EP0020037B1 - Oil-soluble friction-reducing additive, process for the preparation thereof, and lubricating oil or fuel composition containing the additive - Google Patents
Oil-soluble friction-reducing additive, process for the preparation thereof, and lubricating oil or fuel composition containing the additive Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0020037B1 EP0020037B1 EP80301487A EP80301487A EP0020037B1 EP 0020037 B1 EP0020037 B1 EP 0020037B1 EP 80301487 A EP80301487 A EP 80301487A EP 80301487 A EP80301487 A EP 80301487A EP 0020037 B1 EP0020037 B1 EP 0020037B1
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- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- additive
- oil
- linear
- succinimide
- mixture
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 0 CC(*)C(NC(C)=O)=O Chemical compound CC(*)C(NC(C)=O)=O 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
- C10L10/08—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving lubricity; for reducing wear
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
- C10L1/222—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond
- C10L1/224—Amides; Imides carboxylic acid amides, imides
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
- C10L1/234—Macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/238—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10L1/2383—Polyamines or polyimines, or derivatives thereof (poly)amines and imines; derivatives thereof (substituted by a macromolecular group containing 30C)
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M133/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen
- C10M133/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen having a carbon chain of less than 30 atoms
- C10M133/16—Amides; Imides
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- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2203/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds and hydrocarbon fractions as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2203/06—Well-defined aromatic compounds
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2205/02—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers
- C10M2205/028—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers containing aliphatic monomers having more than four carbon atoms
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- C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2205/06—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing conjugated dienes
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- C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2207/28—Esters
- C10M2207/281—Esters of (cyclo)aliphatic monocarboxylic acids
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- C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
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- C10M2207/282—Esters of (cyclo)aliphatic oolycarboxylic acids
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- C10M2207/283—Esters of polyhydroxy compounds
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- C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2207/28—Esters
- C10M2207/286—Esters of polymerised unsaturated acids
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- C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2207/28—Esters
- C10M2207/34—Esters having a hydrocarbon substituent of thirty or more carbon atoms, e.g. substituted succinic acid derivatives
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- C10M2209/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2209/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10M2209/08—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to a carboxyl radical, e.g. acrylate type
- C10M2209/084—Acrylate; Methacrylate
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- C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2215/02—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines
- C10M2215/04—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines having amino groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
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- C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2215/086—Imides
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- C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2215/26—Amines
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- C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2215/28—Amides; Imides
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- C10M2217/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2217/04—Macromolecular compounds from nitrogen-containing monomers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10M2217/042—Macromolecular compounds from nitrogen-containing monomers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds between the nitrogen-containing monomer and an aldehyde or ketone
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- C10M2217/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2217/04—Macromolecular compounds from nitrogen-containing monomers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10M2217/043—Mannich bases
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- C10M2217/04—Macromolecular compounds from nitrogen-containing monomers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10M2217/046—Polyamines, i.e. macromoleculars obtained by condensation of more than eleven amine monomers
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- C10M2217/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2217/06—Macromolecular compounds obtained by functionalisation op polymers with a nitrogen containing compound
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- C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2219/04—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing sulfur-to-oxygen bonds, i.e. sulfones, sulfoxides
- C10M2219/044—Sulfonic acids, Derivatives thereof, e.g. neutral salts
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- C10M2219/04—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing sulfur-to-oxygen bonds, i.e. sulfones, sulfoxides
- C10M2219/046—Overbasedsulfonic acid salts
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- C10M2223/045—Metal containing thio derivatives
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- C10M2225/041—Hydrocarbon polymers
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- C10N2010/00—Metal present as such or in compounds
- C10N2010/04—Groups 2 or 12
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- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines
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- C10N2040/251—Alcohol fueled engines
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- C10N2040/255—Gasoline engines
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- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines
- C10N2040/255—Gasoline engines
- C10N2040/28—Rotary engines
Definitions
- This invention is in the field of lubricants and lubricant additives. More particularly, the invention deals with additives to lubricants especially for crankcase use for internal combustion engines, which provide a reduction of friction of the operating engine.
- Another way to improve fuel mileage is to reduce engine friction.
- the present invention is concerned with this latter approach.
- the present invention utilizes the finding that oil soluble, C 12-36 aliphatic hydrocarbyl succinimides or succinimides containing a certain hydrocarbon 'grouping which has been formed by a particular isomerization technique provide a friction reducing effect when they are incorporated in lubricating oil.
- an oil-soluble friction-reducing additive which comprises at least one compound having the structure: or wherein
- the aliphatic hydrocarbon group is derived from a linear a-olefin which has been isomerized to form a mixture of internal olefins.
- the additive can also be used in the engine fuel.
- a preferred embodiment of the invention is a lubricating oil composition or fuel composition containing a friction-reducing amount of an additive as above defined.
- the aliphatic substituent Z on the succinic group can be any unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing from 12 to 36 carbon atoms including alkenyl and polyunsaturated hydrocarbon groups.
- Examples of the above additive include:
- R, and R 2 are straight chain aliphatic hydrocarbon groups. These additives have improved solubility in lubricating oil. Examples of these additives are: 1-propyltridecenyl succinimide
- the above highly preferred additives are made from linear a-olefins containing from 12 to 36 carbon atoms by isomerizing the a-olefins to form a mixture of internal olefins and-reacting this mixture of internal olefins with maleic acid, anhydride or ester forming an intermediate and reacting the intermediate with ammonia to form amide, imide, or mixtures thereof.
- Additives made from isomerized linear a-olefins have greatly improved oil solubility compared with additives made with linear a-olefins.
- Isomerization of the linear a-olefin can be carried out using conventional methods.
- One suitable method is to heat the linear a-olefin with an acidic catalyst.
- acid catalysts are the sulfonated styrenedivinylbenzene copolymers.
- Such catalysts are commercially available and are conventionally used as cation exchange resins. In the present method they are used in their acid form.
- Typical resins are Amberlyst 15, XN-1005 and XN-1010 (registered trademarks) available from Rohm and Haas Company. Use of such resins for isomerizing linear a-olefins is described in US-A-4,108,889.
- the additives are added to the lubricating oil in an amount which reduces the fraction of the engine operating with the oil in the crankcase.
- a useful concentration is about 0.05 to 3 weight percent.
- a more preferred range is about 0.1 to 1.0 weight percent.
- an embodiment of the invention is an improved motor oil compostion formulated for use as a crankcase lubricant in an internal combustion engine wherein the improvement comprises including in the crankcase oil an amount sufficient to reduce fuel consumption of the engine of the friction-reducing additive herein described.
- such improved motor oil also contains an ashless uispersant and an alkaline earth metal salt of a petroleum sulfonic acid or an alkaryl sulfonic acid (e.g. alkylbenzene sulfonic acid).
- an alkaline earth metal salt of a petroleum sulfonic acid or an alkaryl sulfonic acid e.g. alkylbenzene sulfonic acid.
- the additives can be used in mineral oil or in synthetic oils of viscosity suitable for use in the crankcase of an internal combustion engine.
- Crankcase lubricating oils have a viscosity up to about 16 8 10- 3 m 2 /S (80 SUS) at 100°C (210°F).
- Mineral oils include those of suitable viscosity refined from crude oil from all sources including Gulfcoast, midcontinent, Pennsylvania, California, Alaska and the like. Various standard refinery operations can be used in processing the mineral oil.
- Synthetic oil includes both hydrocarbon synthetic oil and synthetic esters.
- Useful synthetic hydrocarbon oils including liquid polymers of a-olefins having the proper viscosity.
- the hydrogenated liquid oligomers of C 6 -C 12 a-olefins such as a-decene trimer.
- alkylbenzenes of proper viscosity can be used, such as didoecylbenzene.
- Useful synthetic esters include the esters of both monocarboxylic acid and polycarboxylic acid as well as monohydroxy alkanols and polyols. Typical examples are didoceyl adipate, trimethylol propane tripelargonate, pentaerythritol tetracaproate, di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate, dilauryl sebacate and the like. Complex esters prepared from mixtures of mono- and dicarboxylic acid and mono- and polyhydroxyl alkanols can also be used.
- Blends of mineral oil with synthetic oil are particularly useful. For example, blends of 5 to 25 weight percent hydrogenated ⁇ -decene trimer with 75 to 95 weight percent 32 x 10- 3 m 2 /S (150 SUS 38°C (100°F)) mineral oil results in an excellent lubricant. Likewise, blends of about 5 to 25 weight percent di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate with mineral oil of proper viscosity results in a superior lubricating oil. Also blends of synthetic hydrocarbon oil with synthetic esters can be used. Blends of mineral oil with synthetic oil are especially useful when preparing low viscosity oil (e.g., SAE 5W 20) since they permit these low viscosities without contributing excessive volatility.
- low viscosity oil e.g., SAE 5W 20
- the more preferred lubricating oil compositions include zinc dihydrocarbyidithiophosphate (ZDDP) in combination with the present additives.
- ZDDP zinc dihydrocarbyidithiophosphate
- Both zinc dialkyldithiophosphates and zinc dialkaryldithio- phosphates as well as mixed alkyl-aryl dithiophosphates can be used.
- alkyl-type ZDDP are those in which the hydrocarbyl groups are a mixture of isobutyl and isoamyl alkyl groups.
- Zinc di-(nonylphenyl)-dithiophosphate is an example of an aryl-type ZDDP.
- Good results are achieved using sufficient zinc dihydrocarbyldithiophosphate to provide about 0.01 to 0.5 weight percent zinc.
- a preferred concentration supplies about 0.05 to 0.3 weight percent zinc.
- alkaline earth metal petroleum sutfonate or alkaline earth metal alkaryl sulfonates are the alkaline earth metal petroleum sutfonate or alkaline earth metal alkaryl sulfonates.
- alkaline earth metal petroleum sutfonate or alkaline earth metal alkaryl sulfonates are calcium petroleum suifonates, magnesium petroleum sulfonates, barium alkaryl sulfonates, calcium alkaryl sulfonates or magnesium alkaryl sulfonates.
- Both the neutral and the overbased sulfonates having base numbers up to about 400 can be beneficially used. These are used in an amount to provide about 0.05 to 1.5 weight percent alkaline earth metal and more preferably about 0.1 to 1.0 weight percent.
- Viscosity index improvers can be included such as the polyalkylmethacrylate type or the ethylenepropylene copolymer type. Likewise, styrene-diene VI improvers can be used. Alkaline earth metal salts of phosphosulfurized polyisobutylene are useful.
- Preferred crankcase oils also contain an ashless dispersant such as the polyolefin succinamides and succinimides of polyethylene polyamines such as tetraethylenepentamine.
- the polyolefin succinic substituent is preferably a polyisobutene group having a molecular weight of from about 800 to 5,000. Such ashless dispersants are more fully described in U.S. 3,172,892 and U.S. 3,219,666 incorporated herein by reference.
- ashless dispersants include the Mannich condensation products of polyolefin- substituted phenols, formaldehyde and polyethylene polyamine.
- the polyolefin phenol is a polyisobutylene-substituted phenol in which the polyisobutylene group has a molecular weight of from about 800 to 5,000.
- the preferred polyethylene polyamine is tetrathylene pentamine.
- Mannich ashless dispersants are more fully described in U.S. 3,368,972; U.S. 3,413,347; U.S. 3,442,808; U.S. 3,448,047; U.S. 3,539,633; U.S. 3,591,598; U.S.
- the friction-reducing additives of this invention are also useful in fuel compositions. Fuel injected or inducted into a combustion chamber wets the walls of the cylinder. Fuels containing a small amount of the present additive reduce the friction due to the piston rings sliding against the cylinder wall.
- the additives can be used in both diesel fuel and gasoline used to operate internal combustion engines. Fuels containing about 0.001 to 0.25 weight percent of the friction-reducing additives can be used.
- Fuels used with the invention can contain any of the additives conventionally added to such fuels.
- gasoline it can include dyes, antioxidants, detergents, antiknocks (e.g. tetraethyllead, methylcyclopentadienylmanganese tricarbonyl, rare earth metal chelates, methyl tert-butylether and the like).
- antiknocks e.g. tetraethyllead, methylcyclopentadienylmanganese tricarbonyl, rare earth metal chelates, methyl tert-butylether and the like.
- diesel fuels the compositions can include pour point depressants, detergents, ignition improvers (e.g. hexanitrate) and the like.
- Tests were conducted using a 1977 U.S. production automobile. These were shortened versions of the Federal City EPA cycle. This is referred to as the "Hot 505" cycle. It consists of the first 5.8 km (3.6 miles) of the Federal EPA City cycle started with a warmed-up engine instead of a cold engine. The car with a fully formulated SE grade oil in its crankcase is operated on a chassis dynamometer for about one hour at about 88 km/hr. (55 mph) to stabilize oil temperature. It is then run through four consecutive "Hot 505" cycles measuring fuel economy of the base oil. Results of the four cycles are averaged. Then one-half of the base oil is drained from the crankcase and replaced with the same base oil containing a double dose of the test additive.
- the car is then run at about 88 km/hr. (55 mph) for about one hour to again stabilize temperature.
- a second series of four consecutive "Hot 505" cycles is run to measure initial fuel economy of the base oil containing the test additive.
- the car is then run about 805 km (500 miles) at constant speed of about 88 km/hr. (55 mph).
- a third series of four consecutive "Hot 505" cycles are run to measure fuel economy after about 805 km (500 miles) operation on the oil containing the test additive.
- the crankcase is then drained hot and filled with flushing oil which is run for a short time and then drained.
- the crankcase is then filled with the base oil which is run for a short time and then drained.
- crankcase is then filled a second time with a base oil. This is run about one hour at about 88 km/hr. (55 mph) to a stable temperature. Then a fourth series of four consecutive "Hot 505" cycles are run measuring fuel economy. This gives a second base line thus bracketing the test carried out with the friction additive between two base line tests.
- the following table shows the percent improvement in fuel economy over the base oil obtained using 1 weight percent of the friction-reducing additive.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
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- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Lubricants (AREA)
Description
- This invention is in the field of lubricants and lubricant additives. More particularly, the invention deals with additives to lubricants especially for crankcase use for internal combustion engines, which provide a reduction of friction of the operating engine.
- In order to conserve energy, automobiles are now being engineered to give improved gasoline mileage compared to those in recent years. This effort is of great urgency in the United States in view of regulations which compel auto manufacturers to achieve prescribed gasoline mileage. These regulations are to conserve crude oil. In an effort to achieve the required mileage, new cars are being downsized and made much lighter. However, there are limits in this approach beyond which the cars will not accommodate a typical family.
- Another way to improve fuel mileage is to reduce engine friction. The present invention is concerned with this latter approach.
- The applicants draw attention to U.S. Patent Specification No. 3382172 and to British Patent Specification No. 1111837. The British Specification refers to C8-42 alkyl-substituted cyclic imides, including succinimides, which may be used as lubricating oil additives. It is however, pointed out that this British Patent Specification is not concerned with cyclic imides in which the substituents are unsaturated and joined to the ring by a secondary attachment nor with compounds made using the isomerisation technique which is essential in the present invention. U.S. Patent Specification No. 3382172 refers to C14-22 alkenyl succinic acids which may be used as antiwear lubricating oil additives. This U.S. Specification does not, however, disclose imide or amide products nor products having a friction reducing effect.
- The present invention utilizes the finding that oil soluble, C12-36 aliphatic hydrocarbyl succinimides or succinimides containing a certain hydrocarbon 'grouping which has been formed by a particular isomerization technique provide a friction reducing effect when they are incorporated in lubricating oil.
-
- n is an integer of from 2 to 4 and wherein Z has the structure:
- R, and R2 are each independently straight or branched chain hydrocarbon groups containing from 1 to 34 carbon atoms such that the total number of carbon atoms in the groups R, and R2 is from 11 to 35, the Z hydrocarbon group being unsaturated and formed by reacting maleic acid, anhydride or ester with an internal olefin containing 12 to 36 carbon atoms, said internal olefin being formed by isomerizing the olefinic double bond of a linear a-olefin or mixture thereof to obtain a mixture of internal olefins.
- The aliphatic hydrocarbon group is derived from a linear a-olefin which has been isomerized to form a mixture of internal olefins. The additive can also be used in the engine fuel.
- A preferred embodiment of the invention is a lubricating oil composition or fuel composition containing a friction-reducing amount of an additive as above defined.
- The aliphatic substituent Z on the succinic group can be any unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing from 12 to 36 carbon atoms including alkenyl and polyunsaturated hydrocarbon groups.
- Examples of the above additive include:
- 1,2-dimethyl octadecenyl succinimide
- 1-methyl-3-ethyl dodecenyl succinimide
- In a highly preferred embodiment R, and R2 are straight chain aliphatic hydrocarbon groups. These additives have improved solubility in lubricating oil. Examples of these additives are: 1-propyltridecenyl succinimide
- 1-pentyltridecenyl succinimide
- 1-tridecylpentadecenyl succinimide
- 1-tetradecyleicosenyl succinimide
- The above highly preferred additives are made from linear a-olefins containing from 12 to 36 carbon atoms by isomerizing the a-olefins to form a mixture of internal olefins and-reacting this mixture of internal olefins with maleic acid, anhydride or ester forming an intermediate and reacting the intermediate with ammonia to form amide, imide, or mixtures thereof.
- Additives made from isomerized linear a-olefins have greatly improved oil solubility compared with additives made with linear a-olefins.
- Isomerization of the linear a-olefin can be carried out using conventional methods. One suitable method is to heat the linear a-olefin with an acidic catalyst. Especially useful acid catalysts are the sulfonated styrenedivinylbenzene copolymers. Such catalysts are commercially available and are conventionally used as cation exchange resins. In the present method they are used in their acid form. Typical resins are Amberlyst 15, XN-1005 and XN-1010 (registered trademarks) available from Rohm and Haas Company. Use of such resins for isomerizing linear a-olefins is described in US-A-4,108,889.
- The method by which the present additives are made are illustrated by the following examples.
- In a reaction vessel was placed 1000 grams of linear α-octadecene. To this was added 187 grams Amberlyst 15 (5 percent moisture). The mixture was stirred under nitrogen and heated at 120°C for 3 hours. The isomerized product contained 3.6 weight percent olefin dimer and the balance was internal C18 olefin. The product was separated from the resin.
- In a second reaction vessel was placed 504 grams of the above isomerized C18 olefin and 300 ml heptane. The heptane was distilled out under vacuum to remove water. Then 2.4 grams of tri-(3,5-di- tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)-mesitylene stabilizer was added. The mixture was heated under nitrogen to 225°C. Then 160 grams of molten maleic anhydride was slowly added over a 2.5 hour period. The mixture was stirred at 225°C for two more hours and then unreacted maleic anhydride was distilled out by pulling vacuum to 1.0132M Pa (762 mmHg) (30 in.) while holding the reaction mixture at 200°C. The product was principally secondary C18 alkylene succinic anhydride.
- In a separate reaction vessel was placed 532.5 grams of the above isomerized octadecenyl succinic anhydride. This was heated under nitrogen to 165°C and then ammonia was injected causing the temperature to rise to 180°C. Ammonia injection was continued until exotherm stopped. The mixture was heated at 170°C under vacuum to remove water yielding isomerized octadecenyl succinimide.
- In a reaction vessel was placed 1005 grams of linear a-eicosene and 187 grams of Amberlyst 15 (5 percent moisture). The mixture was heated under nitrogen at 110° to 125°C for 6 hours. The product was internally unsaturated eicosene containing 3.3 percent eicosene dimer.
- In a separate reaction vessel was placed 560 grams of the above isomerized eicosene and 200 ml heptane. The heptane was distilled out to dry the eicosene. At 140°C, 3.1 grams of tri-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)mesitylene stabilizer was added and the mixture heated to 210°C. Over a 2.5 hour period, 156.8 grams of maleic anhydride was added at about 225°C. Following this, unreacted maleic anhydride was distilled out under vacuum at 210°C. Leaving isomerized eicosenyl succinic anhydride.
- In another reaction vessel was placed 570 grams of the above isomerized eicosenyl succinic anhydride. This was heated to 160°C and ammonia injection started. The temperature rose to 175°C. Ammonia injection was continued at 175°C until the temperature dropped. Then 1.0132M Pa (762 mm Hg) (30 in.) vacuum was slowly applied to distill out water and ammonia. Additional ammonia was injected to be sure no anhydride remained. There was no further reaction so this ammonia was stripped out at 1.0132M Pa (762 mm Hg) (30 in.) vacuum at 170°C yielding isomerized eicosenyl succinimide.
-
- In a separate vessel was placed 485 grams (2 moles) of the above isomerized olefin. This was heated at 100°C under 1.0132M Pa (30 inches Hg) vacuum to remove water. To it was ther unded 2.4 grams tri-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)mesitylene. The mixture was heated under nitrogen to 225°C and then 152 grams of molten maleic anhydride was added over a 3 hour period. The mixture was stirred 30 minutes at 225°C and an additional 50 grams of maleic anhydride was anded. This mixture was stirred 30 minutes at 225°C following which unreacted maleic anhydride was out at 200°C under 1.0132M Pa (762 mm Hg) (30 in) vacuum.
- In a separate reaction vessel was placed 598 grams of the above isomerized C16 akenyl succinic anhydride. Ammonia injection was started at 140°C raising the temperature 45°C. Ammonia injection was continued at 130°C until no further ammonia was adsorbed. The mixture was then heated to 180°C to distill out water and ammonia yielding isomerized C16-C18 alkenyl succinimide.
- The additives are added to the lubricating oil in an amount which reduces the fraction of the engine operating with the oil in the crankcase. A useful concentration is about 0.05 to 3 weight percent. A more preferred range is about 0.1 to 1.0 weight percent.
- From the above it can be seen that the present invention provides an improved crankcase lubricating oil. Accordingly, an embodiment of the invention is an improved motor oil compostion formulated for use as a crankcase lubricant in an internal combustion engine wherein the improvement comprises including in the crankcase oil an amount sufficient to reduce fuel consumption of the engine of the friction-reducing additive herein described.
- In a highly preferred embodiment such improved motor oil also contains an ashless uispersant and an alkaline earth metal salt of a petroleum sulfonic acid or an alkaryl sulfonic acid (e.g. alkylbenzene sulfonic acid).
- The additives can be used in mineral oil or in synthetic oils of viscosity suitable for use in the crankcase of an internal combustion engine. Crankcase lubricating oils have a viscosity up to about 16 8 10-3 m2/S (80 SUS) at 100°C (210°F).
- Mineral oils include those of suitable viscosity refined from crude oil from all sources including Gulfcoast, midcontinent, Pennsylvania, California, Alaska and the like. Various standard refinery operations can be used in processing the mineral oil.
- Synthetic oil includes both hydrocarbon synthetic oil and synthetic esters. Useful synthetic hydrocarbon oils including liquid polymers of a-olefins having the proper viscosity. Especially useful are the hydrogenated liquid oligomers of C6-C12 a-olefins such as a-decene trimer. Likewise, alkylbenzenes of proper viscosity can be used, such as didoecylbenzene.
- Useful synthetic esters include the esters of both monocarboxylic acid and polycarboxylic acid as well as monohydroxy alkanols and polyols. Typical examples are didoceyl adipate, trimethylol propane tripelargonate, pentaerythritol tetracaproate, di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate, dilauryl sebacate and the like. Complex esters prepared from mixtures of mono- and dicarboxylic acid and mono- and polyhydroxyl alkanols can also be used.
- Blends of mineral oil with synthetic oil are particularly useful. For example, blends of 5 to 25 weight percent hydrogenated α-decene trimer with 75 to 95 weight percent 32 x 10-3 m2/S (150 SUS 38°C (100°F)) mineral oil results in an excellent lubricant. Likewise, blends of about 5 to 25 weight percent di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate with mineral oil of proper viscosity results in a superior lubricating oil. Also blends of synthetic hydrocarbon oil with synthetic esters can be used. Blends of mineral oil with synthetic oil are especially useful when preparing low viscosity oil (e.g., SAE 5W 20) since they permit these low viscosities without contributing excessive volatility.
- The more preferred lubricating oil compositions include zinc dihydrocarbyidithiophosphate (ZDDP) in combination with the present additives. Both zinc dialkyldithiophosphates and zinc dialkaryldithio- phosphates as well as mixed alkyl-aryl dithiophosphates can be used. Examples of alkyl-type ZDDP are those in which the hydrocarbyl groups are a mixture of isobutyl and isoamyl alkyl groups. Zinc di-(nonylphenyl)-dithiophosphate is an example of an aryl-type ZDDP. Good results are achieved using sufficient zinc dihydrocarbyldithiophosphate to provide about 0.01 to 0.5 weight percent zinc. A preferred concentration supplies about 0.05 to 0.3 weight percent zinc.
- Another additive used in the oil compositions are the alkaline earth metal petroleum sutfonate or alkaline earth metal alkaryl sulfonates. Examples of these are calcium petroleum suifonates, magnesium petroleum sulfonates, barium alkaryl sulfonates, calcium alkaryl sulfonates or magnesium alkaryl sulfonates. Both the neutral and the overbased sulfonates having base numbers up to about 400 can be beneficially used. These are used in an amount to provide about 0.05 to 1.5 weight percent alkaline earth metal and more preferably about 0.1 to 1.0 weight percent.
- Viscosity index improvers can be included such as the polyalkylmethacrylate type or the ethylenepropylene copolymer type. Likewise, styrene-diene VI improvers can be used. Alkaline earth metal salts of phosphosulfurized polyisobutylene are useful. Preferred crankcase oils also contain an ashless dispersant such as the polyolefin succinamides and succinimides of polyethylene polyamines such as tetraethylenepentamine. The polyolefin succinic substituent is preferably a polyisobutene group having a molecular weight of from about 800 to 5,000. Such ashless dispersants are more fully described in U.S. 3,172,892 and U.S. 3,219,666 incorporated herein by reference.
- Other useful ashless dispersants include the Mannich condensation products of polyolefin- substituted phenols, formaldehyde and polyethylene polyamine. Preferably, the polyolefin phenol is a polyisobutylene-substituted phenol in which the polyisobutylene group has a molecular weight of from about 800 to 5,000. The preferred polyethylene polyamine is tetrathylene pentamine. Such Mannich ashless dispersants are more fully described in U.S. 3,368,972; U.S. 3,413,347; U.S. 3,442,808; U.S. 3,448,047; U.S. 3,539,633; U.S. 3,591,598; U.S. 3,600,372; U.S. 3,634,515; U.S. 3,697,574; U.S. 3,703,536; U.S. 3,704,308; U.S. 3,725,480; U.S. 3,726,882; U.S. 3,736,357; U.S. 3,751,365; U.S. 3,756,953; U.S. 3,793,202, U.S. 3,798,165; U.S. 3,798,247 and U.S. 3,803,039.
- The friction-reducing additives of this invention are also useful in fuel compositions. Fuel injected or inducted into a combustion chamber wets the walls of the cylinder. Fuels containing a small amount of the present additive reduce the friction due to the piston rings sliding against the cylinder wall.
- The additives can be used in both diesel fuel and gasoline used to operate internal combustion engines. Fuels containing about 0.001 to 0.25 weight percent of the friction-reducing additives can be used.
- Fuels used with the invention can contain any of the additives conventionally added to such fuels. In the case of gasoline it can include dyes, antioxidants, detergents, antiknocks (e.g. tetraethyllead, methylcyclopentadienylmanganese tricarbonyl, rare earth metal chelates, methyl tert-butylether and the like). In the case of diesel fuels the compositions can include pour point depressants, detergents, ignition improvers (e.g. hexanitrate) and the like.
- Tests were conducted using a 1977 U.S. production automobile. These were shortened versions of the Federal City EPA cycle. This is referred to as the "Hot 505" cycle. It consists of the first 5.8 km (3.6 miles) of the Federal EPA City cycle started with a warmed-up engine instead of a cold engine. The car with a fully formulated SE grade oil in its crankcase is operated on a chassis dynamometer for about one hour at about 88 km/hr. (55 mph) to stabilize oil temperature. It is then run through four consecutive "Hot 505" cycles measuring fuel economy of the base oil. Results of the four cycles are averaged. Then one-half of the base oil is drained from the crankcase and replaced with the same base oil containing a double dose of the test additive. The car is then run at about 88 km/hr. (55 mph) for about one hour to again stabilize temperature. A second series of four consecutive "Hot 505" cycles is run to measure initial fuel economy of the base oil containing the test additive. The car is then run about 805 km (500 miles) at constant speed of about 88 km/hr. (55 mph). Then a third series of four consecutive "Hot 505" cycles are run to measure fuel economy after about 805 km (500 miles) operation on the oil containing the test additive. The crankcase is then drained hot and filled with flushing oil which is run for a short time and then drained. The crankcase is then filled with the base oil which is run for a short time and then drained. The crankcase is then filled a second time with a base oil. This is run about one hour at about 88 km/hr. (55 mph) to a stable temperature. Then a fourth series of four consecutive "Hot 505" cycles are run measuring fuel economy. This gives a second base line thus bracketing the test carried out with the friction additive between two base line tests.
-
- The reduction in fuel consumption though small is significant.
Claims (10)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US4041379A | 1979-05-18 | 1979-05-18 | |
US40413 | 1979-05-18 |
Publications (2)
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EP0020037A1 EP0020037A1 (en) | 1980-12-10 |
EP0020037B1 true EP0020037B1 (en) | 1984-08-15 |
Family
ID=21910841
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP80301487A Expired EP0020037B1 (en) | 1979-05-18 | 1980-05-07 | Oil-soluble friction-reducing additive, process for the preparation thereof, and lubricating oil or fuel composition containing the additive |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0020037B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPS5626996A (en) |
CA (1) | CA1139740A (en) |
DE (1) | DE3068942D1 (en) |
Cited By (20)
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US4661275A (en) * | 1985-07-29 | 1987-04-28 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Water-based functional fluid thickening combinations of surfactants and hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acid and/or anhydride/amine terminated poly(oxyalkylene) reaction products |
WO1987002663A1 (en) * | 1985-10-25 | 1987-05-07 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Compositions, concentrates, lubricant compositions, fuel composition and methods for improving fuel economy of internal combustion engines |
US4664834A (en) * | 1985-07-29 | 1987-05-12 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acid and/or anhydride/amine terminated poly(oxyalkylene) reaction products, and aqueous systems containing same |
EP0389237A2 (en) * | 1989-03-20 | 1990-09-26 | Ethyl Petroleum Additives Limited | Friction modifier |
EP0399764A1 (en) * | 1989-05-22 | 1990-11-28 | Ethyl Petroleum Additives Limited | Lubricant compositions |
EP0448207A1 (en) * | 1990-02-16 | 1991-09-25 | Ethyl Petroleum Additives, Inc. | Lubricant compositions |
EP0459656A1 (en) * | 1990-05-17 | 1991-12-04 | Ethyl Petroleum Additives, Inc. | Lubricant compositions |
US5122616A (en) * | 1989-09-11 | 1992-06-16 | Ethyl Petroleum Additives, Inc. | Succinimides |
US5225093A (en) * | 1990-02-16 | 1993-07-06 | Ethyl Petroleum Additives, Inc. | Gear oil additive compositions and gear oils containing the same |
USRE34459E (en) * | 1989-03-20 | 1993-11-30 | Ethyl Petroleum Additives, Limited | Friction modifier |
US5358651A (en) * | 1985-10-25 | 1994-10-25 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Compositions, concentrates, lubricant compositions, fuel composition and methods for improving fuel economy of internal combustion engines |
US5498355A (en) * | 1994-09-20 | 1996-03-12 | Ethyl Corporation | Lubricant compositions of enhanced performance capabilities |
US5516444A (en) * | 1994-10-13 | 1996-05-14 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc | Synergistic combinations for use in functional fluid compositions |
US5750476A (en) * | 1995-10-18 | 1998-05-12 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Power transmitting fluids with improved anti-shudder durability |
US5767045A (en) * | 1995-12-01 | 1998-06-16 | Ethyl Petroleum Additives Limited | Hydraulic fluids |
US5840662A (en) * | 1995-10-18 | 1998-11-24 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Lubricating oils of improved friction durability |
WO2000043596A2 (en) | 1999-01-25 | 2000-07-27 | Betek Bergbau- Und Hartmetall-Technik Karl-Heinz Simon Gmbh & Co. Kg | Tool with wearing protection element for a street milling, coal-cutting, mining machine or the like |
US6096691A (en) * | 1993-04-09 | 2000-08-01 | Ethyl Corporation | Gear oil additive concentrates and lubricants containing them |
US8557752B2 (en) | 2005-03-23 | 2013-10-15 | Afton Chemical Corporation | Lubricating compositions |
WO2023192286A3 (en) * | 2022-03-29 | 2023-11-09 | Vertellus Holdings Llc | Alkenyl succinimide compounds and their use |
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US4295983A (en) * | 1980-06-12 | 1981-10-20 | Ethyl Corporation | Lubricating oil composition containing boronated N-hydroxymethyl succinimide friction reducers |
US5328619A (en) * | 1991-06-21 | 1994-07-12 | Ethyl Petroleum Additives, Inc. | Oil additive concentrates and lubricants of enhanced performance capabilities |
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US9011556B2 (en) | 2007-03-09 | 2015-04-21 | Afton Chemical Corporation | Fuel composition containing a hydrocarbyl-substituted succinimide |
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US8690968B2 (en) | 2008-04-04 | 2014-04-08 | Afton Chemical Corporation | Succinimide lubricity additive for diesel fuel and a method for reducing wear scarring in an engine |
GB0909351D0 (en) | 2009-06-01 | 2009-07-15 | Innospec Ltd | Improvements in efficiency |
JP5642360B2 (en) * | 2009-06-16 | 2014-12-17 | シェブロンジャパン株式会社 | Lubricating oil composition |
GB2486255A (en) | 2010-12-09 | 2012-06-13 | Innospec Ltd | Improvements in or relating to additives for fuels and lubricants |
US9499763B2 (en) | 2012-12-21 | 2016-11-22 | Afton Chemical Corporation | Additive compositions with plural friction modifiers |
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GB877845A (en) * | 1959-01-27 | 1961-09-20 | Socony Mobil Oil Co Inc | Gasoline fuels for internal combustion engines |
US3309365A (en) * | 1964-10-09 | 1967-03-14 | Gen Aniline & Film Corp | Alkylated cyclic imides and processes for their production |
US3382172A (en) * | 1966-05-18 | 1968-05-07 | Chevron Res | Alkenyl succinic acids as antiwear agents |
US3655351A (en) * | 1969-05-29 | 1972-04-11 | Cities Service Oil Co | Gasoline composition |
-
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- 1980-04-22 CA CA000350389A patent/CA1139740A/en not_active Expired
- 1980-05-07 EP EP80301487A patent/EP0020037B1/en not_active Expired
- 1980-05-07 DE DE8080301487T patent/DE3068942D1/en not_active Expired
- 1980-05-16 JP JP6519080A patent/JPS5626996A/en active Granted
Cited By (26)
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US4661275A (en) * | 1985-07-29 | 1987-04-28 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Water-based functional fluid thickening combinations of surfactants and hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acid and/or anhydride/amine terminated poly(oxyalkylene) reaction products |
US4664834A (en) * | 1985-07-29 | 1987-05-12 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acid and/or anhydride/amine terminated poly(oxyalkylene) reaction products, and aqueous systems containing same |
WO1987002663A1 (en) * | 1985-10-25 | 1987-05-07 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Compositions, concentrates, lubricant compositions, fuel composition and methods for improving fuel economy of internal combustion engines |
US5358651A (en) * | 1985-10-25 | 1994-10-25 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Compositions, concentrates, lubricant compositions, fuel composition and methods for improving fuel economy of internal combustion engines |
EP0454180A2 (en) * | 1985-10-25 | 1991-10-30 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Compositions, concentrates, lubricant compositions, fuel composition and methods for improving fuel economy of internal combustion engines |
EP0454180A3 (en) * | 1985-10-25 | 1991-12-11 | Lubrizol Corp | Compositions, concentrates, lubricant compositions, fuel composition and methods for improving fuel economy of internal combustion engines |
EP0389237A2 (en) * | 1989-03-20 | 1990-09-26 | Ethyl Petroleum Additives Limited | Friction modifier |
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USRE34459E (en) * | 1989-03-20 | 1993-11-30 | Ethyl Petroleum Additives, Limited | Friction modifier |
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US5126064A (en) * | 1989-05-22 | 1992-06-30 | Ethyl Petroleum Additives, Ltd. | Lubricant compositions |
US5122616A (en) * | 1989-09-11 | 1992-06-16 | Ethyl Petroleum Additives, Inc. | Succinimides |
US5225093A (en) * | 1990-02-16 | 1993-07-06 | Ethyl Petroleum Additives, Inc. | Gear oil additive compositions and gear oils containing the same |
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US5942470A (en) * | 1990-05-17 | 1999-08-24 | Ethyl Petroleum Additives, Inc. | Lubricant compositions |
EP0459656A1 (en) * | 1990-05-17 | 1991-12-04 | Ethyl Petroleum Additives, Inc. | Lubricant compositions |
US6096691A (en) * | 1993-04-09 | 2000-08-01 | Ethyl Corporation | Gear oil additive concentrates and lubricants containing them |
US5498355A (en) * | 1994-09-20 | 1996-03-12 | Ethyl Corporation | Lubricant compositions of enhanced performance capabilities |
US5516444A (en) * | 1994-10-13 | 1996-05-14 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc | Synergistic combinations for use in functional fluid compositions |
US5840662A (en) * | 1995-10-18 | 1998-11-24 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Lubricating oils of improved friction durability |
US5750476A (en) * | 1995-10-18 | 1998-05-12 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Power transmitting fluids with improved anti-shudder durability |
US5767045A (en) * | 1995-12-01 | 1998-06-16 | Ethyl Petroleum Additives Limited | Hydraulic fluids |
WO2000043596A2 (en) | 1999-01-25 | 2000-07-27 | Betek Bergbau- Und Hartmetall-Technik Karl-Heinz Simon Gmbh & Co. Kg | Tool with wearing protection element for a street milling, coal-cutting, mining machine or the like |
US6619757B1 (en) | 1999-01-25 | 2003-09-16 | Betek Bergbau- Und Hartmettall-Technik Karl-Heinz Simon Gmbh & Co. Kg | Tool for a street milling, coal-cutting or mining machine |
US8557752B2 (en) | 2005-03-23 | 2013-10-15 | Afton Chemical Corporation | Lubricating compositions |
WO2023192286A3 (en) * | 2022-03-29 | 2023-11-09 | Vertellus Holdings Llc | Alkenyl succinimide compounds and their use |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPH0142997B2 (en) | 1989-09-18 |
DE3068942D1 (en) | 1984-09-20 |
JPS5626996A (en) | 1981-03-16 |
EP0020037A1 (en) | 1980-12-10 |
CA1139740A (en) | 1983-01-18 |
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