CN1396341A - 具有两个区域的纸幅 - Google Patents

具有两个区域的纸幅 Download PDF

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CN1396341A
CN1396341A CN02104592A CN02104592A CN1396341A CN 1396341 A CN1396341 A CN 1396341A CN 02104592 A CN02104592 A CN 02104592A CN 02104592 A CN02104592 A CN 02104592A CN 1396341 A CN1396341 A CN 1396341A
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fiber
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CN1206406C (zh
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戴维·M·拉希
拉里·O·苏厄德
格伦·D·布提里尔
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Procter and Gamble Co
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B29C35/10Heating or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanizing during moulding, e.g. in a mould by wave energy or particle radiation for articles of indefinite length
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
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    • B29C39/14Shaping by casting, i.e. introducing the moulding material into a mould or between confining surfaces without significant moulding pressure; Apparatus therefor for making articles of indefinite length
    • B29C39/18Shaping by casting, i.e. introducing the moulding material into a mould or between confining surfaces without significant moulding pressure; Apparatus therefor for making articles of indefinite length incorporating preformed parts or layers, e.g. casting around inserts or for coating articles
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C43/00Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C43/22Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor of articles of indefinite length
    • B29C43/222Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor of articles of indefinite length characterised by the shape of the surface
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C43/00Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C43/22Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor of articles of indefinite length
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29DPRODUCING PARTICULAR ARTICLES FROM PLASTICS OR FROM SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE
    • B29D29/00Producing belts or bands
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21FPAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
    • D21F1/00Wet end of machines for making continuous webs of paper
    • D21F1/0027Screen-cloths
    • D21F1/0036Multi-layer screen-cloths
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21FPAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
    • D21F11/00Processes for making continuous lengths of paper, or of cardboard, or of wet web for fibre board production, on paper-making machines
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    • B29C2035/0827Heating or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanizing during moulding, e.g. in a mould by wave energy or particle radiation using electromagnetic radiation using UV radiation
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29K2105/00Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y10T428/00Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/24Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24273Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including aperture

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Abstract

一种具有两个区域的纸幅,包含:基本连续的、基本宏观上为单平面状的网状区域,和包含不连续圆顶的圆顶区域;所述圆顶分散在整个所述网状区域中,被所述网状区域包围,并且它们彼此之间是分离的,在所述网状区域处,在X-Y平面内测量的大部分所述圆顶的各尺寸不小于1.143毫米,所述网状区域的密度大于所述圆顶区域的密度。

Description

具有两个区域的纸幅
本申请是申请日为1997年1月16日、申请号为97193083.X、题目为“具有改善针孔特性的纸张以及制造该纸张的造纸网带”的申请的分案申请。
                            发明领域
本发明涉及用于制备强韧、柔软、吸收性纸产品的造纸机械中用的造纸网带以及由该网带制造的纸产品。更准确地说,本发明涉及一种具有两个区域的纸幅。
                            背景技术
纸产品可用于多种用途。在现代工业社会中经常使用纸毛巾,搽面纸,卫生纸等。对所述纸产品现已产生了强烈的需要,那就是需要改善产品的形式。如果纸产品如纸毛巾,搽面纸,卫生纸等用于各种预定的用途并能得到广泛的接受性的话,那么,它们必须拥有某些物理特性。在这些特性中,更为重要的是强度、柔软度和吸收性。
强度是纸幅在使用期间保持其物理完整性的能力。
柔软度是,当消费者将纸张用于预定的用途时,他(她)们所感受到的愉快的触感。
吸收性是纸张吸收并保留流体、特别是水和水溶液以及悬浮液的纸张的特性;对于给定量的纸张,重要的不仅是流体的绝对吸收量,而且是纸张吸收流体的速率。
如在US4,514,345(1985年4月30日授于Johnson等人),US4,528,239(1985年7月9日授于Trokhan),和US5,334,289(1994年8月2日授于Trokhan等人)中所述,制备穿透空气干燥纸张。这三份专利均转让给了The Procter and Gamble公司,在此引入作为参考。
通过穿透空气干燥(through air drying)生产的纸张披露于US4,529,480和US4,637,859(这两篇专利均以Trokhan的名义授权)中,在此引入这两篇专利作为参考。这两篇专利生产的纸张的特征在于具有两个物理上不同的区域:具有相对高密度的连续的网状区域和由分散在整个网状区域中的许多圆顶组成的区域。与网状区域相比,所述圆顶具有相对低的密度和相对低的内在强度。
通常,造纸过程包括若干个步骤。在多孔元件如长网上将造纸纤维的水分散体形成胚纸。该胚纸与挠曲元件有关,所述挠曲元件具有宏观单平面的、连续的、构图的非无规网状表面,该表面在挠曲元件内限定了许多不连续的、离散的挠曲通道(deflection conduits)。在胚纸中的造纸纤维挠曲至挠曲通道中,水通过挠曲通道排出,从而形成中间纸幅。对中间纸幅进行干燥并通过起皱而按透视法缩小。起皱是利用刮刀从表面(通常也是干燥表面,如扬克式烘缸的表面)上取下干燥的中间纸幅的过程,以便形成最终的纸幅。
可通过例如对胚纸施加液压差而造成纤维挠曲进入挠曲通道中。一种优选施加压差的方法是,通过挠曲通道将胚纸暴露至真空中。由于突然施加真空压力,纤维将挠曲进入挠曲通道中,这将使挠曲纤维彼此分离并与胚纸分离。此外,由于突然施加真空压力,因此,某些与胚纸分离的、已部分脱水的纤维将完全穿过造纸网带。这些现象将在最终纸幅的圆顶中形成针孔,并堵塞真空脱水机械。
通过已转让的US5,334,289(1994年8月2日授于Trokhan等人)缓解了纸幅的圆顶中产生不希望的针孔,在此引入该专利作为参考。该专利在背面网中提供了表面组成的不规则性。这种背面不规则性缓解了突然施加真空压力的作用。但寻求改善纸产品的工作仍在继续进行。
本发明的目的是提供一种改善的造纸网带,该网带大大减少了最终纸幅中的针孔以及造纸纤维对真空脱水机械的阻塞。
本发明的另一个目的是开发一种在最终纸幅的圆顶区域中针孔数量被明显减少的纸张。
                             发明内容
本发明的造纸网带通常由两个主要元件组成:增强结构和框架。在其优选的形式中,该造纸网带是无端带,所述无端带有纸接触面和与纸接触面相反的背面。
增强结构有面对纸面和与面对纸面相反的面对机器面。该增强结构的透气性不低于800cfm/英尺2表面(22.64米3/分/929厘米2表面),纤维支承指数(Fiber Support Index)不低于75。在其优选的形式中,该增强结构是纺织元件。优选该增强结构包括有:通过联结纱以面对面的接触关系相互交联的两个平行的交织纱层。另外,该增强结构还可包含无纺元件,如毛毯。
框架连接至增强结构上,并从增强结构的面对纸面向外延伸不大于约6.5密耳(0.165mm),1密耳等于千分之一英寸,即0.254mm。许多合适的树脂可用作框架。
所述框架有:限定造纸毛毯纸接触面的第一表面,与该第一面相对的第二表面,以及在第一表面和第二表面之间延伸的挠曲通道。所述第一表面包含:纸侧网和纸侧开口,其中挠曲通道切断该第一表面。所述纸侧开口分散在整个纸侧网中,被纸侧网包围,并且彼此相互分离。所述第二表面包含:包围背面开口的背面网。纸侧开口和背面开口限定了挠曲通道,且每平方英寸中所述挠曲通道的数量不大于80。大部分的纸侧开口在X-Y平面内测量的尺寸不小于约45密耳(1.143mm)。在优选的实施方案中,每个纸侧开口的周边限定一封闭的图形,如弓形交叉(bow-tie)形图形,菱形图形等,并且这些开口以非无规重复图形分布于第一表面内。
本发明的纸张有两个区域:网状区域和圆顶区域。该网状区域基本上是连续的,基本上宏观单平面的区域。该圆顶区域包含许多不连续的、被网状区域包围的圆顶。大部分的圆顶其在X-Y平面内测量的尺寸不小于约45密耳。在优选的实施方案中,绝大多数的圆顶的每一个的周边限定一封闭的图形,如弓形交叉形图形,菱形图形等,并且这些圆顶以非无规重复图形分布。在每平方英寸(6.45平方厘米)所述的纸幅中,所述圆顶的数量不大于80个。
                            附图说明
图1是利用本发明造纸网带进行连续造纸的一种实施方案的侧视简图。
图2是本发明造纸网带部分的俯视图,示出了连接增强结构的框架,并且具有挠曲通道的菱形纸侧开口。
图3是沿图2中线3-3所取的造纸网带部分的垂直截面图。
图4是沿图2中线4-4所取的造纸网带部分的垂直截面图。
图5是显示覆盖层的图2-4的造纸网带部分垂直截面的简化图。
图5a是本发明造纸网带增强结构的一个实施方案的放大照片,示出了通过联结纱,以面对面接触关系与第二交织纱层(末示出)进行交织的第一交织纱层的顶面。
图6是显示桥连造纸网带通道的纤维的垂直截面的简化示意图。
图7是类似于图6的截面的简化示意图。
图8是显示纤维完全挠曲进入造纸网带通道内的截面的简化示意图。
图9是连接到本发明造纸网带增强结构的框架的一个实施方案的放大照片,示出了挠曲通道的弓形交叉开口。
图9a是具有弓形交叉开口的挠曲通道的一个举例性框架,以及利用具有该举例性框架的网带生产出的纸幅部分的俯视简图。
图10是沿图9a中线10-10所取的纸幅部分的垂直截面图。
图11是本发明造纸网带挠曲通道的一个举例性纸侧开口(呈弓形交叉形构形)的放大示意图。
图11a是本发明造纸网带挠曲通道的一个举例性纸侧开口(呈菱形构形)的放大示意图。
图11和11a只是简单地说明是否挠曲通道的大部分开口在其X-Y平面内的尺寸不小于约45密耳(1.143mm)而建立的方法。不应将图11和11a用来量度满足45密耳(1.143mm)限度的开口42的面积。
图12是在计算机屏幕看到的纸幅试样针孔的两个数字化图象。
                          具体实施方式
本说明书包括:(1)本发明造纸网带和(2)本发明的最终纸产品的详细说明。
(1) 造纸网带
在简述于图1中的举例性的造纸机中,本发明的造纸网带呈无端带即造纸网带10的形式。该造纸网带10具有纸接触面11和与该纸接触面11相对的背面12。在纸幅成形(胚纸27和中间纸幅29)的不同阶段,该造纸网带10支承纸幅(或“纤维幅”)。在许多参考文献中描述了胚纸的形成方法,如US3,301,746(1974年1月31日授于Sanford和Sisson)和US3,994,771(1976年11月30日授于Morgan和Rich),在此引入这两份专利作为参考。造纸网带10根据箭头B所指示的方向沿转向辊19a和19b,压榨间隙辊20,转向辊19c,19d,19e,19f,和乳液分配辊21运行。造纸网带10运行的循环路径包括:对胚纸27施加液压差的装置,如真空引纸槽24a和多槽真空箱24。在图1中,造纸网带10还沿预干燥器如穿透干燥器26运行,并在压榨间隙辊20和扬克式烘缸28所形成的压区之间穿过。
尽管本发明造纸网带优选的实施方案呈无端网带10的形式,但该网带还可包括许多其它的形式,它们包括例如用于制备手抄纸的固定板,或用于其它连续法的旋转鼓。与造纸网带10所取的物理形状无关,该网带通常具有某些列于下面的物理特性。本发明的造纸网带10可根据已转让的US5,334,289(以Trokhan等人的名义授权)来制备,在此引入该专利作为参考。
如图2-4所示,本发明的造纸网带10通常由两个主要元件组成:框架32和增强结构33。所述框架32有:第一表面34,与该第一面相对的第二表面35,以及在第一表面34和第二表面35之间延伸的挠曲通道36。框架32的第一表面34与将要脱水的胚纸纤维接触,并限定造纸网带10的纸接触面11。在第一表面34和第二表面35之间延伸的挠曲通道36将留在第一表面34上的胚纸27中的水份引至第二表面35,并提供胚纸27的纤维可挠曲进入其中并进行重排的区域。在此所述的术语“圆顶”指的是由挠曲进入各挠曲通道36中的纤维所形成的纸幅区域。框架32的第一表面34包含纸侧网34a和在其中形成的纸侧开口42。也就是说,纸侧网34a包含框架32固体部分的表面,或第一表面34部分,该部分将包围并限定第一表面34中的纸侧开口42。
框架32的第二表面35包含有背面网35a和背面开口43。背面网35a包围并限定第二表面35中的背面开口43。所述纸侧开口42和背面开口43限定了挠曲通道36。纸侧开口42优选具有均匀的形状,并以非无规、重复的图形分布。优选是包含双向交错排列的图形。优选背面开口43也具有均匀的形状,并以非无规、重复的图形分布。因此,优选以包含双向交错排列的、非无规、重复的图形来排列挠曲通道36。在图2中,虽然开口42显示为菱形构形,但对于本领域熟练技术人员来说,纸侧网34a和背面网35a具有各种形状、大小和取向的图形,并是显而易见的。纸侧开口42和背面开口43的实际形状包括但不局限于圆形,椭圆形,六边及更少边的多边形,弓形交叉形图形,织物状图形。
当观察挠曲通道36的截面时,其侧壁44的截面外形可以是相对直的,弯曲的,部分直线和部分弯曲的,或无规则的。应指出的是,仅仅是为了容易说明,附图示意性地以直线示出了通道36的侧壁44。在US5,334,289中更为详细地披露了挠曲通道36的侧壁44的截面外形。
可将许多合适的树脂用作框架32。在此将描述用于框架32的合适树脂的US4,529,480引入作为参考。
如图2-5和9所示,框架32连接至增强结构33上。增强结构33具有面对纸面51和与面对纸面51相对的面对机器面52。框架32从增强结构33的面对纸面51向外延伸。增强结构33增强该树脂框架32并有合适的投影开口面积,以便使得在造纸过程中使用的真空脱水机械能充分发挥其从胚纸27中除去水份的作用,并使得从胚纸27中除去的水份能穿过造纸网带10。
在此所使用的术语“覆盖层”(overburden)意指从增强结构33的面对纸面51延伸出的树脂框架32。在图5中,覆盖层表示为OB。更准确地说,覆盖层是由框架32的第一表面34(以及为此目的的纸侧网34a)和增强结构33的面对纸面51之间的距离所限定。
据信,通过增加胚纸27的厚度,可实现纸张厚度和吸收性的增加。增加厚度的一种方法是增加覆盖层OB。理论上,覆盖层OB越厚,在挠曲通道36中挠曲并积累的纤维就越多。较厚的覆盖层能使通道36充分地起到提供胚纸27的纤维挠曲进入其中的空间,结果是,这些纤维可在没有增强结构33的纱线的制约下进行重排。用于现有技术中的优选的覆盖层的范围披露于US5,334,289中,如约4密耳和约30密耳(0.102mm和0.762mm)之间。
然而,至少存在两个与相对高的覆盖层有关的实际问题。第一个问题是,纤维过度地挠曲并聚集进入挠曲通道会降低网带的的透气性。因此,当施加真空压力时,挠曲纤维会彼此分离,破坏现存的纤维间的键,因此,将在纸底物中产生针孔。此外,通过施加真空压力,某些挠曲纤维会“穿过”造纸网带10,这将进一步扩大产生针孔的作用。第二个问题是,由于针孔是干燥空气低阻力的天然通道,因此,针孔将使热干燥空气主要穿过所形成的针孔。于是,针孔干扰了中间纸幅29的有效干燥,降低了干燥速度和/或增加了干燥成本。因此,需要降低整个造纸过程的速度,或增加预干燥的成本。
尽管不想被理论所束缚,但据信,所产生的大部分厚度是在起皱操作时取得的。如图1所示,在干燥操作中,纸幅29附着在扬克式烘缸表面28上,然后用刮刀30从扬克式烘缸28上取下。业已发现,在优选不低于约1000英尺/分钟(fpm)(28.3米3/分)的扬克式烘缸速度下,可产生有效的厚度。更准确地说,扬克式烘缸速度不低于约3500fpm(99.05米3/分)。
业已发现,在该起皱速度可取得所希望的厚度,令人意想不到的是,这往往无需增加覆盖层OB。在本发明中,覆盖层优选的范围在约1密耳和约6.5密耳(0.0254mm和0.1651mm)之间,这比现有技术所期望的要低得多。更优选的覆盖层范围在约2.5密耳和约5.5密耳(0.0635mm和0.14mm)之间。最优选的覆盖层范围在约4密耳和约5密耳(0.102mm和0.127mm)之间。
另外还发现,如果与大圆顶和高纤维支承结合使用,那么,低覆盖层将是特别有益的。在此所使用的术语“大圆顶”意指这样的圆顶,在纸侧网34a处在X-Y平面内测量的尺寸,大部分不低于约45密耳(1.143mm)。在此所使用的X,Y和Z方向是与本发明造纸网带10(或在该网带上分布的纸幅)有关的在笛卡儿坐标系中的取向。在本发明中所述的笛卡儿坐标系中,造纸网带10的纸接触面11和背面12位于由X和Y轴形成的平面内。X轴是横跨机器方向,Y轴为机器方向,Z轴垂直于X和Y轴限定的平面。在此所使用的术语“大部分”意指各圆顶的X-Y区域不低于约40%,因此,在网状区域83和纸侧网34a处的X-Y平面内测量的挠曲通道36的各个纸侧开口42的面积不低于约40%。
由于圆顶的X-Y几何构形反映通道36的纸侧开口42的几何构形,因此,对于本领域普通技术人员来说显而易见的是,为了生产具有大圆顶的纸张,在纸侧网34a处的X-Y平面内测量的、通道36的大部分纸侧开口42也应不低于约45密耳(1.143mm)。在图8和10中,符号“A”表示在纸侧网34a处在X-Y平面内测量的开口42的一个尺寸。
图11和11a说明了,需要在纸侧网34a处,在X-Y平面内测量的大部分纸侧开口42的各个尺寸不小于约45密耳(1.143mm)。在图11中,示出了呈弓形交错形图形的、举例性的纸侧开口42。符号“S1”至“S18”表示各纸侧开口42的区域。由相应的分界线B1至B18和开口42的周边形成了S1至S18的各个区域。各分界线B1,B2…B18的长度等于45密耳。图11表明,至少某些S1至S18个别区域的尺寸小于45密耳。业已发现了分界线的数量和各分界线的位置,以便使由许多分界线和开口42的周边形成的最终区域变得最大。符号“S”表示将开口42的整个区域减去由分界线和纸侧开口42的周边形成的最终区域而形成的开口42部分。在图11中,区域S的周边由虚线表示。根据本发明,S应包含大部分的开口42。
在图11a中,示出了呈菱形图形的举例性纸侧开口42。与示于图11中的例子类似,符号“S21”,“S22”,“S23”,“S24”表示由分界线B21,B22,B23,B24(每个尺寸均等于45密耳)和开口42的周边形成的各个区域,或表示纸侧开口42部分。符号“S*”表示将开口42的整个区域减去由分界线B21-B24和限定纸侧开口42周边的线形成的最终区域所形成的开口42部分。根据本发明,S*应包含大部分的开口42。
应指出的是,由分界线和开口42的周边形成的最终区域或最终区域的总和可能等于或小于由分界线和开口42的周边所形成的各个区域的算术总和。图11说明了由分界线B1至B18和周边形成的最终区域的总和小于S1至S18各区域总和的情形。图11a说明了由分界线B21至B24和开口42的周边形成的最终区域等于S21至S24各区域总和的情形。
应指出的是,示于图11和图11a中的例子只是说明性的,并不构成对本发明的限定。纸侧开口42可包含许多的形状,包括但不局限于椭圆形,多边形,织物状图形等,并且,不管在X-Y平面内测量的大部分开口42的尺寸小于45密耳与否,可应用相同的形成方法。图11和11a仅仅是示意性的,用来说明是否大部分开口42在X-Y平面内测量的尺寸小于约45密耳的形成方法。图11和11a不应用来度量开口42的实际尺寸,分界线的长度和位置,以及由分界线和开口42的周边形成的面积。
当纤维挠曲进入挠曲通道36中时形成了圆顶。当纤维挠曲进入挠曲通道36时,开始从胚纸27中除去水份并通过挠曲通道36。这种除水将导致胚纸27中纤维的移动性降低。纤维移动性的降低往往会使纤维在挠曲和重排之后固定在一定的位置上。例如通过施加液压差至胚纸27上,可使纤维挠曲进入挠曲通道36中。施加压差的一个优选方法是,通过挠曲通道36将胚纸27暴露至真空中。在图1中,通过使用真空箱24图示了该优选的方法。另外,还可使用呈气压形式的正压力。
不被理论所束缚,据信,根据包括纤维长度在内的许多因素,胚纸27中纤维的重排通常有两种方式。可以只将较长纤维的自由端弯曲进入通道36中,而其另一端仍留在网状表面区域内。如图6中所示,这些较长纤维的自由端可在挠曲通道36区域内结合在一起而不到达增强结构33。或者,如图7所示,较长纤维的中间部分可弯曲进入通道36中而不充分挠曲。因此,发生了挠曲通道36中的“桥连”(bridging)。另外,如图8所示,纤维(主要是较短的纤维)可充分地挠曲进入通道36中并与增强结构33接触。
如上所述,在本发明中,在X-Y平面内测量的、挠曲通道36的大部分纸侧开口42的各尺寸小于约45密耳(1.143mm)。如图8所示,该尺寸使得几乎所有已挠曲的纤维均完全挠曲进入挠曲通道36中。尽管申请人不想被任何特定的理论所束缚,当与不同于纤维完全挠曲进入通道36中的其它方法所形成的具有圆顶的纸张相比时,假设存在低的覆盖层和高纤维支承时,纤维完全挠曲进入通道36中似乎能提供更大的厚度,改善对厚度的压缩并增加最终纸产品的强度。
增强结构33是本发明造纸网带的主要元件之一。该增强结构33将增强树脂框架32并具有合适的投影开口区域,以便使造纸过程中使用的真空脱水机械能充分地起从部分形成纸幅中除去水份的作用,并且能使从纸幅中除去的水份穿过造纸网带10。因此,该增强结构33应具有高的透流体性,如空气和水。“高渗透”意指,在100帕的压差下,增强结构33的透气性应不小于800英尺3/分(cfm)·英尺2表面(22.64米3/分/929厘米2表面)。在100帕的压差下,本发明增强结构33的透气性优选在约900和约1100cfm/英尺2表面之间(25.47和31.13米3/分/929厘米2表面)。更具体地说,本发明的增强结构在100帕的压差下的透气性更优选在约950和约1050cfm/英尺2之间(26.89和29.7米3/分/929厘米2表面)。本发明的增强结构33在100帕的压差下最优选的透气性约为1000cfm/英尺2(28.3米3/分/929厘米2表面)。
与此同时,本发明的增强结构33还有一个支承充分挠曲进入通道36中纤维的重要作用,而不会使它们穿过网带10。因而,由本发明增强结构33提供的高纤维支承是最重要的。“高纤维支承”意思是,本发明的增强结构33的纤维支承指数不小于约75。在本发明中所使用的术语纤维支承指数或FSI被定义在Robert L.Beran.的“成形织物的评估和选择”(“The Evalution andSelection of Forming Fabrics”)(Tappi,1979.4,Vol.62,No.4)中,在此引入该文作为参考并作为本发明的附录1。优选,本发明增强结构的FSI不小于85。更优选的是,FSI大于90。
本发明的增强结构33可呈许多不同的形状。它可包括纺织元件,无纺元件,筛,网状物,粗布,或有许多孔的带或板。该增强结构33优选包括:纺织元件,更准确地说,包括多孔纺织元件,如披露于US5,334,289中的,在此引入该专利作为参考。更为优选的是,增强结构包含:彼此基本平行并且通过联结纱以面对面接触的关系交联的第一交织纱层和第二交织纱层。所述第一交织纱层和第二交织纱层分别包含与许多横向纱交织的许多纵向交织纱。这种增强结构33示于图5a中。为显示合适的增强结构33,在此引入US专利申请流水号US08/254,387(1994年6月2日以Stelljes,Jr.等人的名义申请,并在1995年9月12日在P13的出版批号下出版)作为参考。根据US专利申请流水号US08/254,387,面对纸幅的第一层是纺织层,以致使第一层中每根纱上静点的经度,从面对纸面51的平面算起,不延伸超过1.5的纱直径,优选不大于1.0的纱直径,并且,除非所述的纱是交织第一层和第二层的联结纱,在所有位置均保持在面对纸面51的1.0或1.5纱直径之内,所述第一层处于面对纸面51的顶平面内。
尽管纺织元件优选用于本发明的增强结构33,但可利用作为增强结构的毛毯来制备本发明的造纸网带10,这可如下面专利申请所述:流水号US08/391,372(2/15/95以Trokhan等人的名义申请),题目为“将可固化树脂用于造纸基材的方法”;流水号US08/268,213(6/29/94以Trokhan等人的名义申请并在8/22/95授权),题目为“至少有三个以不同高度排列的纸张结构,以及制备该纸张结构的装置和方法”;US08/461,832(06/05/95以Trokhan等人的名义申请),题目为“包含毛毯层和光敏树脂层的纸幅构图装置”。这三份专利均转让给了The Procter & Gamble公司,在此将它们引入作为参考。纸张
用于本发明的造纸纤维包括通常称之为木浆纤维的纤维素纤维。另外得自针叶木(裸子树或针叶树)和阔叶木(被子树或阔叶树)的纤维也用于本发明。针叶木纤维/阔叶木纤维的重量比优选为25/75。可得到纤维的特殊树种是不重要的。除各种木浆纤维以外,在本发明中还可使用其它的纤维素纤维,如棉纤维,人造纤维,和甘蔗渣。此外,还可使用合成纤维,如聚酯和聚烯烃纤维。
如图9和图10所示,本发明的改善的成品纸幅80的特征在于:具有两个不同的区域:网状区域83和圆顶区域84。该网状区域83与造纸网带10的第一表面34的纸侧网34a相吻合,并形成于其上。网状区域83基本上是具有非无规重复图形的、连续的、宏观上单平面的区域。在此称之为“连续的”是因为,该网状区域包含:形成至少一个基本上无断裂网状图形的基本不间断线的体系,所述图形具有基本上均匀的物理特性。据说,该图形是“基本上”连续的,这是因为可以辨别的是,在该图形中的间断是允许的,但不是优选的。当整个纸幅80以平面构形放置时,由于网状区域的顶表面(即位于纸幅同侧作为圆顶突出物的表面)基本上是平面状的,因此,网状区域83被称之为“宏观单平面的”。由于与绝对平面性有微小的偏差是允许的,但不是优选的,因此,网状区域“基本上是单平面的”。
圆顶区域84包括许多分散在整个网状区域83中的圆顶。基本上每个圆顶均被网状区域83包围,并且圆顶彼此分离。圆顶以非无规重复图形分布。优选该重复图形为双向交错排列。在网状区域83处,在X-Y平面内测量的大部分圆顶的各尺寸均大于约45密耳(1.143mm)。在纸幅80的平面内(或在X-Y平面内),圆顶的形状由网状区域83所限定。也就是说,在X-Y平面内圆顶的形状由挠曲通道36的纸侧开口42的构形所限定。
在X-Y平面内圆顶的形状包括但不局限于圆形,椭圆形,六边和少于六边的多边形,弓形交错图形,纺织状图形。优选圆顶呈封闭的图形,如弓形交错图形,菱形图形等。图9a简略地示出了具有弓形交错图形的纸幅80部分的举例性X-Y几何构形,自然地也是挠曲通道36的开口42的X-Y几何构形。
在图9a中示出了显示重复图形的仅仅一部分纸幅(和第一表面34a)。在图9a中,符号“MD”表示纵向,即平行于纸幅通过设备运行的方向。符号“CD”表示横向,即与纵向垂直的X-Y平面内的方向。优选的是,以图9a示出的双向交错排列图形取向的弓形交错形圆顶的数量,在每平方英寸纸幅中不多于约80个。对于本领域熟练技术人员来说显而易见的是,当圆顶包括不同于弓形交错形圆顶的其它圆顶时,圆顶的数量可不同于上面所述的数量。对于本领域熟练技术人员来说也显而易见的是,在图9a中列出的特殊设计的弓形交错形圆顶只是一个举例性的设计。其它弓形交错形图形的设计也可用于本发明,以及还可使用其它不同于弓形交错形圆顶的圆顶。圆顶的实际形状包括但不局限于圆形,椭圆形,六边和少于六边的多边形,弓形交错形图形,纺织状图形等。
与圆顶区域84的密度相比,本发明纸张80的网状区域83具有较高的密度(每单位体积的重量)。由于纤维挠曲进入挠曲通道36,因此产生了密度差。此时,胚纸27与框架32有关,该胚纸27具有基本均匀的定量。在挠曲期间,纤维自由地进行重排并从邻近的纸侧网34a的表面迁移至挠曲通道36中,由此,产生了在纸侧网34a的表面上相对少量的纤维和相对过量的纤维充分地挠进入通道36中。通过施加真空压力,某些挠曲的纤维将被“拉开”(“pull on”)并彼此分离,这将破坏这些纤维间存在的键。与此同时,施加真空压力往往会将网状区域83(即与纸侧网34a相应的胚纸27部分)压至纸侧网34a的表面上,而圆顶区域84(即在挠曲通道36内的胚纸27部分)不压至纸侧网34a的表面上。对网状区域83的这种压缩往往会进一步扩大这两个区域间的密度差。此外,将网状区域83压至扬克式烘缸28上甚至还能更进一步地增加网83的密度。
如上所示,将大圆顶,低覆盖层和网带增强结构的高纤维支承相结合,可减少本发明纸张中的针孔数量。在厚度约11和17密耳(0.279和0.432mm)之间,圆顶面积约65%的纸幅中,圆顶面积内的针孔数量(根据如下所述的分析步骤测量)不多于7500个针孔/100平方英寸(7500个针孔/645平方厘米)纸幅。优选的是,针孔的数量不多于5000个/100平方英寸(5000个/645平方厘米)纸幅。
纸幅的厚度是利用直径为2英寸(5.08cm)的圆形压足,在95克/平方英寸(14.7克/平方厘米)的压力下测量的。停留时间为3秒钟。可利用Thwing-Albert厚度测试仪(89-100型,由Thwing-Albert Instrument Company制造,Philadelphia,Pennsylvania)测量厚度。在TAPPI温度和湿度条件下测量厚度。最终纸幅的厚度优选在9和30密耳(0.2286和0.76mm)之间。更优选的是,该厚度在11和30密耳(0.279和0.76mm)之间。最优选的是,最终纸幅的厚度在12和14密耳(0.3048和0.3556mm)之间。
针孔的分析步骤
就鉴别、计算和表征纸幅试样中针孔的分析法而言,可以将带有至少4兆内存的数字-协处理器和256灰度级别的监视器的Macintosh计算机与光学扫描仪(带有DeskScan软件版本1.5.2或更高级的HP ScanJet满页扫描仪)结合使用。优选使用8兆内存的Macintosh Quadra 800和Iomega外部可取出磁带驱动器。可使用苹果牌高分辨率彩色监视器,M1212型(或更高分辩率的型号)。合适的软件是得自National Institute of Health(Washington.D.C.)的Microsoft Excel,版本4.0或更高级的版本,和Image版本1.45,以及QricKeys 2v 2.1。
将最终纸幅80的母卷沿其长轴方向分成5个等分部分。通常,将相同设备和相同时间所生产的两个母卷用来进行测试。对无规取自每个母卷的五个部分的每一部分的至少一个纸幅试样进行测试。因此,通常测试十个纸幅试样。
将纸幅试样置于黑色底板下的光学扫描仪的玻璃板上。对通过扫描仪的图象进行数字化处理并在计算机监视器上观察二维图象。计算机的设置如下:亮度为106;对比度为178;缩放为200。打印机路径(print Path)设置在100点/英寸(100点/2.54cm)。扫描范围约为10平方英寸(64.5平方厘米)。以由象素组成的图象文件,将试样扫描入计算机中。术语“象素”表示由计算机产生的最小的不连续数字化图形元素。使用约0.0001平方英寸(0.000645平方厘米)的象素。
图12说明,如在计算机屏幕上可以观察到的具有针孔的纸幅试样的数字化图象。通过应用图象分析来处理该图象文件,根据给定的条件,该图象分析将辨别和测量图象中的针孔。对于在此所述的试样,业已发现,254灰度级的阈值在检测针孔时工作良好。宏(macro)将选择性地测量所有具有254灰度值的“可疑的”针孔。然后,建立了列出已发现各针孔大小的数字文件。接着,使用Microsoft Excel对与所有已发现针孔的大小,数量和分布有关的数据进行列表。附录2表示最终的针孔分析。从附录2可以看出,针孔分析不仅能估测针孔的数量,而且还能根据针孔的尺寸,单个针孔的平均尺寸,以及其它相关的数据来估测针孔的数值分布。
图12示出了利用两种不同的网带生产的纸幅试样的数字化图象。图象A是利用具有高覆盖层(OB约为7.5密耳(0.191mm))的造纸网带生产的试样的图象。图象B是利用本发明的具有低覆盖层(OB约为4.9密耳(0.1244mm))的造纸网带生产的试样的图象。运两个网带的其它特性如圆顶大小和纤维支承指数大致相等。用肉眼对图12中的两个试样进行对比表明,与利用具有高覆盖层的造纸网带生产的纸幅(图象A)目比,根据本发明的具有低覆盖层的造纸网带生产的纸幅(图象B)具有明显更少的针孔数量。
通过搜集在附录2中的分析数据,可进一步证明该肉眼的估测。在附录2中,图表A表示涉及利用具有高覆盖层(约7.5密耳(0.191mm))的造纸网带生产的试样的数据。图表B表示涉及利用根据本发明的具有低覆盖层(约4.9密耳(0.1244mm))的造纸网带生产的试样的数据。如附录2所示,利用具有高覆盖层的造纸网带生产出的试样中的针孔数量为11325个针孔/100平方英寸(11325个针孔/645平方厘米)(图表A)。利用根据本发明的具有低覆盖层的造纸网带生产出的试样中的针孔数量为1592个针孔/100平方英寸(1592个针孔/645平方厘米)(图表B)。
从附录2还可看出,本发明的低覆盖层的网带不仅改善针孔(就针孔的数量而言),而且改善了针孔的大小。例如,如在图表A中所列出的,在利用高覆盖层网带生产的试样中,具有约一个象素面积的针孔的平均数量为5852个,而具有约20个象素以及更大面积的针孔的平均数量为51个。如在图表B中所列出的,在利用本发明的低覆盖层网带生产的试样中,相应的数量分别为1084和1。
为了说明而不是为了进行限定,列出下列实施例。
在下面表I和II中,1密耳等于0.0254毫米,1平方英寸等于6.45平方厘米,1cfm等于0.0283立方米/分钟。
                                          表I
增强结构的类型   纤维支承指数   覆盖层(密耳) 网带的透气性(cfm)  网状区域(%) 未压光的厚度(密耳)   针孔数/100英寸2     针孔面积(密耳2/100英寸2)
PVT-533     94     7.5     487     40     23.5   9.646     654,484
PVT-533     94     2.9     477     40     19.0   2.671     121,631
PVT-543     94     3.1     453     35     17.9   2.045     86,377
PVT-543     94     4.9     494     35     20.5   2.284     100,101
在工厂生产条件下,对具有相同纤维支承指数和基本相似透气性的网带进行测试。从表I可以看出,相对具有低覆盖层(2.9密耳,3.1密耳,和4.9密耳,即表格第二,第三和第四行)的网带的针孔明显地少于相对具有高覆盖层(7.5密耳,表I第一行)的网带的针孔数。
与此同时,对覆盖层相对接近(表I第二行和第三行)但网状面积/圆顶面积的比率不同的两个网带进行对比表明,相对更小网状面积(35%)(因而是较大圆顶面积(65%))的网带的针孔数低于具有较大网状面积(40%)(因而是较小圆顶面积(60%))的网带的针孔数。
                                         表II
增强结构的类型 纤维支承指数 覆盖层(密耳) 网带的透气性(cfm) 网状区域(%) 未压光的厚度(密耳)   针孔数/100英寸2     针孔面积(密耳2/100英寸2)
HMT-502   69  11.4    488   40    20.8   10,134     584,128
 HMT-502     69     7.8     479     40     18.4     5,395     260,584
 HMT-502     69     3.9     532     40     15.6     1,101     42,908
 PVT-543     94     11.3     485     40     18.7     1,767     69,693
 PVT-543     94     9.1     415     40     17.9     3,514     142,039
 PVT-543     94     4.0     463     40     13.5     139     4,490
表II表明了在中型工厂在模拟条件下对若干网带进行试验的结果。从表II可以看出,利用低覆盖层(3.9密耳(0.099mm)和4.0密耳(0.102mm),表II的第三行和第六行)的网带取得了最佳的针孔数的结果(1,101和139)。在这两个具有低覆盖层的网带之间,利用较高纤维支承指数(94)(表II第六行)的网带,可得到最佳的针孔结果。

Claims (6)

1.一种具有两个区域的纸幅,包含:
基本连续的、基本宏观上为单平面状的网状区域,和包含不连续圆顶的圆顶区域;所述圆顶分散在整个所述网状区域中,被所述网状区域包围,并且它们彼此之间是分离的,在所述网状区域处,在X-Y平面内测量的大部分所述圆顶的各尺寸不小于1.143毫米,所述网状区域的密度大于所述圆顶区域的密度。
2.根据权利要求1的纸幅,其特征在于,所述圆顶以重复的图形分布。
3.根据权利要求2的纸幅,其特征在于,所述的重复图形包括双向交错排列。
4.根据权利要求2的纸幅,其特征在于,基本上每个所述圆顶的周边限定一封闭的图形。
5.根据权利要求2、3或4的纸幅,其特征在于,每6.45平方厘米中所述的纸幅中,所述圆顶的数量不大于80个。
6.根据权利要求5的纸幅,其特征在于,所述的封闭图形包括弓形交错图形。
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