EP0030321A1 - Method and apparatus for optimizing an electrofiltration plant - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for optimizing an electrofiltration plant Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0030321A1
EP0030321A1 EP80107359A EP80107359A EP0030321A1 EP 0030321 A1 EP0030321 A1 EP 0030321A1 EP 80107359 A EP80107359 A EP 80107359A EP 80107359 A EP80107359 A EP 80107359A EP 0030321 A1 EP0030321 A1 EP 0030321A1
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Prior art keywords
energy
individual
dust
filters
optimizing
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EP80107359A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0030321B1 (en
Inventor
Helmut Dipl.-Ing. Herklotz
Franz Dipl.-Ing. Neulinger
Horst Dr. Dipl.-Ing. Daar
Heinrich Winkler
Günter Mehler
Helmut Dipl.-Ing. Schummer
Walter Dipl.-Ing. Schmidt
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GEA Group AG
Siemens AG
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Metallgesellschaft AG
Siemens AG
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Priority to AT80107359T priority Critical patent/ATE4374T1/en
Publication of EP0030321A1 publication Critical patent/EP0030321A1/en
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Publication of EP0030321B1 publication Critical patent/EP0030321B1/en
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C3/00—Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
    • B03C3/34—Constructional details or accessories or operation thereof
    • B03C3/66—Applications of electricity supply techniques
    • B03C3/68—Control systems therefor

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for optimizing an electrostatic filter system.
  • electrostatic filters For the separation of dust, electrostatic filters have been known for a long time, in which the dust particles are electrically charged and deposited on electrodes. The separation performance is roughly proportional to the square of the filter voltage. Control methods and circuits for such filters are known for example from Siemens magazine 1971, pages 567-572.
  • electrostatic precipitators that consist of a series of individual chambers that are connected in parallel and / or in series. If you provide a separate power supply system with control for each of these chambers, you can see the entire system from one Think set of individual electrostatic filters composed. For reasons of keeping the air clean and / or recovering valuable useful dust, it is often of the greatest interest in an electrostatic precipitator to keep the separation efficiency and thus the degree of dedusting at a predetermined value. For this purpose, the dust load of the smoke or gas leaving the system can be measured and then intervened accordingly in the system.
  • the object of the present invention is to optimize an electrostatic filter system with regard to energy expenditure and separation.
  • the electrical energies supplied to the individual electrostatic filters are automatically changed iteratively in such a way that the total sum of the energies tends to a minimum for a given dust load at the system outlet.
  • the dust load to be specified is automatically determined by comparing the total energy to be used with the amount of usable dust that can be separated.
  • the separating power is distributed to the respective filter in such a way that the most favorable efficiency - i.e. electrical effort for the separated amount of dust - results.
  • a master controller controlling dust loading and energy minimum is advantageously superimposed on the energy controllers of the individual filters, which regulates the reference variables for the controllers.
  • the individual controllers are preferably designed as microcomputer systems which are connected via a collective bus to a master computer serving as a master controller.
  • the schematically shown electrostatic filter system consists of the individual filters 1, 2 and 3; the gas stream 6 to be cleaned flows through the individual filters 1 to 3 one after the other in the direction of arrow 7.
  • each electrostatic filter 1 consists of the actual filter part 11 with the electrodes for separating the dust and a voltage supply 12, which is constructed in a manner known per se from a thyristor actuator connected to an AC network, a high-voltage transformer and a secondary-side high-voltage rectifier .
  • a thyristor actuator connected to an AC network, a high-voltage transformer and a secondary-side high-voltage rectifier .
  • the dust load prevailing at the outlet of the system is recorded with a measuring device 5 and the degree of dedusting D i is compared in a master controller 4 designed as a computer with a predetermined target value D s . This then specifies the individual energy setpoints US via the data bus 41 to the controllers 13, 23 and 33 of the filters 1, 2 and 3.
  • the power E1 supplied to the electrostatic filter 1 can be detected, for example, by the product of the primary voltage and primary current or by the filter sizes on the secondary side.
  • a signal proportional to this power E1 is fed to an energy minimum controller 42 in the master controller 4.
  • the energies E2 and E3 become the Filters 2 and 3 proportional signals fed to this controller 42.
  • the energy of filter 1 is reduced by the amount ⁇ E. This does result in a reduction in the total energy ⁇ E, but at the same time in a reduction in the actual degree of dedusting D.
  • the power E2 supplied to the filter 2 is therefore increased. Although this brings the dedusting level back to the old value D, it results in an increase in the total energy consumption ⁇ E compared to the original state.
  • a different strategy is therefore used at time t3, namely the energy E1 is increased. At the same time, this increases the degree of separation above the required dimension D, so at time t4 the performance of the filter 2 is reduced to such an extent that the predefined degree of dedusting D results again.
  • the required total energy ⁇ E of the electrostatic precipitator system is also reduced for a given degree of dedusting.
  • the method described above is then continued iteratively by changing the individual values during the operation of the electrostatic filter system, so that the system is always at the optimum energy ar works.
  • a further optimization strategy for an electrostatic precipitator with regard to energy consumption and separation is given by placing the cost of electrical energy in relation to the value of the useful dust in the master computer and by using this to specify the degree of dedusting - which must of course be above the legally prescribed standard - is determined.

Abstract

1. A process for optimizing the expenditure of energy in an installation consisting of a plurality of electrostatic filters, characterized in that the electric energy levels (E1, E2) fed to the individual electrostatic filters (1, 2, 3) are iteratively automatically changed in such manner that the total energy sum (sigma E) tends towards a minimum for a given dust charge (Ds ) at the output of the installation.

Description

Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf ein Verfahren zum Optimieren einer Elektrofilteranlage.The invention relates to a method for optimizing an electrostatic filter system.

Zur Abscheidung von Staub sind bereits seit längerer Zeit Elektrofilter bekannt, bei denen die Staubteilchen elektrisch geladen und an Elektroden abgeschie-c den werden. Die Abscheideleistung ist dabei in etwa dem Quadrat der Filterspannung proportional. Steuerverfahren und Schaltungen für derartige Filter sind beispielsweise aus der Siemens-Zeitschrift 1971, Seiten 567-572 bekannt.For the separation of dust, electrostatic filters have been known for a long time, in which the dust particles are electrically charged and deposited on electrodes. The separation performance is roughly proportional to the square of the filter voltage. Control methods and circuits for such filters are known for example from Siemens magazine 1971, pages 567-572.

Es gibt nun Elektrofilteranlagen, die aus einer Reihe von Einzelkammern bestehen, die parallel und/oder in Reihe geschaltet sind. Sieht man für jede dieser Kammern eine eigene Spannungsversorgungsanlage mit Regelung vor, so kann man sich die Gesamtanlage aus einer Reihe von einzelnen Elektrofiltern zusammengesetzt denken. Aus Gründen der Reinhaltung der Luft und/oder Rückgewinnung wertvollen Nutzstaubes ist es häufig bei einer Elektrofilteranlage von größtem Interesse, die Abscheideleistung und damit den Entstaubungsgrad auf einen vorgegebenen Wert zu halten. Hierzu kann die Staubbeladung des die Anlage verlassenden Rauches oder Gases gemessen und dann entsprechend in die Anlage eingegriffen werden.There are now electrostatic precipitators that consist of a series of individual chambers that are connected in parallel and / or in series. If you provide a separate power supply system with control for each of these chambers, you can see the entire system from one Think set of individual electrostatic filters composed. For reasons of keeping the air clean and / or recovering valuable useful dust, it is often of the greatest interest in an electrostatic precipitator to keep the separation efficiency and thus the degree of dedusting at a predetermined value. For this purpose, the dust load of the smoke or gas leaving the system can be measured and then intervened accordingly in the system.

Die Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung besteht darin, eine Elektrofilteranlage im Hinblick auf Energieaufwand und Abscheidung zu optimieren.The object of the present invention is to optimize an electrostatic filter system with regard to energy expenditure and separation.

Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß dadurch gelöst, daß die den einzelnen Elektrofiltern zugeführten elektrischen Energien auf iterativem Wege derart selbsttätig verändert werden, daß die Gesamtsumme der Energien bei vorgegebener Staubbeladung am Anlagenausgang einem Minimum zustrebt. Alternativ wird zur Optimierung die vorzugebende Staubbeladung selbsttätig aüs dem Vergleich der aufzuwendenden Gesamtenergie mit der Menge des abscheidbaren Nutzstaubes ermittelt.This object is achieved according to the invention in that the electrical energies supplied to the individual electrostatic filters are automatically changed iteratively in such a way that the total sum of the energies tends to a minimum for a given dust load at the system outlet. Alternatively, for optimization, the dust load to be specified is automatically determined by comparing the total energy to be used with the amount of usable dust that can be separated.

Auf die erste Weise werden die Abscheideleistungen so auf die jeweiligen Filter verteilt, daß sich für die einzelnen Filter der günstigste Wirkungsgrad - d.h. elektrischer Aufwand zur abgeschiedenen Staubmenge - ergibt.In the first way, the separating power is distributed to the respective filter in such a way that the most favorable efficiency - i.e. electrical effort for the separated amount of dust - results.

Bei einer Einrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens ist vorteilhafterweise den Energiereglern der einzelnen Filter ein Staubbeladung und Energieminimum steuernder Leitregler überlagert, der die Führungsgrößen für die Regler vorgibt. Hierbei sind vorzugsweise die einzelnen Regler als Mikrocomputersysteme ausgebildet, die über einen Sammelbus mit einem als Leitregler dienenden Leitrechner verbunden sind.In the case of a device for carrying out the method, a master controller controlling dust loading and energy minimum is advantageously superimposed on the energy controllers of the individual filters, which regulates the reference variables for the controllers. In this case, the individual controllers are preferably designed as microcomputer systems which are connected via a collective bus to a master computer serving as a master controller.

Anhand eines in der Zeichnung dargestellten Ausführungsbeispieles sei die Erfindung näher erläutert; es zeigen:

  • Figur 1 ein schematisches Schaltbild der Anlage und
  • Figur 2 Zusammenhänge zwischen Staubbeladung und Energieaufwand in den einzelnen Filtern.
The invention will be explained in more detail with reference to an embodiment shown in the drawing; show it:
  • Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the system and
  • Figure 2 Relationship between dust loading and energy consumption in the individual filters.

Die schematisch gezeigte Elektrofilteranlage besteht aus den einzelnen Filtern 1, 2 und 3; der zu reinigende Gasstrom 6 durchfließt in Richtung des Pfeiles 7 nacheinander die einzelnen Filter 1 bis 3.The schematically shown electrostatic filter system consists of the individual filters 1, 2 and 3; the gas stream 6 to be cleaned flows through the individual filters 1 to 3 one after the other in the direction of arrow 7.

Wie schematisch in Figur 1 angedeutet, besteht jedes Elektrofilter 1 aus dem eigentlichen Filterteil 11 mit den Elektroden zur Abscheidung des Staubes und einer Spannungsversorgung 12, die in an sich bekannter Weise aus einem an ein Wechselstromnetz angeschlossenen Thyristorstellglied, einem Hochspannungstransformator und einem sekundärseitigen Hochspannungsgleichrichter aufgebaut ist. Durch Ansteuerung des Thyristorstellgliedes über den Regler 13 kann sekundärseitig eine vorgegebene Gleichspannung eingehalten werden.As indicated schematically in Figure 1, each electrostatic filter 1 consists of the actual filter part 11 with the electrodes for separating the dust and a voltage supply 12, which is constructed in a manner known per se from a thyristor actuator connected to an AC network, a high-voltage transformer and a secondary-side high-voltage rectifier . By controlling the thyristor actuator via the controller 13, a predetermined DC voltage can be maintained on the secondary side.

Die am Ausgang der Anlage herrschende Staubbeladung wird mit einem Meßgerät 5 erfaßt und der Entstaubungsgrad Di in einem als Rechner ausgebildeten Leitregler 4 mit einem vorgegebenen Sollwert D s verglichen. Dieser gibt dann die einzelnen Energiesollwerte US über den Datenbus 41 an die Regler 13, 23 und 33 der Filter 1, 2 und 3 vor.The dust load prevailing at the outlet of the system is recorded with a measuring device 5 and the degree of dedusting D i is compared in a master controller 4 designed as a computer with a predetermined target value D s . This then specifies the individual energy setpoints US via the data bus 41 to the controllers 13, 23 and 33 of the filters 1, 2 and 3.

Die dem Elektrofilter 1 zugeführte Leistung E1 ist z.B. über das Produkt von Primärspannung und Primärstrom oder durch die sekundärseitigen Filtergrößen erfaßtbar. Ein dieser Leistung E1 proportionales Signal wird an einen Energieminimumregler 42 im Leitregler 4 geführt. Gleichzeitig werden auch den Energien E2 und E3 der Filter 2 und 3 proportionale Signale diesem Regler 42 zugeführt. Dieser bildet die Summe ≥ der Energien und beeinflußt den Leitregler 4 derart, daß die Energiesumme ein Minimum wird; und zwar geschieht dies dann durch entsprechende Vorgabe der einzelnen SollwertenergienThe power E1 supplied to the electrostatic filter 1 can be detected, for example, by the product of the primary voltage and primary current or by the filter sizes on the secondary side. A signal proportional to this power E1 is fed to an energy minimum controller 42 in the master controller 4. At the same time, the energies E2 and E3 become the Filters 2 and 3 proportional signals fed to this controller 42. This forms the sum ≥ of the energies and influences the master controller 4 in such a way that the energy sum becomes a minimum; This is done by specifying the individual setpoint energies accordingly

US an die einzelnen Regler 13, 23 bzw. 33.U S to the individual controllers 13, 23 and 33.

Figur 2 zeigt diese Zusammenhänge der Regelung.Figure 2 shows these relationships of the regulation.

Es ist z.B. gefordert, die Entstaubung auf den mit D angegebenen Wert zu halten. Dies geschieht bis zum Zeitpunkt t1 durch die gezeigte Verteilung der elektrischen Energien E1, E2 und E3 auf die einzelnen Filter 1, 2 und 3. Dies ergibt dann die Gesamtenergie ≥E.It is e.g. required to keep the dedusting at the value indicated with D. This occurs up to time t1 through the distribution of the electrical energies E1, E2 and E3 shown on the individual filters 1, 2 and 3. This then gives the total energy ≥E.

Zum Zeitpunkt t1 wird die Energie des Filters 1 um den Betrag △E abgesenkt. Dies hat zwar eine Absenkung der Gesamtenergie ΣE zur Folge, aber gleichzeitig auch eine Senkung des tatsächlichen Entstaubungsgrades D . Zum Zeitpunkt t2 wird daher die dem Filter 2 zugeführte Leistung E2 erhöht. Dies bringt zwar wieder'den Entstaubungsgrad auf den alten Wert D , ergibt aber eine Vergrößerung des Gesamtenergieverbrauches Σ E gegenüber dem ursprünglichen Zustand. Im Zeitpunkt t3 wird daher zu einer anderen Strategie gegriffen, und zwar wird die Energie E1 erhöht. Dies erhöht gleichzeitig den Abscheidegrad über das geforderte Maß D , daher wird zum Zeitpunkt t4 die Leistung des Filters 2 soweit herabgesetzt, daß sich wieder der vorgegebene Entstaubungsgrad D ergibt. Durch diesen Eingriff wird auch gleich- zeitig die erforderliche Gesamtenergie Σ E des Elektrofiltersystems bei vorgegebenem Entstaubungsgrad geringer. Das vorstehend beschriebene Verfahren wird dann auf iterativem Wege durch Verändern der einzelnen Werte während des Betriebes der Elektrofilteranlage fortgesetzt, so daß die Anlage stets am Energieoptimum arbeitet.At time t1, the energy of filter 1 is reduced by the amount △ E. This does result in a reduction in the total energy ΣE, but at the same time in a reduction in the actual degree of dedusting D. At time t2, the power E2 supplied to the filter 2 is therefore increased. Although this brings the dedusting level back to the old value D, it results in an increase in the total energy consumption Σ E compared to the original state. A different strategy is therefore used at time t3, namely the energy E1 is increased. At the same time, this increases the degree of separation above the required dimension D, so at time t4 the performance of the filter 2 is reduced to such an extent that the predefined degree of dedusting D results again. As a result of this intervention, the required total energy Σ E of the electrostatic precipitator system is also reduced for a given degree of dedusting. The method described above is then continued iteratively by changing the individual values during the operation of the electrostatic filter system, so that the system is always at the optimum energy ar works.

Durch das vorbeschriebene Vorgehen, das mit Hilfe der Rechnersysteme relativ leicht und relativ schnell ausgeführt werden kann, wird sichergestellt, daß nicht mehr wertvolle elektrische Energie verbraucht wird, als für das Erreichen eines vorgegebenen Entstaubungsgrades erforderlich ist.The procedure described above, which can be carried out relatively easily and relatively quickly with the aid of the computer systems, ensures that no more valuable electrical energy is consumed than is required to achieve a predetermined degree of dedusting.

Eine weitere Optimierungsstrategie bei einer Elektrofilteranlage im Hinblick auf Energieaufwand und Abscheidung ist dadurch gegeben, daß im Leitrechner die Kosten der elektrischen Energie in bezug zu dem Wert des Nutzstaubes gesetzt wird und daß hieraus der vorzugebende Entstaubungsgrad - der selbstverständlich über dem gesetzlich vorgeschriebenen Standard liegen muß - ermittelt wird.A further optimization strategy for an electrostatic precipitator with regard to energy consumption and separation is given by placing the cost of electrical energy in relation to the value of the useful dust in the master computer and by using this to specify the degree of dedusting - which must of course be above the legally prescribed standard - is determined.

Claims (4)

1. Verfahren zum Optimieren des Energieaufwandes bei einer aus mehreren Elektrofiltern bestehenden Anlage, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die den einzelnen Elektrofiltern (1, 2, 3) zugeführten elektrischen Energien (E1, E2) auf iterativem Wege derart selbsttätig verändert werden, daß die Gesamtsumme (E E) der Energien bei vorgegebener Staubbeladung (D ) am Anlagenausgang einem Minimum zustrebt. s1. A method for optimizing the energy consumption in a system consisting of several electrostatic filters, characterized in that the electrical energies (E1, E2) supplied to the individual electrostatic filters (1, 2, 3) are automatically changed iteratively in such a way that the total ( EE) the energies for a given dust load (D) at the system exit strive for a minimum. s 2. Verfahren zum Optimieren der Reingasstaubbeladung. einer Elektrofilteranlage, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die vorzugebende Staubbeladung (D ) selbsttätig aus dem Vergleich der aufzuwendenden Gesamtenergie (ΣE) mit der Menge des abscheidbaren Nutzstaubes ermittelt wird.2. Procedure for optimizing the clean gas dust loading. an electrostatic precipitator, characterized in that the dust load (D) to be specified is determined automatically from the comparison of the total energy (ΣE) to be used with the amount of usable dust that can be separated. 3. Einrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß den Energiereglern (13, 23, 33) der einzelnen Filter (1, 2, 3) ein Reingasstabbeladung und Energieminimum steuernder Leitregler (4) überlagert ist, der die Führungsgrößen für die Regler vorgibt.3. Device for performing the method according to claim 1, characterized in that the energy controllers (13, 23, 33) of the individual filters (1, 2, 3) a clean gas rod loading and energy minimum controlling master controller (4) is superimposed, which the reference variables for the controller specifies. 4. Einrichtung nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die einzelnen Regler (13, 23, 33) als Mikrocomputersysteme ausgebildet sind, die über einen Sammelbus (41) mit einem als Leitregler dienenden Leitrechner (4) verkehren.4. Device according to claim 3, characterized in that the individual controllers (13, 23, 33) are designed as microcomputer systems which run via a collective bus (41) with a master computer (4) serving as a master controller.
EP80107359A 1979-12-11 1980-11-25 Method and apparatus for optimizing an electrofiltration plant Expired EP0030321B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT80107359T ATE4374T1 (en) 1979-12-11 1980-11-25 METHOD AND DEVICE FOR OPTIMIZING AN ELECTRIC FILTER PLANT.

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DE19792949797 DE2949797A1 (en) 1979-12-11 1979-12-11 METHOD FOR OPTIMIZING AN ELECTROFILTER SYSTEM
DE2949797 1979-12-11

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EP0030321A1 true EP0030321A1 (en) 1981-06-17
EP0030321B1 EP0030321B1 (en) 1983-08-03

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Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0044488A1 (en) * 1980-07-17 1982-01-27 Metallgesellschaft Ag Operating method and apparatus for an electrofilter fed by an adjustable DC voltage with superposed pulses
FR2516406A1 (en) * 1981-11-13 1983-05-20 Blue Circle Ind Plc METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR ELECTROSTATIC DUST PRECIPITATION
EP0090785A1 (en) * 1982-03-25 1983-10-05 Fläkt Aktiebolag Arrangement for control of current and/or voltage connected to electrode groups in an installation comprising electrostatic dust separators
EP0132659A1 (en) * 1983-07-20 1985-02-13 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Regulating arrangement for an electrofilter
US4613346A (en) * 1982-08-09 1986-09-23 F. L. Smidth & Co. Energy control for electrostatic precipitator
DE3910123C1 (en) * 1989-03-29 1990-05-23 Walther & Cie Ag, 5000 Koeln, De Method for optimising the energy consumption when operating an electrostatic precipitator

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3039252A (en) * 1956-01-12 1962-06-19 Research Corp Electrical precipitator power system

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3039252A (en) * 1956-01-12 1962-06-19 Research Corp Electrical precipitator power system

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0044488A1 (en) * 1980-07-17 1982-01-27 Metallgesellschaft Ag Operating method and apparatus for an electrofilter fed by an adjustable DC voltage with superposed pulses
FR2516406A1 (en) * 1981-11-13 1983-05-20 Blue Circle Ind Plc METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR ELECTROSTATIC DUST PRECIPITATION
WO1983001746A1 (en) * 1981-11-13 1983-05-26 Coppen, Anthony, Roland Method and apparatus for electrostatic dust precipitation
EP0090785A1 (en) * 1982-03-25 1983-10-05 Fläkt Aktiebolag Arrangement for control of current and/or voltage connected to electrode groups in an installation comprising electrostatic dust separators
US4490159A (en) * 1982-03-25 1984-12-25 Flakt Aktiebolag System and method for controlling energization of electrodes in electrostatic dust separators
US4613346A (en) * 1982-08-09 1986-09-23 F. L. Smidth & Co. Energy control for electrostatic precipitator
EP0132659A1 (en) * 1983-07-20 1985-02-13 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Regulating arrangement for an electrofilter
US4521228A (en) * 1983-07-20 1985-06-04 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Control device for an electrostatic precipitator
DE3910123C1 (en) * 1989-03-29 1990-05-23 Walther & Cie Ag, 5000 Koeln, De Method for optimising the energy consumption when operating an electrostatic precipitator

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ATE4374T1 (en) 1983-08-15
EP0030321B1 (en) 1983-08-03
DE3064503D1 (en) 1983-09-08
DE2949797A1 (en) 1981-06-19
AR227383A1 (en) 1982-10-29

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