合酯)之后混合5分钟。然后测量密度和布络克菲尔德粘度。含有大约9.7％细泡沫的该流体然后通过在7×106Pa下的APVGaulinTM均化器，然后再次测定密度和粘度。所获得的数据列在表B中。
表B
| 流体 | 布络克菲尔德粘度 | 密度 | ||||
| 细泡沫 | ||||||
| 均化 | 0.3rpm | 0.5rpm | 100rpm | STI | kg/m3 | Yol.％ |
| 否是 | 23,00074,000 | 15,20048,200 | 215490 | 7198 | 13701380 | 9.77.5 |
实施例8
具有实施例1，2，3，4，5，6和7的流体组成的流体用作解卡液来松脱被卡在井眼中的钻杆。用于覆盖钻杆被卡住在地层中的区域的足够体积的流体通过循环向下沿着钻杆到达钻杆被卡的位置。停止循环并使解卡液在井眼中保持一段足以使流体松脱被卡钻杆的时间。定期地通过普通机械方法如振动来处理钻杆以协助钻杆松脱。
Claims (34)
1.用于松脱在钻孔内被卡的钻杆或工具的解卡液，它包括：
包括含油液体或含水液体的连续液相；
一种或多种增粘剂，所述增粘剂使所述解卡液具有用布氏粘度计在0.5rpm下测量的至少10,000厘泊的低剪切速率粘度；
细泡沫产生性表面活性剂；以及
细泡沫。
2.权利要求1的解卡液，其中所述低剪切速率粘度是至少20,000厘泊。
3.权利要求1的解卡液，其中所述低剪切速率粘度是至少40,000厘泊。
4.权利要求1的解卡液，其中所述低剪切速率粘度是至少111,000厘泊。
5.权利要求1的解卡液，其中所述低剪切速率粘度是至少230,000厘泊。
6.权利要求1～5任一项的解卡液，其中细泡沫的浓度为流体体积的7.5％～17.8％。
7.权利要求1～5任一项的解卡液，其中该解卡液包含含油液体和含水液体的组合。
8.权利要求1～5任一项的解卡液，其中所述一种或多种增粘剂包含聚合物。
9.权利要求8的解卡液，其中所述聚合物包含生物聚合物。
10.权利要求8的解卡液，其中所述聚合物选自利用在合适底物上的细菌、真菌或其它微生物的作用生产的生物聚合物。
11.权利要求10的解卡液，其中所述聚合物为选自黄原胶、维兰胶、洁冷胶、schleroglucan多糖、succinoglycan多糖的生物聚合物。
12.权利要求8的解卡液，其中所述聚合物包含藻酸盐聚合物。
13.权利要求12的解卡液，其中所述藻酸盐聚合物选自羟丙基海藻酸酯、海藻酸钠、海藻酸钙钠和海藻酸钙铵。
14.权利要求1～5任一项的解卡液，其中所述一种或多种增粘剂选自亲有机物质的粘土、胶体状煅制二氧化硅、树脂、聚合物、二聚酸、阴离子多糖的脂肪族胺盐、阳离子多糖的脂肪酸盐和它们的混合物。
15.权利要求1～5任一项的解卡液，其中所述一种或多种增粘剂包含膨润土。
16.权利要求15的解卡液，其中所述一种或多种增粘剂还包含聚合物。
17.松脱在钻孔内被卡的钻杆或工具的方法，它包括将解卡液引入到被卡钻杆或工具的位置的深度，和让解卡液浸泡一段足以松脱被卡钻杆或工具的时间，其中所述解卡液包括：
包括含油液体或含水液体的连续液相；
一种或多种增粘剂，所述增粘剂使所述解卡液具有用布氏粘度计在0.5rpm下测量的至少10,000厘泊的低剪切速率粘度；
细泡沫产生性表面活性剂；以及
细泡沫。
18.权利要求17的方法，其中所述低剪切速率粘度是至少20,000厘泊。
19.权利要求17的方法，其中所述低剪切速率粘度是至少40,000厘泊。
20.权利要求17的方法，其中所述低剪切速率粘度是至少111,000厘泊。
21.权利要求17的方法，其中所述低剪切速率粘度是至少230,000厘泊。
22.权利要求17～21任一项的方法，其中所述细泡沫的浓度为流体体积的7.5％～17.8％。
23.权利要求17～21任一项的方法，其中所述连续液相包含含油液体。
24.权利要求17～21任一项的方法，其中所述连续液相包含含水液体。
25.权利要求17～21任一项的方法，其中该解卡液包含含油液体和含水液体的组合。
26.权利要求17～21任一项的方法，其中所述一种或多种增粘剂包含聚合物。
27.权利要求26的方法，其中所述聚合物包含生物聚合物。
28.权利要求26的方法，其中所述聚合物选自利用在合适底物上的细菌、真菌或其它微生物的作用生产的生物聚合物。
29.权利要求28的方法，其中所述聚合物选自黄原胶、维兰胶、洁冷胶、schleroglucan多糖、succinoglycan多糖的生物聚合物。
30.权利要求26的方法，其中所述聚合物包含藻酸盐聚合物。
31.权利要求30的方法，其中所述藻酸盐聚合物选自羟丙基海藻酸酯、海藻酸钠、海藻酸钙钠和海藻酸钙铵。
32.权利要求17～21任一项的方法，其中所述一种或多种增粘剂选自亲有机物质的粘土、胶体状煅制二氧化硅、树脂、聚合物、二聚酸、阴离子多糖的脂肪族胺盐、阳离子多糖的脂肪酸盐和它们的混合物。
33.权利要求17～21任一项的方法，其中所述一种或多种增粘剂包含膨润土。
34.权利要求33的方法，其中所述一种或多种增粘剂包含聚合物。
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| RU2307144C2 (ru) * | 2001-12-03 | 2007-09-27 | Шлюмбергер Текнолоджи Б.В. | Не наносящая ущерба жидкость для снижения поглощения бурового раствора и способ ее применения |
| US7148183B2 (en) * | 2001-12-14 | 2006-12-12 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Surfactant-polymer composition for substantially solid-free water based drilling, drill-in, and completion fluids |
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1999
- 1999-02-09 US US09/246,934 patent/US6148917A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-12-27 EP EP99967674A patent/EP1169406B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-12-27 AU AU23920/00A patent/AU769435B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1999-12-27 WO PCT/US1999/031038 patent/WO2000047690A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1999-12-27 CN CN99816105.5A patent/CN1273561C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-12-27 EA EA200100880A patent/EA002964B1/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-12-27 CA CA002359703A patent/CA2359703C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-12-27 AT AT99967674T patent/ATE269382T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-12-27 BR BRPI9917053-1A patent/BR9917053B1/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-12-27 AP APAP/P/2001/002253A patent/AP2001002253A0/en unknown
- 1999-12-27 DE DE69918184T patent/DE69918184D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP1169406A4 (en) | 2003-01-02 |
| US6148917A (en) | 2000-11-21 |
| EA200100880A1 (ru) | 2002-02-28 |
| AU2392000A (en) | 2000-08-29 |
| AP2001002253A0 (en) | 2001-09-30 |
| AR022523A1 (es) | 2002-09-04 |
| BR9917053B1 (pt) | 2009-05-05 |
| NO20013847L (no) | 2001-10-08 |
| CN1337985A (zh) | 2002-02-27 |
| NO20013847D0 (no) | 2001-08-07 |
| CA2359703C (en) | 2005-08-16 |
| BR9917053A (pt) | 2002-04-30 |
| EA002964B1 (ru) | 2002-12-26 |
| AU769435B2 (en) | 2004-01-29 |
| DE69918184D1 (de) | 2004-07-22 |
| CA2359703A1 (en) | 2000-08-17 |
| EP1169406A1 (en) | 2002-01-09 |
| WO2000047690A1 (en) | 2000-08-17 |
| ATE269382T1 (de) | 2004-07-15 |
| EP1169406B1 (en) | 2004-06-16 |
| NO326843B1 (no) | 2009-03-02 |
| OA11827A (en) | 2005-08-17 |
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