DE3532286A1 - Arrangement of gas diffusion electrodes, and method for the fabrication of gas diffusion electrodes - Google Patents
Arrangement of gas diffusion electrodes, and method for the fabrication of gas diffusion electrodesInfo
- Publication number
- DE3532286A1 DE3532286A1 DE19853532286 DE3532286A DE3532286A1 DE 3532286 A1 DE3532286 A1 DE 3532286A1 DE 19853532286 DE19853532286 DE 19853532286 DE 3532286 A DE3532286 A DE 3532286A DE 3532286 A1 DE3532286 A1 DE 3532286A1
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- film
- catalyst
- capillary
- layer
- electrodes
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/403—Cells and electrode assemblies
- G01N27/406—Cells and probes with solid electrolytes
- G01N27/407—Cells and probes with solid electrolytes for investigating or analysing gases
- G01N27/4075—Composition or fabrication of the electrodes and coatings thereon, e.g. catalysts
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/02—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form
- C25B11/03—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form perforated or foraminous
- C25B11/031—Porous electrodes
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/28—Electrolytic cell components
- G01N27/30—Electrodes, e.g. test electrodes; Half-cells
- G01N27/304—Gas permeable electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung stellt eine neue Anordnung von Gas Umsatzelektroden und neue Herstellungsverfahren von Elektroden dar. Diese Elektroden werden in verschiedenen Geräten wie in Gassensoren, Luft-Batterien, Brennstoffzellen, Elektrolyse-Geräten etc. eingesetzt, wobei ein oder mehrere Gase mit Hilfe einer elektrochemischen Reaktion oxidiert bzw. reduziert werden. Eine neue Anordnung im Bild 1 dargestellt wo die Arbeitselektrode nicht planarförmig, sonder gefaltet ist.The invention represents a new arrangement of gas conversion electrodes and new methods of manufacturing electrodes. These electrodes are used in various devices such as in gas sensors, air batteries, fuel cells, electrolysis devices etc., one or more gases being oxidized with the aid of an electrochemical reaction or be reduced. A new arrangement is shown in Figure 1 where the working electrode is not planar but folded.
Es ist bekannt, daß solche Elektroden so aufgebaut sind, daß eine Dreiphasen-Reaktion ermöglicht wird. Eine Dreiphasen-Reaktion wie sie in A.B. Conti: Electrochemical Detection of H2, CO and Hydrocarbons in Inert or Oxygen Atmospheres, J. E1, Chem. Soc. March 1971, p 506. beschrieben ist, ist eine elektrochemische Reaktion, die an solchen Stellen stattfindet bei dem in einem Punkt Gas, Elektrolyt und elektrisch leitender Katalysator zusammentreffen. Treibendes Moment der Reaktion ist eine Potentialdifferenz zwischen Katalysator und Elektrolyt.It is known that such electrodes are constructed in such a way that a three-phase reaction is made possible. A three-phase reaction as described in AB Conti: Electrochemical Detection of H 2 , CO and Hydrocarbons in Inert or Oxygen Atmospheres, J. E1, Chem. Soc. March 1971, p 506. is an electrochemical reaction that takes place at such points where gas, electrolyte and electrically conductive catalyst meet at one point. The driving moment of the reaction is a potential difference between the catalyst and the electrolyte.
Eine mögliche Lösung ist nach U.S.Pat. 34 29 796 eine gelochte und mit Katalysator (Gold-Metall) beschichtete Metallplatte, die mit einer hydrophoben und gasdurchlässigen Folie bedeckt ist. Diese Elektrode ist in eine Elektrolyt-Lösung eingetaucht, so, daß die Folie die Gasphase von der Flüssigphase trennt.A possible solution is according to U.S. Pat. 34 29 796 a perforated and metal plate coated with catalyst (gold-metal) is covered with a hydrophobic and gas-permeable film. This electrode is immersed in an electrolyte solution, so that the film separates the gas phase from the liquid phase.
Die Fertigung dieser Elektroanordnung bedeutet keine technischen Schwierigkeiten, weist aber den Nachteil auf, daß der Zusammenhalt der hydrophoben Folie und der Katalysator-Lochplatte nicht immer gewährleistet ist, wodurch es zu einer vollständigen Benetzung der Katalysator-Lochplatte mit Elektrolytlösung kommen kann und die Anordnung unwirksam wird. Daher ist für die Funktionsfähigkeit einer Gas-Umsatz-Elektrode ein sehr enger Kontakt zwischen hydrophobe Folie und Katalysator unabdingbar.The manufacture of this electrical arrangement means none technical difficulties, but has the disadvantage that the cohesion of the hydrophobic film and the Perforated catalyst plate is not always guaranteed, which makes it for complete wetting of the perforated catalyst plate Electrolyte solution can come and the arrangement becomes ineffective. Therefore, for the functionality of a gas sales electrode a very close contact between the hydrophobic film and the catalyst indispensable.
Dies kann dadurch realisiert werden, daß die Katalysator-Schicht (Platin, Gold, usw.) direkt auf die poröse Folie aufgebracht wird. Diese Schicht kann sehr dünn sein, also auch porös sein, wodurch ein Zusammentreffen von Gas und Elektrolyt ermöglicht wird. Bei dickeren Katalysator-Schichten erweist sich eine Strukturierung als vorteilhaft.This can be realized in that the catalyst layer (Platinum, gold, etc.) applied directly to the porous film becomes. This layer can be very thin, so it can also be porous, which allows gas and electrolyte to meet becomes. One proves to be the case with thicker catalyst layers Structuring as beneficial.
Poröse Folien können PTFE, PE, PVC oder andere hydrophobe oder hydrophyle Folien sein. Die Beschichtung kann durch Vakuum-Aufdampfung, Aufsputterung, Implantation, chemische Abscheideverfahren (Vakuum, Niederdruck LPCVD, Normaldruck CVD, usw.) in Gas- oder in der Flüssigphase, Redoxreaktionen in der Flüssigphase usw. oder durch Kombinationen dieser Methoden erfolgen.Porous films can be PTFE, PE, PVC or other hydrophobic or be hydrophilic films. The coating can pass through Vacuum evaporation, sputtering, implantation, chemical deposition processes (vacuum, low pressure LPCVD, Normal pressure CVD, etc.) in gas or liquid phase, Redox reactions in the liquid phase etc. or through Combinations of these methods are used.
Die Strukturierung der Katalysator-Schichten wird z. B. durch Photolytographische Ätzverfahren oder Lift-off-Verfahren oder durch die Benutzung von Abdeckblenden während des Abscheidevorgang verwirklicht.The structuring of the catalyst layers is e.g. B. by Photolytographic etching process or lift-off process or through the use of cover panels during the Separation process realized.
Es sind andere kompliziertere Herstellungsverfahren bekannt, die durch zusammensintern von PTFE und Katalysatorpulver eine Kapillarreiche neue Schicht auf eine PTFE Folie erzeugen. Diese Verfahren liefern zwar eine große aktive Oberfläche für die Reaktion, doch sind diese Herstellungsverfahren wie in H.A. Liebhafsky: Fuel cells and Fuel Batteries, John Wiley 1968, beschrieben ist sind sehr kompliziert, (nicht selten bestehen sie aus 10-20 Schriften) und nur ungenügend reproduzierbar.There are other more complicated manufacturing processes known by sintering PTFE and catalyst powder together Create a capillary-rich new layer on a PTFE film. These Although processes provide a large active surface for the Reaction, but these manufacturing processes are as described in H.A. Liebhafsky: Fuel cells and Fuel Batteries, John Wiley 1968, are very complicated, (often they exist from 10-20 fonts) and insufficiently reproducible.
Es ist viel einfacher, eine schon vorhandene Kapillarstruktur einer Folie auszunützen, statt eine neue Kapillarreiche Schicht auf der porösen Folie aufzubringen, wobei möglichst viele Poren der Folie mit den Kapillaren der Katalysator-Schicht neue längere Kapillare ausbilden sollten.It is much easier to have an existing capillary structure a film instead of a new capillary-rich layer to be applied to the porous film, with as many pores as possible the film with the capillaries of the catalyst layer new should form longer capillaries.
Zum Ausnützen vorhandener Kapillaren einer Folie muß diese Folie so mit Katalysator beschichtet werden, daß das Beschichtungsmaterial in die Poren (Kapillaren) eindringt, nicht aber die Folie durchdringt, also die Kapillaren nicht in der ganzen Länge beschichtet werden.To take advantage of existing capillaries in a film, this film must be used coated with catalyst so that Coating material does not penetrate the pores (capillaries) but the film penetrates, i.e. the capillaries are not in the be coated over the entire length.
Bei den obengenannten Verfahren kann die Beschichtung durch geeignete Parameterwahl (Vakuum-Druck, Abscheide-Energie, Geschwindigkeit des Katalysatorpartikels, Druck, Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit, usw.) so geleitet werden, daß der Katalysator nicht nur auf der Folienaußenseite sondern auch bis zu einer bestimmten Tiefe in die Kapillaren einwächst.In the above-mentioned methods, the coating can be carried out by suitable choice of parameters (vacuum pressure, separation energy, Catalyst particle speed, pressure, Reaction speed, etc.) so that the Catalyst not only on the outside of the film but also up to grows into the capillaries to a certain depth.
Natürlich können solche Beschichtungen in mehreren Schritten dargestellt werden. Eine Methode basiert auf dem Aufelektrolysieren des Katalysators in einem elektrolytischen Bad auf die Folie die zuvor im Vakuum oder durch CVD (oder durch andere Verfahren) leitfähig gemacht wurde. Dabei wächst die Katalysator-Schicht in die Kapillaren der Folie ein. Zu diesem Zweck muß der Elektrolyt in die Kapillare eindringen, was man z. B. durch Zugabe spezieller Netzmittel zum Elektrolyten oder durch eine hydrophile Impregnierung der Folie erreichen kann. Es ist weiterhin möglich, daß die Elektrolyse in einer Spezialvorrichtung erfolgt, wo nur eine Seite der Folie mit dem Elektrolyten Kontakt hat, wobei auf der Elektrolytseite Überdruck, oder auf der Folienseite (Gasphase) Unterdruck angelegt wird.Of course, such coatings can be done in several steps being represented. One method is based on the Electrolysis of the catalyst in an electrolytic Bath on the slide previously in vacuum or by CVD (or by other processes) has been made conductive. The grows Catalyst layer in the capillaries of the film. To this Purpose, the electrolyte must penetrate the capillary, which one e.g. B. by adding special wetting agents to the electrolyte or can be achieved by hydrophilic impregnation of the film. It it is also possible that the electrolysis in one Special device takes place where only one side of the film with the Electrolyte has contact, being on the electrolyte side Overpressure, or on the film side (gas phase) underpressure is created.
Bei diesem Verfahren ist die Benutzung von hydrophilen und hydrophoben Folien möglich, außerdem kann eine Impregnierung der Folie (z. B. die nicht beschichtete Seite bis einer bestimmten Tiefe mit hydrophiler oder hydrophober Substanz) notwendig sein.In this process, the use of hydrophilic and hydrophobic foils possible, also impregnation of the Foil (e.g. the uncoated side up to a certain one Depth with hydrophilic or hydrophobic substance) necessary be.
Eine weitere Methode liegt in der Verwendung pulverförmiger Ausgangsmaterialien feinkörniger oder grobkörniger Struktur die eventuell schon innere Kapillare enthalten. Dabei muß nach der Beschichtung des Pulvermaterials eine Schichtherstellung erfolgen, die entweder vor dem Einbau in das Gerät, oder im Gerät selbst (z. B. durch Zusammendruck) erfolgen kann.Another method is to use powder Starting materials of fine-grained or coarse-grained structure may already contain an inner capillary. It must be after the Coating the powder material a layer production take place either before installation in the device, or in Device itself (e.g. by squeezing).
Ein Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung ist in der Zeichnung 2 dargestellt. Hier ist eine Elektrode für Sauerstoffsensoren dargestellt. Der Aufbau der Elektrode ist folgender: An embodiment of the invention is shown in the drawing 2. An electrode for oxygen sensors is shown here. The structure of the electrode is as follows:
Ausgangsmaterial ist eine PTFE Folie (1) mit der Dicke von 0,5 mm, die viele Kapillaren mit dem Durchmesser von 5-10 µm enthält. Diese Folie wird mit einem lichtempfindlichen Photolack beschichtet und dann mit einem Photomask belichtet. Nach der Entwicklung enthält man auf der Folie der gewünschten Lochgröße entsprechende Photolack-Vierecke (z. B. 2×2 µm oder 0,5×0,5 mm usw.) oder andere geometrische Strukturen.The starting material is a PTFE film ( 1 ) with a thickness of 0.5 mm, which contains many capillaries with a diameter of 5-10 µm. This film is coated with a light-sensitive photoresist and then exposed with a photomask. After development, appropriate photoresist squares (e.g. 2 × 2 µm or 0.5 × 0.5 mm etc.) or other geometric structures are contained on the film for the desired hole size.
Nun kann eine Katalysatorbeschichtung (2) erfolgen: wo man durch Vakuum- Aufdampfen oder Aufsputtern von Gold oder Platin gleichzeitig einige hundert solche Elektrodenstrukturen beschichten kann. Entfernt man den Lack mit einem Lösungsmittel so wird das Metall, das sich auf dem Lack niedergeschlagen hat, mit entfernt und die Beschichtung bleibt nur an den Stellen haften, an denen sich vorher kein Lack befand. So können beliebig feine Strukturierungen (3) (große Empfindlichkeit) erzielt werden.Now a catalyst coating ( 2 ) can take place: where one can coat several hundred such electrode structures simultaneously by vacuum evaporation or sputtering of gold or platinum. If you remove the varnish with a solvent, the metal that has deposited on the varnish is also removed and the coating only adheres to the places where there was no varnish before. In this way, any fine structures ( 3 ) (high sensitivity) can be achieved.
Nach diesem Arbeitsgang bleibt nur das Aufschneiden der Folie wodurch wir mehrere hunderte identische Elektroden bekommen können.After this step, the only thing left is to cut the film which gives us hundreds of identical electrodes can.
Claims (15)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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DE19853532286 DE3532286A1 (en) | 1985-09-11 | 1985-09-11 | Arrangement of gas diffusion electrodes, and method for the fabrication of gas diffusion electrodes |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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DE19853532286 DE3532286A1 (en) | 1985-09-11 | 1985-09-11 | Arrangement of gas diffusion electrodes, and method for the fabrication of gas diffusion electrodes |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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DE3532286A1 true DE3532286A1 (en) | 1987-04-16 |
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DE19853532286 Ceased DE3532286A1 (en) | 1985-09-11 | 1985-09-11 | Arrangement of gas diffusion electrodes, and method for the fabrication of gas diffusion electrodes |
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Cited By (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3833073A1 (en) * | 1988-09-29 | 1990-04-05 | Siemens Ag | Oxygen partial pressure probe, especially lambda probe |
DE4312126A1 (en) * | 1993-04-14 | 1994-10-20 | Mannesmann Ag | Gas diffusion electrode for electrochemical cells |
DE4327254A1 (en) * | 1993-08-13 | 1995-02-16 | Mannesmann Ag | Process for the production of catalytically active gas diffusion electrodes |
DE4419383A1 (en) * | 1993-08-31 | 1995-03-02 | Mannesmann Ag | Process for the production of catalytically active gas diffusion electrodes for electrochemical cells |
WO2003092087A2 (en) * | 2002-04-26 | 2003-11-06 | Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Microstructured diffusion layer in gas diffusion electrodes |
EP1408568A1 (en) * | 2002-06-25 | 2004-04-14 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Method for fabricating high surface area catalysts in fuel cell electrodes |
WO2004091019A3 (en) * | 2003-04-07 | 2005-10-20 | Zellweger Analytics Ltd | Method of manufacturing gas diffusion electrodes |
DE102007020800B4 (en) * | 2007-05-03 | 2011-03-03 | Universität Hamburg | Modified multi-channel structures and their use |
GB2532720A (en) * | 2014-11-21 | 2016-06-01 | P2I Ltd | Electrochemical cells and components thereof |
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US2694743A (en) * | 1951-11-09 | 1954-11-16 | Simon L Ruskin | Polystyrene grid and separator for electric batteries |
DE1496141A1 (en) * | 1965-05-25 | 1969-01-02 | W Kampschulte & Cie Dr | Process for the manufacture of electrodes for gas elements |
DE1546720A1 (en) * | 1965-08-04 | 1969-12-11 | Siemens Ag | Geometrically ordered gas diffusion electrodes |
DE1771857A1 (en) * | 1968-07-22 | 1972-02-03 | Shell Int Research | Electrode for use in an electrical cell |
US3957692A (en) * | 1973-12-10 | 1976-05-18 | United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority | Method of preparing a catalyst |
DE1596057B2 (en) * | 1965-08-19 | 1976-07-01 | Engelhard Industries, Inc., Newark, NJ. (V.StA.) | METHOD OF MANUFACTURING AN ELECTRODE FOR FUEL ELEMENTS |
US4275126A (en) * | 1978-04-12 | 1981-06-23 | Battelle Memorial Institute | Fuel cell electrode on solid electrolyte substrate |
EP0033416A1 (en) * | 1980-01-03 | 1981-08-12 | Imperial Chemical Industries Plc | Gas diffusion electrodes |
JPS5827055A (en) * | 1981-08-12 | 1983-02-17 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | Oxygen gas sensor |
US4503132A (en) * | 1983-03-07 | 1985-03-05 | Struthers Ralph C | Fuel cell electrode |
DE3332566A1 (en) * | 1983-09-09 | 1985-03-28 | Hoechst Ag, 6230 Frankfurt | GAS DIFFUSION ELECTRODE WITH HYDROPHILIC TOP LAYER AND METHOD FOR THEIR PRODUCTION |
EP0063981B1 (en) * | 1981-04-13 | 1987-11-11 | Societe Les Piles Wonder | Method of manufacturing thin electrodes, particularly gas electrodes, for electrochemical devices, and thin electrodes obtained by such a method, the electrodes possibly being provided with current collectors |
-
1985
- 1985-09-11 DE DE19853532286 patent/DE3532286A1/en not_active Ceased
Patent Citations (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2694743A (en) * | 1951-11-09 | 1954-11-16 | Simon L Ruskin | Polystyrene grid and separator for electric batteries |
DE1496141A1 (en) * | 1965-05-25 | 1969-01-02 | W Kampschulte & Cie Dr | Process for the manufacture of electrodes for gas elements |
DE1546720A1 (en) * | 1965-08-04 | 1969-12-11 | Siemens Ag | Geometrically ordered gas diffusion electrodes |
DE1596057B2 (en) * | 1965-08-19 | 1976-07-01 | Engelhard Industries, Inc., Newark, NJ. (V.StA.) | METHOD OF MANUFACTURING AN ELECTRODE FOR FUEL ELEMENTS |
DE1771857A1 (en) * | 1968-07-22 | 1972-02-03 | Shell Int Research | Electrode for use in an electrical cell |
US3957692A (en) * | 1973-12-10 | 1976-05-18 | United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority | Method of preparing a catalyst |
US4275126A (en) * | 1978-04-12 | 1981-06-23 | Battelle Memorial Institute | Fuel cell electrode on solid electrolyte substrate |
EP0033416A1 (en) * | 1980-01-03 | 1981-08-12 | Imperial Chemical Industries Plc | Gas diffusion electrodes |
EP0063981B1 (en) * | 1981-04-13 | 1987-11-11 | Societe Les Piles Wonder | Method of manufacturing thin electrodes, particularly gas electrodes, for electrochemical devices, and thin electrodes obtained by such a method, the electrodes possibly being provided with current collectors |
JPS5827055A (en) * | 1981-08-12 | 1983-02-17 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | Oxygen gas sensor |
US4503132A (en) * | 1983-03-07 | 1985-03-05 | Struthers Ralph C | Fuel cell electrode |
DE3332566A1 (en) * | 1983-09-09 | 1985-03-28 | Hoechst Ag, 6230 Frankfurt | GAS DIFFUSION ELECTRODE WITH HYDROPHILIC TOP LAYER AND METHOD FOR THEIR PRODUCTION |
Cited By (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3833073A1 (en) * | 1988-09-29 | 1990-04-05 | Siemens Ag | Oxygen partial pressure probe, especially lambda probe |
DE4312126A1 (en) * | 1993-04-14 | 1994-10-20 | Mannesmann Ag | Gas diffusion electrode for electrochemical cells |
DE4327254A1 (en) * | 1993-08-13 | 1995-02-16 | Mannesmann Ag | Process for the production of catalytically active gas diffusion electrodes |
DE4419383A1 (en) * | 1993-08-31 | 1995-03-02 | Mannesmann Ag | Process for the production of catalytically active gas diffusion electrodes for electrochemical cells |
WO2003092087A2 (en) * | 2002-04-26 | 2003-11-06 | Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Microstructured diffusion layer in gas diffusion electrodes |
WO2003092087A3 (en) * | 2002-04-26 | 2004-09-10 | Forschungszentrum Juelich Gmbh | Microstructured diffusion layer in gas diffusion electrodes |
EP1408568A1 (en) * | 2002-06-25 | 2004-04-14 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Method for fabricating high surface area catalysts in fuel cell electrodes |
WO2004091019A3 (en) * | 2003-04-07 | 2005-10-20 | Zellweger Analytics Ltd | Method of manufacturing gas diffusion electrodes |
US7794779B2 (en) | 2003-04-07 | 2010-09-14 | Honeywell Analytics Ltd. | Method of manufacturing gas diffusion electrodes |
DE102007020800B4 (en) * | 2007-05-03 | 2011-03-03 | Universität Hamburg | Modified multi-channel structures and their use |
GB2532720A (en) * | 2014-11-21 | 2016-06-01 | P2I Ltd | Electrochemical cells and components thereof |
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Owner name: ENDRESS + HAUSER GASTEC GMBH + CO, 44227 DORTMUND, |
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