DE102007050680A1 - Sheet structure, especially polymer-based photovoltaic element, e.g. for solar cell, comprises supporting grating with lattice openings covered by skin of viscous coating material - Google Patents

Abstract

In a sheet structure comprising a supporting element (SE) for a viscous coating material (VCM), the SE is formed from a grating material (GM) having a lattice spacing and interfacial tension relative to the VCM adapted so that after coating the lattice openings of the GM are covered by a skin of VCM, which dries to give a crack-free covering film of VCM.

Description

The The invention relates to a fabric according to the preamble of claim 1 and in particular a sheet, the forms a photovoltaic element based on polymer, wherein the photovoltaic Element a first and a second electrode and a photovoltaic active Layers of viscose layer material between the two Having electrodes, wherein one electrode formed as a grid electrode is.

From the US 2004/0187911 A1 is a photovoltaic element (Dye Sensitized Solar Cell, DSSC) known. This known photovoltaic element has a first electrode, a second electrode formed by a grid electrode, and a photovoltaically active layer structure provided therebetween, which has an electron acceptor material and an electron donor material. The grid electrode can form a cathode or an anode there. The grid electrode is provided on a transparent substrate and covered with a photosensitized nanoparticulate layer.

A photovoltaic element (DSSC) with a grid electrode is for example also from US Pat. No. 7,022,910 B2 known. This known photovoltaic element has a first and a second substrate and a light-transmitting metallic grid electrode, which is partially embedded in the second substrate. Between the light-transmitting metallic grid electrode and the first substrate, a first electrode is inserted. A photosensitized nanoparticle layer is provided adjacent to an electrolyte between the first electrode and the light-transmissive metallic grid electrode. One of the substrates may have one or more substantially planar surfaces or it may be substantially non-planar. For example, a non-planar substrate may have a curved or a stepped surface.

From the US 2005/0263178 A1 is a photovoltaic module architecture comprising a first photovoltaic cell having an electrode, a second photovoltaic cell having an electrode, and an interconnect interconnecting the electrodes of the first and second photovoltaic cells. The interconnect comprises an adhesive material and a mesh member partially disposed in the adhesive material. The adhesive material comprises an electrically insulating material and the grid element comprises an electrically conductive material. The first and second photovoltaic cells share at least one common substrate.

Of the Invention is based on the object, a sheet, in particular to provide a polymer-based photovoltaic element, that is easy to produce.

These The object is achieved by the features of claim 1, d. H. thereby solved that the carrier element of a grid material is formed, its grid and the surface tension of the coating material are adapted to each other such that the cavity window of the grid material of the carrier element after coating the carrier element of a skin of the viscous coating material are spanned, the after drying, a film covering the grid material and spanning crack-free spanning forms.

Of the Invention is based on the consideration that in the production flexible photovoltaic elements in the form of flexible solar cells Polymer-based very fluid media, such as For example, SC mixtures (semiconductors) from PCBM (fullerenes, electron acceptor) and P3HT (poly-3-hexylthiopene; electron donor) with high accuracy must be applied and printed to a corresponding Module to realize. For the SC mixture, the low viscosity is especially due to the poor and thus very low solubility the starting components in the form of PCBM and P3HT in a solvent conditionally and so far can not be easily avoided. Should such partial areas printed on a flexible support and in this case the required layer thickness can be achieved to a Such is to realize polymer-based photovoltaic element this only possible by multiple printing. By the invention It is now possible without a technically very complex and expensive multiple printing to realize such layers. The Inventive sheet draws This continues through a particularly high quality of Coating material layer, so that by means of the invention In particular, photovoltaic elements based on polymer created Can be made by cost-effective production and high efficiency.

Preferably, the sheet is a photovoltaic element, which may be, for example, a solar cell or a light-emitting diode o. The like. According to a before Toward the embodiment of the invention, the photovoltaic element has a self-supporting grid electrode, so that a substrate for the grid electrode is basically dispensable. Preferably, the self-supporting grid electrode directly and directly forms a wetting carrier for the viscous coating material, in particular for the viscous coating material of the photovoltaically active layer structure of the photovoltaic element, wherein the cavity windows of the self-supporting grid electrode are covered by the skin of the viscous layer material.

there it may be useful if the grid electrode partially has a surface coating, and when the surface-coated grid electrode from the skin is spanned from the viscous layer material.

The self-supporting grid electrode can be made of a metal wire grid or a surface-metallized grid surface element consist of non-metallic grid threads. The metal wire grid can be made of any wire material, such as a Copper wire, the metal wire mesh also consist of a can consist of any other metal or metal alloy wire.

The Structure of the grid material may be uniform, i. H. on consideration formed perpendicular to the lattice plane in the form of a symmetrical grid be. However, it is also possible that the structure of the lattice material is not configured regularly, for example in one or both spatial directions, which span the grid, different has constant pitches. It is also possible that the grid lines of the grid are not straight, but for example, geometrically transformed in the form of a serpentine line or also obliquely arranged to each other, d. H. for example a geometrically transformed coordinate system are defined, which is described by two not by the same geometric function Coordinate axes is spanned. Next, the grid material also have areas with different patterns, the Patterns have both functional and non-functional properties can.

Consists the grid electrode of a wireform, so can the Wires of the grid electrode also from a multi-layer structure be formed. The wire mesh here preferably has a weave pattern on, in which two weft threads are juxtaposed, wherein Other variations are possible.

According to one preferred embodiment of the invention, the Wire mesh in one direction only conductive threads and in another direction non-conductive threads, so that there is a directional conductivity. Further, it is also possible that the grid threads also alternately conductive and non-conductive or in certain Conductive and in other areas non-conductive grid threads are provided. By an appropriate selection of conductive and non-conductive threads for certain Areas of the photovoltaic element makes it possible to enter entire module consisting of several photovoltaic cells without a division of the grid on a single grid material layer Build up (data grid). This will be a particularly cost-effective Construction of a photovoltaic module allows. Further It is also possible in the production of photovoltaic Module to divide the grid accordingly and then provide circuit-compatible contacts. Also a combination Both of these methods is for producing a photovoltaic Module possible.

Further It is also possible, alternating conductive and non-conductive Provide threads or single threads or the entire grid at least partially colored perform.

at the surface metallized grid surface element from non-metallic grid yarns, it may be, for. B. order a sheet of plastic threads act, which are superficially metallized. Of importance is solely and solely, that the lattice spacing of the grid electrode and the surface tension of the viscous coating material, in particular of the photovoltaically active layer structure together are adapted such that the cavity window of the grid electrode from a skin of the viscous coating material, e.g. B. SC, spans which, after drying, cover one of the lattice material and forming a crack-free spanning film. The skin from the Viscous layer material may be single or multi-layered at the grid electrode be provided.

Further it is also possible that the film-forming layer or the film-forming layers only partially on the grid material are provided, for example, the grid material only half cover, and so a part of the grid material freely accessible is. This is particularly advantageous when the grid material forms a grid electrode.

The photovoltaic layer structure of the photovoltaic element is preferably laminated between two (flexible) carriers, which are two plastic substrates, for example to plastic films of a thickness between 12 and 250 microns can act, but also around two transparent glass slides can act. The grid material of the fabric takes over Advantageously, especially when using transparent glass slides in addition a stiffness function. Will the grid material for example, designed as a self-tending wire mesh, this results in connection with the carrier substrates laminated on both sides a mechanically extremely stable structure in which the wire mesh both essential electrical, as well as essential takes over mechanical functions. Also several stacks of such Formations can be arranged one above the other and a photovoltaic element, for example a photovoltaic Train module.

Further it is also possible that the photoactive layered structure is encapsulated with the grid material, in particular with plastic is overmoulded and thus protected from environmental influences is.

Further it is also possible that the photoactive layered structure with the grid material in any other way in a foil or introduced a film web formed multi-layer body is. In this case, the sheet of the multilayer Formed film body. It is also possible that individual layers of the film body - after their application - are structured or the film body can be structured overall.

According to the invention the surface coating the grid electrode partially Cover, and the surface-coated grid electrode may be spanned by the skin from the viscous layer material. In this case, the surface-coated grid electrode spanning Skin from the viscous layer material the grid electrode except cover a contact surface portion.

The surface coating of the grid electrode can for example consist of TiO _x and, for example via a chemical reaction such. As hydrolization, or via a sputtering process or the like. Of course, in the case of an organic photovoltaic cell, other hole blocker materials or material combinations are possible. That is, it is of course also possible to use another suitable material for the surface coating of the self-supporting grid electrode.

Preferably, the photovoltaically active layer structure consists of a layer consisting of a semiconductor material, hereinafter referred to as SC (semiconductor), starting from the SC layer in the direction of the one electrode, a layer consisting of an electron blocker and in the direction of the other electrode, a layer consisting of a hole blocker material is provided. The electron blocker material and the hole blocker material may likewise be a material having semiconductive properties, for example TiO _x . As a SC material, a semiconductor material is used, in which the charge of a light quantum occurs, ie represents a photoactive semiconductor material. Preferably, the SC material consists of a mixture containing an electron donor and an electron acceptor. The hole blocking layer and / or electron blocking layer can also be dispensed with.

According to one preferred embodiment of the invention has the photovoltaic active layer structures eg at least one layer SC (Semiconductor) and at least one layer of PEDOT: PSS (poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly (styrenesulfonate)) on. As already mentioned, it is For example, the SC is a mixture of PCBM and P3HT, where the ratio of PCBM: P3HT is between 0.5: 2 and 2: 0.5 can. The photovoltaic active layer structure can also be more than one Location SC and more than one location PEDOT: PSS have. Likewise be provided that the PEDOT: PSS location by one or more other electron blocker layers or combinations of such layers can be replaced. Both the hole blocking layer and the electron blocking layer can also be made from a layer composite of different Lochblocker materials and electron blocker materials formed be or also from a mixture consisting of different ones Lochblockermaterialien or electron block materials exist.

Further It is also possible that the fabric is both a multi-junction layered structure as well as a single-junction layered structure includes, for example on the one hand a multi-junction Construction and on the other side has a single-junction structure.

The layers of the SC material are preferably made of a mixture of Elektronenakzep formed gates and electron donors. Furthermore, it is also possible for the SC layer to consist of a plurality of layers selected from the group consisting of layers comprising an electron acceptor, layers comprising an electron donor and layers comprising a mixture of electron acceptor and electron donor.

Further It has been proven that in one or more layers of the fabric, other substances, such as nanoparticles, in particular to increase efficiency are included. Next it is also possible to use the layers specified here the fabric includes one or more further layers can, for example metallic intermediate layers. It is next possible that one or more layers of the fabric are only partially provided.

Similarly is it possible that with the inventive Grid electrode is not a single-junction layered structure, but a multi-junction layer structure is built to z. Eg the efficiency the cells or modules thus formed by the Light absorption in a wider wavelength range increase.

According to the invention the at least one SC layer and the at least one PEDOT: PSS layer the surface area of the surface-coated Cover grid electrode over entire area. Another possibility exists in that the at least one SC layer and the at least one PEDOT: PSS position the surface area of the surface-coated Only partially cover self-supporting grid electrode, so that a Surface portion of the surface-coated Grid electrode remains free from the photovoltaic active layer structure. In a training of the latter type, the at least a PEDOT: PSS position the at least one SC location over its entire surface cover. Another possibility is that the At least one PEDOT: PSS position the at least one SC location only partially covered, so that a surface portion of the at least one SC position of the at least one PEDOT: PSS position remains free.

For said partial coverage may be conventional Structuring methods, such as chemical structuring methods, Laser structuring method or the like, or conventional Coating method, such. B. nozzle part coating or the like, as well as combinations of these per se known methods and other known techniques are used.

at the photovoltaic element according to the invention based on polymer, the second electrode, the photovoltaic layer structure Cover completely or only partially, so that a surface section of the photovoltaic layered structure of the second electrode remains free. The second electrode may be formed by a metal layer be. This metal layer may be a metal thick layer or act to a metal thin film. The metal thick film can be produced for example by screen printing. The metal thin film can by vacuum evaporation, sputtering o. The like. be prepared.

The called metal layer can also be made of a combination of metals consist; it can be formed in one or more layers. The second For example, the electrode may also consist of ITO or the like.

The The object underlying the invention is characterized according to the method solved that a self-supporting grid electrode with a Grid spacing is used, which is related to the surface tension the viscous layer material of the photovoltaically active layer structure is adapted such that the cavity window of the grid electrode when applying the viscous layer material on the grid electrode spanned by a skin from the viscous layer material and after drying a crack-free, spanning form an active film. The drying can, for example, by moderate Hot air or done by contact drying or the like.

The Applying the viscous layer material on the self-supporting Grid electrode can be immersed once or more times the self-supporting grid electrode in the viscous layer material of take place photovoltaically active Schichtgebildes. It can the Self-supporting grid electrode in the viscous layer material of partially immersed in a photovoltaically active layered structure, such that a contact surface portion of the grid electrode remains free from the viscous layer material.

Further Details, features and advantages of the invention will become apparent the following description of the accompanying drawings.

It demonstrate:

1 FIG. 2 is a schematic plan view of an inventive sheet formed as a polymer-based photovoltaic element in a representation not to scale; FIG.

2 cut a section through the photovoltaic element according to 1 greatly enlarged along the section line II-II and not to scale,

3 in one of the 2 similar sectional view of a portion of another embodiment of a sheet according to the invention, forming a photovoltaic element,

4 one of the 3 similar representation of yet another embodiment of a sheet according to the invention, forming a photovoltaic element,

5 a further embodiment of the photovoltaic element in a 3 and 4 similar representation,

6 Yet another embodiment of a sheet according to the invention, forming a photovoltaic element, in a the 3 to 5 similar representation,

7 Yet another embodiment of the photovoltaic element in a 3 to 6 similar representation,

8th a further embodiment of the sheet according to the invention, forming a photovoltaic element, in a 3 to 7 similar representation, and

9 a the 3 to 7 similar illustration of yet another sheet according to the invention, forming a photovoltaic element, it being understood that other layer combinations are possible.

The 1 and 2 illustrate an education of a photovoltaic element 10 based on polymer. The photovoltaic element 10 has a first electrode 12 and a second electrode 14 on. Between the first and the second electrode 12 and 14 is a photovoltaic active layer structure 16 provided by viscous layer material. The first electrode 12 and / or the second electrode 14 is / are transparent or semitransparent, allowing light into the photovoltaic active layered structure 16 arrive or can be emitted by it. It is also possible that the first electrode 12 and / or the second electrode 14 are not transparent or semitransparent. Also in the case where both electrodes are not transparent or semitransparent, light may fall through the free areas of the grating, in which case the efficiency of the photovoltaic element is somewhat lower. Since the light is usually only from one side to the photovoltaic element 10 falls, it is advantageous to design the one electrode of an opaque material and the other electrode of a transparent or semi-transparent material.

The photovoltaic element 10 can form a solar cell or a photocell. In the former case, the photovoltaically active layer structure is used 16 to, between the first and the second electrode 12 and 14 to generate an electrical voltage U when the photovoltaically active layer structure 16 is applied with light energy. In the second case, if the photovoltaic element 10 forms a photocell, serves the photovoltaic active layer structure 16 for generating a light radiation when to the first and second electrodes 12 and 14 a voltage U is applied.

The first electrode 12 is in the in the 1 and 2 illustrate embodiment of the photovoltaic element 10 from a self-supporting grid electrode 18 formed, which has a grid spacing A. According to the grid spacing A of the grid electrode 18 and the surface tension of the viscous layer material of the photovoltaic active layer structure 16 adapted to each other so that the cavity window 20 the self-supporting grid electrode 18 after drying of a skin 22 the viscous layer material of the photovoltaically active layer structure 16 crack-free are covered (see in particular 2 ).

The self-supporting grid electrode 18 partially has a surface coating 24 on, which consists for example of TiO _x or the like. Here, in the active areas of the photovoltaic element 10 the surface coating 24 preferably provided over the entire surface. Due to the partial surface coating 24 remains a portion of the grid electrode 18 from the surface coating 24 free. This section is in the 1 and 2 through the double arrow 26 clarified. The section 26 make that Surface area of the photovoltaic element 10 ie the grid electrode 18 to which a contact element 28 of the photovoltaic element 10 can be connected or connected (see 1 ). In this way it is possible to interconnect individual cells to form a module.

The skin 22 from the viscous layer material covers the grid electrode 18 with the exception of a contact surface section, which in the 1 and 2 through the double arrow 30 is clarified.

The photovoltaic active layer structure 16 has at least one location 32 made of SC, ie a mixture of PCBM and P3HT, and at least one layer 34 from PEDOT: PSS on. The PEDOT: PSS situation 34 covers the SC location 32 only partially, leaving a surface section 36 the at least one SC location 32 from the at least one PEDOT: PSS location 34 remains free and thus ensures that short circuits are avoided.

The second electrode 14 is formed by a metal thick or thin layer and covers the photovoltaic active layer structure 16 only partially, ie the at least one PEDOT: PSS situation 34 stands both on the section 26 the grid electrode 18 facing side and on the side remote therefrom on the second electrode 14 above. These two supernatants are indicated by the reference numbers 38 and 40 designated.

The second electrode 14 serves for contacting a second contact element 42 ,

Will the photovoltaic element 10 is acted upon by a light radiation, so is between the two contact elements 28 and 42 generates an electrical voltage U, so that between the two contact elements 28 and 42 An electric current flows when to the contact elements 28 and 42 an electrical consumer is connected.

3 illustrates a portion of an embodiment of the photovoltaic element 10 in an enlarged longitudinal sectional view, wherein the first electrode 12 from a self-supporting grid electrode 18 is formed. The grid electrode 18 is with a surface coating 24 Mistake. In the surface coating 24 it is a hole blocker layer, for example of TiO _x . A SC location 32 spans those with the surface coating 24 covered first self-supporting grid electrode 18 , On one side of the SC location 32 For example, an electron blocking layer is provided, for example, from a PEDOT: PSS layer 34 is formed. The PEDOT: PSS situation 34 is with a non-transparent second electrode 14 covered.

Light can enter the photovoltaic element 10 according to 3 just enter at the side and between the first and the second electrode 12 and 14 generate an electrical voltage from the second electrode 14 turned away.

4 clarified in one of the 3 similar representation of an embodiment of the photovoltaic element 10 , wherein the second electrode 14 the electron blocking layer of PEDOT: PSS 34 not completely but only partially covered, allowing light from both the one and the opposite other side into the photovoltaic element 10 can penetrate to between the first and the second electrode 12 and 14 to generate an electrical voltage.

The partially provided second electrode 14 can also by a full-surface but transparent or at least semitransparent second electrode 14 be replaced.

Same details are in 4 with the same reference numerals as in 3 designated.

5 illustrates an embodiment of the photovoltaic element 10 with a first electrode 12 forming self-supporting grid electrode 18 that a surface coating 24 having. The surface coating 24 forms a hole blocker, for example of TiO _x . The self-supporting, with the surface coating 24 provided grid electrode 18 is with a SC location 32 provided, which is the first electrode 12 spans after a drying process without cracking. The SC location 32 is provided on one side with an electron blocker, for example, from a PEDOT: PSS layer 34 is formed. The electron blocker position 34 is with a second electrode 14 Mistake. The second electrode 14 may consist of a non-transparent material. On the from the second electrode 14 remote side of the photovoltaic element 10 incident light is generated between the first and second electrodes 12 and 14 an electrical voltage.

In 5 is a one-sided variant of the photovoltaic element 10 illustrates, ie a training with a single second electrode 14 , In contrast, illustrates the 2 a training with two opposite second electrodes, which then - as has already been stated - must consist of a transparent or semi-transparent material to convert incident light into an electrical voltage.

6 illustrates in a longitudinal section a section of a photovoltaic element 10 greatly enlarged and not to scale with a self-supporting grid electrode 18 from an electron blocker, for example from a PEDOT: PSS layer 34 crack-free is spanned. One side of the PEDOT: PSS situation 34 is with a SC location 32 Mistake. The SC location 32 is provided with a hole blocker, for example, from a TiO _x layer 24 is formed. The TiO _x layer 24 is with a second electrode 14 Mistake. In 6 a one-sided variant is clarified; it is understood that this layer structure in relation to the grid electrode 18 and the PEDOT: PSS location 34 can also be constructed mirror-inverted two-sided.

7 schematically illustrates an embodiment of the photovoltaic element 10 , wherein the self-supporting grid electrode 18 is superficially coated with an electron blocker, which is, for example, a PEDOT: PSS layer 34 is. The one with the PEDOT: PSS location 34 superficially provided self-supporting grid electrode 18 is from a SC location 32 crack-free spans. One side of the SC situation 32 is provided with a hole blocker, for example, from a TiO _x layer 24 is formed. On the TiO _x layer 24 is a second electrode 14 intended.

In 7 is a one-sided variant of a photovoltaic element 10 shown. The one with the PEDOT: PSS location 34 superficially provided self-supporting grid electrode 18 However, it can also be mirror-image, ie two-sided, each with a hole blocker 24 and a second electrode 14 be provided.

8th schematically illustrates an embodiment of the photovoltaic element 10 with a self-supporting grid electrode 18 being crack-free by a film-forming hole blocker 24 is overstretched. On one side of the hole blocker 24 is a SC location 32 intended. On the SC-location 32 is an electron blocker 34 provided, for example, a PEDOT: PSS situation 34 is. On this is a second electrode 14 intended. In 8th is a one-sided construction of the photovoltaic element 10 clarified. This layer structure can be related to the self-supporting grid electrode 18 also be mirror image formed on two sides.

While the 3 to 8th Clarifying single-junction cells shows the 9 a multi-junction cell with a self-supporting grid electrode 18 superficially using an electron blocker 34 provided, for example, by a PEDOT: PSS location 34 is formed. The superficial with the electron blocker 34 provided self-supporting grid electrode 18 is crack-free from a SC-location 32 spans. On one side of the SC location 32 is a hole blocker 24 provided, which is for example a TiO _x layer. On the Lochblocker location 24 is an electron blocker 34 ' provided, in which it, as with the electron blocker 34 For example, it is a PEDOT: PSS location. On the electron blocker layer 34 ' is a SC location 32 ' intended. The SC location 32 ' may be the SC location 32 correspond or be different from this. On the SC-location 32 ' is a hole blocker location 24 ' provided that the hole blocker location 24 may be different or different from this. On the Lochblocker location 24 ' is a second electrode 14 intended.

In 9 a one-sided layer structure of an example of a multi-junction cell is shown; However, it is also possible, the layer structure in relation to the self-supporting grid electrode 18 form mirror image on two sides. Yet another possibility is to have a multi-junction cell on one side of the self-supporting grid electrode 18 and on the opposite other side to form a single-junction structure.

At the top were different forms of organic photovoltaic elements 10 described. Of course, according to the invention it is also possible, instead of a grid electrode 18 to use any other lattice structure to accommodate low viscosity media, such as low viscosity paints or the like, which form a crack-free film after drying. The thin liquid media may thus also be non-functional media and the crack-free films formed therefrom after drying may be a non-functional film structure. Such coated structures can z. B. be further processed in the form that, for example, laminated on both sides, laminated on one side, poured or the like. In the former case, an adhesive is supplied.

The Coating of the lattice structure can be one or both sides, for example done by dipping. Likewise it is possible that Coat lattice structures first by dipping and then to perform a slot-dyeing process.

The Drying of the provided on the lattice structure medium takes place in the Way, that the appropriate thin film is not through during The drying occurring mechanical stresses breaks.

The layer thicknesses in the 2 to 9 schematically illustrated embodiments of the respective photovoltaic element 10 for example, for SC: 100 to 300 nm Hole blocker / TiO _x : 10 to 50 nm Electron blocker / PEDOT: PSS: 100 to 300 nm second electrode (eg vapor-deposited): 50 to 100 nm

The individual layers or layers can be applied to the grid electrode by dip coating, die coating or the like be applied. In this case, the required total layer thickness by be realized more than one coating step. Furthermore can the coating of the grid electrode at different Temperatures occur. In this context, it may be provided that the grid electrode and the respective coating solution have an at least approximately the same temperature.

Similarly it is possible for the grid electrode to be on a substrate is applied before the coating of the grid electrode takes place. Likewise, it is possible that following the coating process or the coating steps a lamination takes place. in this connection the carrier material can be flexible, not flexible, transparent or opaque, conductive or insulating.

Of Furthermore, it is possible that the grid electrode in front of the Cleaned coating or successive coatings, roughened, steamed, sputtered or the like.

The Grid electrode can be made of a specially processed wire material, which has been structured, for example, be formed. Are conceivable structures such as well structures, line or prism structures or the like, which additionally desired effects can effect. This is especially true when building solar cells interesting, for example, to influence the light guidance.

The Grid electrode may have the same or different mesh sizes have. In this context, it can be provided that the dimensions of the mesh in the two orthogonal surface spatial directions differ from each other.

Of Furthermore, it can be provided that the grid electrode consists of different ones Materials is built up regularly alternate or are distributed chaotically. This can be provided be that the materials used are different Have conductivities and z. B. by a weaving of Grid electrode, for example, conductivity gradients will be realized.

The Grid electrode can, for. B. be composed of wires, which have different diameters. It is also conceivable that by the weaving Dickengradienten be generated to special Effect effects. In this context, it is also possible Grid electrodes are used in a plane direction insulating and in the orthogonal other surface direction possess conductive properties.

Of Furthermore, it is possible that multiple grid electrodes stacked on top of each other. This can, for example, after the coating operations done to other desired effects or properties to achieve.

It it is also possible, for example, to use a tissue, which is not originally conductive and only partial or full surface through a sputtering process becomes conductive. In addition, it is possible that the entire photovoltaic element, d. H. the grid electrode with their layer or layer structure, after completion of the coatings a tempering process is exposed to, for example, the composite layer to improve. Furthermore, it is possible that the grid electrode or the fabric before use, for example, by a rolling process partially smoothed.

A possible specification for the grid electrode of an embodiment of the photovoltaic element 10 is:
Material: stainless steel / 1.4306
Wire diameter: 0.030 mm
Mesh size / Aperture: 0.480 mm
Manufacturer: Paul GmbH & Co. - Metallgewebe - und Filterfabriken
Fabric: Plain Weave

10

photovoltaic element

12

first electrode (from 10 )

14

second electrode (from 10 )

16

photovoltaic active layer structure (between 12 and 14 )

18

Grid electrode (from 12 )

20

Cavity window (from 18 )

22

Skin (on 18 For 16 )

24

Surface coating (from 18 )

26

Section (from 18 without 24 )

28

Contact element (from 10 at 26 )

30

Contact surface section (from 10 )

32

SC position (from 16 )

34

PEDOT: PSS position (from 16 )

36

Area section (from 32 )

38

Supernatant (from 34 above 14 )

40

Supernatant (from 34 above 14 )

42

second contact element ( 10 at 14 )

QUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION

This list The documents listed by the applicant have been automated generated and is solely for better information recorded by the reader. The list is not part of the German Patent or utility model application. The DPMA takes over no liability for any errors or omissions.

Cited patent literature

• US 2004/0187911 A1 [0002]
• US 7022910 B2 [0003]
• US 2005/0263178 A1 [0004]

Claims (56)

Sheet with a carrier element for a viscous coating material, characterized in that the carrier element is formed by a grid material whose grid spacings and the surface tension of the coating material are adapted to each other such that the cavity window of the grid material of the carrier element after coating of the carrier element of a skin of the viscous Coating material are spanned, which forms after drying a covering the grid material and crack-free spanning film. Fabric according to claim 1, characterized in that the grid material of the carrier element is formed by a metal wire mesh. Fabric according to claim 1, characterized in that the grid material of the carrier element is formed by a textile fabric. Sheet according to claim 3, characterized in that the grid material of the carrier element formed by a surface-metallized textile fabric is. Fabric according to one of the claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the grid material of the carrier element attached to a base member. Sheet according to claim 5, characterized characterized in that the base member rigid dimensionally stable is. Sheet according to claim 5, characterized characterized in that the base element deformable flexible is. Sheet according to claim 2, characterized characterized in that the wire of the metal wire mesh is superficial cleaned and / or roughened and / or coated. Sheet according to claim 2, characterized characterized in that the wire of the metal wire mesh is superficial is structured. Fabric according to claim 9, characterized characterized in that the surface structure is a trough structure and / or a line structure and / or a prism structure. Fabric according to one of the claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the cavity window of the Grid material of the support element are the same size. Fabric according to one of the claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the cavity window of the Grid material of the support element are different sizes. Fabric according to one of the claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the grid material of the carrier element in its two spatial directions in each case a constant grid spacing having. Fabric according to claim 13, characterized characterized in that the grid spacing in both spatial directions is the same size. Fabric according to claim 13, characterized characterized in that the grid spacing in both spatial directions is different in size. Sheet according to claim 2, characterized in that the metal wire mesh of the mesh material of the Carrier element consists of a single wire material. Sheet according to claim 2, characterized in that the metal wire mesh of the mesh material of the Carrier element made of different wire materials or coated materials. Fabric according to claim 17, characterized characterized in that the different wire materials from each other have different electrical conductivities. Fabric according to claim 17, characterized characterized in that the different wire materials are different Have wire diameter. Fabric according to claim 1, characterized in that the grid material of the carrier element electrically conductive in one spatial direction and in the other spatial direction is electrically insulating. Fabric according to one of the claims 1 to 20, characterized in that with coating material coated grid material of the carrier element at least is provided in one layer. Fabric according to claim 21, characterized characterized in that the coated with coating material Grid material of the carrier element a number of consecutive has stacked layers. Fabric according to claim 4, characterized characterized in that the textile fabric partially or completely is surface metallized. Fabrics in particular after a of claims 1 to 23, characterized in that the grid material the carrier element is a self-supporting grid electrode a photovoltaic element and the coating material Photovoltaically active layer structure of the photovoltaic element forms. Fabric according to claim 24, characterized in that the photovoltaically active layer structure of the Coating material at least one Lochblockerlage, at least an electron blocking layer and at least one semiconductor layer, wherein the semiconductor layer in particular an electron donor and comprises an electron acceptor. Fabric according to claim 25, characterized in that the at least one hole blocking layer of TiO _{x is} formed. Fabric according to claim 25, characterized characterized in that the at least one electron blocking layer of PEDOT: PSS (poly (3,4) ethylene dioxythiophene) poly (styrenesulfonate)) is formed. Fabric according to claim 25, characterized characterized in that the at least one semiconductor layer of PCBM (Fullerenes) and P3HT (poly-3-hexylthiophene) is formed, wherein In particular, PCBM has an electron acceptor and P3HAT has an electron donor forms. Fabric according to claim 28, characterized characterized in that the ratio PCBM: P3HT between 0.5: 2 and 2: 0.5. Fabric according to one of the claims 24 to 29, characterized in that on the photovoltaically active Layer structure of the photovoltaic element, a counter electrode is provided. Fabric according to claim 30, characterized in that the counterelectrode is provided on an opaque part of the surface is. Fabric according to claim 30, characterized characterized in that the counterelectrode is transparent all over is provided. Fabric according to claim 30, characterized in that the counterelectrode consists of at least one metal layer consists. Fabric according to claim 33, characterized characterized in that the counterelectrode consists of a number of different Consists of metal layers. Fabric according to claim 30, characterized characterized in that the counter electrode consists of ITO. Fabric according to one of claims 24 to 35, characterized in that the self-supporting grid electrode has a superficially a hole blocker layer that the hole block coated grid electrode is provided with semiconductor material, wherein a skin of the semiconductor material spans the cavity window of the hole block coated grid electrode that the skin of the semiconductor material with at least one side an electron blocker layer, and that on the at least one electron blocker layer, a counter electrode is provided. Fabric according to claim 36, characterized characterized in that the counterelectrode opaque or transparent over the entire surface or partially provided. Fabric according to claim 36, characterized characterized in that two mutually remote electron blocker layers are provided, and that on one of the two electron blocker layers a counter electrode is provided. Fabric according to claim 36, characterized characterized in that two mutually remote electron blocker layers are provided, and that on both Elektronenblockerschichten respectively a counter electrode is provided, of which at least one is translucent. Fabric according to one of the claims 24 to 35, characterized in that the self-supporting grid electrode has superficially an electron blocker layer, the Electron-block-coated grid electrode with semiconductor material is provided, wherein a skin of the semiconductor material, the cavity window of the electron-block-coated grid electrode spans, that the skin of the semiconductor material at least one side with a Lochblockerschicht is provided, and that on the at least one Lochblockerschicht a counter electrode is provided. Fabric according to claim 40, characterized characterized in that a hole blocker layer is provided and that the counter electrode opaque or transparent full surface or opaque partially provided. Fabric according to claim 40, characterized characterized in that two mutually facing Lochblockerschichten is provided and that at one of the two Lochblockerschichten a counter electrode is provided. Fabric according to claim 40, characterized characterized in that two mutually facing Lochblockerschichten are provided, and that at both Lochblockerschichten respectively a counter electrode is provided, of which at least one is translucent. Fabric according to one of the claims 24 to 35, characterized in that the self-supporting grid electrode provided with a skin of an electron blocker material, which spans the cavity windows of the self-supporting grid electrode, that the skin from the electron blocker material at least one side is provided with a semiconductor material layer that on the at least a hole blocking layer is provided on a semiconductor material layer is, and that on the at least one hole blocker layer, a counter electrode is provided. Fabric according to claim 44, characterized characterized in that a semiconductor material layer is provided, on which a hole blocker layer is provided, and that the counter electrode opaque or transparent all over or partially provided is. Fabric according to claim 44, characterized characterized in that two semiconductor material layers facing away from each other are provided that on both semiconductor material layers respectively a Lochblockerschicht is provided, and that at least one Lochblockerschicht a counter electrode is provided. Fabric according to claim 46, characterized characterized in that a counter electrode is provided. Fabric according to claim 46, characterized characterized in that two counter-electrodes are provided, of which at least one is translucent. Fabric according to one of the claims 24 to 35, characterized in that the self-supporting grid electrode is provided with a skin of a hole blocker material which spans the cavity window of the self-supporting grid electrode, that the skin from the hole blocker material with at least one side a semiconductor material layer is provided on the at least a semiconductor material layer an electron blocker layer provided is, and that on the at least one electron blocker layer a counter electrode is provided. Fabric according to claim 49, characterized characterized in that a semiconductor material layer is provided, on which an electron blocker layer is provided, and that the Counterelectrode opaque or transparent full or partial is provided. Fabric according to claim 49, characterized characterized in that two semiconductor material layers facing away from each other are provided that on both semiconductor material layers respectively an electron blocking layer is provided, and that at least an electron blocking layer is provided a counter electrode. Fabric according to claim 51, characterized characterized in that a counter electrode is provided. Fabric according to claim 51, characterized characterized in that two counter-electrodes are provided, of which at least one is translucent. Fabric according to one of the claims 24 to 35, characterized in that the self-supporting grid electrode and a counter electrode a multi-junction cell with at least two successive photovoltaically active layers having. Fabric according to one of the claims 24 to 35, characterized in that the self-supporting grid electrode and two opposing counter electrodes two multi-junction Cells with at least two successive photovoltaic having active layers. Fabric according to one of the claims 24 to 35, characterized in that the self-supporting grid electrode and two opposing counter-electrodes are provided, between the self-supporting grid electrode and the one Counterelectrode a multi-junction cell with at least each two successive photovoltaically active layers is formed, and between the self-supporting grid electrode and the other counter electrode is formed a single-junction cell.