CN1575373B - 通过加热器井进行反向生产来原地热处理含有烃的地层的方法 - Google Patents

通过加热器井进行反向生产来原地热处理含有烃的地层的方法 Download PDF

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CN1575373B
CN1575373B CN028210522A CN02821052A CN1575373B CN 1575373 B CN1575373 B CN 1575373B CN 028210522 A CN028210522 A CN 028210522A CN 02821052 A CN02821052 A CN 02821052A CN 1575373 B CN1575373 B CN 1575373B
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哈罗德·J·维内加
斯科特·L·韦林顿
埃里克·P·德罗菲格纳克
约翰·M·卡拉尼卡斯
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/16—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
    • E21B43/24—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection
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    • B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
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    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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    • C10G9/00—Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
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    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
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    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
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    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/16—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
    • E21B43/24—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection
    • E21B43/243—Combustion in situ
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
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    • E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/30—Specific pattern of wells, e.g. optimizing the spacing of wells
    • E21B43/305—Specific pattern of wells, e.g. optimizing the spacing of wells comprising at least one inclined or horizontal well
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
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    • E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
    • E21B47/02—Determining slope or direction
    • E21B47/022—Determining slope or direction of the borehole, e.g. using geomagnetism
    • E21B47/0224—Determining slope or direction of the borehole, e.g. using geomagnetism using seismic or acoustic means
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    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
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    • G01V3/18—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation specially adapted for well-logging
    • G01V3/26—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation specially adapted for well-logging operating with magnetic or electric fields produced or modified either by the surrounding earth formation or by the detecting device
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
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    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S210/00—Liquid purification or separation
    • Y10S210/901—Specified land fill feature, e.g. prevention of ground water fouling
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
    • Y10T137/0318—Processes
    • Y10T137/0391—Affecting flow by the addition of material or energy

Abstract

本发明提供了一种通过位于含有烃的地层内的加热器井筒来生产烃类的方法。该原地处理方法可以包括由一个或者多个加热器给至少一部分地层提供热量。允许该热量从一个或者多个加热器传递给该地层的选定区域。允许传递给该选定区域的热量可以使在该选定区域内的至少一些烃热解。该方法可以包括有选择地限制紧挨加热器井筒的选定部分的温度，以防止在该选定部分或者接近该选定部分的地方形成焦炭。

Description

通过加热器井进行反向生产来原地热处理含有烃的地层的方法
【发明背景】
【技术领域】
本发明通常涉及由各种含有烃类的地层来生产烃类、氢和其他产品的方法和系统。某些实施例涉及通过加热器井的反向生产方法(backproducing)。该加热器井的不同部分可以保持在不同的温度。
【相关技术的描述】
由地下岩层(例如沉积岩层)得到的烃类经常被用作能源、原料以及消费产品。对可得到的烃源的枯竭以及产生的烃总质量的下降的关心导致必须研发更有效采收、处理和/或利用可得到的烃资源的方法。原地处理可以用来从地下岩层中取走烃材料。可能必须改变地下岩层中烃材料的化学和/或物理性能，以允许更加容易地从地下岩层中取走烃材料。化学和物理变化可以包括岩层中烃材料的产生可取走流体的原地反应、组成变化、溶解度变化、密度变化、相位变化和/或粘性变化。流体可以是但不限于气体、液体、乳化液、稀浆和/或具有与液体流相似流体特性的固体颗粒流。
如上所述，已经耗费大量的精力去研发从含有烃的地层中经济地生产烃类、氢和/或其他产品的方法和系统。从含有烃的地层中制造烃、氢和/或其他产品需要大量的生产井。可以有这样一种需要，即：减少用在含有烃的地层中生产井的数量。因此，通过热源井筒的流体的产生可以导致更早地由地层生产流体。
【发明概述】
本发明的技术方案如下：
根据本发明，提供一种用于原地处理含有烃的地层的方法，包括：由一个或者多个热源给至少一部分地层提供热量；使热量从一个或者多个热源传递给该地层的一区段，以便该热量使在该区段地层内的至少一些烃类热解；与提供给该区段内的加热器井筒的其他部分的热量相比，提供更少的热量给紧挨该加热器井筒的选定部分，以限制温度并且防止在该加热器井筒的选定部分处或者接近该选定部分的地方形成焦炭；通过该加热器井筒的选定部分，生产至少一些烃类；限制温度包括将紧挨该加热器井筒选定部分的温度保持在热解温度之下；所述的方法还包括给该加热器井筒的上覆盖层部分提供至少一些热量，以便将产生的烃类保持在气相状态；每一个加热器提供小于1650瓦/米的热量输出；控制在该区段地层中至少绝大部分内的压力，其中该压力为2.0巴绝对压力到70.0巴绝对压力之间。
在一实施例中，在含有烃的地层(例如含有煤炭、油页岩、重质烃类或者它们的组合)内的烃类可以在地层内原地转化，从而生成相对较高质量的烃产品、氢和/或其他产品的混合物。可以使用一个或者多个加热器来将一部分含有烃的地层加热到允许烃热解的温度。通过一个或者多个生产井，可以从地层中取走烃、氢和其他地层流体。在某些实施例中，可以以气相状态取走地层流体。在其他实施例中，可以以液相、气相或者它们的组合取走地层流体。在热解的过程中，可以控制在至少一部分地层中的温度和压力以从地层产生改良产品。
在一实施例中，原地处理含有烃的地层的方法包括：由一个或者多个热源给至少一部分地层提供热量。该方法可以包括：允许热量从一个或者多个热源传递给一个区段的地层。传递给该区段地层的热量可以使在该区段地层内的至少一些烃类热解。该方法可以包括：有选择地限制紧挨加热器井筒的选定部分的温度。有选择地限制该温度可以防止在该选定部分或者接近该选定部分的地方形成焦炭。该方法也可以包括：通过加热器井筒的选定部分，生产至少一些烃。在某些实施例中，一种方法可以包括：通过生产井，由地层的该区段生产混合物。
在一实施例中，有选择地限制温度可以包括：在选定区域内，提供给该加热器井筒的选定部分的热量比提供给加热器井筒的其他部分的热量少。在其他实施例中，有选择地限制温度可以包括：将紧挨该选定部分的温度保持在热解温度之下。
在某些实施例中，加热器井筒可以基本水平地布置在选定区域内。每一个加热器可以提供小于大约1650瓦/米的热量输出。产生的混合物的能量输出对输入地层的能量的比值可以为至少5左右。由至少一个加热器提供的热量可以基本上通过传导被传递给至少一部分地层。一个或者多个加热器可以包括至少两个加热器，并且来自至少两个加热器的热量使该区段地层内的至少一些烃类热解。该方法可以包括：给该加热器井筒的上覆盖层部分提供至少一些热量，以便将产生的烃保持在气相状态。
在别的实施例中，可以将一部分地层内的压力保持在大约150巴绝对压力之下。在某些实施例中，该压力可以控制到大约2.0巴绝对压力到大约70.0巴绝对压力之间。当该地层内氢的分压(partial pressure)为至少大约0.5巴绝对压力时，可以产生烃。
【附图的简要描述】
借助于下面对优选实施例的详细描述并且参考附图，本发明的好处对于本领域技术人员来讲变得清楚，其中：
图1描绘了加热含有烃的地层的阶段图；
图2描绘了处理含有烃的地层的原地转化系统的一部分的实施例的示意图；
图3描绘了位于含有烃的地层中的加热器井的实施例；
图4描绘了可以有选择加热的加热器井的实施例。
虽然本发明可以允许各种改进和替换形式，但是通过附图中的例子来说明其特定实施例，并且在此将详细描述。附图并没有依照比例。然而应理解，附图和其详细描述并非想要将本发明限制为公开的特殊形式，而是恰恰相反，本发明覆盖落入所附的权利要求书限定的本发明的精神和范围内的所有改进、等同和替换实施形式。
【发明的详细描述】
下面的描述通常涉及处理含有烃的地层(例如，含有煤(包括褐煤、腐泥煤等)、油页岩、碳质页岩、次石墨、油母岩、沥青、石油、在低渗透性母岩中的油母岩和石油、重质烃、沥青岩、天然矿物蜡的地层，油母岩是其他烃的成块产品的地层，等)的系统和方法。可以对这样的地层进行处理，从而产生相对较高质量的烃产品、氢和其他产品。
通常这样规定“烃类”，即：主要由碳和氢原子形成的分子。烃液可以包括其他元素，例如但不限于卤素、金属元素、氮、氧和/或硫。
“地层”包括：一层或者多层含有烃的层；一层或者多层没有烃的层；一上覆盖层；和/或一下伏岩层。“上覆盖层”和/或“下伏岩层”包括一种或者多种不同种类不能渗透的材料。例如，上覆盖层和/或下伏岩层可以包括岩石、页岩、泥岩或者潮湿/致密的碳酸盐(即不含烃类的不可渗透的碳酸盐)。在原地转化加工的一些实施例中，上覆盖层和/或下伏岩层可以包括一层或者多层含有烃的层，它们相对来讲不可渗透，并且在引起该上覆盖层和/或下伏岩层中含有烃的层的显著性能改变的原地转化处理过程中不会受到温度的影响。例如，下伏岩层可以包含页岩或者泥岩。在某些情况下，该上覆盖层和/或下伏岩层可以具有一点渗透性。
“热源”是实质上通过传导热和/或辐射热传递将热量提供给至少一部分地层的任何系统。例如，热源可以包括诸如绝缘导体、加长元件和/或布置在导管内的导体的电加热器。热源也可以包括通过燃烧外部燃料或者地层内燃料来产生热量的热源，例如地面炉、下孔气体炉、无焰分布燃烧器以及自然分布燃烧器。另外，可以想象：在某些实施例中，提供给一个或者多个热源或者在一个或者多个热源中产生的热量可以由其他能源来供应。该其他能源可以直接加热地层，或者该能量可以供给直接或者间接加热地层的传导介质。应理解，将热量供给地层的一个或者多个热源可以使用不同的能源。例如，对于给定的地层，一些热源由电阻加热器供应热量，一些热源可以通过燃烧来提供热量，一些热源可以由一个或者多个其他能源(例如：化学反应、太阳能、风能、生物量或者其他可恢复的能源)来提供热量。化学反应可以包括放热反应(例如氧化反应)。热源可以包括将热量供给紧接和/或围绕例如加热器井的加热位置的区域的加热器。
“加热器”是在井中或者在接近井筒区域内产生热量的任何装置。加热器可以是但是不限于电加热器、火炉、与地层中的材料或者由地层产生的材料起反应的燃烧器(例如自然分布燃烧器)和/或它们的组合。“热源单元”是指：形成被重复以产生地层内热源模式的模板的多个热源。
可以以多种方式处理地层中的烃类以制造许多不同的产品。在某些实施例中，可以分阶段处理该地层。图1画出了加热含有烃的地层的几个阶段。图1也描绘了由含有烃的地层产生的地层流体的产量(等于每吨的油桶数)(barrels of oil equivalent per ton)(y轴)相对地层温度(℃)(x轴)的例子。
在阶段1的加热过程中，发生甲烷的解吸附和水的蒸发。尽可能快地进行贯穿阶段1的地层加热。例如，当最初加热含有烃的地层时，在地层中的烃可以释放出吸收的甲烷。脱附的甲烷可以由地层产生。如果进一步加热含有烃的地层，在含有烃的地层内的水分可以被蒸发。在一些含有烃的地层中，地层中的水分可以占到大约10％到大约50％的孔隙体积。在其他实施例中，水分可以占到更大或者更小的一部分孔隙体积。在绝对气压大约6巴到70巴的压力和大约160℃到大约285℃温度下，在地层中水分通常被蒸发。在一些实施例中，在原地转化加工过程中，地层中的压力可以保持在绝对气压大约2巴到大约70巴之间。在某些实施例中，蒸发的水分可以在地层中产生可湿性的变化和/或增加地层压力。可湿性的变化和/或增加地层压力可以影响地层中的高温分解反应或者其他反应。在某些实施例中，可以由地层产生该蒸发的水分。在其他实施例中，该蒸发的水分可以用于地层中或者地层外面的蒸气提取和/或蒸馏。从地层中除去水分并且增加孔隙体积可以提高在孔隙体积内的烃类的储存空间。
在阶段1的加热之后，可以进一步加热该地层，从而使地层中的温度达到(至少)最初的热解温度(例如，达到阶段2所示的温度范围下端的温度)。在整个阶段2中可以热解地层内的烃。热解温度范围可以根据地层内烃的种类改变。热解温度范围可以包括大约250℃到大约900℃之间的温度。为了生产需要产品的热解温度范围可以仅仅延伸穿过整个热解温度范围的一部分。在一些实施例中，生产需要产品的热解温度范围可以包括大约250℃到大约400℃之间的温度。如果经过从大约250℃到大约400℃之间的温度范围缓慢地升高在地层中的烃的温度，那么当温度接近400℃时可以基本上完成热解产品的生产。用多个热源加热含有烃的地层可以建立在热源周围的热梯度，该热源缓慢地提升地层中烃类的温度通过热解温度范围。
在某些原地转化实施例中，经过从大约250℃到大约400℃的整个温度范围，要受热解的烃类的温度可能不是被缓慢地提升。可以将地层中的烃加热到需要的温度(例如325℃)。可以选择别的温度作为需要温度。可以调节从热源输入地层中的能量，以便将地层中的温度基本上维持在需要的温度。可以将烃基本上维持在需要的温度，直到热解作用降低，从而使来自地层的理想地层流体的生产变得不再经济。
在原地转化方法实施例中，可以控制加热速度以便将与加热选定部分相关的成本降低到最小。该成本可以包括例如输入能量成本和设备成本。在某些实施例中，当与加热相关联的成本相对较高时通过降低加热速度，而当与加热相关联的成本相对较低时通过提高加热速度，可以将与加热选定部分相关的成本降低到最小。例如，当相关成本相对较高时可以使用大约330瓦/米(watts/m)的加热速度，当相关成本相对较低时可以使用大约1640瓦/米(watts/m)的加热速度。在某些实施例中，当相关成本相对较高时加热速度可以在大约300瓦/米到大约800瓦/米之间变化，当相关成本相对较低时加热速度可以在大约1000瓦/米到大约1800瓦/米之间变化。在能量消耗的高峰时间，例如白天，与加热相关的成本可以相对较高。例如，在温暖气候的夏季白天期间，由于空调的能量消耗使得能量消耗可以较高。例如，能量消耗较低的时间可以是夜间或者周末，此时能量需求倾向于降低。在一实施例中，加热速度可以从例如夜间较低能量消耗时间的较高加热速度到例如白天较高的能量消耗期间的较低加热速度之间改变。
如图2所示，除了热源100之外，一个或者多个生产井102通常布置在该部分含有烃的地层内。通过生产井102可以产生地层流体。在某些实施例中，生产井102可以包括热源。热源可以加热在生产井这里或者接近生产井的那部分地层，并且允许地层流体的气相移动。可以减小或者消除从生产井高温泵送液体的需求。避免或者限制液体的高温泵送可以显著降低生产成本。在生产井那里或者贯穿生产井进行加热可以：(1)当这样的生产流体在最接近上覆盖层的生产井中移动时，抑制产生流体的凝结和/或逆流，(2)增加输入地层中的热量，和/或(3)提高在生产井处或者紧接生产井处的地层可渗透性。在一些原地转化过程实施例中，供给生产井的热量明显小于施加到加热地层的热源上的热量。
因为在被加热地层中渗透性和/或孔隙度的提高，所以使用相对很小的压差，产生的蒸气就可以穿过地层流动相当的距离。渗透性的提高可以源自被加热部分质量的减小，这是由于水分蒸发、烃取走和/或裂口产生的原因。流体可以更加容易地流过该被加热部分。在一些实施例中，生产井可以设置在烃层的上部。
图3画出了含有烃的层104的实施例，该层可以相对于大地顶面106成接近水平的角度。然而，含有烃的层104的角度可以变化。例如，含有烃的层104可以倾斜或者陡峭地倾斜。如图3所示，生产井102可以延伸进入接近由加热器井110加热的被加热部分108顶部的含有烃的地层。并不需要明显延伸进入被加热的烃层深处的生产井。
在含有烃的地层内产生的流体作为蒸气可以穿过含有烃的地层移动相当的距离。该相当距离可以为1000米以上，这取决于各种因素(例如：地层的渗透性，流体的性能，地层的温度，允许流体移动的压力梯度)。由于受到原地转化和地层流体移动影响而提高了地层中的渗透性，所以生产井仅仅需要设置在热源中每隔一个的单元中，或者设置在每隔两个、三个、四个、五个的单元中。
在原地处理期间，生产井可以这样运转，即：生产井处于比该地层的其他部分更低的压力下。在一些实施例中，可以将生产井抽成真空。将生产井保持在低压之下可以抑制地层内的流体移动到原地处理区域之外。
某些实施例可以包括这样控制提供到至少一部分地层上的热量，即：基本上防止在该部分内产生较少的需要产品。控制提供到至少一部分地层上的热量也可以提高在地层内渗透性的一致性。例如，在某些实施例中，控制地层的加热以防止产生较少的需要产品可以包括：将加热速度控制到小于每天的选定量(例如：10℃，5℃，3℃，1℃，0.5℃或者0.1℃)。
加热中的地层通常具有贯穿其的温度分布线(temperatureprofile)，在本专利上下文中的“基本均匀”加热是指这样加热，即：大多部分内的温度不能与在被处理的大多选定部分(体积)内评估的平均温度相差超过100℃而变化。
含有烃的地层的基本均匀加热可以导致渗透性的基本均匀提高。例如，均匀加热可以在被加热部分产生一系列基本一致的裂口，这是由于在地层内产生的热应力作用的结果。基本均匀的加热可以以基本上均匀的方式由该部分产生热解流体。由于蒸发和生产而除去的水分可以引起被加热部分渗透性的提高。除了由于热应力产生裂口之外，也可以由于流体压力升高而产生裂口。随着在被加热部分内流体的产生，在被加热部分内流体的压力也升高。当流体压力接近被加热部分的岩石静态(lithostatic)压力时，可以产生裂口。基本均匀的加热和流体的均匀产生可以产生在被加热部分内基本均匀的裂口。在一些实施例中，含有烃的地层的被加热部分的渗透性的变化不能超过大约10倍(a factor ofabout 10)。
可以由地层来生产包括热解流体的地层流体。热解流体可以包括但不限于烃类、氢、二氧化碳、一氧化碳、硫化氢、氨、氮、水以及它们的混合物。随着地层温度的升高，在产生的地层流体中可冷凝的烃的量趋于减小。在高温时，该地层主要产生甲烷和/或氢。如果在整个热解范围内加热含有烃的地层，那么朝向该热解范围的上限该地层仅仅产生少量的氢。在所有的可得到氢被耗尽之后，通常会从该地层中产生最少量的流体。
处理在相对较低渗透性的地层中的重质烃的某些实施例可以包括：从一个或者多个热源提供热量，以热解一些重质烃，之后蒸发一部分重质烃。热源可以热解在地层选定部分内至少一些重质烃，并且可以对至少一部分选定部分加压。在加热过程中，在地层内的压力实质上有所提高。可以这样控制在地层内的压力，即：保持在地层内的压力，以产生需要的合成物的流体。由于使用由加热地层而产生的背压可以从一个或者多个加热器井中蒸发掉热解流体，所以可以从地层中除去热解流体。
在热解烃之后，大量的碳和一些氢仍然存在于地层中。从地层中可以将大部分残留在地层中的碳制造成具有合成气体的形式。合成气体的产生可以发生在图1中所示的阶段3的加热过程中。阶段3可以包括：将含有烃的地层加热一个温度，足以允许产生该合成气体。例如，在从大约400℃到大约1200℃的温度范围内，可以产生合成气体。
回来参考图2，热源100可以包括电加热器，例如绝缘导体、导管内导体加热器、地面炉、无焰分布燃烧器和/或自然分布燃烧器。热源100也可以包括其他形式的加热器。热源100可以将热量供给至少一部分含有烃的地层。能量可以通过供给线112供给热源100。根据用来加热地层的一个或者多个热源的种类，该供给线的结构可以不同。用于热源的供给线可以为电加热器输送电能，为燃烧器输送燃料，或者可以输送在地层中循环的热交换流体。
生产井102可以用来从地层中取走地层流体。由生产井102产生的地层流体可以通过收集管114被输送到处理设施116。也可以由热源100来生产地层流体。例如，可以由热源100来产生流体，从而控制临近热源的地层内的压力。由热源100产生的流体可以通过管道系统或者管线传送到收集管114，或者产生的流体可以通过管道系统或者管线直接传送到处理设施116。处理设施116可以包括分离单元、反应单元、浓缩单元、燃料电池、涡轮机、存储容器和其他用来加工产生的地层流体的装置和单元。
用来处理烃的原地转化系统可以包括阻挡层(barrier)井118。在某些实施例中，阻挡层可以用来抑制流体(例如产生的流体和/或地下水)移动进入正在经历原地转化过程的一部分地层和/或从那里流出。阻挡层可以包括但并不限于自然生成的部分(例如上覆盖层和/或下伏岩层)、冻结井、冻结的阻挡层区、低温阻挡层区、泥浆墙、用硫磺处理的井、脱水井、注射井、由地层中产生的凝胶形成的阻挡层、由地层中盐的沉淀形成的阻挡层、由地层中的聚合反应形成的阻挡层、被驱入地层的薄板或者它们的组合。
通过控制处理区域内和/或一个或者多个表面处理单元内的条件，可以改变由含有烃的地层产生的产品的成分。影响产品成分的控制处理区域内和/或一个或者多个表面处理单元内的条件包括但并不限于：平均温度、流体压力、氢的分压、温度梯度、地层材料的成分、加热速度和进入处理区域和/或表面处理单元的流体成分。
控制地层条件以控制在产生的流体内氢的压力，可以导致生产的流体质量的提高。在某些实施例中，需要控制地层条件，以便当在生产井处进行测量时，使产生的流体内的氢的分压大于大约0.5巴的绝对压力。
在一实施例中，原地处理含有烃的地层的方法可以包括：在选定部分的温度达到至少270℃左右之后，将氢添加到选定部分上。其他的实施例可以包括：通过有选择地将氢添加给地层，可以控制地层的温度。
在一实施例中，可以加热一部分含有烃的地层，从而提高氢的分压。在某些实施例中，提高的氢分压可以包括从大约0.5巴到大约7巴范围内的氢分压，或者在某些实施例中，该范围为大约5巴到大约7巴。例如，可以生产大多的烃流体，其中氢的分压处于大约5巴到大约7巴的范围内。在热解氢的分压范围内的氢分压范围可以改变，这取决于例如该地层被加热部分的温度和压力。
原地转化过程可以在地层内产生大量的氢和烃流体。在地层内氢的产生以及在地层内的压力足以迫使氢在地层内变成液相，可以在地层内产生还原的环境，而不需要将还原流体(例如氢和/或不可凝结的饱和烃类)引入地层内。可以分离由地层生产的地层流体的氢成分，并且用作需要的用途。需要的用途可以包括但并不限于燃料电池的燃料、燃烧器的燃料和/或表面氢化单元的原料流。
在一实施例中，原地处理含有烃的地层的方法包括：当选定部分处在或者正在承受某些条件时，将氢添加给选定部分。例如，可以通过位于选定部分内或者紧挨选定部分的加热器井或者生产井来加入氢。因为有时氢相对短缺(或者制造或获得相对昂贵)，所以当地层内的条件使得使用加入的氢最优化时可以加入氢。例如，在经受生成合成气体的一部分地层中产生的氢可以添加到经受热解的一部分地层上。在地层的热解部分内加入的氢可以促使形成脂肪化合物，并且阻止形成降低由地层产生的烃流体质量的烯族化合物。
在某些实施例中，在地层的平均温度达到热解温度(例如当选定部分为至少大约270℃时)之后，可以将氢加入到选定部分上。在某些实施例中，在平均温度达到至少大约290℃、320℃、375℃或者400℃之后，可以将氢加入到选定部分上。在地层的平均温度达到大约400℃之前，可以将氢加入到选定部分上。在某些实施例中，在平均温度为大约300℃或者大约325℃之前可以将氢加入到选定部分上。
通过有选择地将氢加入到地层的选定部分上，可以控制地层的平均温度。添加到地层上的氢可以在放热反应中起作用。放热反应可以加热地层，并且减小需要从热源供给地层的能量。在某些实施例中，可以将一定量的氢添加给地层的选定部分，从而使地层的平均温度不超过大约400℃。
阀件可以保持、改变和/或控制在含有烃的地层的被加热部分内的压力。例如，设置在含有烃的地层内的热源可以连接到阀上。该阀可以从地层通过热源来释放流体。另外，压力阀可以连接到在含有烃的地层内的生产井上。在某些实施例中，通过阀件释放的流体可以被收集并且输送到地面装置内，以便进一步加工和/或处理。
烃的原地转化过程可以包括：将热量供给一部分含有烃的地层并且控制在被加热部分内的温度、温度升高的速度和/或压力。通过改变供给地层中的热源的能量，可以控制被加热部分的温度和/或温度升高的速度。
经受原地转化的烃可以位于较大面积之内。该原地转化系统可以用来处理少部分的地层，并且该地层的其他部分可以随着时间进展被处理。在处理地层(例如油页岩岩层)的系统的实施例中，用于24年发展的油田规划可以分成24个表示单独的钻井年的单独小区。每一个小区可以包括120块“瓷砖(tile)”(重复的矩阵图案)，其中每一个小区由6行乘以20列瓷砖构成。每一块瓷砖可以包括1口生产井和12或18口加热器井。加热器井可以布置成具有大约12米并距的等边三角形的图案。
加热器井、生产井等的精确布置取决于地层的可变细节(例如该层的厚度或者该层的组分)、项目经济情况等。在某些实施例中，加热器井可以基本水平，而生产井可以垂直，反之亦然。在某些实施例中，井可以沿着倾角或者走向对准，或者定向成在倾角和走向之间的一个角度。
在热源之间的间距可以改变，这取决于多种因素。这些因素可以包括但并不限于：含有烃的地层的种类，在被加热部分内将要得到的选定的加热速度和/或选定的平均温度。在一些布井方式的实施例中，热源之间的间距可以为大约5米到大约25米的范围内。在一些布井方式的实施例中，热源之间的间距可以为大约8米到大约15米的范围内。热源可以这样位于地层中，即：每一个热源之间的间距可以改变，但是小于大约10％、20％或者30％。另外，热源可以这样布置，即：近似相等的间距存在于每一个热源之间。
当抑制由地层产生烃时，由于在地层内的重质烃类和其他流体(例如水)的热膨胀和/或相变，地层内的压力随着地层内的温度而趋于增加。在地层内的压力必须保持在选定压力之下，以抑制不想要的产品、上覆盖层或者下伏地层的断裂和/或地层内烃的焦化。该选定的压力可以是地层的岩石静态压力或者流体静力压力。例如，该选定的压力可以是大约150巴绝对压力，或者在某些实施例中，该选定的压力可以是大约35巴绝对压力。通过控制地层中生产井的生产速度，可以控制在地层内的压力。在其他实施例中，通过地层中的一个或者多个减压井来释放压力，可以控制在地层内的压力。减压井可以是插入地层中的热源或者单独的井。通过减压井从地层中除去的地层流体可以被送到地面工厂。由地层产生至少一些烃可以防止地层内的压力升高到选定压力以上。
在某些实施例中，可以通过热源井筒反向生产一些地层流体。例如，在加热含有烃的地层的早期，通过热源井筒可以反向生产一些地层流体。在一实施例中，可以通过一部分热源井筒来生产一些地层流体。可以沿着井筒的长度来调节注入的热量，从而不会过度加热通过井筒产生的流体。通过热源井筒中温度低于该井筒其他部分的那部分可以生产流体。
通过热源井筒来生产至少一些地层流体可以降低或者消除对地层中另外的生产井的需要。另外，通过热源井筒(尤其是在环绕热源井筒的区域内)来生产流体，可以减小地层内的压力。在地层内压力的减小可以改变产生的液体变成蒸气的速度。在某些实施例中，通过热源井筒产生流体可以导致从地层过早地产生流体。最接近热源井筒的地层部分将比靠近生产井的地层部分更早地升高到活化和/或热解温度。这样，流体可以在早期从接近热源井筒的部分中产生。
图4画出了有选择地加热地层的加热器井的实施例。热源100可以布置在含有烃的层104的开口120内。在某些实施例中，开口120可以是烃层104内的基本上水平的开口。射孔套管122可以布置在开口120内。射孔套管122可以提供支撑，以防烃层104的烃和/或其他材料毁坏开口120。在射孔套管122内的孔可以允许流体从烃层104流入开口120内。热源100可以包括热的部分124。热的部分124可以是热源100的一部分，其以较高的热能输出工作。例如，热的部分124可以输出大约650瓦/米到大约1650瓦/米之间的能量。热的部分124可以从热源的“脚跟”延伸到热源的末端(即热源的“脚趾”)。热源的脚跟是热源最接近热源进入烃层的那一点的部分。热源的脚趾是从热源的进口进入烃层最远的热源的端部。
在一实施例中，热源100可以包括温暖的部分126。温暖的部分126可以是一部分热源100，这部分热源以低于热的部分124的热量输出工作。例如，温暖的部分126可以输出大约150瓦/米到大约650瓦/米之间的能量。在某些实施例中，温暖的部分126可以保持低于热解温度的一个温度。温暖部分126可以位于比较接近热源100的脚跟的部位。在某些实施例中，温暖部分126可以是在热的部分124和上覆盖层部分128之间的过渡部分(即过渡导体)。上覆盖层部分128可以位于上覆盖层130内。上覆盖层部分128可以提供比温暖部分126更低的热量输出。例如，上覆盖层部分可以输出大约30瓦/米到大约90瓦/米之间的能量。在一些实施例中，上覆盖层部分128可以在尽可能接近上覆盖层130的部分不提供热量(0瓦/米)。然而，可以使用一些热量将通过开口120生产的流体在上覆盖层130内保持在气相状态。
在某些实施例中，热源100热的部分124可以将烃加热到足够高的温度，从而在烃层104中形成焦炭132。焦炭132可以出现在环绕开口120的区域内。温暖部分126可以以较低的热量输出来工作，从而在热源100的温暖部分或者接近这里的地方不能形成焦炭。当来自热源100的热量从该开口向外传送时，焦炭132可以从开口120开始径向地延伸。然而在一定距离的地方，不再能够形成焦炭132，因为在该确定距离处烃层104内的温度将不能达到焦化温度。不能形成焦炭的距离可以是热量输出(从热源100开始每米瓦特)、地层类型、在地层中烃含量和/或地层中其他条件的函数。
焦炭132的形成可以阻止流体经过焦化层流入开口120内。然而，通过在未形成焦炭的热源100的脚跟处(即热源的温暖部分126)的开口120，可以生产在地层内的流体。在热源100脚跟处的较低温度可以减小通过脚跟产生的地层流体裂化增加的可能性。流体沿着水平方向比沿着垂直方向更加容易地穿过地层。通常，在相对可以渗透的地层(例如沥青砂)中的水平渗透性比垂直渗透性高出大约5到10倍。因此，流体可以沿着基本水平的方向沿着热源100的长度流动。通过开口120产生地层流体可能比通过在烃层104内的生产井产生流体要提早很多。通过开口120提早很多开始生产可能是因为：由于从热源100开始经过烃层104的热传导的作用，接近开口的温度比远离开口的温度增加得快。在开始加热地层(即在地层内的生产井开始生产之前)期间，早期产生的地层流体可以用来保持在烃层104内的较低压力。地层内的较低压力可以增加来自地层的液体产量。另外，通过开口120产生地层流体可以减少地层中需要的生产井的数量。
作为替换实施形式，在某些实施例中，可以移动或者去除部分加热器，从而缩短被加热部分。例如，在水平井中加热器最初可以延伸到“脚趾”。当从地层中生产产品时，可以移动加热器，从而使其位于更加远离“脚趾”的地方。可以将热量施加到地层中不同的部分上。
在某些实施例中，通过由地层产生重质烃对轻质烃的更大百分比，可以提高地层输出能量对输入地层能量的比值。重质烃的能量含量势必高于轻质烃的能量含量。生产更多重质烃可以提高能量输出对能量输入的比值。另外，由可相对渗透的地层制造重质烃的生产成本(例如热量输出)可以小于轻质烃的生产成本。在某些实施例中，能量输出对能量输入的比值至少为5左右。在其他实施例中，能量输出到能量输入的比值为至少6左右或者至少7左右。一般情况下，由可相对渗透的地层原地生产的能量输出对能量输入的比值可以相对于通常的制造技术有所提高。例如，重质烃的蒸汽生产通常具有大约2.7到大约3.3的能量比。蒸汽生产还可以从地层中就地产生大约28％到大约40％的原始烃。在某些实施例中，由可相对渗透的地层进行原地生产可以在原地产生高于大约50％的原始烃类。
在处理可相对渗透的地层的实施例中，可以由地层生产移动的流体，伴随有受限制的或者没有热解的和/或浓缩的移动流体。在接近地层的地面工厂或者与远离布置的地面工厂，可以进一步处理产生的流体。可以这样处理生产的流体，即：可以输送(例如，通过管线、轮船等)该流体。在该实施例中的热源可以具有比生产热解的地层流体所需间距更大的间距。例如，在热源之间的间距可以为大约15米、大约30米，甚或大约40米，以便由可相对渗透的地层来制造基本没有热解的流体。地层的平均温度可以为大约50℃到大约225℃之间，或者在某些实施例中，可以为大约150℃到大约200℃之间，或者为大约100℃到大约150℃之间。例如，假定热源具有恒定的热量输出，大约30米的井距可以产生在大约10年内大约150℃的地层内平均温度。较小的热源间距可以用来升高地层内的温度。例如，大约15米的井距势必会产生在小于大约1年的时间内大约150℃的地层内平均温度。较大的井距可以降低与形成井筒、购买并安装加热设备以及提供能量以加热地层相关联的成本，但是并不限于这些。
对于本领域技术人员来讲，根据说明书可以清楚本发明进一步的改进和各个方面的替换实施例。因此，本说明书仅仅被解释为例示性的，并且用于教导本领域技术人员实现本发明的常规方式的目的。应理解，在此所示并描述的本发明的形式将用作目前优选的实施例。对于在此所示并描述的元件和材料，可以被替代，局部和过程可以反过来，并且可以独立地使用本发明的某些特征，对于本领域技术人员来讲，在具有本发明描述的好处之后，所有这一切都是显然的。在不脱离下面权利要求书所描述的本发明的精神和范围内，可以改变在此描述的元件。另外，应理解，在某些实施例中，可以将在此单独描述的特征结合起来。

Claims (8)

1.一种用于原地处理含有烃的地层的方法，包括：
由一个或者多个热源给至少一部分地层提供热量；
使热量从一个或者多个热源传递给该地层的一区段，以便该热量使在该区段地层内的至少一些烃类热解；
与提供给该区段内的加热器井筒的其他部分的热量相比，提供更少的热量给紧挨该加热器井筒的选定部分，以限制温度并且防止在该加热器井筒的选定部分处或者接近该选定部分的地方形成焦炭；通过该加热器井筒的选定部分，生产至少一些烃类；
限制温度包括将紧挨该加热器井筒选定部分的温度保持在热解温度之下；
所述的方法还包括给该加热器井筒的上覆盖层部分提供至少一些热量，以便将产生的烃类保持在气相状态；
每一个加热器提供小于1650瓦/米的热量输出；
控制在该区段地层中至少绝大部分内的压力，其中该压力为2.0巴绝对压力到70.0巴绝对压力之间。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法，还包括：在该加热器井筒的选定部分内或者紧挨该选定部分的地方生成或者供给水，以阻止在该加热器井筒的选定部分处或者接近该选定部分的地方形成焦炭。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法，其特征在于，该加热器井筒基本水平地布置在地层的该区段内。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法，还包括：通过生产井，从地层的该区段来生产混合物。
5.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法，还包括：将地层的该区段内的压力保持在150巴绝对压力之下。
6.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法，还包括：当该地层内氢的分压为至少0.5巴绝对压力时，生产烃类。
7.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法，其特征在于，由至少一个加热器提供的热量基本上通过传导被传递给至少一部分地层。
8.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法，其特征在于，控制由地层产生的重质烃对轻质烃的百分比，产生的混合物的能量输出对输入地层的能量的比值为至少5。
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