CN1798535A - 带有安装在股骨内的轴的髋部假肢 - Google Patents

带有安装在股骨内的轴的髋部假肢 Download PDF

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CN1798535A
CN1798535A CNA200480015368XA CN200480015368A CN1798535A CN 1798535 A CN1798535 A CN 1798535A CN A200480015368X A CNA200480015368X A CN A200480015368XA CN 200480015368 A CN200480015368 A CN 200480015368A CN 1798535 A CN1798535 A CN 1798535A
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rib
axle
hip prosthesis
roughness
back side
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CN100563602C (zh
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A·克勒
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Waldemar Link GmbH and Co KG
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    • A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
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    • A61F2002/30878—Special external or bone-contacting surface, e.g. coating for improving bone ingrowth applied in original prostheses, e.g. holes or grooves with non-sharp protrusions, for instance contacting the bone for anchoring, e.g. keels, pegs, pins, posts, shanks, stems, struts
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Abstract

髋部假肢，带有在股骨空腔内无粘合剂安装的轴(1)。轴的近侧部分由基体构成，基本的形状与借助相应的工作在骨中构成的空腔的互补形状对应。在基体上向背侧和腹侧各凸起一个楔形肋条(12)，肋条的宽度平均至少为其高度的三倍，并且肋条的背面粗糙，具有磨蚀作用。

Description

带有安装在股骨内的轴的髋部假肢
分配给股骨的髋部假肢部分备有轴，该轴安装在一个空腔内，该空腔是在切除股骨头和头劲后，借助适当的工具在股骨的多孔内横截面区域中形成的。当不用粘合剂安装轴时，应使空腔的形状与轴的形状尽可能互补匹配，从而假肢在安装完轴之后可靠地牢固就位。在此近侧轴部分位于骨的干骺区域(约在小转子上方)，按如下方式设计，即不仅传递在股骨方向止推轴承垂直力，而且还传递与上述方向垂直并特别向内侧方向的力。为使指向腹侧和背侧的近侧假肢轴的表面部分也向骨的传力，已知的是，其表面按如下方式设计，即可与骨组织形状配合连接。为此有两种方案可用，即一方面是表面的微-粗糙度，该表面的-微粗糙度例如通过喷玻璃丸处理、多孔涂覆或者类似方法产生并使骨能够向凹处和孔内生长，另一方面是从轴基体凸出的肋条。这两种方案还可一起使用。已知的是(EP-B-761 183)在近侧轴基体的背侧和腹侧表面上安装肋条，肋条在轴的纵向上延伸，肋条的横截面从远侧向近侧楔形增大。这种肋条在下面称为楔形肋条。为制造空腔，使用了粗锉刀，该粗锉刀的外形与无肋条的轴基体相符。在装入轴的情况下，轴基体与空腔的表面构成压入配合。在装入假肢的情况下，楔形肋条切入多孔骨组织。由于其楔形形状，楔形肋条挤压和压实骨组织。这有助于假肢的牢固就位。在此一方面由于肋条而在骨和假肢横截面之间产生了宏观的形状配合。另一方面，在骨组织向粗糙的和多孔的表面结构中生长之后，产生了微观的形状配合。很显然，这两种作用是相互独立的，并且在设计假肢时可以不用相互考虑地加以使用。
很明显，上述在安装楔形肋条情况下的压缩骨材料不允许导致骨被胀破。肋条越宽，这种危险越大，因为此时肋条面向骨皮的楔形表面越大，并且对骨皮造成的楔力也越大。因此，已知的楔形肋条都是细长的(EP-B-761 183，EP-B-159 462)。因此，人们努力使肋条的楔作用转向切向(DE-U 295 22 382，第4页，第22行)。但也已知在不用粘合剂安装的髋部假肢情况下的宽肋条(EP-A-10 70 490)。但在此涉及有肋条，由于其形状，不适合用于挤压和压缩骨材料，因此在一开始就要在空腔内考虑它的体形和形状。此外，已知的是在假肢轴上有较宽的、从远侧向近侧变宽的轴凸起部，这些凸起部供粘接植入用，因此在这种情况下所属的工具按如下方式设计，即人工骨空腔比包括其肋条形套筒在内的轴的体积更大。
本发明的任务在于，提供一种用于无粘合剂植入的带有楔形肋条和粗糙表面的假肢轴，其能够在假肢表面和骨组织之间实现快速的和大面积的连接。权利要求1给出了本发明的解决方案，即，简单地说，带有粗糙背面的肋条非常宽。通常肋条的宽度是高度的至少三倍，最好是四倍。
根据以前的经验，必须考虑到，这种宽肋条主要向外向骨皮上产生其楔作用，并因此引起骨被胀破的危险。如果肋条的背面不是粗糙的，则存在这种危险。粗糙度导致与肋条背面直接接触并遭受楔作用和相对运动的骨物质被压碎和磨碎，并由此变成可流动的状态，从而被肋条背面向侧面挤出并可流出。这有两种作用。第一，在与肋条背面垂直的方向上产生的力较小，由此限制了可能造成损害的对骨皮的施力。第二，在植入的最终状态，肋条背面与未受损害的骨物质直接相邻，在这些未受损害的骨物质中保存了自然的血管系统，因为前面被压碎的骨物质由于其流动性而被除去了。由此在植入后，新骨物质的向内生长过程很快到达多孔的肋条背面，并因此经过较短时间就获得大面积的密切的表面连接。虽然在目前已知的、在其横截面尖端带有粗糙表面的楔形肋条情况下，同样可产生这样的效果。但因为这效应限制在非常小的面上，所以没有对其进行利用并且这种效应也没有积极的作用。在肋条侧面上，情形就完全不同了。在单个肋条情况下，在与侧表面垂直的压缩方向上，有较宽的压缩空间，从而骨物质虽然被压缩并部分压碎，但压力没有象粗糙度相当大的磨蚀作用所需的那么大。骨物质或多或少地保持在原来的位置。因为其中的血管大部分被破坏，所以它们首先在未被破坏的骨组织和假肢表面之间构成障碍，在植入之后新鲜的骨组织必须首先穿过这些障碍，才能向假肢的粗糙表面内生长并产生形状配合连接。在相邻的肋条之间的空间内，情形也和在肋条背面上不同，因为在那里压缩和骨组织破坏的情况不同，被破坏的组织不能被除去。即在该区域内，与新鲜骨组织的连接也被推迟了。
因此，本发明的优点是，由于大面积肋条背的粗糙度和由此产生的靠近未被破坏的骨组织，在假肢表面和骨表面之间可实现非常快的牢固连接。
最好肋条在全部的近侧部分的宽度至少为高度的三倍，最好四倍。在肋条表面相对被压紧的骨组织运动情况下，为使粗糙度的磨蚀作用与通过楔作用产生的挤压相比始终足够大，楔角应该不大于5°，最好不大于3.5°，并且更好的是不大于2.5°，其中所述楔角是肋条背部的平面与外内方向上的轴中面(外内-中面)之间的夹角。
肋条的宽度是其在外内-方向上的尺寸，该宽度最好从远侧向近侧增加，其中外侧棱边与轴纵向之间的夹角应不大于4°，最好是3°。这也适用于外侧棱边。
在轴横截面上，肋条背面约与外内-中面平行。肋条背面与外内-中面之间的夹角最好不大于15°，其中肋条高度向外侧方向增加。与肋条背面相反，内侧面优选是尖锐的，并基本与外内-平面垂直。可取的是这也同样适用于外侧棱边，尽管在外侧棱边那里不太重要。
为使粗糙度的磨蚀作用在肋条背部区域充分发挥作用，粗糙度高度在0.05和0.5毫米之间。相邻粗糙度的尖端距离也在该数量级内。
下面参考附图更详细地解释本发明，该附图示出了优选实施例。其中：
图1为侧视图
图2为从外侧看到的视图
图3至5是在假肢轴的各个相应高度穿过假肢轴的横截面。
这里涉及直轴假肢，即轴具有连续的直纵轴线，并沿直线植入到股骨内。轴1包括在横截面上基本矩形的基体，基体带有平行的背侧侧面和腹侧侧面3，4，这两个侧面向远侧楔形变小。它们与外内中面5分别构成小于2°的夹角。轴基体的外侧和内侧边界面6，7同样向远侧楔形变小。在近侧上连接有假肢颈部以及在大转子区域的外侧挡板10，其中所述假肢颈部带有用于套装关节头的圆锥体9。
如通常公知的，用于形成接收假肢轴的骨空腔的未示出的锉刀具有和由表面3，4和6，7限定的假肢轴基本一样的外形，以在植入后使假肢轴在骨空腔内可靠牢固地就位。
在轴基体的背侧和腹侧表面3，4上，相对轴线11基本居中地安装了肋条12，肋条具有带有直线界面面的楔形。该表面的大小是面向背侧或腹侧的背面13。在内侧肋条由约与表面3或4垂直的内侧端面限定。这同样适用于外侧端面15。
和背面13的边界棱边一样，端面14，15和中心线11分别构成约2.5°的夹角。肋条背面13与轴的外内-中面构成的夹角约为2°。
肋条背面13约与轴的外内-中面5平行。在所示实例中，偏差总共小于10°。在内侧棱边上，肋条比在外侧棱边上稍高，由此用于从假肢向内侧向骨上传力的形状配合被增大了。
至少肋条12的背面13通过喷沙、等离子涂覆、火焰喷涂或者类似方法提供粗糙的并且必要时多孔的表面。粗糙度突起部分最好是尖锐的，从而在向骨内插入轴的情况下，这些粗糙度突起部分对骨物质有磨蚀作用。还可在假肢轴的其余表面上设置这种粗糙度，以使骨组织与假肢表面密切连接。对于本发明，重要之处仅在于肋条背面的粗糙度。尽管在骨空腔内的轴基体是互补预制的，并且在骨空腔内不需要骨进行明显的附加变形就可获得希望的压入配合，但没有为肋条12提供这种互补的空腔形状。在向骨内压入轴的情况下，肋条挤出与其体积对应的骨组织量。如果背面是光滑的，则骨的层状结构在此仅被压在一起和压实，其中层状间隙的流质被排出。但由于肋条背部的磨蚀作用，在本发明情况下，骨层被压碎和磨碎。由此骨层可与流态的间隙内含物质一起，从肋条背面和肋条背面后面的牢固的、未被破坏的骨组织之间的区域排出。一方面，由此降低了压力，该压力是由于肋条在肋条和骨之间产生的楔作用产生的。另一方面，在肋条背面和硬骨皮之间的多孔骨物质没有被全部压到一起并破坏。相反地，直到肋条表面附近的骨物质都保持完好，并因此通过快速挤进轴表面并向其粗糙度内生长的新鲜骨组织促进假肢的快速固定。

Claims (8)

1、髋部假肢以及工具，其中所述假肢带有在股骨空腔内无粘合剂安装的轴(1)，轴的近侧部分由基体和各一个从基体向背侧和腹侧凸出的肋条(12)构成，所述肋条与轴方向(11)平行，在横截面上从远侧向近侧增大并具有粗糙的表面，所述工具用于形成与基体形状基本相符的空腔，其特征在于，肋条平均宽度是高度的至少三倍。
2、根据权利要求1的髋部假肢，其特征在于，是直轴假肢。
3、根据权利要求1或2的髋部假肢，其特征在于，肋条(12)的背面(11)在轴横截面上约与外内-中面(5)平行。
4、根据权利要求3的髋部假肢，其特征在于，肋条在其内侧棱边(14)上的高度比在其外侧边界(15)上的高度大。
5、根据权利要求1至4之一的髋部假肢，其特征在于，肋条的内侧端面(14)约与轴基体的表面(3，4)垂直。
6、根据权利要求1至5之一的髋部假肢，其特征在于，肋条背面(13)的粗糙度在0.05到0.5毫米之间。
7、根据权利要求6的髋部假肢，其特征在于，构成粗糙度的凸起的尖端距离处于和粗糙度高度相同的数量级。
8、根据权利要求1至7之一的髋部假肢，其特征在于，肋条背面(13)的粗糙度对骨组织具有磨蚀作用。
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