DE4239479A1 - Methods for recognizing and sorting different plastics - Google Patents
Methods for recognizing and sorting different plasticsInfo
- Publication number
- DE4239479A1 DE4239479A1 DE4239479A DE4239479A DE4239479A1 DE 4239479 A1 DE4239479 A1 DE 4239479A1 DE 4239479 A DE4239479 A DE 4239479A DE 4239479 A DE4239479 A DE 4239479A DE 4239479 A1 DE4239479 A1 DE 4239479A1
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- plastics
- plastic
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- point
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 title claims description 68
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 title claims description 68
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000002123 temporal effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract description 8
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 18
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 7
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 4
- -1 poly ethylene Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010791 domestic waste Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007850 fluorescent dye Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005188 flotation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002440 industrial waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004949 mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010816 packaging waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012958 reprocessing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009182 swimming Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004154 testing of material Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005979 thermal decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012549 training Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004876 x-ray fluorescence Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/44—Resins; rubber; leather
- G01N33/442—Resins, plastics
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B07—SEPARATING SOLIDS FROM SOLIDS; SORTING
- B07C—POSTAL SORTING; SORTING INDIVIDUAL ARTICLES, OR BULK MATERIAL FIT TO BE SORTED PIECE-MEAL, e.g. BY PICKING
- B07C5/00—Sorting according to a characteristic or feature of the articles or material being sorted, e.g. by control effected by devices which detect or measure such characteristic or feature; Sorting by manually actuated devices, e.g. switches
- B07C5/34—Sorting according to other particular properties
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
- B29B17/00—Recovery of plastics or other constituents of waste material containing plastics
- B29B17/02—Separating plastics from other materials
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
- B29B17/00—Recovery of plastics or other constituents of waste material containing plastics
- B29B17/02—Separating plastics from other materials
- B29B2017/0203—Separating plastics from plastics
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
- B29B17/00—Recovery of plastics or other constituents of waste material containing plastics
- B29B17/02—Separating plastics from other materials
- B29B2017/0213—Specific separating techniques
- B29B2017/0279—Optical identification, e.g. cameras or spectroscopy
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2023/00—Use of polyalkenes or derivatives thereof as moulding material
- B29K2023/04—Polymers of ethylene
- B29K2023/06—PE, i.e. polyethylene
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2023/00—Use of polyalkenes or derivatives thereof as moulding material
- B29K2023/10—Polymers of propylene
- B29K2023/12—PP, i.e. polypropylene
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2025/00—Use of polymers of vinyl-aromatic compounds or derivatives thereof as moulding material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2027/00—Use of polyvinylhalogenides or derivatives thereof as moulding material
- B29K2027/06—PVC, i.e. polyvinylchloride
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2033/00—Use of polymers of unsaturated acids or derivatives thereof as moulding material
- B29K2033/04—Polymers of esters
- B29K2033/12—Polymers of methacrylic acid esters, e.g. PMMA, i.e. polymethylmethacrylate
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2077/00—Use of PA, i.e. polyamides, e.g. polyesteramides or derivatives thereof, as moulding material
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N25/00—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means
- G01N25/72—Investigating presence of flaws
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/62—Plastics recycling; Rubber recycling
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analyzing Materials Using Thermal Means (AREA)
- Manufacture, Treatment Of Glass Fibers (AREA)
- Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
- Thermal Transfer Or Thermal Recording In General (AREA)
- Separation, Recovery Or Treatment Of Waste Materials Containing Plastics (AREA)
- Forging (AREA)
- Preliminary Treatment Of Fibers (AREA)
- Automatic Analysis And Handling Materials Therefor (AREA)
- Manufacturing Of Magnetic Record Carriers (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum Erkennen und Sortieren von verschiedenen Kunststoffen.The invention relates to a method for recognizing and Sorting different plastics.
Im Zusammenhang mit dem Kunststoffrecycling stellt sich das Problem der möglichst automatischen Selektion unterschiedlicher nicht gemeinsam wiederverwertbarer Kunststoffe. Für die Wiederverwertbarkeit der Kunststoffe ist die Sortenreinheit der aufzuarbeitenden Kunststoffe von entscheidender Bedeutung, da mit zunehmender Vermi schung der Gebrauchswert der Kunststoffe drastisch ab nimmt.Related to plastic recycling the problem of the most automatic selection possible different not recyclable together Plastics. For the recyclability of plastics is the type purity of the plastics to be processed of crucial importance because with increasing Vermi the use value of plastics drastically takes.
Bei der Erkennung und Trennung der verschiedenen Kunststoffsorten finden zum heutigen Zeitpunkt häufig manuelle Sortierverfahren Einsatz. Die Unwirtschaftlich keit und die mangelnde Leistungsfähigkeit einer manuellen Trennung bedingen den beschränkten Einsatz lediglich für die Sortierung von größeren, unzerkleinerten Kunststoff teilen, die zum Teil bei der Automobilverwertung anfallen. Für die Sortierung von kleineren Kunststoffteilen, die im Hausmüll- und Verpackungsmüllbereich anfallen, ist dieses Verfahren nicht geeignet, vgl. D. Braun, Deutsches Kunst stoffinstitut "Einfache Methoden zur Kunststofferkennung", Vortrag beim DVM Tag 1992 "Bauteil 1992", Berlin. Für das Recycling kleinerer Kunststoffteile muß die Verwendung einer automatischen Kunststofferkennung gekoppelt mit ei ner nachfolgenden automatischen Trennung erfolgen, vgl. Sortenreines Recycling setzt eindeutig Produktbezeichnung voraus, Österreich. Kunstst. Zeitung 1990, Ausgabe 21 (5/6), S. 113-115.When recognizing and separating the different Plastic grades are common today manual sorting procedure use. The uneconomical and the inefficiency of a manual Separation only means the limited use for sorting larger, uncrushed plastic parts that arise in part from automobile recycling. For sorting smaller plastic parts that are in the Household and packaging waste area, this is Process not suitable, cf. D. Braun, German Art Stoffinstitut "Simple Methods for Plastic Identification", Lecture at the DVM Day 1992 "Component 1992", Berlin. For the Smaller plastic parts must be recycled an automatic plastic detection coupled with egg ner subsequent automatic separation take place, cf. Sorted recycling clearly sets the product name ahead, Austria. Plastic Newspaper 1990, issue 21 (5/6), pp. 113-115.
Derzeit existieren zwei automatische Trennverfahren, die in begrenztem Umfang und auch nur für einige Kunst stoffe eingesetzt werden.There are currently two automatic separation processes, which to a limited extent and only for some art fabrics are used.
Ein Trennverfahren, was z. Z. auch im technischen Maß stab eingesetzt wird, ist die Separation der Kunststoffe nach ihrer spezifischen Dichte. Hierbei werden sie in Leicht- und in eine Schwerfraktion unterteilt (G. Hörber, G. Ropertz, P. Kaniut "Das AKW-Kunststoffaufbereitungs system - eine moderne und wirtschaftliche Alternative für die Wiederverwertung von "Alt"-Kunststoffen, in Aufberei tungs-Technik" (1989), Asg. 30(8), S. 500-506; A. Ansems, "Kunststoffe aus Abfällen. Trennung an der Quelle bestimmt die Wiederverwendungsmöglichkeiten", in Zeitschr. Kunstst. Rubber (1988), Ausg. 41(12), S. 62-69; A. Funke, J. Noack, "Homogenisieren von Sekundärpolyolefinen", in Zeitschr. Plaste Kautschuk (1987), Ausg. 34(2), S. 72-73). Der Leichtfraktion gehören die Polyolefine an, die als Poly ethylen und Polypropylen einer weiteren Trennung bedürfen, da sie gemischt nicht wieder verarbeitbar sind. Die Schwerfraktion enthält alle übrigen Kunststoffsorten und ist ohne weitere Separation ebenfalls nicht für die Wie derverarbeitung geeignet. Eine weitere Auftrennung dieser Fraktionen kann über die spezifische Dichte nur in Verbin dung mit hohen Sortenverunreinigungen erfolgen. Die tech nische Durchführung wird bei diesem Prinzip zum einen mit Hilfe eines Hydrozyklons und zum anderen in einer Schwimm- Sink-Rinne in Verbindung mit Wasser als Trennflüssigkeit bewirkt.A separation process, which z. Currently also in technical measure stab is used is the separation of the plastics according to their specific density. Here they are in Light and divided into a heavy fraction (G. Hörber, G. Ropertz, P. Kaniut "The AKW plastics processing system - a modern and economical alternative for the recycling of "old" plastics, in preparation tion technology "(1989), Asg. 30 (8), pp. 500-506; A. Ansems, "Plastics from waste. Separation at source determined the reuse possibilities ", in Zeitschr. Kunstst. Rubber (1988), Issue 41 (12), pp. 62-69; A. Funke, J. Noack, "Homogenizing Secondary Polyolefins", in Zeitschr. Plaste Kautschuk (1987), Issue 34 (2), pp. 72-73). Of the Light fractions belong to the polyolefins, which as poly ethylene and polypropylene require further separation, since they cannot be processed again when mixed. The Heavy fraction contains all other types of plastic and is also not for the how without further separation suitable processing. Another separation of this Fractions can only be combined in specific density with high grade impurities. The tech African implementation is on the one hand with this principle With the help of a hydrocyclone and another in a swimming Sink channel in connection with water as a separating liquid causes.
Das andere technisch eingesetzte Verfahrensprinzip der Flotation liegt darin begründet, daß sich an die hydropho be Oberfläche von Kunststoffen selektiv Luftblasen anla gern, wodurch diese Stoffe auf Wasser aufschwimmen. Durch gezielte Zugabe von Reagenzien kann man die Anlagerung von Luftblasen an bestimmte Kunststoffe unterbinden (E. Kro ker, F+E Vorhaben, Pilotvorhaben zum Trennen und Aufberei ten Kunststoffen aus Haushalts und Gewerbeabfällen, Aus künfte der Amtlichen Material Prüfanstalt, Hannover 1989). Die Nachteile des Verfahrens liegen zum einen in der be grenzten Auftrennmöglichkeit in nur zwei Kunststofffrak tionen pro Anwendung und zum anderen in den möglichen Be einflussungen der Kunststoffe durch den Kontakt mit den Trennungsreagenzien. Ferner lassen sich, bedingt durch die oberflächenspezifische Trennung, nur unverschmutzte sowie nicht lackierte und unbeschichtete Kunststoffe separieren, was eine weitere erhebliche Einschränkung des Verfahrens darstellt.The other technically used principle of the Flotation is due to the fact that the hydropho be surface of plastic selectively air bubbles like what causes these substances to float on water. By targeted addition of reagents can be added to the attachment of Prevent air bubbles on certain plastics (E. Kro ker, R&D projects, pilot projects for separation and reprocessing ten plastics from household and commercial waste, Aus the official material testing institute, Hanover 1989). The disadvantages of the method lie in the one limited the possibility of separation into only two plastic fractions tion per application and on the other hand in the possible Be influences of the plastics through the contact with the Separation reagents. Furthermore, due to the surface specific separation, only unpolluted as well separate unpainted and uncoated plastics, which is another significant limitation of the process represents.
Es sind weitere Methoden zur Erkennung der Kunst stoffsorte vorgeschlagen worden, die aber von einer umfas senden Lösung des Sortier-Problems noch weit entfernt sind, und eine technische Anwendung des jeweiligen Verfah rens kann heute weitgehend ausgeschlossen werden.There are other methods of recognizing art type of fabric has been proposed, but it includes a send solution to the sorting problem still far away are, and a technical application of the respective procedure Today rens can largely be excluded.
Ein Prinzip der Kunststofferkennung basiert auf einer Identifikation der Kunststoffe durch einen schon bei der Herstellung des Kunststoffes beigemischten Fluoreszenz farbstoff (K. Luttermann, A. Becker, Bayer AG, Kennzeich nung von Kunststoffen mit Fluoreszenzfarbstoffen, Vortrag beim DVM Tag 1992 "Bauteil 1992", Berlin). Hierbei wird durch Einwirkung von Licht durch das Auftreten von Fluor eszenzstrahlung eine schnelle und auch sichere Erkennung des Kunststoffes möglich. Allerdings müßten sich alle Kunststoffhersteller über eine einheitliche und sor tenspezifische Beimischung der Fluoreszenzfarben schon bei der Herstellung der Kunststoffe verständigen. Die Proble matik liegt somit in der Durchsetzung der notwendigen ge nerellen Einführung und Normierung dieser Beimischung von Fluoreszenzfarben.A principle of plastic detection is based on one Identification of the plastics by one at the Production of the plastic mixed fluorescence dye (K. Luttermann, A. Becker, Bayer AG, identifier of plastics with fluorescent dyes, lecture at the DVM day 1992 "component 1992", Berlin). Here will by exposure to light due to the appearance of fluorine escence radiation a quick and safe detection of the plastic possible. However, everyone would have to Plastic manufacturers through a uniform and sor specific addition of fluorescent colors notify the manufacture of the plastics. The problem Matics thus lie in enforcing the necessary ge General introduction and standardization of this admixture of Fluorescent colors.
Ein ähnliches Prinzip wird bei der Röntgenfluoreszenz analyse verwirklicht, wobei hier kunststoffspezifische Do tierelemente oder Zuschlagstoffe bei der Herstellung bei gemischt werden müssen, um eine spätere Erkennung zu er möglichen (K. H. Folkerts, Vortrag im 384. Dechema-Kollo quim, 30.1.1992, Frankfurt/Main).A similar principle applies to X-ray fluorescence analysis realized, here plastic-specific Do animal elements or additives in the manufacture of must be mixed in order to be recognized later possible (K.H. Folkerts, lecture in the 384th Dechema collo quim, January 30, 1992, Frankfurt / Main).
Eine weitere Methode stellt die Kunststofferkennung unter Verwendung eines AOTF-Reflexionsspektrometers dar (N. Eisenreich, Vortrag im 384. Dechema-Kolloquim, 30.1.1992, Frankfurt/Main; N. Eisenreich, H. Krause, H. Kull, Th. Messer, Schnelle Erkennung von Kunststoffen mit AOTF-Reflexionsspektrometer, VDI Berichte Nr. 934, 1991, S. 447-459), bei der das NIR-Reflexionsspektrum für die Identifikation der Kunststoffsorte Verwendung findet. Hierbei enthält das Reflexionsspektrum des nahen Infra rotfrequenzbereichs (1000 bis 2500 nm) ausreichend Infor mation, um im Fingerprintbereich den untersuchten Kunst stoff erkennen zu können. Problematisch und technisch auf wendig ist die schnelle Auswertung der sehr komplizierten Spektren, die sich zusätzlich in Abhängigkeit von zuge setzten Additiven, Farbstoffen etc. stark verändern. Pro bleme treten weiterhin bei der Untersuchung von ver schmutzten und gefüllten Kunststoffproben auf. Dieses Ver fahren ist technisch sehr aufwendig.Another method is plastic detection using an AOTF reflection spectrometer (N. Eisenreich, lecture in the 384th Dechema Colloquim, January 30, 1992, Frankfurt / Main; N. Eisenreich, H. Krause, H. Kull, Th. Messer, Fast detection of plastics with AOTF reflection spectrometer, VDI Report No. 934, 1991, Pp. 447-459), in which the NIR reflection spectrum for the Identification of the plastic grade is used. Here contains the reflection spectrum of the near infra red frequency range (1000 to 2500 nm) sufficient information mation to the examined art in the fingerprint area to be able to recognize material. Problematic and technical the quick evaluation of the very complicated is agile Spectra, which are additionally dependent on change additives, dyes, etc. Per bleme continue to occur when ver dirty and filled plastic samples. This ver driving is technically very complex.
Es ist auch schon vorgeschlagen worden zur Identifi kation der Kunststoffe, die Produkte des thermischen Ab baues von Kunststoffen mit Hilfe der Massenspektroskopie zu untersuchen (H. Müller von der Haegen, Vortrag im 384. Dechema-Kolloquium, 30.1.1992, Frankfurt/Main). Bei diesem Verfahren würde man somit die Kunststoffe nur indirekt über die sortenspezifischen Pyrolyseprodukte erkennen kön nen. Probleme treten hier beim Einschleusen der gasförmi gen Produkte in das Hochvakuum eines Massenspektrometers auf. Zusätzlich ist der hohe Zeitaufwand der Kombination aus thermischer Zersetzung, MS-Analyse und nachfolgender Auswertung zu berücksichtigen. Weiterhin sind die Pyroly seprodukte von verschiedenen Kunststoffsorten teilweise identisch, so daß eine Trennung ebenfalls erschwert ist.It has also been proposed for identification cation of plastics, the products of thermal ab construction of plastics with the help of mass spectroscopy to be examined (H. Müller von der Haegen, lecture in 384. Dechema colloquium, January 30, 1992, Frankfurt / Main). With this The plastics would therefore only be processed indirectly can recognize the variety-specific pyrolysis products nen. Problems occur here when the gaseous substances are introduced products into the high vacuum of a mass spectrometer on. In addition, the combination is very time-consuming from thermal decomposition, MS analysis and subsequent Evaluation to take into account. Furthermore, the pyroly partial products of various types of plastic identical, so that a separation is also difficult.
Die Verwendung von Trennflüssigkeiten zur Sortierung von Kunststoffgemischen anhand der spezifischen Dichte ist ebenfalls Gegenstand von Untersuchungen gewesen (U. Leu ning, Kunststoffrecycling in Italien. Ziel der Regierung ist eine Rücklaufquote bei Kunststoffverpackungen von 40%, Zeitschr. Umwelt, Ausg. 20(4), 1990, S. 164-166). Auch hier konnte aufgrund der ähnlichen spezifischen Dichten keine ausreichende Unterscheidung der verschiedenen Kunst stoffsorten getroffen werden.The use of separation liquids for sorting of plastic mixtures based on the specific density has also been the subject of investigations (U. Leu ning, plastic recycling in Italy. Government goal is a return rate for plastic packaging of 40%, Journal Environment, Ed. 20 (4), 1990, pp. 164-166). Also here due to the similar specific densities insufficient distinction between different art types of fabric are taken.
In den USA ist eine elektromagnetische Trennmethode (R. T. Gottesmann, Vortrag IUPAC International Symposium Recycling of Polymers, Marbella, Spanien 18.-20. September 1991) entwickelt worden, bei der aber ausschließlich PVC von Polyolefinen abgetrennt werden kann und somit auch hier keine Lösung des generellen Trennproblems bei ge mischt anfallenden Kunststoffen zu erwarten ist.In the US there is an electromagnetic separation method (R. T. Gottesmann, lecture IUPAC International Symposium Recycling of Polymers, Marbella, Spain 18th-20th September 1991), but only PVC can be separated from polyolefins and thus also here no solution to the general separation problem with ge mixes resulting plastics.
Zusammenfassend ist daher festzustellen, daß die bekannten Methoden keine technische Lösung für die Wieder verwertung von Kunststoffgemischen darstellen.In summary, it can therefore be stated that the known methods no technical solution for the re represent recycling of plastic mixtures.
Die Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung besteht darin, ein Verfahren zur schnellen, zuverlässigen automatischen Erkennung und Sortierung verschiedener Kunststoffe an zugeben.The object of the present invention is a process for fast, reliable automatic Detection and sorting of different plastics admit.
Diese Aufgabe wird durch die Ausbildung gemäß Kenn zeichen des Anspruchs 1 gelöst.This task is accomplished through the training according to Kenn Sign of claim 1 solved.
Die erfindungsgemäße Aufgabenlösung nutzt die Erkenn barkeit spezifischer thermischer Stoffeigenschaften der verschiedenen Kunststoffe. Die Kunststofferkennung erfolgt erfindungsgemäß über die kunststoffspezifische Temperatur verteilung, die von folgenden thermischen und somit in härenten Stoffeigenschaften des untersuchten Kunststoffes abhängig ist:The task solution according to the invention uses the recognition Availability of specific thermal properties of the different plastics. The plastic detection takes place according to the invention on the plastic-specific temperature distribution by the following thermal and thus in inherent properties of the investigated plastic depends on:
- - Die Wärmeleitfähigkeit, die sich bei den jeweili gen Kunststoffen stark voneinander unterscheidet,- The thermal conductivity, which is in the respective strongly differ from each other in terms of plastics,
- - die Wärmekapazität sowie deren Temperaturabhän gigkeit, die ebenfalls kunststoffspezifisch star ke Unterschiede aufweist,- The heat capacity and its temperature dependency ability, which is also a plastic-specific star no differences,
- - der Schmelzbereich der Kunststoffe, anhand dessen sich die untersuchten Kunststoffe ebenfalls deut lich unterscheiden lassen,- The melting range of the plastics, based on this the investigated plastics are also clear differentiate,
- - der Absorptionskoeffizient der Wärmestrahlung sowie der Emissionsgrad der unterschiedlichen Kunststoffe.- the absorption coefficient of heat radiation as well as the emissivity of the different Plastics.
Weiterbildungen der erfindungsgemäßen Aufgabenlösung sind in den Unteransprüchen angegeben.Developments of the task solution according to the invention are specified in the subclaims.
Die Erfindung soll nachfolgend anhand eines Beispiels näher erläutert werden.The invention is intended to be based on an example are explained in more detail.
Plattenförmige Kunststoffteile verschiedener Kunst stoffsorten wurden mit einem CO2-Laser (23,5 W) 3 Sekunden lang bestrahlt. Danach wurden mit einer senkrecht zu den Kunststoffplatten angeordneten Thermokamera die Tempera turverhältnisse mit einer Bildfrequenz von einem Bild/sec. über einen Zeitraum von 16 sec. beobachtet. Die entstehen den Bildsequenzen wurden nach verschiedenen Kriterien be arbeitet und ausgewertet. Es wurden die Maximaltemperatur, deren Verlauf, die Abkühlgeschwindigkeit und die Tempera turausdehnungen verschiedener Kunststoffe ermittelt. Untersucht wurden die für das Müllaufkommen relevanten Kunststoffe: PE (Polyethylen), PP (Polypropylen), PA (Po lyamid), PMMA (Polymethylmethakrylat), PS (Polystyrol), PVC (Polyvinylchlorid).Plate-shaped plastic parts of different types of plastic were irradiated with a CO 2 laser (23.5 W) for 3 seconds. Then the temperature conditions with an image frequency of one image / sec. observed over a period of 16 sec. The resulting image sequences were processed and evaluated according to various criteria. The maximum temperature, its course, the cooling rate and the temperature expansions of various plastics were determined. The plastics relevant for the generation of waste were examined: PE (polyethylene), PP (polypropylene), PA (polyamide), PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate), PS (polystyrene), PVC (polyvinyl chloride).
Um den Einfluß der Form berücksichtigen zu können, wurden exemplarisch zwei unterschiedliche Plattenstärken des PMMA eingesetzt: PMMA 8 (8 mm) und PMMA 6 (6 mm).To take into account the influence of the shape two different panel thicknesses were used as examples of the PMMA used: PMMA 8 (8 mm) and PMMA 6 (6 mm).
Es ergaben sich folgende Verhältnisse: The following conditions resulted:
Man erkennt, daß die Maximaltemperaturen, die Ab kühlgeschwindigkeiten und die Wärmeausdehnungsflächen eine eindeutige Zuordnung der verwendeten Kunststoffsorten er möglichen.It can be seen that the maximum temperatures, the Ab cooling speeds and the thermal expansion surfaces one clear assignment of the types of plastic used possible.
Bereits die Auswertung der maximalen Temperaturen nach Beendigung der Erwärmung ermöglicht eine eindeutige Unter scheidung der untersuchten Kunststoffe.Already the evaluation of the maximum temperatures after Termination of warming enables a clear sub separation of the investigated plastics.
Grundlage der Kunststofferkennung bildet somit die Erfassung und Auswertung der Wärme-Impuls-Antwort nach einer punktförmigen Erwärmung mit Laserstrahlung. Dabei wird die Wärme-Impuls-Antwort mittels einer Thermokamera in ihrem örtlichen und zeitlichen Verlauf (Bildfolge) auf genommen und kann mit Methoden der digitalen Bildverar beitung in differenzierbare Signale umgesetzt werden.The basis of plastic detection is therefore the Recording and evaluation of the heat impulse response after point heating with laser radiation. Here is the heat impulse response using a thermal camera in their local and temporal course (picture sequence) taken and can be processed using methods of digital image processing processing into differentiable signals.
Claims (6)
Priority Applications (10)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE4239479A DE4239479A1 (en) | 1992-11-21 | 1992-11-21 | Methods for recognizing and sorting different plastics |
ES93118326T ES2128383T3 (en) | 1992-11-21 | 1993-11-12 | PROCEDURE AND DEVICE FOR MATERIAL IDENTIFICATION OF MATERIALS. |
EP19930118326 EP0599153B1 (en) | 1992-11-21 | 1993-11-12 | Method and device for the identification of materials |
AT93118326T ATE175023T1 (en) | 1992-11-21 | 1993-11-12 | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR THE MATERIAL IDENTIFICATION OF MATERIALS |
DE59309244T DE59309244D1 (en) | 1992-11-21 | 1993-11-12 | Method and device for material identification of materials |
DK93118326T DK0599153T3 (en) | 1992-11-21 | 1993-11-12 | Method and apparatus for the material identification of materials |
CZ932456A CZ245693A3 (en) | 1992-11-21 | 1993-11-17 | Process and apparatus for identifying matters of materials |
US08/154,065 US5489778A (en) | 1992-11-21 | 1993-11-18 | Process and installation for the identification of materials |
PL30110293A PL301102A1 (en) | 1992-11-21 | 1993-11-19 | Method of and apparatus for identifying materials |
CA 2109669 CA2109669A1 (en) | 1992-11-21 | 1993-11-22 | Process and installatin for the identification of materials |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE4239479A DE4239479A1 (en) | 1992-11-21 | 1992-11-21 | Methods for recognizing and sorting different plastics |
Publications (1)
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DE4239479A1 true DE4239479A1 (en) | 1994-05-26 |
Family
ID=6473529
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
DE4239479A Withdrawn DE4239479A1 (en) | 1992-11-21 | 1992-11-21 | Methods for recognizing and sorting different plastics |
DE59309244T Expired - Fee Related DE59309244D1 (en) | 1992-11-21 | 1993-11-12 | Method and device for material identification of materials |
Family Applications After (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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DE59309244T Expired - Fee Related DE59309244D1 (en) | 1992-11-21 | 1993-11-12 | Method and device for material identification of materials |
Country Status (9)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5489778A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0599153B1 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE175023T1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2109669A1 (en) |
CZ (1) | CZ245693A3 (en) |
DE (2) | DE4239479A1 (en) |
DK (1) | DK0599153T3 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2128383T3 (en) |
PL (1) | PL301102A1 (en) |
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WO1996023604A1 (en) * | 1995-02-01 | 1996-08-08 | Beloit Technologies, Inc. | Thermal imaging refuse separator |
DE19515447A1 (en) * | 1995-04-27 | 1996-10-31 | Rational Beratungsgesellschaft | Portable instrument for identifying plastics esp. polyvinyl chloride |
DE19747784A1 (en) * | 1997-10-29 | 1999-05-06 | Rothe Lutz Dr Ing Habil | Object identifying using thermal signature analysis and infrared sensor system |
WO2015015105A1 (en) * | 2013-08-01 | 2015-02-05 | Pellenc Selective Technologies (Societe Anonyme) | Automatic method and facility for characterising and/or sorting packages |
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US5646405A (en) * | 1995-11-29 | 1997-07-08 | Lawson-Hemphill, Inc. | Method of detecting contaminants in cotton fibers |
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DE19623121C2 (en) * | 1996-06-10 | 2000-05-11 | Wagner International Ag Altsta | Method and device for photothermal testing of workpiece surfaces |
US6405929B1 (en) | 1998-05-29 | 2002-06-18 | Hand Held Products, Inc. | Material detection systems for security documents |
DE19908410B4 (en) * | 1998-10-27 | 2004-05-13 | Klaus Herbst | Method and device for differentiating original and imitation products |
US6303925B1 (en) * | 1999-02-24 | 2001-10-16 | Patricia Alaine Edmonds | Apparatus and method for distinguishing paper articles from plastic articles |
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GB2399409B (en) * | 2003-01-20 | 2006-03-15 | Rolton Group Ltd | Identification of materials by non destructive testing |
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CN112670216A (en) * | 2020-12-30 | 2021-04-16 | 芯钛科半导体设备(上海)有限公司 | Device for automatically identifying articles in wafer box |
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CN116609375B (en) * | 2023-07-13 | 2023-09-22 | 江西省水利科学院(江西省大坝安全管理中心、江西省水资源管理中心) | Method for estimating material and water consumption of facility by using heat pulse distributed optical fiber |
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- 1993-11-12 EP EP19930118326 patent/EP0599153B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-11-12 DE DE59309244T patent/DE59309244D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1993-11-12 AT AT93118326T patent/ATE175023T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1993-11-17 CZ CZ932456A patent/CZ245693A3/en unknown
- 1993-11-18 US US08/154,065 patent/US5489778A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE59309244D1 (en) | 1999-02-04 |
ATE175023T1 (en) | 1999-01-15 |
CA2109669A1 (en) | 1994-05-22 |
ES2128383T3 (en) | 1999-05-16 |
US5489778A (en) | 1996-02-06 |
PL301102A1 (en) | 1994-05-30 |
EP0599153A1 (en) | 1994-06-01 |
EP0599153B1 (en) | 1998-12-23 |
DK0599153T3 (en) | 1999-08-23 |
CZ245693A3 (en) | 1994-06-15 |
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