EP0181723A1

EP0181723A1 - Low mass heat and pressure fuser

Info

Publication number: EP0181723A1
Application number: EP85307764A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Scott David Reynolds; John Ralph Field
Original assignee: Xerox Corp
Current assignee: Xerox Corp
Priority date: 1984-10-31
Filing date: 1985-10-28
Publication date: 1986-05-21
Also published as: BR8505413A; JPS61109083A

Abstract

A heat and pressure fusing apparatus (99) for fixing toner images in which the heat and pressure functions are effected at different locations on a thin, low mass flexible belt (80) forming the toner contacting surface. A pressure roll (110) cooperates with a stationary mandrel (102) to form a nip through which the belt and substrate pass simultaneously. The belt is heated by a remote source (104, 106; 86) such that by the time it passes through the nip it's temperature together with the applied pressure is sufficient for fusing the toner images passing therethrough. Preferably the belt comprises an electroformed nickel base having a conformable layer (e.g. silicone rubber) (85) on the side facing roll (110) and a low firction coating (e.g. PTFE) (84) on the opposite side contacting the mandrel (102).

Description

This invention relates to a heat and pressure fuser apparatus for fixing powder images to substrates.
In the art of xerography or other similar image reproducing arts, a latent electrostatic image is formed on a charge-retentive surface which may comprise a photoconductor which generally comprises a photoconductive insulating material adhered to a conductive backing. When the image is formed on a photoconductor, the photoconductor is first provided with a uniform charge after which it is exposed to a light image of an original document to be reproduced. The latent electrostatic images, thus formed, are rendered visible by applying any one of numerous pigmented resins specifically designed for this purpose.
It should be understood that for the purposes of the present invention, which relates to fixing, i.e. rendering permanent, powder or toner images, the latent electrostatic image may be formed by means other than by the exposure of an electrostatically charged photosensitive member to a light image of an original document. For example, the latent electrostatic image may be generated from information electronically stored or generated, and the digital information may be converted to alphanumeric images by image generation electronics and optics.
In the case of a reusable photoconductive surface, the pigmented resin, more commonly referred to as toner which forms the visible images is transferred to a substrate such as plain paper. After transfer the images are made to adhere to the substrate by a fuser apparatus. To date, the use of simultaneous heat and contact pressure for fusing toner images has been the most widely accepted commercially. Heretofore, it has been necessary with the foregoing type of fuser to heat the fuser not only when images are being fused but also during standby when images are not being fused. This is because of the long delay that would be required to elevate the fuser to a proper operating temperature if the heat supply were turned off during standby, the long delay being due to the relatively large mass that has to be brought up to the fusing temperature. Such delays would not be tolerated by the user even though operating the fuser in such a manner would eliminate a substantial waste of energy and therefore money. Along with this saving of energy, there would also be a reduction in heat loading to the environment.
Elimination of fuser standby power has been accomplished in prior art devices such as flash fusers and cold pressure fusers. Both of these types of fusers, however, exhibit other drawbacks. For example, cold pressure fusers exhibit poor quality images. Flash fuser create undesirable effluents and they work very poorly with colored toners, especially the lighter colored ones. Also, the optical density of flash fused images is unsatisfactory.
The present invention as recited in the accompanying claims provides a heat and pressure fuser that can be satisfactorily operated without the employment of standby power.
An important aspect of the present invention lies in the separation of the heat and pressure functions. By separating the two functions it is possible to optimize each of them whereas if, as in prior art devices, they are integrated, design criteria that must be satisfied for optimum heating of the belt are counter-productive to optimization of the pressure function and vise versa. For example, in an integrated arrangement, since pressure creating application requires a relatively large rigid mass the heating of such a mass would require standby energy to be used in order to minimize the total time required for making copies. On the other hand, if the mass is substantially reduced in order to accommodate fast heating then the requisite mass for applying the required pressure would not be present.
Embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:-

Figure 1 is a side view depicting a xerographic reproduction machine or printer of the type adapted to incorporate the present invention;
Figure 2 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a fuser apparatus incorporating the inventive features of the invention; and
Figure 3 is a side elevational view of a preferred embodiment of a fuser apparatus incorporating the inventive features of the invention.

Referring to Figure 1 of the drawings, there is shown by way of example an automatic xerographic reproduction or printing machine, designated generally by the numeral 10 incorporating a heat and pressure fuser apparatus 99 of the present invention.
The reproduction machine 10 depicted in Figure 1 illustrates the various components utilized in machines of this type for producing copies of a document original 14. Although the apparatus 99 of the present invention is particularly well adapted for use in reproduction machine 10, it should become evident from the following description that it is equally well suited for use in a wide variety of other reproduction and printing machine types and systems and is not necessarily limited in application to the particular embodiments shown herein.
Reproduction machine 10 has an image recording photoreceptor 15 in the form of a drum, the outer periphery of which has a suitable photoconductive material 16. Photoreceptor 15 is suitably journaled for rotation within the machine frame (not shown) as by means of shaft 17. A main drive motor 19 is drivingly coupled to photoreceptor 15, motor 19 rotating photoreceptor 15 in the direction indicated by arrow 18 to ring the photoconductive surface 16 of photoreceptor 15 past a series of xerographic processing stations. A suitable controller 21 with microprocessor 22 and memory 23 is provided for operating in predetermined timed relationship the various components that comprise machine 10 to reproduce the document original 14 upon a sheet of final support material such as copy sheet 20. As will be understood by those familiar with the art, memory 23 may comprise suitable read only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), and/or non-volatile memory (NVM), memory 23 serving to store the various operating parameters for reproduction machine 10 and the copy run information programmed by the machine user or operator.
Initially, the photoconductive surface 16 of photoreceptor 15 is uniformly charged by a suitable charging device such as scorotron 25 at charging station 24. The uniformly charged photoconductive surface 16 is exposed at exposure station 26 to create a latent electrostatic image of the document original 14 on photoreceptor 15. For this purpose, a suitable supporting surface or platen 28 for document original 14 is provided having a scan aperture or slit 30 therethrough. A suitable document transport, depicted herein as inlet and outlet constant velocity roll pairs 32, 33 is provided for transporting the document original past scan slit 30. Roll pairs 32, 33 are drivingly coupled to main drive motor 19, roll pair 32 being coupled through an electromagnetically operated clutch 34. A suitable document sensor 31 is provided at the inlet to platen 28 for sensing the insertion of a document original 14 to be copied and initiating operation of the reproduction machine 10.
A lamp 35, which is disposed below platen 28, serves to illuminate scan slit 30 and the line-like portion of the document original 14 thereover. A suitable fiber optic type lens array 37, which may, for example, comprise an array of gradient index fiber elements, is provided to optically transmit the image ray reflected from the line-like portion of the document original being scanned to the photoconductive surface 16 of photoreceptor 15 at exposure station 26.
Following exposure, the latent image of the photoconductive surface 16 of photoreceptor 15 is developed at a development station 40. There, a suitable developer such as magnetic brush roll 41, which is drivingly coupled to main drive motor 19, brings a suitable developer mix in developer housing 43 into developing elevation with the latent image to develop the image and render the same visible.
Copy sheets 20 are supported in stack-like fashion on base 44 of copy sheet supply tray 45. Suitable biasing means are provided to raise base 44 of tray 45 and bring the topmost copy sheet 20 in the stack of sheets 47 into operative relationship with segmented feed rolls 49. Feed rolls 49 are driven by main drive motor 19 through an electromagnetically operated clutch 51. Rolls 49 serve upon actuation of clutch 51 to feed the topmost copy sheet forward into the nip of a registration roll pair 50 which register the copy sheet with the image on the photoconductive surface 16 of photoreceptor 15. Registration roll pair 50 advance the copy sheet to transfer station 52. There, suitable transfer/detack means such as transfer/ detaek corotrons 53, 54 bring the copy sheet into transfer relation with the developed image on photoconductive surface 16 and separate the copy sheet therefrom for fixing and discharge as a finished copy.
Following transfer station 52, the image bearing copy sheet is transported to fuser 57 where the image is permanently fixed to the copy sheet. Following fusing, the finished copy is transported by roll pair 56 to a suitable receptacle such as an output tray (not shown). Registration roll pair 50 and transport roll pair 56 are driven by main drive motor 19 through suitable driving means such as belts and pulleys.
Following transfer, residual developer remaining on the photoconductive surface 16 of photoreceptor 15 is removed at cleaning station 62 by means of cleaning blade 63. Developer removed by blade 63 is deposited into a suitable collector 64 for removal.
While a drum type photoreceptor is shown and described herein, it will be understood that other photoreceptor types may be employed such as belt, web, etc.
To permit effective and controlled charging of the photoconductive surface 16 by scorotron 25 to a predetermined level necessitates that any residual charges on the photoconductive surface 16 or trapped in the photoreceptor be removed prior to charging. An erase device 69 is provided for this purpose.
At the cleaning station 62, the cleaning blade 63 is supported in contact with the photoreceptor 15 such that residual toner is chiselled therefrom.
The toner and debris that are removed from the photoreceptor 15 fall into the collector 64 and are transported by means of an auger 72 disposed in the bottom of the collector 64. It is moved toward the back of the machine where it falls through an opening in the bottom of the collector 64. The residual toner and debris fall downwardly via conduit 71 into a receptacle (not shown) which serves to store the residual toner until the receptacle is full after which it is removed from the machine.
Referring to Figure 2, the fuser apparatus 57 shown in more detail therein comprises a relatively thin fuser belt structure 80 comprising a base member 82 preferably fabricated from a metal material which is sufficiently stiff to be dragged across a non-rotating mandrel. To this end, the base member is fabricated from nickel by a conventional electroforming process which provides a uniform thickness in the order 50 - 76 µm (of 2-3 mils). The outer surface of the base member is coated with a conformable layer 85 which preferably comprises silicone rubber. The inner surface of the base member 82 is preferably coated with a low friction material 84 such as polytetrafluoroethylene commonly known by the tradename Teflon (registered trademark of E. I. DuPont). The thickness of the conformable layer is preferably at least 120 pm (5 mils).
The belt structure is heated by a radiant heater 86 to a temperature suitable for fusing toner images carried by copy sheets 20. The radiant heater 86 is positioned at a predetermined distance away from a nip area 88 through which the copy sheets pass with the conformable layer 85 contacting the toner images on the sheets. This distance between the nip area and the nip is such that the heated portion of the belt contacts the toner images before the temperature of the belt has time to drop to a non-fusing temperature.
Because the belt structure is relatively thin, it is incapable of creating adequate nip pressures for fusing by the simultaneous application of heat and pressure. Accordingly, there is provided a rigid pressure rod 90 for creating the required pressure in the nip area. The rod 90 is supported in engagement with one of two mandrels 92 and 94 about which the belt is entrained. A suitable force applying device such as a cam 96 is provided for effecting pressure engagement of the rod 90 and the mandrel 92 which, in turn, cooperate with pressure roll 100 to create the desired pressure on the belt and toner images sandwiched between the mandrel 92 and the pressure roll. The cam is designed to apply a loading in the nip area 88 of approximately 90 kg (200 pounds) or 4.8-6.9 x 10⁵ Pa(70-100 PSI). A suitable drive train represented schematically by the reference character 101 serves to drive the pressure roll 100 which, in turn, frictionally effects movement of the belt about the mandrels. The drive 101 also effects operation of the cam 96.
The belt structure 80 and radiant fuser 86 form a low (i.e. less than 150 grams and preferably 80 grams) mass fuser which can be elevated to an operating level in 6-8 seconds while operating at fusing speeds from 25-30 cms (10-12 in/sec) or any other desired speed. For such operating conditions, the power rating of the radiant energy source 86 is in the order of 1500-2000 watts. The belt structure in its non-tensioned condition has a diameter of 6.4 cm (2-1/2 inches) and a width of 33 cm (13 inches) or greater.
A further embodiment of our fuser apparatus shown in Figure 3 and represented by reference character 99 comprises a similar fuser belt structure 80. In this case the belt structure is entrained about a stationary mandrel 102 and a thin-walled, rotationally supported tube heater 104, the latter of which has an internal source of energy 106 for elevating the temperature of the belt. The geometry of the mandrel 102 is such that it limits deflection of the belt structure 80. A nip 108 is formed between the belt surface and a pressure roll 110. The mandrel has appended thereto a plurality of insulating nubs 112 to minimize the heat loss from the belt. Rotation of the pressure roll in a manner similar to that for rotating conventional roll fusers causes the belt to move about the mandrel whereby a heated portion of the belt is brought into the nip for fusing in toner images. In this embodiment, the belt structure, tube heater 104, and the internal heat source 106 form low mass fuser. A suitable structure (not shown) effects proper tracking of the belt structure 80.
The tube heater 104 is preferably fabricated from nickel and has a thickness of approximately 100 pm (four mils). The preferred method of forming the tube heater is by the electroforming process. Thus, a structure that is relatively rigid and substantially uniform in thickness is provided. Since the tube heater rotates, sliding friction between the belt structure and the tube heater is avoided when movement of the belt structure is effected by the pressure roll. The pressure roll in both embodiments of the invention has an outside diameter of 7.6 cm (three inches). The outer surface of the pressure roll is provided with a relatively thick conformable layer which may comprise silicone rubber. Bearings (not shown) support the tube heater for rotation by means of a drive schematically represented by reference character 116. The drive 116 also serves to actuate a cam 118 which acts on a cam follower 120 for applying a load on the mandrel 102 for creating desired nip pressures.
As may now be appreciated from the foregoing, by separating the heating and pressure application functions we have provided a fuser that has a very fast warmup time. Consequently, the fuser apparatus representing our invention can be operated at relatively high (i.e. 25-30 cms (10-12 inches/sec.)) speeds without the use of standby power.

Claims

1. Heat and pressure fuser apparatus for fixing powder images to substrates, characterized by

a low mass endless belt structure;

means cooperating to form a nip with said belt structure and simultaneously apply pressure to said belt structure;

means remote from said pressure applying means for elevating the temperature of said belt whereby said powder images are simultaneously subjected to heat and pressure as said substrates pass through said nip, said means for elevating the temperature of said belt being in contact with said belt; and

means for effecting movement of said belt structure at said nip.

2. Apparatus according to Claim 1 wherein said means for elevating the temperature of said belt structure comprises a rotatable low mass tubular member having a source of energy disposed internally thereof.

3. Apparatus according to Claim 2 wherein said low mass tubular member has a thickness of approximately 100 pm (4 mils).

4. Apparatus according to any preceding Claim wherein said means cooperating to apply pressure to said belt structure comprises a non-rotating mandrel.

5. Apparatus according to Claim 4 wherein the geometry of the mandrel is such as to limit deflection of said belt structure.

6. Apparatus according to Claim 4 or 5 including means disposed intermediate said belt structure and said non-rotating mandrel for minimizing the transfer of heat from the former to the latter.

7. Apparatus according to any preceding claim wherein the belt structure comprises a base member provided with a conformable layer on the side facing the cooperating means, and a low friction coating on the other side thereof.

8. Apparatus according to Claim 7 wherein said base member is fabricated from electroformed nickel.

9. Apparatus according to any preceding claim wherein said means for elevating the temperature of said belt structure is positioned relative to said nip so that sufficient time is allowed for elevating the temperature of said belt structure.

10. Apparatus according to any preceding claim wherein said means for effecting movement of said belt structure comprises means for effecting rotation of said pressure roll.