DE102008028147A1 - Mine comprises hollow chambers, shaft linings, lines, extensions, built-in units and transport units having wall surfaces completely or partly covered with a heat insulation - Google Patents

Abstract

Mine comprises hollow chambers, shaft linings, lines, extensions, built-in units and transport units having wall surfaces completely or partly covered with a heat insulation made from air-placed concrete containing amounts of expanded polystyrene foam particles. Preferred Features: The air-placed concrete has a spatial density of 300-2000 kg/m 3>, preferably 400-1100 kg/m 3>. The foam particles are coated with an adhesive made from mineral particles.

Description

The Invention relates to the expansion in mining, especially in busy Stollen and stretches or shafts.

The Manholes lead into the depths. From the shafts lead routes and tunnels to the underground Degradation. The degradation is constantly changing. The routes and tunnels must follow the mining.

The Good produced by the mining is usually by the routes and tunnels transported to the shaft and there over Transported days. Conversely, different media and Materials are passed from underground to underground.

To include energies and air (also referred to as weather). The energy is transmitted by compressed air lines or power lines. The Power lines are usually made of plastic sheathed Metal lines. The plastic must meet the requirements suffice for the fire protection underground.

The Compressed air lines are pipelines. Usually acts it is metal tubes of smaller diameter.

For the fresh air and for exhaust air can the entire open cross-section used by shafts and routes and tunnels. It must, however, by appropriate measures ensured at junctions of the routes and shafts be that the fresh air is not in an undesirable direction escapes. The measures usually consist of doors and gates that close the branches, but for different business purposes open and again can be closed.

Often also find so-called Lutten application. It refers to Flexible pipes of larger diameter made of plastic for the administration of air. The plastic must be the Meet the requirements of fire protection underground. alternative Plastic can also be other flexible materials Find employment.

After all are also still pipes for cooling under Days to consider. It is in fact in the Mining, especially at greater depths, one enforced special cooling. For the special Cooling becomes a coolant through piping directed to the vicinity of demand sites. There finds in so-called weather coolers cooling the Air (weather) instead. The weather coolers are heat exchangers, which absorb the heat of the incoming air and dissipate through the mentioned lines. The problem This cooling is geothermal, not only on the mining debris of mining but everywhere in routes and shafts is free. If the coolant then It is a long time to be directed towards the needs exposed to geothermal energy. As far as added heat on the way is lost, the coolant loses a corresponding amount the possibility of heat absorption at the point of need.

Around To prevent this, various pipes have been developed in the Compared to simple steel tubes much less heat take up.

nevertheless is the question of when the coolant is still at all to a significant heat absorption at the point of use suitable, just a matter of length of the lines below Days and the depth. The longer the wires are, the more the heat absorption increases. Similarly the heat absorption increases with increasing depth, because the temperature of heating increases with increasing depth becomes.

in the Mining is an expansion required if the mountains are not sufficient stable. Stable mountains are extremely rare. The It is even more true the deeper the mining projects into the mountains. The expansion has primary in case of lack of stability of the mountains the task of absorbing the mountain pressure. The mountain pressure is in greater depths so strong that one Rock, which near the surface of the earth is still self-supporting is plasticized and over time a drilled shaft, Stollen or track closes again when the mountains not supported by the expansion. In earlier Time was created a removal with wood. Especially in larger ones Teufen / Tiefen, wood is no longer up to date. One contemporary construction consists of steel profiles. For the expansion is important that he is with the mountains is in contact, so that only static loads and no dynamic loads of crushing rock added Need to become.

The Steel profiles are set up at intervals. Between the steel profiles is a safeguard against falling rock provided. Mostly while mats made of wire mesh used. It is known the mats additionally incorporate with shotcrete. Partially finds also shotcrete without the wire mesh application.

About that In addition, the expansion will take on additional carrier functions.

This includes the carrying of transport equipment, such as monorails. Monorail hanging on a rail, usually in the ridge of the routes or Stollen is mounted. In addition, all other above-mentioned lines can be attached to the expansion in the ridge.

Above Technology has proven itself for decades.

nevertheless the object of the invention is to improve the expansion.

To the invention is achieved in that the expansion of manholes and / or tunnels and / or stretches whole or partially provided with a layer of EPS shotcrete. EPS shotcrete differs from normal shotcrete in that the Shotcrete with a proportion of foamed particles Polystyrene is provided.

To In the older proposal, the EPS shotcrete is used for fire protection used in the tunnel. In mining is with the conventional Means already given a sufficient fire protection. For the Building additional fire protection is no reason. Likewise in mining with the conventional means already sufficient carrying capacity for the Mountains given. The invention has a different priority in the use of EPS shotcrete, namely a meaningful Thermal insulation. It can only with a higher Proportion of EPS come to meaningful thermal insulation. The larger the EPS content, the weaker becomes the concrete. Although a weak concrete can make a contribution to the strength of a building. In mining, however, is a special situation given: The start-up / manufacture of shafts, routes and posts is so costly that it's only economical makes sense, high-strength materials for a load-bearing Use expansion because the high-strength materials in comparison to a weak concrete a much lower space consumption entail.

Preferably is the EPS shotcrete at least on the inside or inside of the shaft or stolleninnenseitig armiert and / or undertook, so that the thermal barrier coating not at a mountain movement and yielding to the expansion not by chipping the miners endangered. For the reinforcement and the endeavor are yielding fabrics advantageous. Such fabrics may be made of wire or textile. Also fiberglass fabrics are suitable.

So far embedded the fabric as a reinforcement in the EPS shotcrete layer even plastic fabrics can be used because within the EPS shotcrete layer no fire hazard from emanating from the tissue. For fabrics that are only inside the EPS shotcrete layer adhere and in fabrics that even the EPS shotcrete layer Understand in the distance, come wire cloth and glass fiber fabric or the like are used, from which there is no risk of fire.

in the In the case of a mountainous movement, the EPS shotcrete will break off the inside adherent tissue as well as the tissue, which the EPS shotcrete layer undercuts, collected.

The Tissues also fulfill in case of their integration into the EPS shotcrete layer as reinforcing fabric their protective task when under the mountain pressure tearing at greater mountain movement, because no abrupt blanket cracking but only a continuous cracking is to be expected. Then when the cracks reach a width that is no longer of that Armierungsgewebe can be spanned, then it can indeed come to a rupture of the reinforcement fabric. However causes the tearing at the same time relieves the rest Tissue. Therefore, it is at best to fold down Parts of the EPS shotcrete layer come because the fabric is cracked still exists elsewhere.

In order to in case of a mountain movement it does not become a large area Replacement of the EPS shotcrete layer comes, it is advantageous Install predetermined breaking points in the EPS shotcrete layer. Preferably are predetermined breaking points approximately in the middle between the expansion profiles and / or provided directly on the expansion profiles. Approximately closes also a deviation of at most 20%, preferably from at most 10% and even more preferably from at most 5%, based on the distance of the expansion profiles.

The Predetermined breaking points in the circumferential direction of the expansion and / or extend in the longitudinal direction of the expansion. Cheap is a cassette-shaped profiling. In the simplest Case arise predetermined breaking points by after applying the shotcrete layer in still soft state of the layer suitable grooves in the layer be pressed. Suitable are narrow and wide grooves. For impressions are, for example, sheets whose contour on Edge roughly the contour of the shaft or track or tunnel is adjusted.

Preferably when pressing in at the same time the above-mentioned tissue laid so that the tissue when pressing a Wrinkling experiences, in the case of a mountain movement and Breaking the EPS shotcrete layer on the concerned Breakage point rises and tearing of the tissue prevents this point.

Cheap is also a fastening of the fabric to the expansion profiles. Also In the case of a mountain movement, this protects against the spalling of larger ones Parts of the EPS shotcrete layer.

The Attachment can be done linearly through rails, the - in the circumferential direction of the shaft or the track or the lug - the tissues underline and be attached to the expansion profiles.

The Attachment of the fabric can also be punctiform on the expansion profiles respectively. Suitable are, for example, hooks with a Hook end behind the expansion profiles and grab at the other end of the hook have a dimension adapted to the mesh size of the fabric is. Adapted means preferably that the Hooks may be slightly larger than the mesh size can, but still without damaging the Tissue can penetrate through a mesh of tissue. The Hooks can yield to a mountain movement Easily adapt expansion. Compliant expansion profiles are contemporary Training a gutter shape and are overlapping with their ends each other. At the overlap, the ends become Clamped with clamping means. The clamping is the maximum Stability of the expansion adjusted, so that the expansion a mountain movement by telescoping the channel-shaped Can adjust ends before there is a damaging deformation or even comes to a break of the removal profiles. By the hooks behind the expansion profiles on the mountain side, you can slide on the profile or with the profile necessary for yielding Make a move.

ever The nature of the mountains may cause loose hooks be expedient between expansion profile and mountains, provisionally lock the hook before laying the fabric. This can be done with light wedges or with assembly cement or mortar respectively.

to punctiform attachment can also be other means be used.

in the Case of damage to the EPS shotcrete layer a mountain movement, it is advantageous, the EPS shotcrete layer mend to the place of the entry of heat to prevent, or the fuse according to the invention to restore against parts, the further mountain movement can fall down.

Of the associated with the care of the thermal barrier coating Effort is compared to the lack of care from the penetrating geothermal energy and the necessary weather cooling associated expense only a small fraction. That's especially true at greater depths / depths of mining and at long Routes / tunnels of mining. Such larger ones Depths / depths start at 1000 m. Teufen up to 1500 m are not unusual. In some countries even come Teufen before that go far beyond. In extreme depths can not be sufficient cooling so that the miners only have a few hours stay underground. The inventive Thermal insulation will be the limit, up to that with the Coolants known sufficient cooling can be shown, move down substantially.

Instead of the fabrics and / or in addition to the fabrics and steel mesh mats can be used. Steel mesh mats are usually used as mats DIN 488 with minimum wire thickness of a few millimeters, profiled and unprofiled offered. Although mesh mats can not be deformed like the fabrics during laying. The mesh mats can be prepared with a fold.

About that In addition, grid mats are applicable as so-called default mats. These are mats that are put together so that they can be pushed apart within limits and pushed together and still maintain their supportive function.

Shotcrete without the addition of EPS according to the invention are described, for example, in US Pat WO 2004/101460 A1 . WO 00/06515 . US 5618344 A . US 4547223 A . EP 725043 A . WO 94/05896 . EP 2956281 B1 . FR 2499453 . EP 449360 A1 . DE 19831295 A1 . DE 2127421 . EP 1590308 A1 . EP 1122223 A1 . DD 297386 A5 . DE 19529695 A1 . DE 4406866 A1 ,

basics Components of the shotcrete are cement / adhesive / binder. Cement / glue / binder are preferably used in powder form. you will be either mixed with water and sprayed before application or together with the powdered cement / adhesive / binder and sprayed up with the water.

The jetting leads to a wetting of the respective wall surfaces. The layer thickness of the wetting is adjusted so that the shotcrete does not run down by its own weight. In practice, the order quantity is reduced until no run-down is observed. At a constant exit speed from the application nozzle, the order quantity can be adjusted by changing the solids content. In addition, the primer application can be varied by changing other parameters. The other parameters are the speed and movement of the job jet. By movement of the application nozzle is meant the movement of the nozzle relative to the wall surfaces.

Optionally, the shotcrete is applied in a layer or layer or in several layers or layers. It is advantageous to apply the shotcrete layer in layers and starting from below. This is achieved by a reciprocating movement of the sprayed concrete application tool. As shotcrete or concrete and additives and aggregates and reinforcing inserts and as tools optionally materials and devices are used, as described for example in the following publications: DE 69910173 T2 . DE 69801995 T2 . DE 69721121 T2 . DE 69718705 T2 . DE 69701890 T2 . DE 69700205 T2 . DE 69418316 T2 . DE 69407418 T2 . DE 69403183 T2 . DE 69122267 T2 . DE 69118723 T2 . DE 69010067 T2 . DE 69006589 T2 . DE 60010252 T2 . DE 60001390 T2 . DE 29825081 U1 . DE 29824292 U1 . DE 29824278 U1 . DE 29818934 U1 . DE 29724212 U1 . DE 29718950 U1 . DE 2971036 U1 . DE 29812769 U1 . DE 19854476 C2 . DE 19854476 A1 . DE 19851913 A1 . DE 19838710 C2 . DE 19819660 A1 . DE 19819148 C1 . DE 19754446 A1 . DE 19746958 C1 . DE 19733029 C2 . DE 19652811 A1 . DE 19650330 A1 ,

Of the Sprayed concrete is optionally conveyed dry to the spray nozzle and there added the necessary amount of water.

Of the Sprayed concrete is adjusted so that it hits after impact developed sufficient early strength in a short time. Accelerators can be used to adjust the shotcrete accelerating the setting of shotcrete.

To the Emergence of early strength also carry water-absorbing Ingredients in shotcrete at.

advantageously, the EPS cement has a poor thermal conductivity. This characterizes an advantageous thermal insulation through the EPS cement. It is advantageous to expand as far as possible to coat with EPS cement. That includes both the mountains carrying the mountains as well as the lines, because over the expansion and also over the lines to a considerable extent Heat is registered. At the same time, the surfaces, covered by sprayed concrete, covered. It acts for example, the connections to the respective Lines or around the lane of the monorail.

Furthermore it is advantageous to provide connection elements on the profiles, which can later be added on. This will be a violation of thermal insulation in subsequent Attachments at least partially avoided.

Optional the shotcrete has a thickness of 10 to 250 mm, preferably one Thickness of 40 to 150 mm, more preferably 50 to 130 mm. The Volume weight of shotcrete depends on the amount of EPS particles in the shotcrete. Preferably, the proportion of EPS particles so large that a density of the applied Shotcrete from 300 to 2000 kg per cubic meter. Preferably the volume weight is 350 to 1200 kg per cubic meter, after more preferably 400 to 1100 kg per cubic meter. conventional Shotcrete has a density of about 2500 kg per cubic meter

The Size or diameter of the EPS particles is preferably between 0.5 and 7 mm, more preferably between 1 and 6 mm. The density of the EPS particles is preferably between 10 and 50 kg per cubic meter, more preferably between 20 and 40 kg per cubic meter.

The greater the proportion of EPS particles in the shotcrete, the more difficult it is to have a uniform distribution of the particles in the shotcrete. The EPS particles tend to segregate in the shotcrete. The segregation can be counteracted by a surface treatment of the EPS particles. The surface treatment preferably consists of the application of an adhesion promoter. The order of the bonding agent can be done in one or more steps. The use of surfactants as adhesion promoters is known. Because of the details is on the DE 4428200 A1 Referenced.

Optional the particles are first wholly or partially with a Adhesive coated, all or part of a plastic adhesive is, and then the EPS particles with fine-grained mineral Material brought into contact. This is a coating connected, on which a shotcrete easily adheres. About that In addition, the EPS particles experience a mineral coating Weighting, with which the transport of EPS particles essential simplified.

The Application of EPS shotcrete on mountain strata is not a problem. In contrast, it can in the expansion and the internals and attachments or lines give liability problems. In front of the EPS shotcrete is then preferably a bonding agent on the protected Applied components. The same applies to bolts, hooks and eyes and the same. Cheap adhesion promoters are for example the mixed with mineral grains plastic adhesive.

In the drawing are various embodiments of Invention shown.

With 1 is the mountain outbreak of an underground section of a mine at a depth of 1200 m. Due to the high mountain pressure, there are expansion arches from gutter profiles at a distance 2 provided, with which the route is kept open. In the exemplary embodiment, each expansion bow by two channel profiles 2 formed, which overlap each other at the ends and lie in the overlap area into each other. At the same time, the channel profiles in the overlapping area are braced together. The clamping forces are applied by clamping means, not shown, which are arranged inside the bow and include the overlapping profile ends. The tension is chosen so that in the case of a mountain movement, the gutter profiles 2 can not withstand, a nesting of the gutter profiles 2 a Ausbaubogens takes place. The telescoping takes place until the clamping forces again withstand the mountain pressure.

Between the expansion bows are so-called default mats 3 intended. Their task is to span the distance between the expansion bows and to prevent falling of rocks between the expansion bows. It also helps a thin shotcrete layer 4 at the delay mats 3 ,

In the exemplary embodiment, a heat insulation layer is additionally on the inside of the track 5 made of an EPS shotcrete. The EPS shotcrete differs from the usual shotcrete by a surcharge of polystyrene foam particles. In the exemplary embodiment, the particles have a diameter of between 3 and 5 mm with a particle weight of 20 kg per cubic meter and are introduced into the shotcrete jet with air. The polystyrene foam particles are taken along by the shotcrete beam.

The amount of polystyrene foam particles is dimensioned in the embodiment so that a layer 5 with a density of 500 kg per cubic meter. The layer 5 is relatively soft.

Before applying the shotcrete layer are hooks 7 with one end behind the gutter profiles 2 been hooked.

In the still soft state of the EPS shotcrete layer 5 is a wire mesh in the embodiment 6 on the EPS shotcrete layer 5 been moved. This is the tissue 6 over the free ends of the hooks 7 been stuck.

In the embodiment, the tissue has 6 between the hooks 7 a greater length than the hook spacing, so that with a sheet a groove 8th can be pressed into the EPS shotcrete. In doing so, the tissue becomes 6 pressed at least partially into the EPS shotcrete layer and also forms in the fabric 6 at least partially a groove.

The groove 8th forms a predetermined breaking point.

In the case of a mountain movement and the resulting damage to the layer 5 Prevents the breaking point a chipping to large pieces. The flaking pieces are prevented from falling off the fabric.

QUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION

This list The documents listed by the applicant have been automated generated and is solely for better information recorded by the reader. The list is not part of the German Patent or utility model application. The DPMA takes over no liability for any errors or omissions.

Cited patent literature

• WO 2004/101460 A1 [0035]
• WO 00/06515 [0035]
• US 5618344A [0035]
• - US 4547223A [0035]
• - EP 725043 A [0035]
• WO 94/05896 [0035]
• - EP 2956281 B1 [0035]
• FR 2499453 [0035]
• - EP 449360 A1 [0035]
• DE 19831295 A1 [0035]
• - DE 2127421 [0035]
• EP 1590308 A1 [0035]
• EP 1122223 A1 [0035]
• - DD 297386 A5 [0035]
• - DE 19529695 A1 [0035]
• - DE 4406866 A1 [0035]
• - DE 69910173 T2 [0038]
• - DE 69801995 T2 [0038]
• - DE 69721121 T2 [0038]
• - DE 69718705 T2 [0038]
• - DE 69701890 T2 [0038]
• - DE 69700205 T2 [0038]
• - DE 69418316 T2 [0038]
• - DE 69407418 T2 [0038]
• - DE 69403183 T2 [0038]
• - DE 69122267 T2 [0038]
• - DE 69118723 T2 [0038]
• - DE 69010067 T2 [0038]
• - DE 69006589 T2 [0038]
• - DE 60010252 T2 [0038]
• - DE 60001390 T2 [0038]
• DE 29825081 U1 [0038]
• - DE 29824292 U1 [0038]
• - DE 29824278 U1 [0038]
• - DE 29818934 U1 [0038]
• - DE 29724212 U1 [0038]
• - DE 29718950 U1 [0038]
• - DE 29710362 U1 [0038]
• - DE 29812769 U1 [0038]
• - DE 19854476 C2 [0038]
• - DE 19854476 A1 [0038]
• - DE 19851913 A1 [0038]
• - DE 19838710 C2 [0038]
• - DE 19819660 A1 [0038]
• - DE 19819148 C1 [0038]
• DE 19754446 A1 [0038]
• DE 19746958 C1 [0038]
• DE 19733029 C2 [0038]
• DE 19652811 A1 [0038]
• - DE 19650330 A1 [0038]
• DE 4428200 A1 [0046]

Cited non-patent literature

• - DIN 488 [0033]

Claims (21)

Mining with shafts, routes and tunnels and the like cavities, especially in large depths, in particular with a mountains carrying expansion, and attachments and installations and lines and transport facilities, characterized in that the wall surfaces of the cavities and / or the expansion and / or the lines and / or the attachments and / or the internals and / or the transport devices are completely or partially coated with a thermal insulation of shotcrete containing proportions of foamed polystyrene foam particles (EPS). Mining according to claim 1, characterized that the shotcrete has a density of 300 to 2000 kg per cubic meter, preferably 350 to 1200 kg per cubic meter, still more preferably 400 to 1100 kg per cubic meter. Mining according to claim 1 or 2, characterized by a thickness of 10 to 250 mm of the inside shotcrete layer, preferably a thickness of 40 to 150, more preferably of 50 to 130 mm, in particular a thickness of at least 60 mm. Mining according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized by EPS particles with a bonding agent on the surface mining according to claim 4, characterized in that the EPS particles externally coated in whole or in part with an adhesive, adhere to the mineral particles. Mining according to claim 5, characterized that the adhesive is wholly or partially a plastic adhesive is and / or the mineral particles are fine-grained. Mining according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized through a multi-layer shotcrete layer, with different EPS particle content in different layers and / or by different Concrete texture in different layers and / or by different Particle texture in different layers. Mining according to claim 23, characterized that the EPS has a particle size of 0.5 to 7 mm, preferably from 1 to 6 mm and / or the foam particles a density of 10 to 50 kg per cubic meter, preferably 20 up to 40 kg per cubic meter. Mining according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized characterized in that the expansion and / or the lines and / or the attachments and / or the internals and / or the transport facilities have under the shotcrete a bonding agent. Mining according to claim 9, characterized by a Glue as a bonding agent. Mining according to one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the shotcrete layer with Catch fabric and / or with catch mats for splintering shotcrete parts is provided. Mining according to claim 11, characterized that the fabrics or mats below the shotcrete layer are arranged and / or on the inside of the shotcrete layer adhere and / or are involved in the shotcrete layer. Mining according to one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that predetermined breaking points in the shotcrete are provided. Mining according to claim 13, characterized that the predetermined breaking points in the circumferential direction and / or in Lengthwise of the extension run. Mining according to claim 14, characterized that the predetermined breaking points are centered between the expansion profiles and / or located on the expansion profiles. Mining according to one of claims 13 to 15, characterized by groove-shaped predetermined breaking points. Mining according to one of claims 13 to 16, characterized in that the grooves of the predetermined breaking points be molded in the still soft state of the shotcrete layer. Mining according to one of claims 11 to 17, characterized in that the tissues during molding of the Predetermined breaking points in the Pressed shotcrete layer so that a fold develops in the tissue and or the Mats have a fold and with the convolution in the shotcrete layer be pressed. Mining according to one of claims 11 to 18, characterized in that the tissue and / or the mats are held on the expansion profiles. Mining according to claim 19, characterized that the fabrics and / or the mats are held with hooks, with one end between the expansion profiles and the mountains grip and reach the fabric and / or the mats with the other end. Mining according to one of claims 11 to 20, characterized by fabric of metal wire and / or mats of metal. Mining according to one of claims 11 to 21, characterized by inanander and pull-out mats.