DE69333457T2 - Digitale Kopfstelle für Kabelfernsehverteilsystem - Google Patents
Digitale Kopfstelle für Kabelfernsehverteilsystem Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- DE69333457T2 DE69333457T2 DE69333457T DE69333457T DE69333457T2 DE 69333457 T2 DE69333457 T2 DE 69333457T2 DE 69333457 T DE69333457 T DE 69333457T DE 69333457 T DE69333457 T DE 69333457T DE 69333457 T2 DE69333457 T2 DE 69333457T2
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- digital
- programs
- channels
- signals
- cable
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
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- H04N21/47—End-user applications
- H04N21/478—Supplemental services, e.g. displaying phone caller identification, shopping application
- H04N21/4786—Supplemental services, e.g. displaying phone caller identification, shopping application e-mailing
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- H04H60/66—Arrangements for services using the result of monitoring, identification or recognition covered by groups H04H60/29-H04H60/54 for using the result on distributors' side
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- H04H60/73—Systems specially adapted for using specific information, e.g. geographical or meteorological information using meta-information
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H04N5/445—Receiver circuitry for the reception of television signals according to analogue transmission standards for displaying additional information
- H04N5/45—Picture in picture, e.g. displaying simultaneously another television channel in a region of the screen
Description
- EINSCHLÄGIGE ANMELDUNGEN
- Die vorliegende Anmeldung beansprucht die Priorität der am 9. Dezember 1992 unter dem Titel TELEVISION PROGRAM PACKAGING AND DELIVERY SYSTEM WITH MENU DRIVEN SUBSCRIBER ACCESS (System zur Paketbildung und Verteilung von Fernsehprogrammen durch menügesteuerten Teilnehmer-Zugriff) eingereichten US-Anmeldung mit der Seriennummer 07/991,074. Die folgenden anderen Veröffentlichungen beruhen ebenfalls auf der oben genannten Patentanmeldung: EP-A-O 673 579 bis EP-A- 0 673 583, EP-A-O 674 824, EP-A-O 732 027, EP-A-O 732 030, EP-A-O 732 031 und US-A-5 307 627.
- TECHNISCHES GEBIET
- Die Erfindung betrifft Kabelfernsehverteilsysteme zum Liefern von Fernsehprogrammen in digitalem Format an Verbraucherhaushalte. Genauer gesagt, betrifft die Erfindung eine neue Technik für den Kabelkopfstellenabschnitt eines Kabelfernsehverteilsystems, das digitale Video/Audio-Signale handhaben kann.
- HINTERGRUND
- Derzeitige Fernsehverteilsysteme sind so konzipiert, daß sie analoge Video/Audio-Signale von der Signalquelle an Zuschauerfernsehgeräte liefern. Durch die Einführung der Digitaltechnik für Video/Audio erfordert die Zukunft von Fernsehverteilsystemen die Umstellung der Verteilsysteme von analoge auf digitale Video/Audio-Signale.
- Entwicklungen in der Kompressionstechnik betreffend die digitale Bandbreite werden einen viel größeren Durchsatz an Fernsehprogrammsignalen über vorhandene oder geringfügig modifizierte Übertragungsmedien ermöglichen. Die Kabelfernsehverteilsysteme müssen so umkonzipiert werden, daß sie den Vorteil digitaler Technik nutzen. Das Kabelkopfende ist ein Schlüsselteil eines Kabelfernsehverteilsystems, und es erfordert eine Neukonzeption.
- Analoge Kabelfernsehverteilsysteme arbeiten mit einer Analogkabel-Umsetzerbox in einem Zuschauerhaushalt, der ein Fernsehgerät zum Anzeigen von Videoprogrammen verwendet. Die Umsetzerbox ist über ein Kabel mit einem Kabelkopfende-Ort verbunden.
- Typischerweise verfügt jeder Analogkabel-Kopfendeort über mehrere Satellitenschüsseln. Die Satellitenschüsseln an jedem Analogkabel-Kopfendeort empfangen normalerweise weitergeleitete Signale von einem oder zwei Satelliten. Ein Satellit verfügt über mehrere Satelliten-Sendeempfänger. Obwohl Aufwärtsstreckenorte und Satellitenschüsseln mehrere Video/Audio-Programmsignale senden und empfangen können, führt jeder Satelliten-Sendeempfänger zu jedem Zeitpunkt normalerweise ein Video/Audio-Programm. Typischerweise ist ein Sendeempfänger speziell für einen Videoprogrammkanal vorhanden. Ferner existiert im allgemeinen ein integrierter Empfänger und Decodierer pro Sendeempfänger (oder Kanal) am Analogkabel-Kopfende, um das Signal vom Sendeempfänger zu empfangen.
- Zusammengefaßt gesagt, erfordert die aktuelle analoge Technik die Kombination eines Aufwärtsstreckeorts, eines Satelliten-Sendeempfängers und einer Kabelkopfende-Satellitenschüssel, um jedes analoge Video/Audio-Programm an das Kabelkopfende zu liefern. Das Kabelkopfende verwendet mehrere analoge Video/Audio-Signale von mehreren Schüsseln und mehreren Sendeempfängern, um mehrkanalige Analogsignale zu liefern. Dann setzt das Kabelkopfende diese Analogsignale in verschiedene Sendefrequenzen für die Kabelumsetzerboxen in den Zuschauerhaushalten um, in denen ein Kanal ausgewählt wird.
- EP-A-O 424 648 offenbart ein Fernsehsystem zum Senden einer wechselnden Fernsehwerbung zu verschiedenen Gruppen von Zuschauern oder Empfängern basierend auf demographischen Daten. Dieses System verwendet einen ersten Fernsehkanal mit Fernsehprogrammen und periodischert Werbungsbeiträgen und einem zweiten Fernsehkanal mit wechselnden Werbungsbeiträgen, Das System wählt jedoch nicht gewünschte digitale Programme oder Kanäle aus einem oder mehreren Multiplexsignalen aus. Ferner offenbart das System nicht, eines oder mehrere gewünschte digitale Programme oder Kanäle aus mehreren in einem empfangenen Multiplexsignal enthaltenen digitalen Programmen oder Kanälen auszuwählen und das ausgewählte Programm bzw. den ausgewählten Kanal in ein Übertragungssignal zu kombinieren.
- EP-A-O 424 648 offenbart eine Mehrzahl von Empfängern und Decodern, jeweils einen für eine Mehrzahl von Aufwärtsverbindungen. Über einen Kabelanschluß können eine oder mehrere solche Empfänger/Decoder-Kombinationen empfangen werden. Die Kontrolle darüber, was empfangen wird, wird jedoch durch an den Aufwärtsstreckeorten eingegebene Zusatzdaten bereitgestellt.
- Jeder Fernsehkanal für analoge Video/Audio-Fernsehübertragungen befindet sich in einem Bandbreitesegment von 6 MHz. Im Jahr 1939 wurde ein Industriestandard von 6 MHz erstellt, und der NTSC-Standard beträgt immer noch 6 MHz pro analogem Videokanal. Mit der Tendenz der Fernsehprogramm-Verteiltechnik zur digitalen Welt hin, haben die Segmente von 6 MHz keine echte technische Bedeutung mehr, mit Ausnahme in hybriden Analog/Digital-Wandlern.
- Außerdem führen aktuelle Kabelfernsehverteilsysteme Signale, die aus Sicherheitsgründen verwürfelt sind. Jeder Anbieter verwendet Verwürfelungstechniken, die mit denen jedes anderen Anbieters nicht kompatibel sind. Hinsichtlich Verwürfelungsformaten existieren zwei Hauptführer in der Kabelindustrie, nämlich Scientific-Atlanta, Inc. (SA), 4386 Park Drive, Norcross, Ga 30093 und General Instrument Corporation, Gerald Communications Division (GI), 2200 Byberry Road, Hatboro, PA 19040.
- Aktuell wird ein zweistufiger Verwürfelungs/Entwürfelungs-Prozeß in Kabelfernsehprogramm-Verteilsystemen verwendet. Im ersten Schritt werden Programmsignale vor der Satellitenübertragung verwürfelt, und sie werden am Kabelkopfende entwürfelt. Im zweiten Schritt werden Programmsignale im verwürfelten Format an die Zuschauerhaushalte übertragen, in denen eine genehmigter Umsetzerbox die Signale entwürfelt. In erster Linie werden zwischen dem Kabelkopfende und den Umsetzerboxen in Teilnehmerhaushalten zwei Typen von Verwürfelungstechniken verwendet, nämlich Videoumkehrung und Synchronisiersignalunterdrückung. So erfolgt die endgültige Entwürfelung in der Umsetzerbox in den Zuschauerhaushalten unter Verwendung einer dieser zwei Techniken.
- General Instruments ist bei weitem der Industrieführer und verfügt praktisch über eine Markt-"Sperre" für Signalverwürfelung vom Ursprungspunkt zum Kabelkopfende. Vom Kabelkopfende zum Teilnehmerhaushalt haben General Instruments und Scientific Atlanta die größten Marktanteile, jedoch erfahren sie Wettbewerb von Konkurrenten wie Zenith und Pioneer. Scientific Atlanta und General Instruments sind auch die Haupterzeuger von Set-Top-Endgeräten für die US-Kabelindustrie. Daher können Kabelkopfenden nur die Umsetzerboxen eines Anbieters bedienen. Im allgemeinen bedient eine Kabelkopfende-Verwürfelungsausrüstung entweder Umsetzer von Scientific Atlanta oder Umsetzer von General Instruments. Die Industrie konnte sich auf keine Standardverwürfelungs- oder Sicherheitsmaßnahmen einigen. In einigen Fällen Hersteller Entwürfelungseinrichtungen herstellen, die mit anderen Systemen kompatibel sind.
- Obwohl kein Standardverfahren zum digitalen Codieren bewegter Bilder und von Audiosignalen erstellt wurde, arbeitet die Fernsehindustrie vermittels der "International Organization For Stanardization" an einem digitalen Codierungsstandard. Die Verwendung digitaler Video/Audio-Signale zum Verteilen von Kabelfernsehprogrammen erfordert eine Änderung des aktuellen Kabelfernsehverteilsystems. Insbesondere arbeitet das oben beschriebene analoge Kabelkopfende nicht in digitaler Umgebung. Es müssen auch Verfahren zur Verschlüsselung und Entschlüsselung untersucht werden.
- Es wird ein Kabelkopfende benötigt, das in digitaler Umgebung arbeitet.
- Es wird ein Kabelkopfende benötigt, das sowohl in digitaler als auch analoger Umgebung arbeiten kann.
- Es wird ein Kabelkopfende benötigt, das mehrere Video/Audio-Programmsignale von einem einzelnen Satelliten-Sendeempfänger empfängt.
- Es wird ein Kabelkopfende benötigt, das digitale Video/Audio-Programmsignale zur Übertragung an Zuschauerhaushalte kombinieren kann.
- Es wird ein. Kabelkopfende benötigt, das sowohl analoge als auch digitale Video/Audio-Programmsignale an Zuschauerhaushalte senden kann.
- Es wird ein Kabelkopfende benötigt, das ausgewählte analoge und ausgewählte digitale Video/Audio-Signale kombinieren kann, die an Zuschauerhaushalte zu übertragen sind.
- Es wird ein Kabelkopfende benötigt, das diskrete digitale Kanäle aus einer Quelle mehrerer digitaler Kanäle auswählen und die Kanäle zur Übertragung an einen Zuschauerhaushalt neu kombinieren kann.
- Es wird ein Kabelkopfende benötigt, das verschiedene digitale Video/Audio-Signale kombinieren kann, um Zuschauern verknüpfte Programme anzubieten.
- Es wird ein Kabelkopfende benötigt, das jede beliebige erforderliche Signalverschlüsselung- oder Entschlüsselung handhaben kann.
- Demgemäß existiert nicht erfüllter Bedarf an einer Technik für digitale Kabelkopfenden. Es besteht Bedarf an einer Technik für Kabelkopfenden, die Vorteil aus digitalen Kompressionstechniken für Video/Audio-Programmsignale zieht.
- Die Erfindung ist so konzipiert, daß sie diese Bedarfsfälle berücksichtigt.
- ZUSAMMENFASSUNG DER ERFINDUNG
- Ein bevorzugtes Ausführungsbeispiel der vorliegenden Erfindung betrifft ein digitales Kabelkopfendsystem, das eine vollständige Nutzung digitaler Technologie in einem Kabelfernsehverteilsystem ermöglicht. Das Kabelkopfende ist eine Schlüsselkomponente eines digitalen Kabelfernsehverteilsystems. Das Kabelkopfende ist die zentrale Komponente zum Empfangen, Kombinieren und Leiten von Programmsignalen zu den Zuschauerhaushalten. Das erfindungsgemäße Kabelkopfende sorgt für viel größere Fähigkeiten und Flexibilität als existierende Kabelkopfenden. Genauer gesagt, löst die Kombiniereinrichtung, in Verbindung mit anderen Komponenten des erfindungsgemäßen digitalen Kabelkopfendes viele technische Probleme und Herausforderungen.
- Die Einführung der digitalen Programmsignaltechnik führt zu mehreren neueren Herausforderungen hinsichtlich Kabelfernsehverteilsystemen. Die digitale Technik sorgt für Kabelkopfenden mit hunderten von Programmkanälen. Bei dieser überwältigenden Anzahl von Programmen muß ein Verfahren zum Auswählen oder Herauspicken gewünschter Programme und/oder zum Herausfiltern unerwünschter, von einem Sendeempfänger empfangener Programme existieren. Auch muß, da die Programme zu zahlreich sind, um den Raum begrenzter Bandbreite im verketteten Kabel zu den Benutzerhaushalten zu durchlaufen, die für Haushalte verfügbare Bandbreite wirksam und wirkungsvoll verwaltet werden. Es muß eine begrenzte Anzahl von Programmen zum Senden an Zuschauerhaushalte ausgewählt werden.
- Außerdem kann die verfügbare Bandbreite von einem Zuschauerhaushalt zum nächsten variieren. Zum Beispiel kann ein Kabelkopfende einige Kabelfernsehzuschauer mit einem Signal von 550 MHz Bandbreite (typischerweise 50 MHz bis 550 MHz) und einige Zuschauer mit einem System mit einer Bandbreite von 750 MHz bedienen. Das Kabelkopfende muß das korrekt kombinierte Signal an die geeigneten Zuschauer übertragen. Auf ähnliche weise muß, wenn verkettete Kabelsysteme mit identischer Bandbreite verschiedene Programmauswahlangebote erfordern, das Kabelkopfende zwei verschieden kombinierte Signale mit identischer Bandbreite, eines für jedes verkettete Kabel-System, aufbereiten.
- Satelliten-Sendeempfänger wirken als Leitungen zum Liefern digitaler Programmsignale an Kabelkopfenden. Diese Satelliten-Sendeempfänger senden mit verschiedenen Datenpaketformaten, verschiedenen Datenraten und mit einer Verschlüsselung in einem von mehreren möglichen Formaten. Daher muß ein Kabelkopfende dazu in der Lage sein, zur Verteilung an Zuschauerhaushalte Signale zu filtern, zu kombinieren und weiterzuleiten, die mit verschiedenen Datenraten empfangen werden. Dies erfordert, daß das Kabelkopfende Signale nach Bedarf verzögert und synchronisiert. Die Erfindung überwindet diese und andere Probleme.
- Das Kabelkopfende sieht auch Programmzeit für lokale Werbung und/oder Merkmalsprogrammierzeit, wie sie in digitaler oder analoger Form verfügbar ist, für lokale Kabel- und Fernsehfirmen vor. Lokale, digitale oder analoge Signale können am Kopfende mit Satellitensignalen kombiniert werden.
- Eine wichtige Komponente der neuen Kabelkopfendekonfiguration ist die Kombiniereinrichtung. Die Grundfunktionen der Kombiniereinrichtung sind das Auswählen zu kombinierender Videosignale, das Handhaben von Video/Audio-Signalen mit verschiedenen Datenraten (falls erforderlich), Paketvermittlung und das Gewährleisten von Unversehrtheit des kombinierten Signals. Die Grundkomponenten der bevorzugten Kombiniereinrichtung sind eine Steuerungs-CPU, eine digitale Logik und eine Erzeugungseinrichtung für serielle Signale. Die Steuerungs-CPU führt in Verbindung mit der digitalen Logik die intelligenten Funktionen der Kombiniereinrichtung aus. Genauer gesagt, wählen die Steuerungs-CPU und die digitale Logik die zu kombinierenden Videosignale aus, und sie gewährleisten die Unversehrtheit des kombinierten Signals. Diese Prozedur wird bei den Videodaten paketweise ausgeführt. Zum Ausführen der Funktionen der Kombiniereinrichtung kann eine Vielzahl von Kombinationen von Hardware und Software verwendet werden.
- Kombiniereinrichtungen können nach Bedarf parallel oder seriell verwendet werden, um für eine geeignete Signalausgabe an Set-Top-Boxen zu sorgen. Die Kombiniereinrichtung kann in Verbindung mit verschiedenen digitalen und analogen Konfigurationen eines Kabelkopfendes verwendet werden.
- Es werden vier verschiedene Kategorien von Kopfenden beschrieben, nämlich analog und digital in gemischter Weise, nur digital, digital-ein-analog-aus sowie ein komplizierteres Ausführungsbeispiel, das Fernsehprogramminformation auf einem Datensignal an das Set-Top-Endgerät überträgt. Diese Ausführungsbeispiele können jeweils auf modulare Weise aufgebaut sein, und sie können mehrere verkettete Kabelsysteme mit verschiedenen verfügbaren Bandbreiten bedienen.
- Es ist eine Aufgabe der Erfindung, ein digitales Kabelkopfende für ein Kabelfernsehverteilsystem zu schaffen.
- Es ist eine Aufgabe der Erfindung, bestimmte erforderliche Komponenten eines digitalen Kabelkopfendes zur Verwendung bei Kabelfernsehverteilsystemen zu schaffen.
- Es ist eine Aufgabe der Erfindung, eine vielseitige Kombiniereinrichtung für ein Kabelkopfende zu schaffen.
- Es ist eine Aufgabe der Erfindung, ein Kabelkopfende zu schaffen, das sowohl in digitaler als auch analoger Umgebung arbeiten kann.
- Es ist eine Aufgabe der Erfindung, ein Kabelkopfende zu schaffen, das mehrere Video/Audio-Programmsignale von einem einzelnen Satelliten- Sendeempfänger empfangen kann.
- Es ist eine Aufgabe der Erfindung, ein Kabelkopfende zu schaffen, das sowohl analoge als auch digitale Video/Audio-Programmsignale zu Zuschauerhaushalten leitet.
- Es ist eine Aufgabe der Erfindung, ein Kabelkopfende zu schaffen, das nicht ausgewählte Programme aus einem Mehrfach-Video/Audio-Programmsignal herausfiltern kann.
- Es ist eine Aufgabe der Erfindung, eine Kombinierkomponente für ein Kabelkopfende zu schaffen, die digitale und analoge Video/Audio-Signale kombiniert.
- Es ist eine Aufgabe der Erfindung, eine Kombinierkomponente für ein Kabelkopfende zu schaffen, die digitale Video/Audio-Signale kombiniert, wie sie von zwei verschiedenen Sendeempfängern empfangen werden.
- Es ist eine Aufgabe der Erfindung, ein Kabelkopfende zu schaffen, das ausgewählte analoge und ausgewählte digitale Video/Audio-Signale kombiniert, die an Zuschauerhaushalte zu übertragen sind.
- Es ist eine Aufgabe der Erfindung, ein Kabelkopfende zu schaffen, das Video/Audio-Programme mit großer Bandbreite empfängt und innerhalb der großen Bandbreite Programme auswählt, um einer begrenzten Bandbreite zwischen dem Kabelkopfende und Zuschauerhaushalten zu genügen.
- Es ist eine Aufgabe der Erfindung, ein Kabelkopfende zu schaffen, das verschiedenen Bandbreitefähigkeiten zwischen dem Kabelkopfende und bestimmten Zuschauerhaushalten genügt.
- Es ist eine Aufgabe der Erfindung, ein Kabelkopfende zu schaffen, das Signale entschlüsselt.
- Es ist eine Aufgabe der Erfindung, ein Kabelkopfende zu schaffen, das Signale verschlüsselt.
- Es ist eine Aufgabe der Erfindung, ein modulares Kopfende zu schaffen.
- Diese Aufgaben werden durch die Kopfenden gemäß den beigefügten Ansprüchen 1 und 2 und das Verfahren gemäß dem beigefügten Anspruch 13 gelöst.
- Diese und andere Aufgaben und Vorteile der Erfindung werden dem Fachmann bei Durchsicht der folgenden Beschreibung, der beigefügten Zeichnungen und der angehängten Ansprüche ersichtlich.
- BESCHREIBUNG DER ZEICHNUNGEN
-
1 ist eine schematische Darstellung eines existierenden Analogkabel-Fernsehverteilsystems. -
2 ist eine schematische Darstellung eines zukünftigen Digital/Analog-Kabel-Fernsehverteilsystems. -
3a ist eine schematische Darstellung eines Kabelkopfendes, das drei verschiedene verkettete Kabelsysteme, mit jeweils verschiedener verfügbarer Bandbreite bedient. -
3b ist eine schematische Darstellung eines modularen digitalen Kabelkopfendesystems, das zwei verkettete Kabelsysteme bedient. -
4 ist eine schematische Darstellung der Hauptkomponenten eines grundlegenden digitalen Kabelkopfendes für ein digitales Kabelfernsehverteilsystem. -
5a ist eine schematische Darstellung der Hauptkomponenten eines digitalen Kabelkopfendes mit einer Kombiniereinrichtung für ein digitales Kabelfernsehverteilsystem. -
5b ist eine schematische Darstellung der Hauptkomponenten eines Digital/Analog-Kabelkopfendes für ein kombiniertes digitales und analoges Kabelfernsehverteilsystem. -
6a ist eine schematische Darstellung der Hauptkomponenten eines alternativen Ausführungsbeispiels eines digitalen Kabelkopfendes mit einer Kombiniereinrichtung und Fernsteuerungszugriff. -
6b und6c sind schematische Darstellungen der Komponenten alternativer Ausführungsbeispiele eines digitalen Kabelkopfendes. -
7 ist eine detaillierte schematische Darstellung eines digitalen Kabelkopfendes mit einer Kombiniereinrichtung. -
8 ist eine schematische Darstellung der Komponenten der Kombiniereinrichtung. -
9a ist eine detailliertere schematische Darstellung der Komponenten des bevorzugten Ausführungsbeispiels der Kombiniereinrichtung. -
9b ist eine schematische Darstellung der Ausgangssteuerungslogik für die Kombiniereinrichtung. -
10a ist ein Flußdiagramm für Software auf hohem Niveau zum Steuern von CPU-Software, die die Kombiniereinrichtung steuert. -
10b ist ein Software-Flußdiagramm einer Steuerungsausgangsgatter-Unterroutine der in10a dargestellten Steuerungs-CPU-Software. -
10c ist ein Software-Flußdiagramm einer Paketlöschroutine der in10a dargestellten Steuerungs-CPU-Software. -
11 ist eine schematische Darstellung eines komplexen Programmverteilsystems für ein digitales Kabelkopfende mit einem Steuerungsinformationsstrom für ein Set-Top-Endgerät. -
12 ist eine schematische Darstellung eines Ausführungsbeispiels eines digitalen Kabelkopfendes (einschließlich einer Kombiniereinrichtung und eines Netzwerksteuergeräts) für das in11 dargestellte komplexe Programmverteilsystem. - DETAILLIERTE BESCHREIBUNG DES BEVORZUGTEN AUSFÜHRUNGS-BEISPIELS
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1 zeigt eine Übersicht über ein existierendes Analogkabel-Fernsehverteilsystem20 .1 zeigt eine analoge Quelle22 für Fernsehprogramme, die durch jeweils eine Satellitensenderschüssel24 in Aufwärtsverbindung mit einem oder mehreren Satelliten-Sendeempfängern26 verbunden ist, und wobei jede Satellitenempfängerschüssel28 weitergeleitete Signale von einem Satelliten30 empfängt. - Bei derzeitigen Analogsystemen verfügt jeder Satellit
30 über mehrere Sendeempfänger26 . Jede Sendeempfänger kann zu einem jeweiligen Zeitpunkt nur ein einzelnes (oder in seltenen Fällen zwei) analoges Fernsehprogramm handhaben. Die empfangenen analogen Fernsehprogrammsignale werden durch das Kabelkopfende34 kombiniert und zum verketteten Kabelsystem32 geleitet. Die Beschränkung des analogen Fernsehverteilsystems mit einem Programm pro Sendeempfänger kann durch die Einführung der Digitaltechnik beseitigt werden. -
2 zeigt einen Überblick über das erfindungsgemäße Digital/Analog-Kabel-Fernsehverteilsystem40 .2 zeigt digitale und analoge Fernsehprogrammsignale, die in Aufwärtsstrecke an einen Satelliten41 gegeben werden und durch ein Kabelkopfende42 empfangen werden. Es sind eine analoge Aufwärtsstrecke44 und zwei digitale Aufwärtsstrecken46 dargestellt, und es ist eine Empfangsschüssel48 dargestellt. Es ist dargestellt, daß zwei beispielhafte verkettete Kabelsysteme50 mit dem Kopfende42 verbunden sind. Vom Kabelkopfende42 können viele verkettete Kabel betrieben werden. - Es wird davon ausgegangen, daß der Fachmann mit der Digitalcodierung bewegter Bilder und zugehöriger Audiosignale vertraut ist. Genauer gesagt, verwendet das bevorzugte Ausfüh rungsbeispiel den Codierungsstandard MPEG-2, und es wird davon Ausgegangen, daß der Fachmann mit diesem Standard MPEG-2 vertraut ist. Das "MPEG-2 Systems Working Draft Proposal" von Systems Committee of the International Organization For Standardization im Dokument ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 "NO531" MPEG93 vom 10. September 1993 beschreibt den MPEG-2 Standard.
- Das erfindungsgemäße digitale Kabelverteilsystem
40 verwendet allgemein digitale Kompressionstechniken zum Erhöhen der Kapazität eines vorhandenen Satelliten-Sendeempfängers52 mindestens mit dem Verhältnis 4:1, wodurch sich eine vierfache Erhöhung der Programmlieferfähigkeiten ergibt. Aktuelle digitale Kompressionstechniken ermöglichen eine zehnfache Erhöhung der Programmlieferfähigkeiten. Mit Verbesserung der Kompressionstechniken wird das Verhältnis höher. Die Fernsehprogramme enthaltenden Eingangssignale werden vor der Satellitenübertragung komprimiert, kombiniert und codiert, und anschließend werden sie durch Sendeempfang verarbeitet und an verschiedene Empfangsorte gesendet. Es existiert eine Anzahl aktuell existierender Kompressionsalgorithmen, die die sich ergebende Erhöhung der Kapazität und verbesserte Signalqualität, wie für die Erfindung erwünscht, erzielen können. - Einer der Fortschritte des neuen Systems ist die wirkungsvolle Nutzung digitaler Kompressionstechnik. Zum Beispiel kann mittels aktueller digitaler Kompressionstechniken für Videosignale die typische Kapazität von 50 Kanälen in einem Kabel-Satellit-Empfangssystem auf 300 Kanäle erhöht werden. Bei den aktuellen Analogkonfigurationen wird ein Sendeempfänger für jeden Satellitenlieferkanal verwendet (
1 ). Demgegenüber verwendet ein Ausführungsbeispiel (nicht dargestellt) des erfindungsgemäßen Verteilsystems40 18 Satelliten-Sendeempfänger sowie Kompressionverhältnisse von 4:1 bis 8:1, um eine Kapazität von 136 Satellitenlieferkanälen zu erzielen. Es können mehr Sendeempfänger oder höhere Kompressionsverhältnisse dazu verwendet werden, Lieferungsvorgänge bis zur Ka nalkapazität irgendwelcher existierender Kabelsysteme auszuführen. - Ein typischer Programmliefervorgang umfaßt als erstes die Digitalisierung der Videosignale. Das digitalisierte Signal kann durch eine einer Vielzahl verfügbarer digitaler Kompressionstechniken komprimiert werden. Es stehen drei Grundtypen digitaler Kompressionstechniken zur Verfügung: Kompression innerhalb eines Rahmens (Intrarahmenkompression), Kompression von Rahmen zu Rahmen (Interrahmenkompression) sowie Kompression innerhalb eines Trägers. Alle diese Techniken werden beim MPEG-Kompressionsstandard verwendet. Folgend auf die Kompression müssen die Kanäle gemultiplext und an die Satellitenschüssel (z. B. die Schüssel
54 einer der digitalen Aufwärtsstrecken46 ) geliefert werden, die für die Aufwärtsverbindungsstrecke sorgt. Im System kann eine Vielzahl von Mul-tiplexschemata verwendet werden. In einigen Situationen kann es von Vorteil sein, in verschiedenen Teilen des Gesamtsystems verschiedene Multiplexschemata zu verwenden. Zum Beispiel kann ein Multiplexschema für Satellitenübertragung verwendet werden, und ein zweites Rückmultiplexschema kann im Kabelkopfende42 zum Kombinieren von Signalen für landgebundene Übertragung verwendet werden. - Wenn das Signal am Aufwärtsstrecke- oder Hauptsteuerungsort
46 angekommen ist, muß es moduliert, nach oben umgesetzt und verstärkt werden. In diesem Kabelfernseh-Paketbildungs- und Verteilsystem40 können verschiedene Typen von Satelliten und Sendeempfängern41 ,52 verwendet werden, die digitale Signale handhaben können. Ein Beispiel eines Satelliten41 , wie er in Kabelfernsehverteilsystemen verwendet wird, ist der Telstar303 von AT&T. Diese Satelliten41 können sowohl für digitale als auch analoge Programmübertragung verwendet werden. - Bei einem Ausführungsbeispiel werden die Eingangssignale in das Kabelfernsehverteilsystem
20 zu Paketen geformt, bevor eine Aufwärtsübertragung durch ein Betriebszentrum56 erfolgt. In den vorab zu Paketen geformten Programmsignalen ist Information enthalten, die es einer Ausrüstung im Teilnehmerhaushalt ermöglicht, Menüs zum Wählen besonderer Programme anzuzeigen. Nach der Paketbildung wird das paketierte Fernsehprogrammsignal zur Satellitenübertragung vorbereitet und vom Betriebszentrum56 über Satellitenübertragung an das Kabelkopfende42 geliefert. - Abhängig vom speziellen Ausführungsbeispiel kann es erforderlich sein, das Fernsehprogramm zu komprimieren, zu kombinieren/zu multiplexen, zu codieren, als Karte abzubilden, zu modulieren, aufwärts zu wandeln und zu verstärken. Digitale Kabelverteilsysteme, wie sie mit den vorhandenen Satellitenübertragungstechniken für die Bänder C und Ku verträglich sein sollen, akzeptieren Video-, Audio- und Datensignale, die in einem Signalqualitätsbereich liegen und von einer Anzahl von Quellen geliefert werden.
- Bei Empfang des Programmsignals am Kabelkopfende
42 wird das Signal manipuliert und in ein verkettetes Kabelsystem50 an Teilnehmerhaushalte geliefert. Beim bevorzugten digitalen Ausführungsbeispiel erreicht das Signal einen Teilnehmerhaushalt, an einem Set-Top-Endgerät58 , in einem komprimierten Format, und es muß vor der Betrachtung entkomprimiert werden. Abhängig vom speziellen Ausführungsbeispiel kann das Fernsehprogrammsignal über ein oder mehrere Koaxialkabel, Faserkabel, verdrillte Leitungspaare, Kleinzonen-Telefonverbindungen, Zusammenschaltungen in einem persönlichen Kommunikationsnetzwerk (PCN) oder andere Übermittlungsmedien in einem Teilnehmerhaushalt eintreffen. Zum Transportieren des Signals über eines der beschriebenen Übertragungsmedien kann eine beliebige von einer Anzahl von Übertragungseinrichtungen oder Sendern, wie sie in der Technik bekannt sind, verwendet werden. - Die Verbindung zwischen einem Teilnehmerhaushalt und dem Kabelkopfende
42 kann auch eine bidirektionale Kommunikation mit dem Kabelkopfende42 ermöglichen. Unter Verwendung dieser bidirektionalen Kommunikation kann das Kabelkopfende42 Information zu einem Teilnehmerkonto, zur Rechnungsstellung und zu angesehenen Programmen empfangen. Auch kann das Kabelkopfende42 Computerdaten oder Computersoftwareinformation an einen Teilnehmerhaushalt senden. - Wie es in
2 dargestellt ist, kann ein Analogkabel-Fernsehsystem40 weiterhin gemeinsam und innerhalb des erfindungsgemäßen digitalen, komprimierten Systems existieren. Das Kabelkopfende42 kann analoge Fernsehprogramme über den Satelliten41 empfangen, und/oder es kann analoge Programme örtlich empfangen. - Durch das erfindungsgemäße Kabelkopfende
42 können analoge Fernsehprogrammsignale mit digitalen Fernsehprogrammsignalen kombinert und gemeinsam mit diesen an Zuschauerhaushalte übertragen werden. Die digitalen Übertragungsvorgänge beeinflussen das analoge System40 nicht. Tatsächlich kann ein Analogkabelsignal von 6 MHz gleichzeitig auf demselben Kabel wie das digitale Signal übertragen werden, vorausgesetzt, daß die zwei Signale unter Verwendung gesonderter Trägerfrequenzen übertragen werden. Durch die Erfindung kann das Kabelkopfende42 Teilnehmer weiterhin mit örtlichen Kanälen in einem analogen Signalformat versorgen. Alternativ können die Analogsignale im Kabelkopfende42 vor dem Kombinieren digitalisiert und digital komprimiert werden. Es können Videodienste genutzt werden, die analoge Einspeisungen aus dem ganzen Land akzeptieren und die analogen Einspeisungen zu digitalen, gemultiplexten Einspeisungen, die mehrere Videokanäle enthalten, "umpaketieren". Die Kabelboxen oder Set-Top-Endgeräte58 , wie sie in den Zuschauerhaushalten installiert sind, können so konfiguriert sein, daß sie nur digitalen Fernsehprogrammen, nur analogen oder beiden genügen. - BANDBREITENZUORDNUNG
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3a zeigt ein Kabelkopfende42 , das Fernsehprogramme empfängt und weiterleitet. Genauer gesagt, zeigt sie ein Kabelkopfende, das eine größere Menge an Fernsehprogrammen als erforderlich empfängt und geeignete Fernsehprogramme an den korrekten Teil der Kabelsysteme weiterleitet. Das erfindungs-, gemäße digitale Kabelkopfende kann eine Bandbreitenzuordnung auf verschiedene Weise ausführen. - Um Kabel-Fernsehsystemen zu genügen, die verschiedene Bandbreiten und Kanalkapazitäten aufweisen, sendet das Kabelkopfende Signale verschiedener Bandbreiten an Teile des verketteten Kabelsystems. Um diesen Durchbruch zu erzielen, kann die Fernsehprogrammierung in Teile wie Programmierung mit den Prioritäten 1, 2 und 3 unterteilt werden. Kabel- Fernsehsysteme größerer Bandbreite können allen drei Teilen der Fernsehprogrammierung (Prioritäten 1, 2 und 3) genügen. Diejenigen Kabel-Fernsehsysteme mit begrenzterer Bandbreite zwischen dem Kabelkopfende und dem Zuschauerhaushalt können das Programmverteilsystem dadurch nutzen, daß sie nur die Anzahl derjenigen Teile akzeptieren, die das Kabelsystem innerhalb seiner Bandbreite handhaben kann.
- Zum Beispiel können, wie es in
3a dargestellt ist, drei Kabelfernsehsysteme60 ,62 ,64 mit verschiedenen Bandbreiten das Programmverteilsystem40 und das Kabelkopfende42 gemeinsam mit jedem verketteten Kabelsystem60 ,62 ,64 verwenden, die jeweils nur diejenigen Teile der gelieferten Information annehmen, die sie handhaben können. Ein Fernsehprogramm der Priorität 1 wird von allen drei Systemen akzeptiert. Ein Fernsehprogramm der Priorität 2 wird durch das Kabelfernsehsystem, dessen digitale Kapazität am kleinsten ist, nicht akzeptiert, wobei es sich in diesem Fall um das System60 von 48 MHz handelt (40 Kanäle des analogen Systems mit 8 Segmen ten von 6 MHz, die für digitale Übertragung reserviert sind). Ein Fernsehprogramm der Priorität2 wird von den zwei mit62 ,64 gekennzeichneten Kabelfernsehsystemen größerer Kapazität akzeptiert. Ein Fernsehprogramm der Priorität3 wird nur vom Fernsehsystem64 der größten Kapazität genutzt, das alle drei Teile handhaben kann – Programmierungen der Prioritäten 1, 2 und3 (und, falls erwünscht, Programmmenüinformation). - Durch diese Unterteilung der Fernsehprogramme können das Programmverteilsystem
40 und das Kabelkopfende42 gleichzeitig durch eine Anzahl verketteter Kabelsysteme mit verschiedenen Systemkapazitäten genutzt werden. Durch Unterbringen der viel angesehenen oder gewinnträchtigeren Programme im Teil mit der Priorität1 wird sowohl Benutzern als auch Eignern der Kabelfernsehsysteme bestmöglich innerhalb der begrenzten Bandbreite genügt. - Unter Verwendung dieses bevorzugten Ausführungsbeispiels kann die Aufwärtsstrecke ein Signal "s" an den Satelliten
41 senden, das an das Kabelkopfende42 gesendet wird. Jedes Kabelkopfende42 akzeptiert das gesamte Signal und bereitet das Signal für das örtliche Kabelsystem dadurch auf, daß es diejenigen Teile aus dem Satellitensignal "s" herausnimmt, die vom örtlichen Kabelsystem60 ,62 ,64 nicht gehandhabt werden können. Dies beseitigt das Erfordernis, daß die Aufwärtsstrecken46 verschiedene Signale zum Empfang durch Kabelkopfenden42 mit verschiedenen Kapazitäten senden müssen. - Es existieren mehrere Arten, gemäß denen das Kabelkopfende
42 die überflüssigen Signale herausnehmen kann. Ein Fachmann kann aus der obigen Erläuterung und den drei unten erörterten Beispielen viele Verfahren herleiten. - Das erste Verfahren betrifft ein in Teilen zu lieferndes Signal, wobei jeder Teil über einen gesonderten Kopf verfügt. Das Kabelkopfende
42 erkennt dann die Köpfe und überträgt an das verkettete Kabelsystem nur diejenigen Signale, in denen die korrekten Köpfe erkannt werden. Zum Beispiel können die Köpfe unter Verwendung der in3a dargestellten verketteten Kabelsysteme60 ,62 ,64" 001", "002" und "003" sein. Verkettete Kabelsysteme64 mit großer Bandbreite können Programmsignale mit allen drei Köpfen akzeptieren, während das verkettete Kabelsystem60 mit der kleinsten Bandbreite nur Signale mit einem Kopf "001" akzeptieren kann. - Hinsichtlich des ersten Verfahrens muß ein zentrales Betriebszentrum
56 das Programmsignal in drei Teile unterteilen und vor jedem Signal für jeden Teil einen gesonderten Führungskopf senden. Dieses Verfahren erfordert einen zusätzlichen Signaloverhead eines Kopfs am Programmsignal. Der Kopf würde von Zeit zu Zeit nach Bedarf übertragen werden. - Ein zweites Verfahren erfordert es, daß jedem Prioritätsniveau ein Satz von Sendeempfängern
52 zugeordnet wird und das Kabelkopfende42 Signale von denjenigen Sendeempfängern52 weiterleitet, die dem korrekten Prioritätsniveau für das verkettete Kabelsystem60 ,62 ,64 entsprechen. Wenn z. B. drei Prioritätsniveaus und 18 Sendeempfänger52 existieren, können die Sendeempfänger52 eins bis neun dem Prioritätsniveau eins zugeordnet werden, die Sendeempfänger52 zehn bis vierzehn dem Prioritätsniveau zwei und die Sendeempfänger52 fünfzehn bis achtzehn dem Prioritätsniveau drei. Demgemäß würde ein verkettetes Kabelsystem (z. B. das System62 mit mittlerer Bandbreite), das nur auf der Prioritätsebene2 arbeiten kann, nur Signale von den Sendeempfängern52 eins bis neun sowie zehn bis vierzehn vom Kabelkopfende42 empfangen. Das Programmsignal von den Sendeempfängern15 bis18 würde nicht an das verkettete Kabelsystem der Prioritätsebene2 übertragen werden. - Das dritte und bevorzugte Verfahren besteht darin, daß das Kabelkopfende
42 Programme von jedem Sendeempfänger52 auf nimmt und wählt und ein aufbereitetes Signal der Prioritäten eins, zwei und drei bei gewählten Fernsehprogrammen erzeugt. Das Kabelkopfende42 würde dann das geeignet aufbereitete Signal an jeden Teil des von ihm bedienten verketteten Kabelsystem60 ,62 ,64 weiterleiten. Dieses dritte Verfahren erfordert es, daß das Kabelkopfende42 eine Komponente, wie eine unten beschriebene Kombiniereinrichtung, aufweist, die unter Programmen auswählen kann, bevor das Signal für weitere Übertragung auf einem verketteten Kabelsystem kombiniert wird. Auf diese Weise kann von einem Sendeempfänger52 , der mehrere digitale Programme führt, ein einzelnes digitales Programm ausgewählt werden. -
3b zeigt ein Beispiel eines Kabelkopfendes42 , das zwei verkettete Kabelsysteme bedient. Insbesondere zeigt die3b eine modulare Lösung des Problems des Aussendens verschiedener Signale über verschiedene verkettete Kabelsysteme. - Bei diesem Beispiel werden HF-Signale
70 über Satellit oder eine Landleitung empfangen und an zwei verschiedene Ausrüstungsgruppen geliefert.3b zeigt ein Signal von 550 MHz (Signal mit einer Bandbreite von 550 MHz, das in das Spektrum von 0 bis 550 MHz fällt), das durch eine digitale Ausrüstung oder eine vorhandene analoge Ausrüstung72 in einem Kabelkopfende erzeugt wird. Dieses Signal von 550 MHz wird über ein verkettetes Kabelsystem74 übertragen. (Beim bevorzugten Ausführungsbeispiel ist das Spektrum von 0 bis 50 MHz für Aufwärts-Signalaktivität vom Set-Top-Endgerät reserviert.) Eine zweite Ausrüstungsgruppe76 , bei der es sich um digitale Ausrüstung handelt, ist so dargestellt, daß sie ein Signal von 200 MHz im Bereich von 550 bis 750 MHz erzeugt. Es ist dargestellt, daß das Signal von 550 MHz (0 bis 550 MHz) mit dem Signal von 200 MHz (550 bis 750 MHz) kombiniert wird, um ein Signal von 750 MHz (0 bis 750 MHz) für Übertragung auf einem zweiten verketteten Kabelsystem78 zu erzeugen. Multiplexer80 werden nach Bedarf verwendet. - Das System von
3b kann Set-Top-Umsetzerboxen58 mit der Fähigkeit für 550 MHz als auch Umsetzerboxen58 mit der Fähigkeit für 750 MHz unterstützen. Die Set-Top-Endgeräte58 für 750 MHz handhaben bei diesem speziellen Ausführungsbeispiel digitale Videosignale im Bereich von 550 bis 750 MHz. - Unter Verwendung dieses modularen Ausrüstungskonzepts kann beinahe jede Kombination von Signalen mit verschiedenen Bandbreiten zur Übertragung an Zuschauerhaushalte erzeugt werden. Auch können unter Verwendung dieses Systems analoge und digitale Signale auf demselben verketteten Kabelsystem geliefert werden. Unter Verwendung des in
3b dargestellten Beispiels sind kombinierte analoge und digitale Signale mit 48 MHz, 72 MHz und 108 MHz oder einer anderen Bandbreite digitaler Kapazität in einem gemischten analogen- digitalen System möglich. Auch sind Kombinationen wie ein digitales Signal kleinerer Bandbreite (z. B. 0 bis 550 MHz) mit einem digitalen Signal größerer Bandbreite (z. B. 0 bis 750 MHz) möglich. Vorzugsweise kann die Ausrüstung für sowohl die Ausrüstungsgruppe72 für 550 MHz als auch die digitale Ausrüstungsgruppe76 für 200 MHz einzelne Programme (oder Kanäle) unter den mit den mehrfachen HF-Signalen70 empfangenen vielen Programmen (oder Kanälen) auswählen. Alternativ können bestimmte HF-Signale70 an die Ausrüstungsgruppe72 für 550 MHz geliefert werden, und andere HF-Signale70 können nur an die Ausrüstungsgruppe76 für 200 MHz geliefert werden. Dies kann dadurch bewerkstelligt werden, daß für jede Ausrüstungsgruppe eine solche Zuordnung erfolgt, daß sie Signale von speziellen Satellit-Sendeempfängern52 empfängt (z. B. werden die Sendeempfänger eins bis neun der Ausrüstungsgruppe eins zugeordnet, die Sendeempfänger zehn bis vierzehn werden der Ausrüstungsgruppe2 zugeordnet). An die Zuschauerhaushalte können unter Verwendung eines modularen Kopfendedesigns verschiedene Prioritätsebenen verteilt werden. Wenn Sendeempfänger52 für bestimmte Prioritätsebenen spezifiziert oder diesen zugeord net sind, können jeder Ausrüstungsgruppe Prioritätsebenen und Empfangssignale von speziellen Sendeempfängern zugeordnet werden. - DIGITALE VERSION
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4 zeigt die Grundkomponenten eines digitalen Kopfendes42 mit der Fähigkeit, örtliche Programme (auch als lokale Dienste84 bekannt) einzufügen. Das dargestellte Kopfende42 empfängt von jedem Sendeempfänger52 ein HF-Signal70 und verarbeitet jedes Signal durch einen integrierten Empfänger-Decodierer (IRD86 ) (oder einen integrierten Empfänger-Transceiver (IRT)). Jedes Sendeempfängersignal führt mehrere Programme (Video/Audio-Signale). Um eine spätere Einfügung örtlicher Programme zu ermöglichen, wird ein Demultiplexer88 zum Demultiplexen des Signals in gesonderte Video/Audio-Signale verwendet. Außerdem werden alle durch die Sendempfängersignale transportierten Daten demultiplext und an die Steuerungs-CPU90 übertragen. - Information zu lokalen Diensten
84 (oder lokalen Programmen) wird entweder von Hand durch eine Bedienperson oder mittels eines Fernsignals von einem nationalen Ort (nicht dargestellt) an die Steuerungs-CPU90 geliefert. Zur Handeingabe von Information zu örtlichen Programmen ist eine Workstation91 oder ein Endgerät bereitgestellt. Obwohl ein einfaches Endgerät mit einer Kathodenstrahlröhre die Dateneingabe bewerkstelligen kann, ist eine Workstation91 mit einem Grafikanzeigeschirm und einer Maus bevorzugt. Von dieser Workstation werden zahlreiche Befehle und eine Anzahl von Daten an die Steuerungs-CPU90 geliefert. Ein Modem116 ist vorhanden, um Information84 zu lokalen Diensten von einem entfernten Ort zu empfangen. Zum Empfangen der Information zu lokalen Diensten vom entfernten Ort kann eine Anzahl von Übermittlungsverfahren verwendet werden. Unter Verwendung des demultiplexten Datensignals und Information zu lokalen Diensten fügt die Steuerungs-CPU90 jedes erforderliche lokale Programm unter Verwendung der lokalen Einfügevorrichtung92 ein. - Es ist bevorzugt, daß die lokale Einfügevorrichtung
92 lokale Programme (Video/Audio in digitalem Format) für einen Einfügevorgang unmittelbar von einer gesonderten Einspeiseeinrichtung94 erhält. Die gesonderte Einspeiseeinrichtung94 kann eine analoge Einspeiseeinrichtung mit einem Digitalcodierer96 oder eine direkte digitale Einspeiseeinrichtung98 sein. Beim lokalen Programm kann es sich um Werbung oder Programme voller Länge handeln. Die lokale Einfügevorrichtung fügt lokale Programme auf Grundlage von Anweisungen von der Steuerungs-GPU90 zu den digitalen Videosignalen hinzu. Folgend auf den Durchlauf durch die lokale Einfügevorrichtung92 wird das Signal durch einen Multiplexer100 und einen Modulator102 vor der Übertragung an Set-Top-Endgeräte58 in den Zuschauerhaushalten verarbeitet. - Unter Verwendung des Datensignals von den Sendeempfängern
52 und der Information84 zu lokalen Diensten erzeugt die dargestellte Steuerungs-GPU90 ein digitales Datensignal, das als Steuerungsinformationsstrom an ein Set-Top-Endgerät (STTCIS = set top terminal control Information stream) bezeichnet wird. Der Steuerungsinformationsstrom an das Set-Top-Endgerät wird moduliert und auch an die Set-Top-Endgeräte58 geliefert. Mit diesem Steuerungsinformationsstrom kann eine Anzahl von Informationen zum Unterstützen des Set-Top-Endgeräts58 geliefert werden (wie es unten für die11 und12 erörtert wird). Für Systeme mit Set-Top-Endgeräten, die den STTCIS nicht verwenden können, ist dieses Datensignal überflüssig. - DIGITALE VERSION – MIT KOMBINIEREINRICHTUNG
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5a zeigt die Grundkomponenten eines Kabelkopfendes42 mit einer Kombiniereinrichtung104 , die nur digitale Fernsehprogrammsignale103 handhabt. Der Betrieb des Kabelkopfendes42 wird durch die Steuerungs-CPU90 gesteuert, die Datensignale von einer entfernten Quelle (nicht dargestellt) empfangen kann. - Nachdem ein eintreffendes Signal durch Demodulatoren
106 demoduliert wurde und durch den Demultiplexer88 in gesonderte Fernsehprogramme demultiplext wurde, wird das Signal mittels einer Paketvermittlungseinrichtung verarbeitet und mit anderen Fernsehprogrammsignalen kombiniert. Dieser Kombiniervorgang wird durch die Kombiniereinrichtung109 mit Unterstützung durch die Steuerungs-CPU90 ausgeführt. - Nach dem Kombinieren wird das Signal durch den Modulator
102 moduliert und an ein oder mehrere verkettetes Kabelsystem50 zu den Zuschauerhaushalten übertragen. Wenn verschiedene Bandbreiten für Fernsehprogramme für verschiedene Teile des Kabelsystems erforderlich sind, benötigt die Kombiniereinrichtung104 umfangreichere Hardware und Software. Es können mehrere Kombiniereinrichtungen104 parallel oder seriell verwendet werden, um verketteten Kabelsystemen50 mit verschiedenen Bandbreiten zu genügen, wie dies später beschrieben wird. Auch können bei einem modularen Systemdesign, wie es in3b dargestellt ist, mehrere Kombiniereinrichtungen104 verwendet werden. - Ein Teil des vom Kopfende
42 empfangenen digitalen Signals kann ein digitales Datensignal103 von einem entfernten Ort sein. Dieses digitale Datensignal103 wird durch die Demodulatoren106 und Demultiplexer88 verarbeitet, bevor es an die Steuerungs-CPU90 übermittelt wird. Die Steuerungs-CPU90 verwendet das Signal nach Bedarf, um den Kombinierprozess zu unterstützen. - DIGITALE UND ANALOGE VERSION – MIT KOMBINIEREINRICHTUNG
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5b zeigt ein ähnliches System wie5a , mit der Ausnahme, daß durch das Kopfende42 sowohl analoge Signale107 als auch digitale Signale103 gehandhabt werden können. Analoge Fernsehprogrammsignale107 werden entweder durch einen Codierer108 digitalisiert und durch die Kombiniereinrichtung104 geschickt, oder sie werden durch einen Analogmodulator110 verarbeitet. Obwohl eine Anzahl digitaler Codierer verwendet werden kann, ist ein MPEG-Codierer108 bevorzugt. Der MPEG-Codierer108 führt die Funktionen des Digitalisierens und Komprimierens im selben Schritt aus. Die Analogsignale107 werden nach der Digitalisierung von der Kombiniereinrichtung104 aufgenommen und bei Bedarf mit an den Zuschauer zu übertragenden digitalen Programmsignalen kombiniert. - Die modulierten Analogsignale
107 werden an einer geeigneten ungenutzten Stelle innerhalb der Bandbreite (aktuell ist eine verfügbare Bandbreite von 6 MHz erforderlich) einfach unmittelbar auf dem verketteten Kabelsystem50 positioniert. Unter Verwendung dieses Verfahrens des Einschließens analoger Programme am Kopfende42 wird ein gemischtes analoges und digitales Signal zur Verwendung durch das Set-Top-Endgerät58 erzeugt. Es ist eine geeignete Set-Top-Endgeräteausrüstung erforderlich, um das gemischte analoge und digitale Programmsignal zu handhaben. Das Set-Top-Endgerät58 stimmt auf die korrekten 6 MHz innerhalb des Signalspektrums ab, um im Analogformat übertragene Programme zu empfangen. - Obwohl für dasselbe Kopfende
42 zwei Verfahren zum Einfügen analoger Signale107 dargestellt sind, kann eines der Verfahren für sich selbst ausreichend sein. Das Digitalisieren analoger Programmsignale107 unter Verwendung eines digitalen Codierers108 ist bevorzugt, da es dieses Verfahren ermöglicht, ein vollständig digitales Ausgangssignal an die Zuschauerhaushalte zu übertragen. Die Verwendung eines Digital codierers108 vereinfacht auch das örtliche Einfügen von Programmen durch die Steuerungs-CPU90 . - EINZELHEITEN ZUM SYSTEMBETRIEB
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6a zeigt ein detaillierteres Ausführungsbeispiel eines Kopfendes42 eines fortschrittlichen Systems, das nur digitale Signale117 handhabt. Dieses Ausführungsbeispiel zeigt, daß die Information vom Sendeempfänger52 vor der Übertragung an das Kopfende42 paketiert oder inhaltsmäßig organisiert werden kann. Zum Beispiel führt ein Sendeempfänger52 Sportprogramme, ein anderer führt Spielfilme, ein dritter führt Magazine usw. Diese Organisation der Programme ist für den Betriebs des Systems42 nicht erforderlich. - Dieses Ausführungsbeispiel sorgt auch für Fernsteuerung der Steuerungs-CPU
90 durch ein Modem116 . Das Ausführungsbeispiel von6a nutzt MPEG2 als digitale Codierungstechnik. Es sind viele Kompressionstechniken wie MPEG verfügbar, und diese können bei der Erfindung verwendet werden. - Die dargestellten integrierten Empfängerkomponenten (IRCs)
118 demodulieren und entwürfeln (falls erforderlich) die empfangenen Sendeempfängersignale, die 4, 6, 8 oder mehr Audio/Video-Informationskanäle enthalten können. Die IRC118 demoduliert das Sendeempfängersignal zu einem digitalen Bitstrom eines gemultiplexten, digitalisierten Videosignals im Format MPEG 2. Bei einem alternativen Ausführungsbeispiel wird Entwürfeln durch eine gesonderte Entwürfelungseinrichtung ausgeführt. Bei einem anderen alternativen Ausführungsbeispiel wird das gemultiplexte MPEG-Signal verschlüsselt, bevor es an das Kopfende42 übertragen wird, und es wird durch die IRC118 entschlüsselt. - Die Demultiplexer
120 zerlegen die gemultiplexten Signale in gesonderte, einzelne digitale Kanäle im MPEG-Format. Obwohl -
6a zeigt, daß die IRCs118 jeweils fest mit speziellen Demultiplexern120 verbunden sind, ist es bevorzugt, daß die Demultiplexer120 kreuzweise mit einer beliebigen IRC118 verbunden werden können. Genauer gesagt, ordnet die bevorzugte Steuerungs-CPU90 die Demultiplexer120 so zu, daß sie ein gemultiplextes MPEG-Signal117 von einer gewählten IRC118 empfangen. Abhängig vom empfangenen Sendeempfängersignal kann der Demultiplexer4 ,6 ,8 oder mehr Kreuzverbindungen zur Kombiniereinrichtung104 aufweisen. Die Ausgangssignale des Demultiplexers120 werden durch die Steuerungs-CPU90 selektiv aktiviert. Die aktivierten Ausgangssignale des Multiplexers werden dann in die Kombiniereinrichtung104 eingegeben. - Die Steuerungs-CPU
90 von6a kann von einem entfernten Ort (z. B. einem nationalen Ort) über ein Modem116 oder eine ähnliche Verbindung angewiesen werden. Daher kann der entfernte Ort das Ausgangssignal der Demultiplexer120 steuern. Alternativ können, anstatt daß die Ausgangssignale der Demultiplexer120 aktiviert werden, die Eingangssignale der Kombiniereinrichtung104 durch die Steuerungs-CPU90 ausgewählt werden. Durch Aktivieren oder Auswählen der Multiplexer-Ausgangssignale kann die Steuerungs-CPU90 steuern, welche Fernsehprogramme kombiniert und an die Zuschauer übertragen werden. - Die Kombiniereinrichtung
104 kombiniert die aktivierten oder ausgewählten Ausgangssignale der Demultiplexer120 in ein geeignetes Format. Dann gibt die Kombiniereinrichtung104 die Signale an einen Modulator102 aus. Obwohl ein digitaler Quadrantenamplitudenmodulator (QAM) oder eine ähnliche Vorrichtung bevorzugt ist, können bei der Erfindung verschiedene Arten von Modulationstechniken verwendet werden. - Der QAM gibt einen modulierten HF-Träger in Kombination mit anderen Trägern auf das Kabelsystem
50 aus. Die Umsetzerboxen50 in den Haushalten wählen einen vom Benutzer ausgewählten speziellen Kanal aus und demodulieren diesen. Obwohl Kabel die üblichsten Übertragungsmedien zu Haushalten sind, kann zum Transportieren des Signals jedes beliebige Medium, einschließlich Fasern, Mikrowellenübertragung oder Telefonleitungen verwendet werden. -
6b zeigt ein Ausführungsbeispiel, das mit dem der6a beinahe identisch ist, wobei eine Fehlerkorrekturausrüstung124 und eine Entschlüsselungs/Verschlüsselungs-Ausrüstung126 hinzugefügt ist. Es kann beinahe jede digitale Fehlerkorrekturausrüstung124 und -technik dazu verwendet werden, die Unversehrtheit der digitalen Video/Audio-Daten zu gewährleisten. Obwohl die Fehlerkorrektur an mehreren Orten erfolgen könnte (z. B. vor dem Demultiplexen oder innerhalb des Kombinierprozesses), ist es bevorzugt, daß die Fehlerkorrektur vor dem Kombiniervorgang ausgeführt wird. -
6b zeigt ein Ausführungsbeispiel, das Entschlüsselung und/oder Verschlüsselung (falls erforderlich) durch eine Entschlüsselungs- und Verschlüsselungsausrüstung126 ausführen kann, die zwischen den Demultiplexern120 und der Kombiniereinrichtung104 liegt. Es existiert kein für digitale Verschlüsselung errichteter Kabelindustriestandard. Im allgemeinen verwendet jeder Verkäufer von Set-Top-Endgeräten eine gesonderte Verschlüsselungs/Entschlüsselungs-Methode. Bei den großen digitalen Verteilsystemen der Zukunft besteht die Wahrscheinlichkeit, daß digitale Videoprogramme so verschlüsselt werden, daß sie der speziellen Entschlüsselungsausrüstung eines Verkäufers von Set-Top-Endgeräten genügen, bevor die Programme durch Empfangen und Senden weitergeleitet werden. So können Inkompatibilitätsprobleme zwischen von den Sendeempfängern52 empfangenen verschlüsselten Signalen und einer bedienten Set-Top-Ausrüstung58 eines digitalen Kopfendes42 auftreten. Dieses Problem kann unter Verwendung der Entschlüsselungs- und Verschlüsselungsausrüstung126 am Kopfende42 überwunden werden. - Wenn das Signal
117 einmal in gesonderte Video-"Kanäle" demultiplext wurde, kann es in126 entschlüsselt und verschlüs-selt werden. Das unerwünschte Verschlüsselungsformat kann durch Entschlüsselung beseitigt werden. Eine neue Verschlüsselungsmethode, die mit der Entschlüsselung der durch das. Kopfende42 bedienten Set-Top-Ausrüstung58 kompatibel ist, kann durch Verschlüsseln des Signals (im Kopfende42 ) vor der Übertragung an die Set-Top-Endgeräte58 hinzugefügt werden. Obwohl bei der Erfindung eine Anzahl digitaler Verscuhlüsselungsmethoden verwendet werden kann, ist der in weitem Umfang in der Verteidigungsindustrie verwendete Digitalverschlüsselungsstandard (DES = Digital Encryption Standard) eine bevorzugte Methode. - Obwohl dargestellt ist, daß die Entschlüsselungs/Verschlüsselungs-Ausrüstung
126 hinter den Multiplexern120 und zwischen der Fehlerkorrektureinrichtung124 und der Kombiniereinrichtung104 liegt, kann sie irgendwo liegen. Zum Beispiel kann die Ausrüstung innerhalb einiger der Komponenten (später beschrieben) der Kombiniereinrichtung104 liegen oder sie kann auch an einem anderen Ort in Bezug auf die Fehlerkorrektureinrichtung124 liegen. -
6c zeigt ein Digital-ein-analog-aus-Kopfende42' , das eine Kombiniereinrichtung104 mit MPEG-Decodierern132 und Analogmodulatoren134 verwendet. Ein Videosignal wird in digitalem Format empfangen, gehandhabt, umgesetzt und an die Set-Top-Endgeräte58 übertragen. Bei diesem speziellen Design wird das Videosignal vom digitalen Format auf das analoge Format zur Übertragung an die Set-Top-Endgeräte58 (mit analogem Format) umgesetzt. Unter Verwendung dieses Ausführungsbeispiels können die Vorteile komprimierter Videoübertragungen über Satelliten realisiert werden, ohne daß eine große installierte Basis analoger Set-Top-Endgeräte58 geändert wird. - Vom Kopfende
42 werden HF-Signale70 von einem Satellit, über eine Landleitung oder eine andere Übermittlungseinrichtung empfangen. Die dargestellte Steuerungs-CPU90 kann ferngesteuerte werden, oder sie kann lokal spezielle Befehle erhalten. Die Steuerungs-CPU90 weist die Demultiplexer120 hinsichtlich der Kennung eines Untersatzes digitaler Videosignale an. Dieser Untersatz von Videosignalen wird zur Weiterverarbeitung durch das Kopfende42' ausgewählt. - Folgend auf die Auswahl des digitalen Videosignals werden die digitalen Videosignale durch Decodierer
132 verarbeitet.6c zeigt jedes durch einen MPEG-Decodierer132 verarbeitete Signal. Der Fachmann erkennt, daß eine Vielzahl von Codierungs- und Decodierungsverfahren verwendet werden kann. Folgend auf das Decodieren wird jedes analoge Videosignal über einen Analogmodulator134 vor der Übertragung an das Set-Top-Endgerät58 (nicht dargestellt) verarbeitet. Bei dieser Konfiguration können mehrere IRCs118 , Demultiplexer120 , MPEG-Decodierer132 und Analogmodulatoren134 verwendet werden. Die Größe des Kopfendes42' ist durch die verfügbare Bandbreite im Teilnehmerhaushalt begrenzt. - Das Folgende ist ein Beispiel eines verarbeiteten Programms, nämlich eines Sportprogramms. Ein gewünschtes Sportprogramm kann am Kabelkopfende
42 von einem für Sport spezifizierten Sendeempfänger52 empfangen werden. Der dem Sport-Sendeempfänger zugeordnete Demultiplexer120 wird dazu angewiesen, das gewünschte Sportprogramm auszuwählen. Dann wird das Sportprogramm in analoges Signal decodiert und mittels eines Analogmodulators134 verarbeitet. Der Analogmodulator134 kann dann das Programm in der verfügbaren Bandbreite von 6 MHz (z. B. zwischen 544 MHz und 550 MHz) im verketteten Kabelsystem50 positionieren. - Die Kombiniereinrichtung
104 kann in Verbindung mit einer Anzahl von Komponenten des Kopfendes42 verwendet werden. - HARDWARE DES KOMBINIERSYSTEMS
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7 ist eine detailliertere Ansicht eines Ausführungsbeispiels eines Kabelkopfendes42 mit Kombiniereinrichtung104 . Genauer gesagt, zeigt die7 Hauptkomponenten140 der Kombiniereinrichtung104 , zu denen Komponenten gehören, die für eine Auswählfunktion sorgen, sowie andere Komponenten140 , die eine Signalkombination ausführen. Zu den Komponenten für die Auswählfunktion gehören der Demultiplexer144 und digitale Logikkomponenten146 , die Anweisungen von der Steuerungs-CPU90 empfangen. Eine Erzeugungseinrichtung148 für serielle Signale führt den abschließenden Schritt der Kombiniereinrichtung104 , nämlich das Kombinieren des Signals, aus. - Bei diesem Ausführungsbeispiel werden Daten zusammen mit jedem beliebigen lokalen Dienst
84 durch eine Steuerungs-CPU90 empfangen. Die Steuerungs-CPU90 erzeugt ein Datensignal, nämlich den Steuerungsinformationsstrom für das Set-Top-Endgerät. Das Datensignal wird durch den Datenmodulator102 verarbeitet und das Set-Top-Endgerät58 übertragen. Die Steuerungs-GPU90 liefert auch Steuerungssignale an die digitale Logik146 . - Die Steuerungssignale weisen die digitale Logik
146 hinsichtlich des zu kombinierenden Videosignals an. Die digitale Logik146 wählt die zu kombinierenden Videosignale aus und liefert dieselben mit geeigneter zeitlicher Abfolge an die Einrichtung148 zum Erzeugen serieller Signale. Diese Einrichtung148 zum Erzeugen serieller Signale erzeugt anschließend ein Signal zur Übertragung an das Set-Top-Endgerät58 . - Zusätzlich zum Liefern von Anweisungen an die Kombiniereinrichtung
104 zum Auswählen von Videosignalen führt die Steuerungs-GPU90 den Kombinierprozess herbei, und sie überwacht den Prozeß, um die Unversehrtheit des kombinierten Signals zu gewährleisten. Die Hardwarekonfiguration gemäß7 kann an eine beliebige Anzahl von Sendeempfängern52 und Video/Audio-Signalen angepaßt werden. Die Anzahl der erforderlichen Modulatoren102 variiert abhängig vom speziellen Ausführungsbeispiel. -
8 ist eine detaillierte schematische Darstellung eines bevorzugten Designs für eine Kombiniereinrichtung104 . Die Hardware der Kombiniereinrichtung104 besteht aus der folgenden Logik: einem Konfigurationsblock152 , einem Logikblock153 , einem Steuerungs-FIFO154 , FIFOs156 , Ausgabegattern158 und einer Einrichtung148 zum Erzeugen serieller Signale. Der Kombiniereinrichtung104 folgt ein Modulator102 zum Modulieren des Signals vor dem Aussenden an die Set- Top-Endgeräte58 . Der schematische Aufbau gemäß8 kann an eine beliebige Anzahl von Videosignalen angepaßt werden. - Der Konfigurationsblock
152 empfängt Anweisungen von der Steuerungs-GPU90 . Dieser Konfigurationsblock152 weist die Steuerungs-FIFOs154 und den Logikblock153 hinsichtlich durchzulassender Videosignale an. Der Konfigurationsblock152 konfiguriert die Kombiniereinrichtung104 durch Bereitstellen der erforderlichen Information zum Zuordnen von FIFOs 156 zum Handhaben spezieller Programmsignale innerhalb des digitalen Videodatenstroms168 . - Der Logikblock
153 besteht aus den folgenden Unterlogikelementen: einem Empfänger162 , einer Kennungsprüfeinrichtung164 und einer mit zyklischer Redundanz arbeitenden Prüfeinrichtung (CRC166 ). Der Logikblock153 empfängt einen digitalen Videodatenstrom168 , ein Taktsignal170 und ein Konfigurationssignal172 (vom Konfigurationsblock). Der Logikblock153 gibt Steuerungssignale174 an den Steuerungs-FIFO154 sowie Datensignale176 an eine Bank von FIFOs156 aus. Der Empfänger162 und die Kennungsprüfeinrichtung164 verwenden das Konfigurationssignal172 zum Bestimmen der Identität von durch die FIFOs156 hindurchzuführenden Videodaten. Auf diese Weise unterteilt der Logikblock153 den Videodatenstrom168 in seine Bestandteile. Die Kennungsprüfeinrichtung164 untersucht die zu den Videodaten hinzugefügten Adressen (oder andere Kennungsdaten), um die Videodaten in Teile aufzuteilen, wobei jeder Teil ein anderes Programm ist. Innerhalb des Logikblocks kann eine CRC166 oder eine andere Prüfung enthalten sein. - Jeder FIFO
156 wirkt als Puffer, Zwischenspeicher, und er läßt Pakete des Videosignals zu den Ausgabegattern158 durch. Vorzugsweise ist jedem FIFO156 ein Logikgatter zugeordnet. FIFOs156 und Logikgatter, wie sie überlicherweise in der Elektronikindustrie verwendet werden, können für die beschriebenen Fähigkeiten sorgen. Beim bevorzugten Ausführungsbeispiel enthalten die FIFOs156 Pegelindikatoren oder "Triggerpunkte" zum Unterstützen der Steuerungs-CPU90 beim engen Überwachen des Datenflusses. Um das Aufbrechen von Datensegmenten zu begrenzen, ist es, bevorzugt, daß die FIFOs156 ausreichend groß dafür sind, eine ganzzahlige Anzahl von Datenrahmen oder -paketen zu speichern. - Wenn eine Programmverzögerung und kleine Änderungen der Programmzeitplanung akzeptierbar sind, können die FIFOs
156 große Zwischenspeicher bilden. Dieses Speichervermögen ermöglicht kleine Programmzeitverschiebungen, um sicherzustellen, daß keine Überlaufbedingungen auftreten. Die FIFOs156 müssen ausreichend groß dafür sein, den ungünstigsten Fall, oder die höchsten Geschwindigkeitsspitzen in allen Kanälen ohne Überlauf zu handhaben. Jeder Datenverlust aus einem FIFO156 würde zu einer Bildstörung führen. Eine solche Störung kann für Zuschauer sehr belästigend sein. - Beim bevorzugten Ausführungsbeispiel, bei dem die Kosten und das Beibehalten eines exakten Programmzeitplans wichtig sind, sind die FIFOs
156 nicht ausreichend groß zum Handhaben aller Überläufe. Unabhängig von der Größe der FIFOs156 sind zeitliche Überlegungen immer noch wichtig. Die Größe der FIFOs156 wird durch eine Reihe von Faktoren diktiert, wie die Kosten, annehmbare Datenverluste, die Zeitplanung sowie Synchronisierfragen. Für diese Faktoren muß ein Kompromiß geschaffen werden, um die Größe der FIFOs156 , wie für jedes spezielle Ausführungsbeispiel erforderlich, zu bestimmen. - Neusynchronisierung von Daten ist ein komplexer Teil der Aufgabe der Kombiniereinrichtung
104 . Der Logikblock153 überwacht die gesamte Aktivität des FIFO156 , und er steuert gemäß einem festen Algorithmus die Ausgabegatter158 . Der Logikblock153 und der Steuerungs-FIFO154 öffnen und schließen die Gatter158 tatsächlich auf solche Weise, daß konstante Ausgabe an den Modulator102 beibehalten wird, während sie es nicht erlauben, daß an irgendeinem FIFO156 Daten überlaufen. Es können Zeiten existieren, in denen der Datenfluß zu langsam ist, und es kann erforderlich sein, Blinddaten in den Datenstrom168 vor der endgültigen Ausgabe an die Einrichtung 148 zum Erzeugen serieller Daten zu positionieren. Dies ist dazu erforderlich, die vollständige Bitstromgeschwindigkeit für die Set-Top-Endgeräte58 aufrechtzuerhalten. Die Ausgabegatter158 lassen das Videosignal an die Einrichtung 148 zum Erzeugen serieller Signale durch. Die Einrichtung148 für serielle Signale setzt den Datenstrom168 von den FIFOs156 (vorzugsweise mit einer Breite von 8 Bits) in einen Einzelbit-Ausgangsstrom um. Der Strom wird auf dem Kabelsystem oder einem anderen Übertragungsmedium positioniert. - Die
9a und9b zeigen eine detailliertere schematische Ansicht einer Hardwarerealisierung der Kombiniereinrichtung104 .9a zeigt eine spezielle Hardware der Kombinierein richtung104 bei einem Ausführungsbeispiel, das IRDs86 und einem QAM102 verwendet.9b zeigt die Ausgabesteuerungslogik190 , die entfernt von der Kombiniereinrichtung104 angeordnet sein kann. Beim bevorzugten Ausführungsbeispiel liegt die Ausgabesteuerungslogik190 zwischen der Steuerungs-CPU90 und der Kombiniereinrichtung104 . - Gemäß
9a wird ein HF-Signal70 von einem Satellit41 empfangen und an eine IRD86 weitergeleitet. Die IRD86 verarbeitet das Signal zu einem MPEG-Datensignal und einem Taktsignal. Sowohl das MPEG-Datensignal als auch das Taktsignal werden an den Digitalempfänger162 durchgelassen. Der Empfänger162 nimmt einen seriellen MPEG-Datenstrom und Taktinformation170 von der IRD86 auf. Der Empfänger162 setzt die Daten in parallele Information von einer Breite von 8 Bits um. Jeweils 8 Bits der empfangenen Daten werden unter Verwendung der Adressenprüfeinrichtung164' (oder einer anderen Kennungs- oder Adressenprüfeinrichtung164' ) mit in der Adressenprüfeinrichtung164' gespeicherten Adressen verglichen. Wenn eine Adressenübereinstimmung existiert, werden die Daten dieses speziellen Pakets an den geeigneten FIFO156 weitergeleitet, der Daten für diese Adresse handhabt. Wenn keine Übereinstimmung existiert, werden die Daten an keinen FIFO156 weitergeleitet. Anders gesagt, werden überflüssige Video/Audio-Bitströme an keinen FIFO156 weitergeleitet, sondern sie werden einfach nicht berücksichtigt. - Jeder FIFO
156 hat eine Zuordnung zum Handhaben eines speziellen Videosignals. Diese Zuordnungen können dynamisch erfolgen. Die Zuordnung müssen in keiner- speziellen Reihenfolge vorliegen, sondern jedem FIFO156 kann jedes Videosignal zugeordnet werden. Bei alternativen Ausführungsbeispielen mit FIFOs156 verschiedener Größen werden schnelle Videosignale größeren FIFOs156 zugeordnet. Da die MPEG-Pakete eines Videosignals adressiert sind, erfährt jeder FIFO156 eine solche Zuordnung, daß er bestimmte Videopakete im MPEG-Format empfängt, die die geeigneten Adressen aufweisen, die diesem FIFO156 zugeordnet sind. - Die FIFO-Steuerung
154 inkrementiert auch den Eingangsadressenzähler des FIFO156 . Auf diese Weise kann die Steuerungslogik154 den Pegel von in den FIFO156 eingegebenen Videopaketen überwachen und das geeignete Signal an die Steuerungs-CPU90 liefern, wenn der FIFO156 sein Fassungsvermögen erreicht. Dadurch ist es auch möglich, daß die Steuerungs-CPU90 die Pegel in jedem FIFO156 überwacht. - Der FIFO-Steuerungsblock
154 inkrementiert einen Eingangsund Ausgangsadressenzähler für den FIFO156 . Auf diese Weise kann der FIFO-Steuerungsblock154 sowohl den Eingangs- als auch den Ausgangsfluß betreffend jeden FIFO156 verfolgen. - Die zyklische Redundanzprüfung (CRC
166 ) berechnet den CRC-Wert 166 des Datenabschnitts des vorbeilaufenden Pakets, so daß dann, wenn das letzte Datenbyte in den FIFO156 eingespeichert wurde, der berechnete CRC-Wert166 mit dem CRC-Wert166 verglichen werden kann, der an das Ende das Datenabschnitts dieses Pakets angehängt ist. Wenn in einem oder mehreren Bits des 32-Bit-CRC-Werts166 eine Differenz besteht, wird ein Fehlerflag gesetzt, um anzuzeigen, daß ein beschädigtes Paket durchläuft. Die Steuerungs-CPU90 und die Steuerungslogik154 müssen entscheiden, ob das beschädigte Paket durchgelassen wird oder nicht. Es kann auch möglich sein, den Fehler stromabwärts hinter der Einrichtung148 zum Erzeugen serieller Signale, jedoch vor der Modulation, zu korrigieren. - Jedesmal dann, wenn das Ausgabegatter
158 aktiviert wird, wird eine Anzahl von Paketen an die Einrichtung148 zum Erzeugen serieller Signale übertragen. Beim bevorzugten Ausführungsbeispiel werden keine Untersätze von Paketen an die Einrichtung148 zum Erzeugen serieller Signale übertragen. Die Einrichtung148 zum Erzeugen serieller Signale setzt Daten mit einer Breite von 8 Bits von den FIFOs156 in einen Einzelbit-Ausgangsstrom um. - SOFTWARE
-
10a ist ein Flußdiagramm auf hohem Niveau für die in der Steuerungs-CPU90 ruhende Software zum Betreiben der Kombiniereinrichtung104 . Die Steuerungs-CPU90 liefert geeignete Anweisungen an verschiedene Komponenten der Kombiniereinrichtung 104, um die Auswahl geeigneter Videosignale und die Kombination derselben in geeigneter Weise zu gewährleisten. Die gesamte Software, wie sie in den10a bis10c dargestellt und unten beschrieben ist, kann durch Hardware statt durch Software realisiert werden. Die Softwareroutinen können als Teil der Kombiniereinrichtung104 fest verdrahtet werden. - Die Steuerungs-CPU
90 empfängt als erstes Befehle von einem zentralen Ort (Block200 ). Diese Befehle beinhalten, welche Videosignale ausgewählt werden sollen, sowie andere Information wie Signaltypen (schnelle oder langsame Videosignale), ob die Videosignale verschlüsselt sind, und die verwendete Verschlüsselungsmethode usw. Das Videosignal kann durch die Bitrate des Datenflusses, wie langsamer, mittlerer und schneller Datenfluß, kategorisiert oder "typisiert" werden. Schnelle Videosignale oder sich schnell ändernde Videosignale mit einem großen Anteil an Bewegung erfordern eine "schnellere" Bitrate als Videosignale mit langsamer Bewegung oder Videostehbildsignale. - Einige Videosegmente (oder Kanäle) können einen geringeren Datenfluß wegen weniger Verstellung oder Bewegung im Hintergrund (langsame Videosignale) erfordern, während andere Videosegmente wegen mehr Bewegung im Hintergrund und mehr sich ändernder Einzelheiten (schnelle Videosignale) einen größeren Datenfluß benötigen. Zum Beispiel erfordern Aktionsszenen bei Sportsendungen oder Spielfilmen mehr Videodaten als Stehbil der oder Bilder mit überwiegend blauem Himmel als Hintergrund. Beim bevorzugten Ausführungsbeispiel wird dieser Informationstyp zu den Videosegmenten vom zentralen Ort durch die Steuerungs-CPU
90 empfangen. Alternativ kann die Videotypinformation (schnell oder langsam) unter Verwendung digitaler Ausrüstung im Kopfende42 bestimmt werden. Diese digitale Ausrüstung erfaßt die Datenmenge und bestimmt den empfangenen Videotyp. - Bei Empfang
200 der Information vom zentralen Ort überprüft die Steuerungs-CPU90 , ob die durch den zentralen Ort angeforderte Videokompensation eine akzeptierbare Kompensation von Videoeinspeisungen ist (Block204 ). Wenn der zentrale Ort (Block200 ) eine Kombination angefordert hat, die über die Fähigkeiten der an diesem Kabelkopfende42 liegenden Ausrüstung der Kombiniereinrichtung104 liegt, wird an den zentralen Ort (Block200 ) ein Hinweissignal (Block208 ) geliefert, das neue Information anfordert. Die Kombination von Videoeinspeisungen (Entscheidungsblock204 ) kann aus einer Anzahl von Gründen ungeeignet sein, wozu zu viele Videoeinspeisungen (was durch den Entscheidungsblock204 ermittelt wird) oder zu viele zu kombinierende Videopakete (oder sich zu schnell ändernde Videosignale, schnelle Videosignale) gehören. Obwohl für die vom zentralen Ort empfangene Information nur eine Verifizierungsprüfung dargestellt ist, erkennt der Fachmann, daß an der Information vom zentralen Ort viele Verifizierungsprüfungen ausgeführt werden können. Folgend auf die Verifizierung können eine Mitteilung oder Zurückweisungssignale an den zentralen Ort gesendet werden. - Folgend auf die Verifizierungsprüfungen liefert die Steuerungs-GPU
90 Videokonfigurationsdaten an die Konfigurationslogik (Funktionsblock212 ). Diese Konfigurationsdaten informieren die Kombiniereinrichtung104 über jedes auszuwählende Videosignal und jedes Signal, das nicht auszuwählen ist. - Die Software (Block
200 ), die Information vom zentralen Ort empfängt, verifiziert diese und erzeugt Konfigurationsdaten, die an die Konfigurationslogik zu senden sind (Funktionsblock212 ), was mit unregelmäßigen Intervallen ausgeführt werden kann. Die restlichen Teile der Software sollten auf regelmäßiger Basis ausgeführt werden. - Die Steuerungs-CPU
90 überwacht (Block216 ) jeden FIFO156 , um zu bestimmen, zu welchem Prozentsatz das Fassungsvermögen des FIFO156 aufgefüllt ist. Um diese Aufgabe zu bewerkstelligen, empfängt die Steuerungs-CPU90 elektrische Signale entweder vom Steuerungs-FIFO154 oder von jedem einzelnen FI-FO156 . Diese Signale werden analysiert, und es erfolgt eine Bestimmung zum Niveau in jedem FIFO156 . Folgend auf diese Analyse ermittelt die Steuerungs-CPU90 , ob einer der FIFOs156 einen ersten Schwellenpegel überschreitet, der für den Prozentsatz des aufgefüllten Fassungsvermögens eingestellt ist (z. B. zu 75 % gefüllt) (Entscheidungsblock220 ). Wenn einer der FIFOs156 den ersten Schwellenpegel für das aufgefüllte Fassungsvermögen überschreitet, existiert ein Überlaufzustand. Wenn ein Überlaufzustand existiert, muß die Steuerungs-CPU90 Schritte ergreifen, um zu bestimmen, welche Informationspakete gelöscht werden können,224 . Dies ist in10c weiter beschrieben. Nachdem eine geeignete Anzahl von Datenpaketen gelöscht ist, um den Überlaufzustand zu beseitigen, steuert das System die Ausgabegatter (Block228 ). Selbstverständlich kann das System, wenn keine Überlaufbedingung existiert, unmittelbar zur Steuerung der Ausgabegatter228 weitergehen. Die Steuerungs-CPU90 weist die Ausgabegatter (Block228 ) an, zu geeigneten Zeitpunkten zu öffnen. Dies wird mit weiteren Einzelheiten unten durch die Beschreibung zu10b definiert. - Folgend auf die Steuerung der Ausgabegatter (Block
228 ) bestimmt die CPU90 , ob sie vom zentralen Ort weitere Information empfangen hat (Block200 ), oder ob es an der Zeit für sie ist, die ausgewählten Videosignale neu zu konfigurieren (Entscheidungsblock232 ). Wenn die Steuerungs-CPU90 vom zentralen Ort (Block200 ) neue Signale empfangen hat, verarbeitet sie diese Signale und bestimmt, ob irgendwelche Änderungen hinsichtlich der Videoauswahl existieren. Wenn vom zentralen Ort keinerlei Signale empfangen wurden, bestimmt sie dennoch, ob sie eine Zeitperiode erreicht hat, wie zu jeder Stunde oder zu jeder halben Stunde, wenn Änderungen an den ausgewählten Videosignalen erforderlich sind. Wenn Änderungen erforderlich sind oder eine neue Konfiguration erforderlich ist, führt die Software einen zyklischen Übergang zu den Unterroutinen aus, die die Konfiguration handhaben. -
10b ist ein Beispiel für den Softwarefluß zum Steuern der Ausgabegatter (Block228 ). Die Steuerungs-CPU90 empfängt spezielle Information zum Datenniveau in jedem FIFO156 (Funktionsblock236 ). Sie prüft jeden FIFO 156, um den Prozentsatz des Fassungsvermögens des FIFO156 zu bestimmen, das aufgefüllt wurde (Block240 ). Folgend auf diese Prüfung bestimmt die Steuerungs-CPU90 die Priorität jedes FIFO156 für eine Folgesteuerung244 . - Zum Bestimmen der Priorität der FIFOs
156 zur Folgesteuerung kann eine Anzahl analytischer und statistischer Verfahren verwendet werden. Einige Faktoren, die berücksichtigt werden sollten, gehen dahin, ob die Videoeinspeisung in diesen FIFO156 als schnelle Videoeinspeisung angesehen wird, und wenn dies spezifiziert ist, wie schnell der FIFO156 Zusatzinformation aus seiner Videoeinspeisung empfängt, und ob dieser FIFO156 in jüngerer Zeit Videopakete gelöscht hat. Das einfachste Verfahren zum Bestimmen der Priorität wäre dasjenige, dem FIFO156 mit der geringsten verfügbaren (Rest-) Kapazität die Nummer 1 der Priorität zur Folgesteuerung zu verleihen. Auf diese Weise würden die FIFOs156 in eine Abfolge entsprechend ihren Niveaus gebracht. Jedoch sollte andere Information berücksichtigt werden, um die Prioritätszuteilung der FIFOs156 genauer auszuführen und um bessere Ergebnisse von der Kombiniereinrichtung104 zu erhalten. Zum Beispiel ist es wahrscheinlicher, daß die FIFOs156 , die "schnelle" Videosignale empfangen und beim letzten Abtastvorgang große Videodatenmengen empfangen haben, höher Priorität als ein in gleicher Weise gefüllter FIFO156 benötigen, der "langsame" Videosignale empfängt und bei dem die jüngste Abtastung gezeigt hat, daß er Daten mit langsamer Rate empfängt. Durch geeignete Prioritätsbildung werden die meisten Überlaufzustände vermieden. - Unter Befolgung der Prioritätszuteilung geht die Steuerungs-CPU 90 zum FIFO
156 mit der nächsten Priorität über (Funktionsblock248 ). Zu diesem Zeitpunkt signalisiert die. Steuerungs-CPU90 . dem Ausgabegatter des geeigneten FIFO156 , die Video/Audio-Information freizugeben,252 . -
10c zeigt ein einfaches Beispiel dafür, wie der Überlaufzustand durch Software in der Steuerungs-CPU90 gehandhabt werden kann. Diese Unterroutine224 muß bestimmen, welche Pakete der Video/Audio-Information zu löschen sind und wieviele Pakete zu löschen sind. Vor dem Austreten aus dieser Unterroutine muß die Software den Überlaufzustand korrigieren, wie es durch den Funktionsblock256 repräsentiert ist. Der erste Schritt in der Unterroutine dient für die Software dazu, den speziellen FIFO156 zu prüfen, der den Überlaufzustand ausgelöst hat. Dann ermittelt die Unterroutine, ob das nächste MPEG-Videopaket in diesem speziellen FIFO156 , dem Überlauf-FIFO156 , ein weniger wichtiges MPEG- Videopaket ist (Entscheidungsblock260 ). Ein weniger wichtiges Videopaket kann auf viele Arten definiert werden. Jedoch ist in den meisten Fällen Zeitpunkts- und Synchronisierinformation als wichtig anzusehen. Ein Beispiel eines weniger wichtigen Videopakets ist ein solches, das ein feines Detail zum Videobild enthält. Ein weniger wichtiges MPEG-Videosignal liefert Videoinformation zu feinen Details eines bewegten Bilds. - Wenn es sich zeigt, daß das nächstes MPEG-Paket ein weniger wichtiges Paket (z. B. fein) ist, kann dieses weniger wichtige Paket gelöscht werden (Block
264 ). Wenn das nächste Paket im Überlauf-FIFO156 kein weniger wichtiges Paket ist, geht das System zum nächsten FIFO156 weiter, der sich auf dem zweithöchsten Niveau des Fassungsvermögens befindet (Block268 ). Nun kehrt die Unterroutine224 zurück, um diesen FIFO156 zu überprüfen (Block260 ), um zu ermitteln, ob das nächste MPEG-Paket ein weniger wichtiges MPEG-Paket ist. Diese Schleife des Durchprüfens jedes FIFO156 hinsichtlich eines weniger wichtigen Pakets dauert an, bis ein weniger wichtiges Paket gefunden ist oder bis die Schleife jeden FIFO156 überprüft hat, abhängig davon, welches Ereignis als erstes auftritt. - Wenn die Unterroutine
224 entweder ein zu löschendes Paket gefunden hat oder alle FIFOs156 durchlaufen hat, geht sie zu einer anderen Entscheidung weiter. Die nächste Entscheidung der Unterroutine224 besteht darin, ob es erforderlich ist, irgendwelchen zusätzlichen Pakete zu löschen. Um diese Entscheidung zu treffen, ermittelt die Unterroutine224 , ob irgendwelche der FIFOs156 über einem zweiten eingestellten Schwellenniveau liegen (z. B. 80 oder 90 % gefüllt), wie im Entscheidungsblock272 . Wenn FIFOs156 existieren, die über dem zweiten Schwellenniveau liegen, löscht die Unterroutine224 ein gesamtes MPEG-Videopaket (Block276 ), jedoch löscht sie nicht die Zeitpunktsinformation. Vorzugsweise ist das gelöschte Paket ein MPEG-Videopaket vom selben FIFO156 , für den die Unterroutine224 das feine Paket gelöscht hat. Wenn das zweite Schwellenniveau nicht erreicht ist, prüft die Unterroutine224 , ob das erste Schwellenniveau erreicht ist (Block280 ). Wenn das erste Schwellenniveau immer noch überschritten ist, beginnt die Unterroutine224 erneut, und sie sucht nach einem FIFO156 mit einem feinen zu löschenden MPEG-Paket. - Es kann eine Anzahl von Schwellenniveaus mit variablen Graden von Aktionen überprüft werden, die zum Vermeiden von Überlaufproblemen ergriffen. werden (z. B. 75 %, 85 %, 95 %). Je höher der Schwellenwert ist, umso schädlicher (oder schwerwiegender) ist die von der Unterroutine
224 ergriffene Aktion, um eine katastrophale Signalunterbrechung beim Zuschauer zu vermeiden. - Obwohl diese Unterroutine
224 auf eine Anzahl von Arten ausgeführt werden kann, ist es bevorzugt, daß diejenigen MPEG-Pakete (Block276 ), die die geringste Auswirkung auf das Videosignal haben, als erstes gelöscht werden (weniger wichtig). Daher werden keine Synchronisiersignale gelöscht. Es ist bevorzugt, daß MPEG-Videosignale mit feinen Einzelheiten der Information als erste gelöscht werden. Unter Verwendung der dargestellten Unterroutine224 ist es wahrscheinlich, daß die MPEG-Pakete mit feinen Einzelheiten (Block276 ) in Videosignalen mit schneller Bewegung die ersten zu löschenden Pakete sind. Es besteht die geringste Wahrscheinlichkeit, daß diese Pakete das Bild bei einem Teilnehmer beeinflussen. Da es sich um ein Videobild mit schneller Bewegung handelt, ist es wahrscheinlich, daß ein einzelnes MPEG-Paket, das feine Einzelheiten zu diesem Bild liefert, dem Auge eines Zuschauers nicht auffallen. Wenn eine größerer Fall vorliegt, müssen mehr wichtige Informationspakete gelöscht werden, wodurch der Zuschauer eine momentane Pause in seinem Videobild oder eine leichte Verzerrung in einem Objekt auf dem Bildschirm bemerken kann. Dies erfolgt, da neue Videodaten zum Auffrischen des Bildschirms gelöscht werden müssen und das nächste Bild verzögert ist. Der Fachmann erkennt, daß viele Unterroutinen224 verwendet werden können, die den Überlaufzustand kontrollieren können. - VERBESSERTES AUSFÜHRUNGSBEISPIEL
-
11 zeigt eine Übersicht. über den Betrieb eines komplizierteren Programmverteilsystems40 .12 ist eine schematische Darstellung des bevorzugten Ausführungsbeispiels eines digitalen Kabelkopfendes42 zum Unterstützen des komplizierteren Programmverteilsystems40 . Dieses Ausführungsbeispiel enthält die Kombiniereinrichtung104 bei einem weiter entwickelten Kabelverteilsystem, das Zuschauer mit Programminformation und fortschrittlichen Fernsehmerkmalen versorgt. Das Kopfende42 dieses Ausführungsbeispiels ist in zwei Teilen eines Signalprozessors300 und eines Netzwerksteuergeräts304 dargestellt. Die Kombiniereinrichtung104 ist ein Teil des Signalprozessors300 . - Das dargestellte Betriebszentrum
56 ist ein zentraler Ort200 , der Programmpaketierung und Verteilungssteuerung ausführt. Programmpaketierung umfaßt die Organisation von Programmen und digitaler Information zu Fernsehprogrammen zur Verwendung durch das Kabelkopfende42 und die Zuschauer. Beim bevorzugten Ausführungsbeispiel wird das paketierte Programmsignal an einem Hauptsteuerungs-Aufwärtsstreckenort46 vor der Übertragung an den Satelliten41 behandelt. Bei diesem System können verschiedene Satellit-Mehrfachzugriffschemata und -architekturen verwendet werden, einschließlich sowohl Frequenzmultiplex (FDM) mit einem einzelnen Kanal pro Träger (SCPC = single channel per carrier) als auch Zeitmultiplex (TDM) mit mehreren Kanälen pro Träger (MCPC = multiple channel per carrier). Der Zeitmultiplexvorgang ist das wünschenswertere Schema. Das Signal wird vom Satelliten41 an das Kabelkopfende42 übertragen, wo es behandelt und über Kabel an einen Teilnehmerhaushalt verteilt wird. Das Betriebszentrum ist im einzelnen in EP-A-O 732 030 beschrieben. - Das Kabelkopfende
42 empfängt das digital komprimierte und gemultiplexte Signal vom Satellit41 und verarbeitet das Si gnal für weitere Verteilung an die Teilnehmerhaushalte. Das Kabelkopfende42 dieses Ausführungsbeispiels führt im Kabelverteilsystem zwei Primärfunktionen aus. Es wirkt als Signalprozessor300 und als Verteilungszentrum zum Weiterleiten der digital komprimierten Signale an Teilnehmer, und es wirkt als Netzwerksteuergerät304 , das Information von Teilnehmern empfängt und die Information zum Betriebszentrum56 oder anderen entfernten Orten (wie regionalen, statischen und Rechnungsstellungsorten, die nicht dargestellt sind) weiterleitet. - Um diese zwei Funktionen auszuführen, ist das Kabelkopfende
42 des bevorzugten Ausführungsbeispiels mit zwei Computerprozessoren versehen, die in Übereinstimmung arbeiten. Die Verwendung von zwei Prozessoren, die verschiedene Funktionen ausführen, erhöht die Geschwindigkeit und das Funktionsvermögen des Kabelkopfendes42 ohne eine deutliche Kostenerhöhung. Ein Prozessor, die Steuerungs-CPU90 im Signalverarbeitungssystem, handhabt den Empfang, die Verarbeitung und die Kombination des Signals vom Satelliten41 zum Verteilen an Teilnehmer. Der zweite Prozessor wirkt als Netzwerksteuergerät304 , und er überwacht die Aktivität des Set-Top-Endgeräts58 beim Teilnehmer. Das Kabelkopfende42 kann durch eine CPU oder eine Reihe von CPUs betrieben werden, die die Funktionen der Steuerungs-CPU90 und der Netzwerksteuerung ausführen. - Das Signalverarbeitungssystem
300 behandelt das Signal nach Bedarf zur Verwendung durch das Set-Top-Endgerät58 beim Teilnehmer. Beim einfachsten Ausführungsbeispiel ist der Verarbeitungsumfang, wie er durch das Signalverarbeitungssystem300 benötigt wird, auf den Demultiplexvorgang und eine Frequenzzuordnung begrenzt. Jedoch demultiplext das Signalverarbeitungssystem300 beim bevorzugten Ausführungsbeispiel das Signal, es verarbeitet das Signal mittels der Kombiniereinrichtung104 , es ordnet Frequenzen zu und es multiplext dann das Signal erneut unter Verwendung eines anderen Multiplexschemas bevor das Signal an den Teilnehmer verteilt wird. Au ßerdem muß das Signalverarbeitungssystem300 für Ausführungsbeispiele, bei denen die Steuerung einer Zeit mit lokalen Diensten am Kabelkopfende42 erwünscht ist, dazu in der Lage sein, zusätzliche Signale zu komprimieren und dem Signal des Satelliten41 hinzuzufügen. - Um örtliche Programme einzufügen, würde das Signalverarbeitungssystem
300 das Signal des Satelliten41 demultiplexen, die örtlichen Programme komprimieren, das komprimierte örtliche Programm mit dem Signal des Satelliten41 kombinieren und dann das Signal vor der Lieferung an die Teilnehmerendgeräte58 multiplexen. Örtliche Programmierung in analogem Format kann ebenfalls durch die Kombiniereinrichtung104 kombiniert werden, wie es bereits beschrieben wurde. Die meisten der zum Einfügen lokaler Programme erforderlichen Aktivitäten werden durch das Signalverarbeitungssystem300 automatisch ausgeführt. Beim bevorzugten Ausführungsbeispiel enthält. das Signalverarbeitungssystem300 alle erforderlichen digitalen Vermittlungsfähigkeiten zum Bedienen zahlreicher Teilnehmer und mehrerer verketteter Kabelsysteme50 , wie in2 dargestellt. - Obwohl es möglich ist, ist es bevorzugt, daß das Kabelkopfende
42 keinerlei Videodekompression ausführt. Vom Kabelkopfende42 empfangene Signale müssen vor der Übertragung vom Kopfende42 an den Teilnehmerort nur dann endkomprimiert werden, wenn der für das Kabelsystem verwendete Kompressionsalgorithmus verschieden von demjenigen ist, der zur Satellitenübertragung41 verwendet wird. Gesonderte Kompressionsalgorithmen können dazu verwendet werden, eine gewünschte Signalqualität und einen gewünschten Signaldurchsatz über beide Übertragungsmedien aufrechtzuerhalten. Auch ist Digitalkompression erforderlich, wenn die Bedienperson des Kabelkopfendes42 wünscht, lokale Analogsignale in digitaler Form an Zuschauer zu übertragen. Diese vom Kabelkopfende42 empfangenen Analogsignale erfordern eine Codierung vor der Übertragung an Zu schauerhaushalte (wie zuvor in den4 und5b dargestellt). - Beim bevorzugten Ausführungsbeispiel erfolgen bidirektionale Übermittlungen zwischen dem Netzwerksteuergerät
304 und einem Set-Top-Endgerät58 über Kabelleitungen. Interaktive Fernsehprogrammierung kann durch das Netzwerksteuergerät304 bewerkstelligt werden. Außerdem ist das Netzwerksteuergerät304 dazu in der Lage, auf Set-Top-Endgeräte58 über Telefonleitungen zuzugreifen, um Störungen zu beheben, spezielle Merkmale oder ausgeklügelte Neuprogrammierung auszuführen. - Um diese Funktionen auszuführen, muß das Netzwerksteuergerät
304 eng mit dem Signalverarbeitungssystem300 zusammenarbeiten. In vielen Fällen muß das vom Bedienungszentrum56 empfangene Datensignal (auch als Programmsteuerungs-Informationssignal) modifiziert werden, bevor es an die Set-Top- Endgeräte geliefert wird. Diese Modifizierungen an der Programmsteuerungsinformation erfolgen durch das Netzwerksteuergerät304 , das in Verbindung mit dem Signalverarbeitungssystem300 arbeitet, um einen Steuerungsinformationsstrom für ein Set-Top-Endgerät58 (STTCIS) zu liefern. Das Netzwerksteuergerät304 empfängt vom Signalverarbeitungssystem300 das Programmsteuerungs-Informationssignal, das durch das Bedienungszentrum56 hinzugefügte spezielle Kabellizensierungsinformation enthält. Das Netzwerksteuergerät304 modifiziert das Programmsteuerungs-Informationssignal, falls erforderlich, und es übermittelt neue Information an das Signalverarbeitungssystem300 . Dann liefert das Signalverarbeitungssystem300 die Information in. Form des STTCIS an das Set-Top-Endgerät58 weiter. In den meisten Fällen modifiziert das Netzwerksteuergerät304 das Programmsteuerungs- Informationssignal durch Hinzufügen zusätzlicher Information. Bei einem einfachen Ausführungsbeispiel kann das Programmsteuerungs-Informationssignal ohne jede Modifizierung. durch Kabelkopfende42 zum Set-Top-Endgerät58 geleitet werden. - Obwohl das Signalverarbeitungssystem
300 die Hinzufügung einfacher örtlicher Dienste7 (z. B. örtlicher Werbung) im an das Set-Top-Endgerät58 gelieferten Signal handhabt, handhabt das Netzwerksteuergerät304 alle ausgeklügelteren Erfordernisse örtlicher Programme, wie interaktive Programme und bestimmte Datendienste. Das Netzwerksteuergerät304 empfängt alle vom Set-Top-Endgerät58 gelieferten elektronischen Signale, einschließlich derjenigen auf Anforderungen interaktive Dienste sowie einiger Datendienstanforderungen hin. Das Netzwerksteuergerät304 koordiniert die erforderliche Vermittlung und den Zugriff, um es dem Teilnehmer zu ermöglichen, diese Dienste zu genießen. - Das Netzwerksteuergerät
304 verfügt über die Fähigkeit, Änderungen von "zu überfliegenden Programmen" auszuführen, Maskierungsabschnitt der Fernsehschirme eines Teilnehmers (Video auf unterteilten Schirmen) zu unterstützen, die Auswahl verschiedener Audiosignale für dieselben Videosignale (Fremdsprachen) zu unterstützen, interaktive Merkmale zu unterstützen, verknüpfte Programme usw. zu erzeugen. Für Änderungen an Programmen in letzter Minute (wie hinsichtlich lokaler Notfälle oder wichtiger regionaler Ereignisse), kann eine das Netzwerksteuergerät304 verwendende Bedienperson das Programmsteuerungs-Informationssignal "im Vorbeigehen" modifizieren und dem Teilnehmer verfügbare Menüs ändern. Dies wird kurz mit geteilten Änderungen an der Programmpaketierung gerecht, die nicht vorab an das Betriebszentrum56 geliefert werden können. Um Techniken mit unterteiltem Schirm für Promotions- und Demonstrationsvideo zu genügen, müssen die unerwünschten Videoteile des Bildschirms maskiert werden. Das Netzwerksteuergerät304 kann die erforderliche Steuerungsinformation liefern, um das Set-Top-Endgerät58 darüber zu informieren, Teile des Videosignals eines speziellen Kanals zu maskieren. Zum Beispiel würde ein Kanal mit unterteiltem Schirm, der vier gesonderte Videos zeigt, eine 3/4-Maske be nötigen, um den Zuschauer auf den speziellen Videoclip zu fokussieren. Das Netzwerksteuergerät ist im einzelnen aus EP-A-0 732 031 beschrieben. - Es wurde eine Anzahl von Ausführungsbeispielen mit digitalem Kabelkopfende
42 dargestellt. Für den Fachmann ist klar, daß zahlreiche Variationen der gezeigten Ausführungen möglich sind. Auch erkennt der Fachmann auf Grundlage der gezeigten Beispiele, daß ein, Kopfende42 gemäß einer Anzahl von Arten unter Verwendung einer Kombiniereinrichtung als Komponente konfiguriert werden kann. - Die hier verwendeten Begriffe und Beschreibungen sind nur zur Veranschaulichung dargelegt und nicht als Beschränkungen zu verstehen. Der Fachmann erkennt, daß innerhalb des durch die folgenden Ansprüche definierten Schutzumfangs der Erfindung zahlreiche Variationen möglich sind.
-
- 42
- – Vermittlung am Kopfende
- 50
- – Kabelsystem
- 56
- – Betriebszentrum
- 60
- – Kabelsystem mit einer digitalen Kapazität von 48 MHz
- 64
- – Kabelsystem mit einer digitalen Kapazität von 72 MHz
- 64
- – Kabelsystem mit einer digitalen Kapazität von 108 MHz
- 70
- – HF ein
- 72
- – digitale Ausrüstung oder vorhandene analoge Ausrüstung
- 76
- – digitale Ausrüstung
- 84
- – lokale Dienste; Info
- 86
- – integrierter Empfänger-Decodierer
- 88
- – Demultiplexer
- 90
- – Steuerungs-CPU
oder PC (in den
4 und7 ) - 90
- – (in anderen Figuren) Steuerungs-CPU
- 91
- – Workstation
- 92
- – Einfügung lokaler Dienste
- 94
- – lokale Analogdienste; Audio/Video
- 96
- – Digitalcodierer
- 98
- – lokale Digitaldienste; Audio/Video
- 102
- – Modulator
- 102
- – Digitalmodulator
- 103
- – digitales Signal
- 104
- – Kombiniereinrichtung
- 106
- – Demodulatoren
- 107
- – Analoges Signal
- 108
- – MPEG-Codierer
- 110
- – Analogmodulator
- 116
- – Modem
- 117
- – HF ein
- 118
- – integrierte Empfängerkomponenten
- 140
- – Auswählen
- 142
- – Kombinieren
- 146
- – Digitale Logik
- 148
- – Einrichtungen zum Erzeugen serieller Signale
- 152
- – Konfiguration
- 154
- – Steuerungs-FIFO
- 158
- – Ausgabegatter
- 162
- – Empfänger
- 162
- – Digitalempfänger
- 164
- – Kennungsprüfung
- 164
- – Adressenprüfung
- 168
- – Datenstrom
- 170
- – Taktsignal
- 190
- – Ausgangssteuerungslogik
- 200
- – Empfangsbefehle von zentralem Ort
- 204
- – Prüfung auf annehmbare Kombination von Videoeinspei
- sungen
- 208
- – zentralen Ort informieren
- 212
- – Videokonfigurationsdaten an Konfigurationslogik senden
- 216
- – jedes FIFO-Niveau überwachen
- 220
- – existiert ein Überlaufzustand für irgendeinen FIFO
- 224
- – zu löschende Informationspakete bestimmen
- 228
- Ausgabegatter steuern
- 232
- – Zeit, hinsichtlich neuer Konfiguration zu prüfen
- 236
- – Statusinformation von FIFOs empfangen
- 240
- – Füllungsgrad jedes FIFO prüfen
- 244
- – Priorität der FIFOs zur Folgesteuerung bestimmen
- 248
- – Übergang zum FIFO der nächsten Priorität
- 252
- – FIFO-Gatter öffnen
- 256
- – Übergang zum überlaufenden FIFO
- 260
- – Bestimmen, ob das nächste MPEG-Paket ein weniger wich
- tiges Paket ist
- 264
- – feines MPEG-Paket löschen
- 268
- – Übergang zum nächsten FIFO mit dem höchsten Speicher
- vermögen
- 272
- – existiert irgendein FIFO über einem zweiten Schwellen
- niveau
- 276
- – Löschen eines oder mehrerer MPEG-Videopakete
- 280
- – existiert irgendein FIFO über einem ersten Schwellen
- niveau
- 300
- – Signalprozessor
- 304
- – Netzwerksteuergerät
- 308
- – Netzwerksteuergerät-CPU
-
- Beschriftungstext
ohne Bezugszeichen in alphabetischer Reihenfolge
analog signal analoges Signal analog signals analoge Signale cable household Kabelhaushalt CLK Taktsignal command and config info from control CPU Befehle und Konfigurationsinfor= mation von der Steuerungs-CPU config Konfigurationssignal config data from CPU Konfigurationsdaten von der CPU control info Steuerungsinformation control RCVR Steuerungsempfänger data Daten delivery control Verteilungssteuerung digital compressed signals from control CPU digitale, komprimierte Signale von der Steuerungs-CPU in band or out of band data emission Datenausgabe innerhalb des Bands oder außerhalb des Bands local avails lokale Dienste magazine Magazin master control uplink site Ort der Aufwärtsstrecke-HauptSteuerung modular digital cable headend modulares, digitales Kabelkopfende movies Spielfilme network control data bases Netzwerksteuerungs-Datenbanken no nein other anderes other digital or analog signals andere digitale oder analoge Signale phone line in for remote control eingehende Telefonleitung zur Fernsteuerung press order button here to order diese Bestelltaste zum Bestellen betätigen prior art Stand der Technik program delivery Programmverteilung program packaging menu management Programmpaketierungsmenü-Verwaltung remote/customer interface Fernsteuerungs/Kunde-Schnittstelle RF data from set tops HF-Daten von Set-Top-Geräten RF data to set tops HF-Daten zu Set-Top-Geräten RF in HF ein RF Video/Audio to set tops HF-Video/Audio-Signale zu SetTop-Geräten satellite RCVR Satellitenempfänger sports Sportsendungen up-stream/inter activity stromaufwärtige/Zwischenaktivität yes ja
Claims (18)
- Fernseh-Kopfstelle zum Empfangen und Verarbeiten von Programmsignalen, mit einer zentralen Datenverarbeitungsanlage (CPU), einem Demultiplexer und einem Kombinator, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die CPU steuert, überwacht und sicherstellt, daß gewünschte digitale Programme oder Kanäle aus einem oder mehreren Multiplex-Signalen herausgepickt werden, die CPU ferner den Demultiplexer und den Kombinator steuert und überwacht, der Demultiplexer die Signale empfängt, eine Auswahl der gewünschten Programme oder Kanäle gemäß von der CPU gesendeter Instruktionen vornimmt und die gewünschten Programme oder Kanäle ausgibt, und der Kombinator die von dem Demultiplexer ausgegebenen gewählten Programme oder Kanäle annimmt und die gewählten Programme oder Kanäle gemäß den von der CPU gesendeten Instruktionen in ein kombiniertes Übertragungssignal kombiniert.
- Fernseh-Kopfstelle zum Empfangen und Verarbeiten von Programmsignalen, mit einer zentralen Datenverarbeitungsanlage (CPU), einer digitalen Logikkomponente und einem Seriell-Umsetzer, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die CPU steuert, überwacht und sicherstellt, daß gewünschte digitale Programme oder Kanäle aus einem oder mehreren Multiplex-Signalen herausgepickt werden, die CPU ferner die digitale Logikkomponente und den Seriell-Umsetzer steuert und überwacht, die digitale Logikkomponenten die gewünschten digitalen Programme oder Kanäle gemäß von der CPU gesendeter Instruktionen auswählt und die ausgewählten digitalen Programme oder Kanäle ausgibt und der Seriell-Umsetzer die ausgewählten Programme oder Kanäle gemäß von der CPU gesendeter Instruktionen in ein Übertragungssignal kombiniert.
- Kopfstelle nach Anspruch 1, wobei der Demultiplexer die Multiplex-Signale in einzelne digitale Programme oder Kanäle trennt.
- Kopfstelle nach Anspruch 2, ferner mit einem Demultiplexer, der die Multiplex-Signale in einzelne digitale Programme oder Kanäle trennt.
- Kopfstelle nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, ferner mit einer lokalen Einfügevorrichtung, die ein oder mehrere lokale Programme empfängt und ein oder mehrere lokale Programme an den Kombinator oder den Seriell-Umsetzer ausgibt, wobei der Kombinator oder der Seriell-Umsetzer die ausgegebenen lokalen Programme mit den ausgewählten Programmen oder Kanälen kombiniert.
- Kopfstelle nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, wobei die CPU von einer entfernten Stelle unter Verwendung von Modem-Kommunikation instruiert wird.
- Kopfstelle nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, wobei ein oder mehrere analoge Programmsignale empfangen werden, und die Kopfstelle ferner eine digitale Kodiereinrichtung aufweist, die die empfangenen einen oder mehreren analogen Signale digitalisiert und die digitalisierten Signale an den Kombinator oder den Seriell-Umsetzer ausgibt, wobei der Kombinator oder der Seriell-Umsetzer die digitalisierten Signale mit den ausgewählten Programmen oder Kanälen kombiniert.
- Kopfstelle nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, wobei die empfangenen Signale verschlüsselt werden und die Kopfstelle ferner eine an den Demultiplexer oder die digitale Lo gikkomponente angeschlossene Entschlüsselungseinrichtung aufweist, die die Verschlüsselung aufhebt.
- Kopfstelle nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, ferner mit einer an den Kombinator oder den Seriell-Umsetzer angeschlossene Verschlüsselungseinrichtung, die eine Verschlüsselung hinzufügt.
- Kopfstelle nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, ferner mit einer an den Demultiplexer oder die digitale Logikkomponente angeschlossenen Fehlerkorrektureinrichtung, die eine Fehlerkorrektur ausführt.
- Kopfstelle nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, ferner mit: einem Empfänger; und einem Modulator, der das kombinierte Übertragungssignal moduliert.
- Kopfstelle nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, wobei die Instruktionen Steuersignale enthalten.
- Verfahren zum Betrieb einer Kopfstelle, wobei gewünschte digitale Programme oder Kanäle aus einem oder mehreren Multiplex-Signalen herausgepickt werden, mit folgenden Schritten: Empfangen von Informationen und einem oder mehreren Mul-tiplex-Signalen, die mehrere digitale Programme oder Kanäle enthalten, wobei die Informationen Daten bezüglich der Identitäten der gewünschten digitalen Programme oder Kanäle enthalten; Erzeugen von Instruktionen bezüglich der gewünschten Programme oder Kanäle unter Verwendung der empfangenen Informationen; Auswählen der gewünschten digitalen Programme oder Kanäle unter Verwendung der erzeugten Instruktionen, wobei die ausgewählten digitalen Programme oder Kanäle eine Teilmenge der mehreren in den Multiplex-Signalen enthaltenen digitalen Programme oder Kanäle darstellen; und Kombinieren der ausgewählten digitalen Programme oder Kanäle in ein kombiniertes Übertragungssignal.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 13, wobei das Auswählen durch Entfernen ungewünschter digitaler Programme oder Kanäle unter Verwendung der erzeugten Instruktionen vorgenommen wird, wobei die ungewünschten digitalen Programme oder Kanäle eine Untermenge der mehreren in den Multiplex-Signalen enthaltenen digitalen Programme oder Kanäle darstellen.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 13 oder 14, wobei ferner die Multiplex-Signale in einzelne digitale Programme oder. Kanäle demultiplext werden.
- Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 13 bis 15, wobei ferner ein oder mehrere lokale Programme eingefügt werden, wobei die lokalen Programme in dem Kombinationsschritt mit den ausgewählten digitalen Programmen oder Kanälen kombiniert werden.,
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 14, wobei die empfangenen Informationen Identitäten der ungewünschten digitalen Programme oder Kanäle enthalten.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 14 oder 17, wobei die erzeugten Instruktionen Identitäten der ungewünschten digitalen Programme oder Kanäle enthalten und im Entfernungsschritt die erzeugten Instruktionen verwendet werden, um die ungewünschten digitalen Programme oder Kanäle zu entfernen.
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DE69334106T Expired - Lifetime DE69334106T2 (de) | 1992-12-09 | 1993-12-02 | Menugesteuertes Fernsehprogrammzugangssystem und Verfahren |
DE69323767T Expired - Lifetime DE69323767T2 (de) | 1992-12-09 | 1993-12-02 | Anordnung und Verfahren zur Anwendung in einer digitalen Kopfstelle für ein Kabelfernsehverteilsystem |
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DE69329949T Expired - Lifetime DE69329949T2 (de) | 1992-12-09 | 1993-12-02 | Netzwerk-steuerung für kabelfernsehverteilsysteme |
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1996
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1997
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1998
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1999
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2000
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2001
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2004
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2005
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2008
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