EP0132884B1 - Device for suppressing steam in domestic washing machines - Google Patents

Device for suppressing steam in domestic washing machines Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0132884B1
EP0132884B1 EP84201043A EP84201043A EP0132884B1 EP 0132884 B1 EP0132884 B1 EP 0132884B1 EP 84201043 A EP84201043 A EP 84201043A EP 84201043 A EP84201043 A EP 84201043A EP 0132884 B1 EP0132884 B1 EP 0132884B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
water
tub
steam
agent container
chamber
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP84201043A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0132884A2 (en
EP0132884A3 (en
Inventor
Michele Inter. Octrooibureau B.V. Noceroni
Giovanni Inter. Octrooibureau B.V. Novellino
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
IRE Industrie Riunite Eurodomestici SpA
Whirlpool International BV
Original Assignee
IRE Industrie Riunite Eurodomestici SpA
Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken NV
Whirlpool International BV
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by IRE Industrie Riunite Eurodomestici SpA, Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken NV, Whirlpool International BV filed Critical IRE Industrie Riunite Eurodomestici SpA
Publication of EP0132884A2 publication Critical patent/EP0132884A2/en
Publication of EP0132884A3 publication Critical patent/EP0132884A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0132884B1 publication Critical patent/EP0132884B1/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06FLAUNDERING, DRYING, IRONING, PRESSING OR FOLDING TEXTILE ARTICLES
    • D06F39/00Details of washing machines not specific to a single type of machines covered by groups D06F9/00 - D06F27/00 
    • D06F39/06Arrangements for preventing or destroying scum

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a device for suppressing steam in domestic washing machines which comprise a wash agent container connected hydraulically to a tub in which the drum carrying the laundry is rotatably supported, and water delivery means associated with the wash agent container in order to discharge the wash agents into the tub through said hydraulic connection whereby a syphon is disposed in the hydraulic connection between the wash agent container and the tub, and the tub is connected by a steam vent pipe to a steam condenser.
  • the object of the present invention is to effectively and largely suppress the steam which generates in the tub during washing, by the use of simple means.
  • a device which is characterized in that the vent pipe terminates by way of an outlet stub in a water chamber which is provided in the wash agent container and is fed by the water delivery means, the water chamber forming a reservoir which is permanently filled with water surrounding the outlet stub during operation of the machine.
  • a deflecting angle plate for guiding the steam leaving said pipe towards the water contained in the chamber.
  • the reference numeral 1 indicates the conventional tub of a washing machine.
  • the drum 2 into which the laundry to be washed is placed, is cantilever-mounted rotatably inside the tub.
  • the drum is driven by an electric motor 3 by way of a belt transmission 4.
  • the tub is suspended from a load-bearing frame, not shown, by means of springs 5.
  • the washing machine comprises a wash agent container, indicated overall by 6 and for simplicity defined in the present description by the term "drawer”, into which the wash agents (detergents, softeners etc.) are placed, and are discharged into the tub 1 by the water flowing from the water main through the pipe 7 and a solenoid valve, not shown.
  • a wash agent container indicated overall by 6 and for simplicity defined in the present description by the term “drawer”, into which the wash agents (detergents, softeners etc.) are placed, and are discharged into the tub 1 by the water flowing from the water main through the pipe 7 and a solenoid valve, not shown.
  • the drawer 6 comprises a lower casing 8 possessing an inclined base 9 which converges towards a pipe stub 8A on which is mounted the end of a flexible pipe 10 which terminates on the tub 1, at a suitable aperture provided in the tub shell.
  • the pipe 10 comprises a syphon 11, in which a plug of water forms and remains, its purpose being to prevent the steam generated in the tub during washing from escaping outwards through the drawer 6.
  • the drawer also comprises an extractable part 12 possessing a set of compartments 12a, b, c,... in which the washing agents used in the wash cycle are placed in their required quantities.
  • the lower casing 8 is closed upperly by a cover 13, which comprises a set of tubes 14a, b..., which terminate above the compartments 12a, 12b... and serve to feed these latter with the water necessary for removing the products used during washing (see Figure 2).
  • said tubes terminate in mutually aligned apertures (again see Figure 2) in front of which, and aligned therewith, are provided nozzles 15a, b, c... provided on the stationary pipe 7, which is connected to the water main.
  • a substantially cylindrical guide 16 (see Figure 3) which is in one piece with the cover and is provided with a longitudinal slot 17 facing the inlets of the tubes 14a, b....
  • the guide in question is open lowerly at 18 to allow water to discharge to the lower casing 8 and from here into the tub 1 through the pipe 10.
  • the tubular guide 16 also upperly comprises a longitudinal slot 19 to allow the movement of a peg 20 associated with a distributor 21 which is slidably mounted in said guide 16.
  • the distributor is of approximately cylindrical configuration, and comprises an outlet port 22 disposed in the slot 17 of the guide 16 in front of the mouths of the tubes 14a, b, c....
  • the distributor 21 also comprises side walls provided with a slot 23 in order not to interfere with the nozzles 15a, b... or with the pipe 7 during its movements.
  • the peg 20 is disposed between the arms of a fork provided at the end of a lever 24 which is pivoted at 25 and is made to adhere, by means of a spring 26, to a cam 27 rigid with the exit shaft 29 of the normal washing machine programmer (timer) 28.
  • the distributor 21 can be operated in any other known manner, such as that described in Italian patent 863,831.
  • One or two nozzles 15a, b, c... come into communication with one or two inlets of the pipes 14a, b, c... by way of the port 22, in accordance with the position assumed by the distributor 21 at any given time.
  • the other nozzles, which do not face the port 22, discharge their water into the underlying casing 8, and part of this water reaches a lateral chamber 40, into which there extends the outlet stub 41 of a flexible vent pipe 42 connected to the tub 1.
  • Said chamber 40 is bounded by walls 43 rigid with the lower casing 8 of the drawer, and comprises an overflow edge 44 for discharging the excess water which reaches it when the water feed pipe 7 is opened.
  • the outlet stub 41 also forms a single piece with the lower casing 8 of the drawer, and on it there is disposed ( Figure 5) a deflector member or angle plate indicated overall by 50 and provided lowerly with a series of elastic stems 51 which are disposed spaced-apart along a cylindrical surface and elastically clamp against the upper part of the outlet stub 41 in order to removably retain said angle plate 50 in situ.
  • the angle plate comprises two substantially converging surfaces 52 and a rib 53, by which it can be gripped for its removal or its fitting to the end of the outlet stub 41.
  • the purpose of the angle plate 50 is to deflect any still uncondensed steam leaving the outlet stub 41, towards and on to the surface of the water contained in the chamber 40 (see also Figure 4).
  • the operation is easily apparent from the aforegoing description.
  • the water is fed, according to requirements, into the predetermined compartments 12a, b... of the drawer 6, in accordance with the position of the distributor 21 relative to the fixed nozzles 15a, b.... Part of the water penetrates into the compartments, removes the wash agents and is discharged from one end of said compartments, for example as shown in Figure 1 of French patent 1,601,628.
  • this water containing the entrained wash agent meets the water from the other nozzles 15a, b, c..., this latter having directly reached said base without passing through the compartments.
  • a certain quantity of this latter water also enters the chamber 40 to replace that already present, and the excess of this water is discharged over the overflow edge 44 and on to the inclined base 9. All these water streams flow through the pipe 10 and syphon 11 and into the tub 1.
  • the uncondensed steam which emerges below the angle plate 50 is directed by this latter on to the free surface of the water contained in the chamber 40 (because of the converging inclined surface configuration of the angle plate), so that it is further suppressed. In this manner, there is substantially no escape of steam into the room in which the washing machine is situated.

Description

  • This invention relates to a device for suppressing steam in domestic washing machines which comprise a wash agent container connected hydraulically to a tub in which the drum carrying the laundry is rotatably supported, and water delivery means associated with the wash agent container in order to discharge the wash agents into the tub through said hydraulic connection whereby a syphon is disposed in the hydraulic connection between the wash agent container and the tub, and the tub is connected by a steam vent pipe to a steam condenser.
  • During the washing of the laundry, a relatively high temperature is reached, leading to the emission of steam which escapes from the tub to the outside. This steam emission is annoying, in the long term can damage the room in which the washing machine is installed, and in any case contributes to the agglomeration of the wash agent residues remaining in the drawer.
  • From the DE-A-17.60.809 it is known to provide a washing machine with a device for destroying foam with the aid of a water jet, which device can also act as a condensor for steam.
  • The object of the present invention is to effectively and largely suppress the steam which generates in the tub during washing, by the use of simple means.
  • This and further objects which will be more apparent from the detailed description given hereinafter are attained according to the invention by a device, which is characterized in that the vent pipe terminates by way of an outlet stub in a water chamber which is provided in the wash agent container and is fed by the water delivery means, the water chamber forming a reservoir which is permanently filled with water surrounding the outlet stub during operation of the machine.
  • According to a preferred embodiment of the invention there is removably disposed at the end of the outlet stub of the vent pipe a deflecting angle plate for guiding the steam leaving said pipe towards the water contained in the chamber.
  • The invention will be more apparent from the detailed description given hereinafter by way of example and with reference to the figures of the accompanying drawing, in which:
    • Figure 1 is a diagrammatic partial side elevation of a washing machine incorporating the device according to the invention;
    • Figure 2 is a diagrammatic partial section on the line II-II of Figure 1;
    • Figure 3 is a diagrammatic section on the line III-III of Figure 2, to an enlarged scale;
    • Figure 4 is a diagrammatic section on the line IV-IV of Figure 2; and
    • Figure 5 is a detailed perspective exploded view showing the emergence of the vent pipe into the chamber which is occupied by the cooling water, and is situated in the drawer.
  • In the figures, the reference numeral 1 indicates the conventional tub of a washing machine. The drum 2, into which the laundry to be washed is placed, is cantilever-mounted rotatably inside the tub. The drum is driven by an electric motor 3 by way of a belt transmission 4. The tub is suspended from a load-bearing frame, not shown, by means of springs 5.
  • The washing machine comprises a wash agent container, indicated overall by 6 and for simplicity defined in the present description by the term "drawer", into which the wash agents (detergents, softeners etc.) are placed, and are discharged into the tub 1 by the water flowing from the water main through the pipe 7 and a solenoid valve, not shown.
  • In this example, the drawer 6 comprises a lower casing 8 possessing an inclined base 9 which converges towards a pipe stub 8A on which is mounted the end of a flexible pipe 10 which terminates on the tub 1, at a suitable aperture provided in the tub shell. In an intermediate position, the pipe 10 comprises a syphon 11, in which a plug of water forms and remains, its purpose being to prevent the steam generated in the tub during washing from escaping outwards through the drawer 6. The drawer also comprises an extractable part 12 possessing a set of compartments 12a, b, c,... in which the washing agents used in the wash cycle are placed in their required quantities.
  • The lower casing 8 is closed upperly by a cover 13, which comprises a set of tubes 14a, b..., which terminate above the compartments 12a, 12b... and serve to feed these latter with the water necessary for removing the products used during washing (see Figure 2). At their other end, said tubes terminate in mutually aligned apertures (again see Figure 2) in front of which, and aligned therewith, are provided nozzles 15a, b, c... provided on the stationary pipe 7, which is connected to the water main.
  • At one end of the cover there is provided a substantially cylindrical guide 16 (see Figure 3) which is in one piece with the cover and is provided with a longitudinal slot 17 facing the inlets of the tubes 14a, b.... The guide in question is open lowerly at 18 to allow water to discharge to the lower casing 8 and from here into the tub 1 through the pipe 10. The tubular guide 16 also upperly comprises a longitudinal slot 19 to allow the movement of a peg 20 associated with a distributor 21 which is slidably mounted in said guide 16. The distributor is of approximately cylindrical configuration, and comprises an outlet port 22 disposed in the slot 17 of the guide 16 in front of the mouths of the tubes 14a, b, c.... The distributor 21 also comprises side walls provided with a slot 23 in order not to interfere with the nozzles 15a, b... or with the pipe 7 during its movements.
  • In order to obtain movement of the distributor 21 in the two directions of the arrows A of Figure 2, the peg 20 is disposed between the arms of a fork provided at the end of a lever 24 which is pivoted at 25 and is made to adhere, by means of a spring 26, to a cam 27 rigid with the exit shaft 29 of the normal washing machine programmer (timer) 28. The distributor 21 can be operated in any other known manner, such as that described in Italian patent 863,831.
  • One or two nozzles 15a, b, c... come into communication with one or two inlets of the pipes 14a, b, c... by way of the port 22, in accordance with the position assumed by the distributor 21 at any given time. The other nozzles, which do not face the port 22, discharge their water into the underlying casing 8, and part of this water reaches a lateral chamber 40, into which there extends the outlet stub 41 of a flexible vent pipe 42 connected to the tub 1.
  • Said chamber 40 is bounded by walls 43 rigid with the lower casing 8 of the drawer, and comprises an overflow edge 44 for discharging the excess water which reaches it when the water feed pipe 7 is opened.
  • The outlet stub 41 also forms a single piece with the lower casing 8 of the drawer, and on it there is disposed (Figure 5) a deflector member or angle plate indicated overall by 50 and provided lowerly with a series of elastic stems 51 which are disposed spaced-apart along a cylindrical surface and elastically clamp against the upper part of the outlet stub 41 in order to removably retain said angle plate 50 in situ. The angle plate comprises two substantially converging surfaces 52 and a rib 53, by which it can be gripped for its removal or its fitting to the end of the outlet stub 41. The purpose of the angle plate 50 is to deflect any still uncondensed steam leaving the outlet stub 41, towards and on to the surface of the water contained in the chamber 40 (see also Figure 4).
  • The operation is easily apparent from the aforegoing description. The water is fed, according to requirements, into the predetermined compartments 12a, b... of the drawer 6, in accordance with the position of the distributor 21 relative to the fixed nozzles 15a, b.... Part of the water penetrates into the compartments, removes the wash agents and is discharged from one end of said compartments, for example as shown in Figure 1 of French patent 1,601,628. On the inclined base 9 of the casing 8, this water containing the entrained wash agent meets the water from the other nozzles 15a, b, c..., this latter having directly reached said base without passing through the compartments. A certain quantity of this latter water also enters the chamber 40 to replace that already present, and the excess of this water is discharged over the overflow edge 44 and on to the inclined base 9. All these water streams flow through the pipe 10 and syphon 11 and into the tub 1.
  • During those stages of the laundry wash cycle in which the heating of the water generates steam, this passes from the tub 1, through the vent pipe 42 and into the outlet stub 41, which because of the cooling effect of the water in the chamber 40 constitutes a steam condenser.
  • The uncondensed steam which emerges below the angle plate 50 is directed by this latter on to the free surface of the water contained in the chamber 40 (because of the converging inclined surface configuration of the angle plate), so that it is further suppressed. In this manner, there is substantially no escape of steam into the room in which the washing machine is situated.

Claims (2)

1. A device for suppressing steam in domestic washing machines which comprise a wash agent container (6) connected hydraulically to a tub (1) in which the drum (2) carrying the laundry is rotatably supported, and water delivery means (7) associated with the wash agent container (6) in order to discharge the wash agents into the tub (1) through said hydraulic connection (10), whereby a syphon (11) is disposed in the hydraulic connection (10) between the wash agent container and the tub (1), and the tub (1) is connected by a steam vent pipe (42) to a steam condenser, characterized in that the vent pipe (42) terminates by way of an outlet stub (41) in a water chamber (40) which is provided in the wash agent container (6) and is fed by the water delivery means (7, 15a, b, c...), the water chamber (40) forming a reservoir which is permanently filled with water surrounding the outlet stub (41) during operation of the machine.
2. A device as claimed in Claim 1, characterized in that at the end of the outlet stub (41) of the vent pipe (42) there is removably disposed a deflecting angle plate (50) for guiding the steam leaving said pipe towards the water contained in the chamber (40).
EP84201043A 1983-07-27 1984-07-12 Device for suppressing steam in domestic washing machines Expired EP0132884B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
IT22268/83A IT1164324B (en) 1983-07-27 1983-07-27 DEVICE FOR THE ABATEMENT OF STEAM IN DOMESTIC WASHING MACHINES
IT2226883 1983-07-27

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0132884A2 EP0132884A2 (en) 1985-02-13
EP0132884A3 EP0132884A3 (en) 1985-11-13
EP0132884B1 true EP0132884B1 (en) 1989-04-26

Family

ID=11193911

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP84201043A Expired EP0132884B1 (en) 1983-07-27 1984-07-12 Device for suppressing steam in domestic washing machines

Country Status (4)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0132884B1 (en)
AR (1) AR230460A1 (en)
DE (1) DE3477945D1 (en)
IT (1) IT1164324B (en)

Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7665332B2 (en) 2006-08-15 2010-02-23 Whirlpool Corporation Steam fabric treatment appliance with exhaust
US7681418B2 (en) 2006-08-15 2010-03-23 Whirlpool Corporation Water supply control for a steam generator of a fabric treatment appliance using a temperature sensor
US7690062B2 (en) 2007-08-31 2010-04-06 Whirlpool Corporation Method for cleaning a steam generator
US7707859B2 (en) 2006-08-15 2010-05-04 Whirlpool Corporation Water supply control for a steam generator of a fabric treatment appliance
US7730568B2 (en) 2006-06-09 2010-06-08 Whirlpool Corporation Removal of scale and sludge in a steam generator of a fabric treatment appliance
US7765628B2 (en) 2006-06-09 2010-08-03 Whirlpool Corporation Steam washing machine operation method having a dual speed spin pre-wash
US7841219B2 (en) 2006-08-15 2010-11-30 Whirlpool Corporation Fabric treating appliance utilizing steam
US7861343B2 (en) 2007-08-31 2011-01-04 Whirlpool Corporation Method for operating a steam generator in a fabric treatment appliance
US7886392B2 (en) 2006-08-15 2011-02-15 Whirlpool Corporation Method of sanitizing a fabric load with steam in a fabric treatment appliance
US7905119B2 (en) 2007-08-31 2011-03-15 Whirlpool Corporation Fabric treatment appliance with steam generator having a variable thermal output
US7918109B2 (en) 2007-08-31 2011-04-05 Whirlpool Corporation Fabric Treatment appliance with steam generator having a variable thermal output
US7941885B2 (en) 2006-06-09 2011-05-17 Whirlpool Corporation Steam washing machine operation method having dry spin pre-wash
US7966683B2 (en) 2007-08-31 2011-06-28 Whirlpool Corporation Method for operating a steam generator in a fabric treatment appliance
US8037565B2 (en) 2007-08-31 2011-10-18 Whirlpool Corporation Method for detecting abnormality in a fabric treatment appliance having a steam generator
US8393183B2 (en) 2007-05-07 2013-03-12 Whirlpool Corporation Fabric treatment appliance control panel and associated steam operations
US8555676B2 (en) 2007-08-31 2013-10-15 Whirlpool Corporation Fabric treatment appliance with steam backflow device
US8555675B2 (en) 2007-08-31 2013-10-15 Whirlpool Corporation Fabric treatment appliance with steam backflow device

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
IT8423882V0 (en) * 1984-11-23 1984-11-23 Eurodomestici Ind Riunite SLIDING VALVE WATER DISPENSER FOR DRAWERS AND SIMILAR EQUIPMENT FOR WASHING MACHINES.
ES2066675B1 (en) * 1992-07-21 1997-04-01 Mayc Sa IMPROVEMENTS IN WATER ANTI-OVERFLOW DEVICES IN WASHER TANKS.
US7753009B2 (en) 2006-10-19 2010-07-13 Whirlpool Corporation Washer with bio prevention cycle
CN111501292B (en) * 2019-01-29 2022-06-17 青岛海尔洗涤电器有限公司 Washing apparatus
CN111575985A (en) * 2020-04-27 2020-08-25 海信(山东)冰箱有限公司 Washing and drying integrated machine

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR1170651A (en) * 1957-04-05 1959-01-16 Improvement of washing machines
DE1460838B2 (en) * 1963-06-28 1971-07-22 CONDENSING DEVICE FOR STEAMS AND FOAM ON A DRUM WASHING MACHINE
DE1760809A1 (en) * 1968-07-04 1972-01-05 Siemens Elektrogeraete Gmbh Laundry treatment machine
DE1807968B2 (en) * 1968-11-09 1973-03-22 G. Bauknecht Gmbh, Elektrotechnische Fabriken, 7000 Stuttgart STEAM CONDENSATION DEVICE FOR A DRUM WASHING MACHINE
DE2410107C3 (en) * 1974-03-02 1979-01-18 Hermann Zanker Kg, Maschinen- Und Metallwarenfabrik, 7400 Tuebingen Washer with condenser

Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7730568B2 (en) 2006-06-09 2010-06-08 Whirlpool Corporation Removal of scale and sludge in a steam generator of a fabric treatment appliance
US7941885B2 (en) 2006-06-09 2011-05-17 Whirlpool Corporation Steam washing machine operation method having dry spin pre-wash
US7765628B2 (en) 2006-06-09 2010-08-03 Whirlpool Corporation Steam washing machine operation method having a dual speed spin pre-wash
US7886392B2 (en) 2006-08-15 2011-02-15 Whirlpool Corporation Method of sanitizing a fabric load with steam in a fabric treatment appliance
US7707859B2 (en) 2006-08-15 2010-05-04 Whirlpool Corporation Water supply control for a steam generator of a fabric treatment appliance
US7841219B2 (en) 2006-08-15 2010-11-30 Whirlpool Corporation Fabric treating appliance utilizing steam
US7681418B2 (en) 2006-08-15 2010-03-23 Whirlpool Corporation Water supply control for a steam generator of a fabric treatment appliance using a temperature sensor
US7665332B2 (en) 2006-08-15 2010-02-23 Whirlpool Corporation Steam fabric treatment appliance with exhaust
US8393183B2 (en) 2007-05-07 2013-03-12 Whirlpool Corporation Fabric treatment appliance control panel and associated steam operations
US7918109B2 (en) 2007-08-31 2011-04-05 Whirlpool Corporation Fabric Treatment appliance with steam generator having a variable thermal output
US7905119B2 (en) 2007-08-31 2011-03-15 Whirlpool Corporation Fabric treatment appliance with steam generator having a variable thermal output
US7861343B2 (en) 2007-08-31 2011-01-04 Whirlpool Corporation Method for operating a steam generator in a fabric treatment appliance
US7966683B2 (en) 2007-08-31 2011-06-28 Whirlpool Corporation Method for operating a steam generator in a fabric treatment appliance
US8037565B2 (en) 2007-08-31 2011-10-18 Whirlpool Corporation Method for detecting abnormality in a fabric treatment appliance having a steam generator
US7690062B2 (en) 2007-08-31 2010-04-06 Whirlpool Corporation Method for cleaning a steam generator
US8555676B2 (en) 2007-08-31 2013-10-15 Whirlpool Corporation Fabric treatment appliance with steam backflow device
US8555675B2 (en) 2007-08-31 2013-10-15 Whirlpool Corporation Fabric treatment appliance with steam backflow device

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0132884A2 (en) 1985-02-13
DE3477945D1 (en) 1989-06-01
IT8322268A0 (en) 1983-07-27
IT8322268A1 (en) 1985-01-27
EP0132884A3 (en) 1985-11-13
AR230460A1 (en) 1984-04-30
IT1164324B (en) 1987-04-08

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